The document contains a module on torsion from a Strength of Materials course. It includes example problems related to determining maximum shear stress and required shaft diameters given applied torques. It also provides the assumptions and equations used to analyze stresses in solid and hollow circular shafts under torsion, including how shear stress varies linearly from the inner diameter to the outer diameter. Faculty notes further explain the basic assumptions for circular members under torsional loading.
The document contains a module on torsion from a Strength of Materials course. It includes example problems related to determining maximum shear stress and required shaft diameters given applied torques. It also provides the assumptions and equations used to analyze stresses in solid and hollow circular shafts under torsion, including how shear stress varies linearly from the inner diameter to the outer diameter. Faculty notes further explain the basic assumptions for circular members under torsional loading.
The document contains a module on torsion from a Strength of Materials course. It includes example problems related to determining maximum shear stress and required shaft diameters given applied torques. It also provides the assumptions and equations used to analyze stresses in solid and hollow circular shafts under torsion, including how shear stress varies linearly from the inner diameter to the outer diameter. Faculty notes further explain the basic assumptions for circular members under torsional loading.
The document contains a module on torsion from a Strength of Materials course. It includes example problems related to determining maximum shear stress and required shaft diameters given applied torques. It also provides the assumptions and equations used to analyze stresses in solid and hollow circular shafts under torsion, including how shear stress varies linearly from the inner diameter to the outer diameter. Faculty notes further explain the basic assumptions for circular members under torsional loading.
AdditionalProblems: 1. Thepreliminarydesignofalargeshaftconnectingamotortoageneratorcallsfortheuseof ahollowshaftwithinnerandouterdiametersof4in.and6in.,respectively.Knowingthat the allowable shearing stress is 12 ksi, determine the maximum torque that can be transmitted(a)bytheshaftasdesigned,(b)byasolidshaftofthesameweight,(c)bya hollow shaftofthe same weightand of8-in.outerdiameter.[Ans:(a)408 kip.in (b)211 kip.in(c)636kip.in]
2. (a)Determine the torque thatcan be applied to a solid shaftof20-mmdiameterwithout
4. The solid rod BC hasa diameterof30 mmand ismade ofan aluminumforwhich the allowableshearingstressis25MPa.RodABishollowandhasanouterdiameterof25 mm;itismadeofabrassforwhichtheallowableshearingstressis50MPa.Determine(a) thelargestinnerdiameterofrodABforwhichthefactorofsafetyisthesameforeachrod, (b)thelargesttorquethatcanbeappliedatA.[Ans:(a)15.18mm(b)132.5Nm]
In a thin-walled tube,all ofthe material works atapproximately the same stress level. Therefore,thin-walledtubesaremoreefficientintransmittingtorquethansolidshafts.Such tubesarealsousefulforcreatinganessentiallyuniform"field"ofpureshearstressneeded for stablishing - relationships.To avoid local buckling,however,the wall thickness cannotbeexcessivelythin. 3. A hollow cylindrical steel shaft is 1.5 m long and has inner and outer diameters respectivelyequalto40and60mm.(a)Whatisthelargesttorquethatcanbeapplied to the shaft if the shearing stress is not to exceed 120 MPa? (b) What is the correspondingminimumvalueoftheshearingstressintheshaft?
