PMU Application and Testing
Jay Gosalia
Nestor Casilla
Doble Engineering Company
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2012 Doble Engineering Company. All Rights Reserved
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Presentation
Topics
Do
What is SynchroPhasor
SynchroPhasor Purpose
PMU Applications
Testing PMU
Conclusion
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Phasor Measurement Unit
Definition : Phasor
Phasor is a vector which has magnitude and angle
Corresponds to a sinusoidal waveform
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Waveforms
+ Filter = Phasor
Fourier filter to waveforms provides Phasor
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Definition of Synchro Phasor
IEEE C37.118 definition :
A Phasor calculated from data samples using
standard time signal as a reference for the
measurement
Common timing reference can be local or global
May be Broadcast or direct connection
Referenced to Coordinated Universal Time : UTC
Global Positioning System (GPS) satellite signal
is very commonly used
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and Synchro Phasor
Phasor
Time aligned Phasor : Synchro Phasor
GPS satellites provides time stamp
Time aligning helps to analyze system events
G
Zs
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IEEE C37.118 and 118-1, 118-2
IEEE PSRC working group H7 worked on
Synchro Phasor standard paper in 1994
1995 : IEEE 1344 Synchro Phasor standard
introduced
2005 : IEEE C37.118 replaced IEEE 1344
2011 : IEEE C37.118 split in to two standards
IEEE C37.118-1 : Measurements requirements
Frequency response and dynamic response
IEEE C37.188-2 : Communication requirements
New configuration messages and minor changes
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Vector Error
Total
Error
Expected
Phasor
Actual
Phasor
Ref
1% TVE .573 degrees (.01 * 360 / 2)
26.5 s (at 60 Hz)
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Protection Applications : PMU
Promising Technology for Protection
PMU provides power frequency Phasors
Basis for all protections
No standard : Accuracy limit for wave forms with
fault transients
Different response for different PMUs
Fast protection functions with <100 mSec is not
practical
Present applications : PMU for back up protection
>100 mSec response time
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up applications
Back
Power system stability
Two ended fault location algorithm
System diagnostics
Distributed Busbar protection
Load shedding
Line reclosing selectivity
Wide area frequency monitoring
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Power Swing Detection
Protections settings done with known max and/or
min operating conditions of power system events
Actual operation of power system events may not
be optimal for the setting of the protection
PMU provides Phasors in real time
Better decision can be made on load shedding
and system stability
Real time Phasor value helps to fine tune State
estimation
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: Power Swing
PMU
G
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Calculate the angle difference due to disturbance
Apply equal area criteria
Make stability decision
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PMU : Power Swing
G
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Angle between will vary due to disturbance
Algorithm determines if diverging or settling
Blocking or tripping decision to be made
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Shedding scheme
Load
Special Integrity Protection Schemes (SIPS),
Remedial Action Schemes (RAS), Special
Protection Scheme (SPS)
Load rejection, generation control, system
reconfiguration
Based on pre determined sequence of actions
Wide Area Stability and Voltage Control (WACS)
uses PMU data through out the system to make
decisions based on power system disturbance
based on algorithm
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Distance to Fault
Single ended fault location algorithm inaccuracy
Fault resistance, load flow & non homogenous system
PMU enables double ended fault location
PMU data from both end of the line provides very
accurate fault location
Reclose decision can be made for mixed overhead and
cable transmission line
Improved line patrolling :Better productivity & Reliability
Fault location algorithm is based on positive sequence
system parameters
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Analysis : NZ System
System
G1
G2
SP
SP
G1 thermal power station with 400 MW generation
G2 small hydro generation station
2x220 kV double circuit line
PMU installed at both end
Removed 200 MW power to see the response
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System Analysis : NZ System
G1
G2
SP
SP
Identical frequency response at both stations
Generator control compensated frequency back to
normal
Good and quick understanding of system behavior
PMU provides Time aligned data
No data manipulation required : quick response
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CFENetwork
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Automatic Generation Shedding
CFE implemented AGSS scheme
CFE has generation in southeast part of the
country while the large load is in the center
If the angle between generation & load bus
exceeds certain value, generation can be tripped
Loss of 400kV transmission capacity can cause
system out of step condition
One line out of service : 70 Phase shift
Both line out of service : 140 Phase shift
CFE chose 100 to be setting for load shedding
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CFENetwork
Remote Phasor
Local Phasor
Threshold
+
-
PU Cyc
Trip Selected
Generators
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Communication Channel Analysis
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Channel Analysis
Comm.
