Analog and Digital Voice
Connections
Fundamentos de Telefona IP
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Homes and Small Office
Connections
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Trunks
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Foreign Exchange Trunks
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Types of Trunk Signaling
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Loop-Start Signaling
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Loop-Start Signaling
Loop-start is the more common of the access signaling
techniques.
When a handset is picked up (the telephone goes offhook), this action closes the 48V circuit that draws current
from the telephone company CO and indicates a change in
status, which signals the CO to provide a dial tone.
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Ground-Start Signaling
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Ground-Start Signaling
Ground-start signaling is another supervisory signaling
technique, like loop-start, that provides a way to indicate onhook and off-hook conditions in a voice network. Groundstart signaling is used primarily in switch-to-switch
connections.
The main difference between ground-start and loop-start
signaling is that groundstart requires ground detection to
occur in both ends of a connection before the tip and
ring loop can be closed.
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E&M Signaling
E&M is another signaling technique used mainly between PBXs
or other network-to-network telephony switches.
There are six distinct physical configurations for the signaling
part of the interface. They are Types IV and Signaling System
Direct Current No.5 (SSDC5). They use different methods to
signal on-hook or off-hook status.
Cisco voice implementation supports E&M Types I, II, III, and V.
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E&M Signaling
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E&M Type I
Type I signaling is the most common E&M signaling
method used in North America.
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E&M Type V
Type V: Type V is the most common E&M
signaling form used outside of North America.
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Trunk Supervision Signaling-Wink Start Signaling
Wink-start is the most commonly used method for E&M access
signaling and is the default for E&M voice ports.
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Trunk Supervision Signaling Inmediate Start
Immediate-start, is the simplest method of E&M access
signaling.. This signaling approach is used for E&M tie trunk
interfaces.
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Trunk Supervision Signaling - Delay Start
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Medium to Large Office Connections
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Digital Trunks
Digital trunks are used to connect to the PSTN, to a
PBX, or to the WAN and are widely available worldwide.
Digital voice ports are found at the intersection of a
packet voice network and a digital, circuit-switched
telephone network
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Digital Trunks
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Types of Digital Trunks
T1: Uses Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) to transmit
digital data over 24 voice channels using CAS.
E1: Uses TDM to transmit digital data over 30 voice
channels using either CAS or CCS
ISDN: A circuit-switched telephone network system using
CCS. Variations of ISDN circuits include the following:
BRI: 2 B (Bearer) channels and 1 D (Delta) channel
T1 PRI: 23 B channels and 1 D channel
E1 PRI: 30 B channels and 1 D channel
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Signaling
Digital technology solves the problems of signal
degradation and the inability to send multiple calls over
a single line that occur in analog technology, it creates a
new issue: signaling.
With analog circuits, supervisory signals were passed
by connecting the tip and ring wires together. The phone
company generated informational and address signals
through specific frequencies of electricity.
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Signaling
To solve this, two primary styles of signaling were created
for digital circuits:
Channel associated signaling (CAS): Signaling
information is transmitted using the same bandwidth as the
voice.
Common channel signaling (CCS): Signaling information
is transmitted using a separate,dedicated signaling
channel.
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CAS:
Channel Associated Signaling
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Channel Associated Signaling Systems: T1
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T1 Digital Signal Format
SF: Super Frame
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ESF: Extended Super Frame
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Robbed-Bit Signaling
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Robbed-Bit Signaling
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DS0 Signaling Bits in a Single T1 Extended Super
Frame
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E1 R2 CAS
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E1 R2 CAS
One big difference between an E1 and a T1 is that an E1
bundles 32 time slots instead of 24. This results in a
bandwidth of 2.048 Mbps. With an E1, one time slot is used
for framing and one is used for signaling. This leaves 30 time
slots available for user data.
A multiframe consists of 16 consecutive 256-bit frames. Each
frame carries 32 time slots. The first time slot is used
exclusively for frame synchronization. Time slots 2 to 16 and
18 to 32 carry the actual voice traffic, and time slot 17 is used
for R2 signaling.
The first frame in an E1 multiframe includes the multiframe
format information in time slot 17. Frames 2 to 16 include the
signaling information, each frame containing the signaling for
two voice time slots.
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E1 R2 CAS
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E1 R2 CAS
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CCS:
Common-Channel Signaling
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Framing and Signaling
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Common-Channel Signaling (CCS)
When using CCS configurations with T1 lines, the 24th time slot
is always the signaling channel. When using CCS
configurations with E1 lines, the 17th time slot is always the
signaling channel.
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ISDN (Integrated Service Digital Network)
ISDN is a circuit-switched telephone network system
designed to allow digital transmission of voice and data
over ordinary telephone copper wires, resulting in better
quality and higher speeds than is available with the PSTN
system.
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ISDN (Integrated Service Digital Network)
There are 2 types ISDN BRI and ISDN PRI
Both media types use B channels and D channels.
The B channels carry user data.
The D channel, in its role as signal carrier for the B
channels.
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ISDN (Integrated Service Digital Network)
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ISDN (Integrated Service Digital Network)
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Echo
Echo is a result of electrical impedance mismatches in the
transmission path.
Echo is always present, even in traditional telephony
networks, but at a level that cannot be detected by the
human ear.
The two components that affect echo are amplitude
(loudness of the echo) and delay (the time between the
spoken voice and the echoed sound). You can control
echo using suppressors or cancellers.
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Echo is always present
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Echo Cancellation
The term echo cancellation is used in telephony to
describe the process of removing echo from a voice
communication in order to improve voice quality on a
telephone call.
In addition to improving subjective quality, this process
increases the capacity achieved through silence
suppression by preventing echo from traveling across a
network.
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Echo Cancellation
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4-Wire Conversion and Echo
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VAD: Voice activity detection
VAD is a technique used in speech processing in which the
presence or absence of human speech is detected. The
main uses of VAD are in speech coding and speech
recognition. It can facilitate speech processing, and can
also be used to deactivate some processes during nonspeech section of an audio session: it can avoid
unnecessary coding/transmission of silence packets in
Voice over Internet Protocol applications, saving on
computation and on network bandwidth.
Voice activity detection is usually language independent.
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