Solution: (a)LargestPermissibleTorque.ThelargesttorqueTthatcanbeappliedtotheshaftis thetorqueforwhich =120MPa.Sincethisvalueislessthantheyieldstrengthfor max
=4.08kN.m (b)MinimumShearingStress.Theminimumvalueoftheshearingstressoccurson and arerespectively theinnersurfaceoftheshaft,whichexpressesthat min
max
proportionaltoc andc : 1
FacultyNotes 1.BasicAssumptionsforCircularMembers: Toestablisharelationbetweentheinternaltorqueandthestressesitsetsupin memberswithcircularsolidandtubularcrosssections,itisnecessarytomaketwo assumptions,the validity ofwhich will be justified later.These,in addition to the homogeneityofthematerial,areasfollows:
1. A plane section of material perpendicular to the axis of a circular member
3. Ifattentionisconfinedtothelinearlyelasticmaterial,Hookeslawapplies,and,it followsthatshearstressisproportionaltoshearstrain.Forthiscasecomplete agreement between experimenta1ly determined and computed quantities is found with the derived stress and deformation formulas based on these assumptions. Moreover their validity can be rigorously demonstrated by the methodsofmathematicaltheoryofelasticity. 2.TheTorsionFormula: Intheelasticcase,onthebasisofthepreviousassumptions,sinceisstressis proportional to strain,and the latter varies linearly from the center,stresses vary linearlyfromthe central axisofa circularin member.The stressesinduced bythe assumed distortionsare shearstressesand lie in the plane parallel to the section takennormaltotheaxisofarod.Thuvariationoftheshearstressfollowsdirectlyfrom theshear-strainassumptionandtheuseofHookeslawforshear.Thisisi1lustrated; inFig.2.Unlikethecaseofanaxiallyloadedrod,thisstressisnotofuniformintensity. The maximumshearstressoccursatpointsmostremote fromthe centerOand is designated .These points,such aspointsC and D in Figs.1 and 2,lie atthe peripheryofasectionatadistancecfromthecenter.Forlinearshearstressvariation, atany arbitrary pointata distance from O,the shear stress is (/C) .The resisting torque can be expressed in termsofstressonce the stressdistribution at section isestablished.Forequilibriumthisinternal resisting torque mustequal the externallyappliedtorqueT.Hence,
However, , the polar moment of inertia of a cross-sectional area, is also a constantforaparticularcross-sectionalarea.ItwillbedesignatedbyJinthistext.For acircularsection,dA=2d,where2isthecircumferenceofanannuluswitha radiusofwidthd.Hence,
(3) Thisequationisthewell-knowntorsionformulaforcircularshaftsthatexpressesthe maximum shear stress in terms of the resisting torque and the dimensions of a member.Inapplyingthisformula,theinternaltorqueTcanbeexpressedinnewton4
understand the problem further, an infinitesimal cylindrical element,shown in Fig.5(b),isisolated. The shear stresses acting in the planesperpendiculartoaxisoftherodare knownfromEq.4.Theirdirectionscoincide with the direction of the internal torque. (This should be clearly visualized by the reader.)On adjoining parallel planesofa disc-like element, these stresses act in oppositedirections.However,these shear stresses acting in the plane of the cuts taken normal to the axis ofa rod cannot exist alone. Numerically, equal shear stressesmustactontheaxialplanes(such asthe planesaefand bcg in Fig.5(b))to fulfilltherequirementsofstaticequilibrium foranelement. Shear stresses acting in the axial planes follow the same variation in intensity as do the shear stresses in the planesperpendiculartotheaxisoftherod. This variation of shear stresses on the mutuallyperpendicularplanesisshownin Fig. 5, where a portion of the shaft has beenremovedforthepurposesofillustration. Shearstressescanbetransformedintoanequivalentsystemofnormalstresses actingatanglesof45degreewiththeshearstresses.Numerically,thesestressesare relatedtoeachotherinthefollowingmanner:=1=-2.Therefore,iftheshear strengthofamaterialislessthanitsstrengthintension,ashearfailuretakesplaceon a plane perpendicular to the axis ofa bar;see Fig.6.This kind offailure occurs graduallyandexhibitsductilebehavior.
Alternatively,iftheconverseistrue, i.e.,1<,abrittlefractureiscaused by the tensile stresses along a helix formatting an angle of45 degree with thebaraxis;seeFig.6.Aphotographof aductilefractureofasteelspecimenis shown in fig. 7, and that of a brittle fracture for cast iron in Fig.8. Another examples of a brittle fracture for sandstoneisshowninFig.9. The stress transformation brought into the previous discussion, since it doesnotdependonmaterialproperties, is also applicable to anisotropic materials. For example, wood exhibits drastically different properties of strength in different directions. The shearingstrengthofwoodonplanesparalleltothegrainismuchlessthanonplanes perpendiculartothegrain.Hence,althoughequalintensitiesofshearstressexiston mutuallyperpendicularplanes,wooden shaftsofinadequate size fail longitudinally alongaxialplanes.Suchshaftsareoccasionallyusedintheprocessindustries.
