Lecture #8
ANNOUNCEMENTS
HW#2 solutions, HW#3 are posted online
Change in Farhanas O.H. : Th 5-6 instead of Mo 3-4
Prof. King will be away next Monday & Wednesday
Guest lecturer: Prof. Neureuther
Prof. Kings office hour on Wed. 9/17 cancelled
OUTLINE
Thvenin and Norton equivalent circuits
Maximum power transfer
Superposition
Reading
Chapter 4.10-4.13
EECS40, Fall 2003
Lecture 8, Slide 1
Prof. King
Thvenin Equivalent Circuit
Any network of voltage sources, current sources,
and resistors can be replaced by an equivalent
circuit consisting of an independent voltage
source in series with a resistor without affecting
the operation of the rest of the circuit.
Thvenin equivalent circuit
RTh
a
+
iL
vL
RL
VTh
network
of
sources
and
resistors
iL
vL
RL
load resistor
EECS40, Fall 2003
Lecture 8, Slide 2
Prof. King
I-V Characteristic of Thvenin Equivalent
The I-V characteristic for the series combination of
elements is obtained by adding their voltage drops:
For a given current i, the voltage drop
vab is equal to the sum of the voltages
dropped across the source (VTh)
and the across the resistor (iRTh)
RTh
v = VTh+ iR
i +
VTh
vab
b
I-V characteristic of resistor: v = iR
I-V characteristic of voltage source: v = VTh
EECS40, Fall 2003
Lecture 8, Slide 3
Prof. King
Finding VTh and RTh
Only two points are needed to define a line.
Choose two convenient points:
RTh
1. Open circuit across terminals a,b
i
i = 0, vab voc
VTh
2. Short circuit across terminals a,b
vab = 0, i -isc = -VTh/RTh
+
voc = VTh
voc
RTh
EECS40, Fall 2003
VTh
isc
vab
-isc
v = VTh+ iR
Lecture 8, Slide 4
Prof. King
Calculating a Thvenin Equivalent
1. Calculate the open-circuit voltage, voc
a
network
of
sources
and
resistors
+
voc
2. Calculate the short-circuit current, isc
Note that isc is in the direction of the open-circuit
voltage drop across the terminals a,b !
a
network
of
sources
and
resistors
isc
VTh = voc
RTh =
b
EECS40, Fall 2003
Lecture 8, Slide 5
voc
isc
Prof. King
Thvenin Equivalent Example
Find the Thevenin equivalent with respect to the terminals a,b:
EECS40, Fall 2003
Lecture 8, Slide 6
Prof. King
Alternative Method of Calculating RTh
For a network containing only independent sources
network of
and resistors:
1. Set all independent sources to zero
voltage source short circuit
current source open circuit
independent
sources and
resistors, with
each source
set to zero
Req
2. Find equivalent resistance Req between the terminals
RTh = Req
ITEST
1. Set all independent sources to zero
2. Apply a test voltage source VTEST
3. Calculate ITEST
V
RTh = TEST
I TEST
EECS40, Fall 2003
network of
independent
sources and
resistors, with
each source
set to zero
Lecture 8, Slide 7
VTEST
For a network containing dependent sources:
Prof. King
RTh Calculation Example #1
Set all independent sources to 0:
EECS40, Fall 2003
Lecture 8, Slide 8
Prof. King
Comments on Dependent Sources
A dependent source establishes a voltage or current
whose value depends on the value of a voltage or
current at a specified location in the circuit.
(imaginary device, used to model behavior of transistors & amplifiers)
To specify a dependent source, we must identify:
1.
2.
3.
the controlling voltage or current (must be calculated, in general)
the relationship between the controlling voltage or current
and the supplied voltage or current
the reference direction for the supplied voltage or current
The relationship between the dependent source
and its reference cannot be broken!
Dependent sources cannot be turned off for various
purposes (e.g. to find the Thvenin resistance).
EECS40, Fall 2003
Lecture 8, Slide 9
Prof. King
RTh Calculation Example #2
Find the Thevenin equivalent with respect to the terminals a,b:
EECS40, Fall 2003
Lecture 8, Slide 10
Prof. King
Networks Containing Time-Varying Sources
Care must be taken in summing time-varying sources!
Example:
10 sin (100t)
1 k
+
+
20 cos (100t)
1 k
VTh =
1k
[20 cos(100t )] + 10 sin(100t ) = 10 2 sin(100t + 90o )
1k + 1k
RTh = 1k 1k = 500
EECS40, Fall 2003
Lecture 8, Slide 11
Prof. King
Norton Equivalent Circuit
Any network of voltage sources, current sources,
and resistors can be replaced by an equivalent
circuit consisting of an independent current
source in parallel with a resistor without affecting
the operation of the rest of the circuit.
Norton equivalent circuit
a
network
of
sources
and
resistors
iL
vL
RL
iN
RN
iL
vL
RL
EECS40, Fall 2003
Lecture 8, Slide 12
Prof. King
Finding IN and RN
We can derive the Norton equivalent circuit from
a Thvenin equivalent circuit simply by making a
source transformation:
RTh
vTh
a
+
iL
vL
RL
iN
RN
iL
vL
RL
RN
iL =
iN
RN + RL
vTh
iL =
RTh + RL
RN = RTh =
EECS40, Fall 2003
voc
v
; iN = Th = isc
isc
RTh
Lecture 8, Slide 13
Prof. King
Maximum Power Transfer Theorem
Thvenin equivalent circuit
Power absorbed by load resistor:
RTh
VTh
iL
vL
RL
VTh
RL
p = i RL =
RTh + RL
2
L
To find the value of RL for which p is maximum, set
2
dp
2 (RTh + RL ) RL 2(RTh + RL )
= VTh
=0
4
dRL
(
)
R
R
+
Th
L
dp
to 0:
dRL
(RTh + RL ) RL 2(RTh + RL ) = 0
2
RTh = RL
EECS40, Fall 2003
A resistive load receives maximum power from a circuit if the
load resistance equals the Thvenin resistance of the circuit.
Lecture 8, Slide 14
Prof. King
Superposition
A linear circuit is constructed only of linear elements
can be described by a linear differential equation
Principle of Superposition:
In any linear circuit containing multiple independent
sources, the current or voltage at any point in the
network may be calculated as the algebraic sum of the
individual contributions of each source acting alone.
Note: Superposition cannot be used to find power!
This principle is useful for analysis of op-amp circuits.
Procedure:
1. Determine contribution due to an independent source
Set all other sources to 0
2. Repeat for each independent source
3. Sum individual contributions to obtain desired
voltage or current
EECS40, Fall 2003
Lecture 8, Slide 15
Prof. King
Superposition Example
Find Vo
24 V
4V
+
4A
+
4 Vo
EECS40, Fall 2003
Lecture 8, Slide 16
Prof. King
