This document summarizes key concepts from a lecture on signals and systems. It discusses inverse Laplace transforms and how they can be evaluated using partial fraction expansion or properties like time shifting. It also covers properties of Laplace transforms like linearity and convolution. The document defines the system function of an LTI system and how it can be used to characterize the system. Finally, it provides examples of evaluating Laplace transforms geometrically and analyzing the frequency responses of first-order and second-order systems.
This document summarizes key concepts from a lecture on signals and systems. It discusses inverse Laplace transforms and how they can be evaluated using partial fraction expansion or properties like time shifting. It also covers properties of Laplace transforms like linearity and convolution. The document defines the system function of an LTI system and how it can be used to characterize the system. Finally, it provides examples of evaluating Laplace transforms geometrically and analyzing the frequency responses of first-order and second-order systems.
This document summarizes key concepts from a lecture on signals and systems. It discusses inverse Laplace transforms and how they can be evaluated using partial fraction expansion or properties like time shifting. It also covers properties of Laplace transforms like linearity and convolution. The document defines the system function of an LTI system and how it can be used to characterize the system. Finally, it provides examples of evaluating Laplace transforms geometrically and analyzing the frequency responses of first-order and second-order systems.
This document summarizes key concepts from a lecture on signals and systems. It discusses inverse Laplace transforms and how they can be evaluated using partial fraction expansion or properties like time shifting. It also covers properties of Laplace transforms like linearity and convolution. The document defines the system function of an LTI system and how it can be used to characterize the system. Finally, it provides examples of evaluating Laplace transforms geometrically and analyzing the frequency responses of first-order and second-order systems.
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Signals and Systems
Fall 2003 Lecture #18 6 November 2003
• Inverse Laplace Transforms
• Laplace Transform Properties • The System Function of an LTI System • Geometric Evaluation of Laplace Transforms and Frequency Responses Inverse Laplace Transform
Fix σ ∈ ROC and apply the inverse Fourier transform
But s = σ + jω (σ fixed) ⇒ ds = jdω
Inverse Laplace Transforms Via Partial Fraction Expansion and Properties Example:
Three possible ROC’s — corresponding to three different signals
Recall ROC I: — Left-sided signal.
ROC II: — Two-sided signal, has Fourier Transform.
ROC III:— Right-sided signal.
Properties of Laplace Transforms
• Many parallel properties of the CTFT, but for Laplace transforms
we need to determine implications for the ROC
• For example:
Linearity
ROC at least the intersection of ROCs of X1(s) and X2(s)
ROC can be bigger (due to pole-zero cancellation)
⇒ ROC entire s-plane
Time Shift Time-Domain Differentiation
ROC could be bigger than the ROC of X(s), if there is pole-zero
cancellation. E.g.,
s-Domain Differentiation Convolution Property
For Then
• ROC of Y(s) = H(s)X(s): at least the overlap of the ROCs of H(s) & X(s) • ROC could be empty if there is no overlap between the two ROCs E.g. x( t ) = et u( t ), and h( t ) = −e − t u( −t ) • ROC could be larger than the overlap of the two. E.g. The System Function of an LTI System
The system function characterizes the system
⇓ System properties correspond to properties of H(s) and its ROC
A first example: Geometric Evaluation of Rational Laplace Transforms
Example #1: A first-order zero
Graphic evaluation of
Can reason about
- vector length - angle w/ real axis Example #2: A first-order pole
Still reason with vector, but
remember to "invert" for poles Example #3: A higher-order rational Laplace transform First-Order System
Graphical evaluation of H(jω):
Bode Plot of the First-Order System
-20 dB/decade
changes by -π/2 Second-Order System
0 < ζ <1 ⇒ complex poles
— Underdamped
ζ =1 ⇒ double pole at s = −ω n — Critically damped
ζ >1 ⇒ 2 poles on negative real axis
— Overdamped Demo Pole-zero diagrams, frequency response, and step response of first-order and second-order CT causal systems Bode Plot of a Second-Order System
Top is flat when
-40 dB/decade ζ= 1/√2 = 0.707 ⇒ a LPF for ω < ωn
changes by -π Unit-Impulse and Unit-Step Response of a Second- Order System
No oscillations when ζ≥1 ⇒ Critically (=) and over (>) damped. First-Order All-Pass System
