This chapter discusses the fundamentals of electric charge, including that:
1. Atoms have no net charge due to equal numbers of protons and electrons.
2. There are two types of charge - positive and negative - which attract or repel depending on their signs.
3. Charge is quantized and conserved, with the smallest unit being the charge of an electron or proton.
This chapter discusses the fundamentals of electric charge, including that:
1. Atoms have no net charge due to equal numbers of protons and electrons.
2. There are two types of charge - positive and negative - which attract or repel depending on their signs.
3. Charge is quantized and conserved, with the smallest unit being the charge of an electron or proton.
This chapter discusses the fundamentals of electric charge, including that:
1. Atoms have no net charge due to equal numbers of protons and electrons.
2. There are two types of charge - positive and negative - which attract or repel depending on their signs.
3. Charge is quantized and conserved, with the smallest unit being the charge of an electron or proton.
This chapter discusses the fundamentals of electric charge, including that:
1. Atoms have no net charge due to equal numbers of protons and electrons.
2. There are two types of charge - positive and negative - which attract or repel depending on their signs.
3. Charge is quantized and conserved, with the smallest unit being the charge of an electron or proton.
A small fraction of the electrons in the fur stick to the rod.
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Fundamentals of Physics
Chapter 21
Electric Charge Experimentation
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Conductors & Insulators
Neutral Atoms negative electrons positive nucleus protons Neutrons Conductor Outermost electrons are free to move Conduction electrons Insulator All electrons stick with a nucleus Semi-conductors
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Chapter 21
Static Electricity
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Electroscope
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Checkpoint 1
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Coulomb s Law
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q1 q2 r2
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Coulomb s Law
k k 0
k 0
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q1 q2
q1 q2
r2
r2
Coulomb' s Constant Permittivity of free space 8.99 109 N m 2 / C 2 8.85 10
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C 2 / N m2
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Electrostatic Force >> Gravitational Force
q1 q2
r2
m1 m2 r2
8.99 109 N m 2 / C 2
6.67
10
11
N m 2 / kg 2
Principle of superposition applies to both forces:
F1,net
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F1, 2
F1,3
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F1, 4
F1,n
Fundamentals of Physics
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Definition of Electric Charge
The SI unit of charge is the Coulomb One coulomb of charge is the current transferred through the cross section of a wire in 1 second when there is a current of 1 ampere in the wire dq = i dt
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Checkpoint 2
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Sample Problem q1 = 1.60 x 10-19 C q2 = 3.20 x 10-19 C R = 0.0200 m What is magnitude and direction of F12
Add particle three to configuration 1
q3 = -3.20 x 10-19 C distance R What is F1, net
Add particle four to configuration 1
q4 = -3.20 x 10-19 C distance R at 600 What is F1, net
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Checkpoint 3
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Sample Problem q1 = +8q at origin q2 = -2q at distance L Where can a proton be placed such that is in equilibrium (net force = 0) Is the equilibrium stable or unstable?
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Sample Problem Initially q = 0 on B q = +Q on A
A and B are connected for a short
time by a wire. Electrostatic force between spheres?
A is now momentarily grounded.
Electrostatic force between spheres?
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22-4
Charge on a Conducting Sphere
Like charges will repel each other and spread uniformly over a metal sphere.
A shell of uniform charge attracts or repels a charged particle that is outside the shell as if all of the shell s charge were concentrated at its center.
If a charged particle is located inside a shell of uniform charge, there is no net
electrostatic force on the particle from the shell.
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Checkpoint 4
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Charging by Induction
Touching metal spheres close to a
charged object
Separate the metal spheres while
close to the charged object
Remove the charged object
Oppositely charged spheres
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Charging by Induction
A negatively charged sphere
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Charge is Quantized
Electron charge -1.60217733 x 10-19C
Proton charge +1.60217733 x 10-19C
Neutron has no net charge.
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Charge is Conserved
electrons
e+ + epositrons aka anti-electrons
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Charge Characteristics
Charge Quantization The charge on the electron: e- = - 1.60 x 10-19C All observed charges are multiples of |e-|. Charge Conservation Charges are only created in equal positive and negative amounts. Net charge is conserved in the universe. Conductors & Insulators Atomic Structure: nucleus + a cloud of electrons Conductors - outermost electrons are free to move Insulators - all electrons are bound to atoms
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