Both ends Current diff. with PMU measurements
Initial charging current higher then expected
Almost reached tripping threshold
Load current will retract away from tripping threshold
Load increased but diff current increased towards
tripping threshold
Angle difference was almost 60 Degrees
Communication asymmetry higher then expected
Or Phasing error
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Comm. Channel Analysis
Meter command at both end of the protection
Shows same measured values
Meter command uses VA source as reference
VA = 345kV 00
VB = 345kV -1200
Vc = 345kV 1200
Meter command is not sufficient
If VA is connected to VB& VB is connected Vc & Vc is
connected to VA results will be same
PMU solves the problem
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Measurements
PMU
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PMU Measurements
PMU measurements eliminated rolled Phasor
Communication asymmetry the cause for high diff
Subsequent tests on comm channel indicated
high degree of asymmetry
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Testing
PMU
PMU Testing Concepts
Setting up a test
Running a test
Understanding the results
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PMU Concepts
What does a PMU report (see IEEE C37.118.2)?
A stream of data messages at a given sample rate
(in the range 10-60 per second)
Each message includes:
One or more Phasor vectors (magnitude and angle)
Frequency Deviation from nominal (Hz)
ROCOF (Hz/sec)
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vectors
Phasor
PMUs can report vectors for:
Currents and voltages
Individual phases (A, B, C)
Positive sequence
All of the above
Vectors can be reported as polar or Cartesian,
and as floating point or scaled integer.
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PMU Testing Concepts
Goal: under various conditions, make sure that the
reported each PMU data message matches the
expected values for each Phasor Vector, Frequency
Deviation and ROCOF.
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Testing Standard
PMU
Defined in IEEE C37.118.1
Specifies quantities to vary, ranges to vary over,
and required accuracies under different
conditions.
Includes steady state tests, dynamic tests, and
transient tests
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IEEE C37.118.1 Requirements
Steady state tests
Frequency
Voltage
Current
Phase (discrete or continuous)
Harmonic Distortion
Out of band interference
Dynamic tests
Phase and Amplitude Modulation
Phase Modulation
Linear Frequency Ramp
Transient tests (NYI in Protection Suite)
Magnitude step
Phase step
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up a test - Hardware
Setting
(PC, F6150 and PMU each have IP addresses)
Protection Suite F6150 : Waveform definitions, start time
Protection Suite PMU : Request config, start transmission
F6150 PMU : Generated waveforms
PMU Protection Suite : Config response, phasor data stream
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Setting up a test - Software
Select PMU capability in Device Parameters
Enter nominal voltage, current and frequency
Enter VT and CT ratios
Enter response time
Add all IEEE C37.118 tests to the Test Plan
Adjust test parameters as desired
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Definitions
Pretest Time: period of time at the beginning of
each test during which nominal amplitude, phase
and frequency are generated
Test Time: length of each test point in the
generated waveform
Response Time: initial period during each test
point during which Phasor results are discarded
before analysis
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Running a test
Ensure connectivity from Protection Suite to both
F6150 and PMU
Test clock synchronization by calibrating
Adjust Phasor order if necessary
Autorun!
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Understanding
the Results
For each test point, maximum error over all PMU samples,
excluding Response Time:
TVE (Maximum error over all Phasors)
Frequency error
ROCOF
Pass/Fail indicator relative to tolerance
Export of raw details is available
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Detailed Results
Results for individual Phasors (rather than the
maximum error over all Phasors)
Average and RMS TVE% (in addition to the
maximum)
Angle error (useful for troubleshooting clock issues)
Complete trace of all PMU data messages
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Results Complete Trace
Detailed
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Summary
With Protection Suite 2, all IEEE C37.118 tests
can be set up in minutes and autorun in less than
half an hour.
The final two transient tests are scheduled for
implementation in release 2.1, within a few
months.
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