Solved with COMSOL Multiphysics 5.
Circ ula r W a v e g ui d e Fi l t er
Introduction
A circular waveguide filter is designed using a 2D axisymmetric model. Six annular
rings added to the waveguide form circular cavities connected in series, and each cavity
cutoff frequency is close to the center frequency of the filter. The computed
S-parameters show a bandpass frequency response.
Circular port 2
Irises
Circular port 1
Figure 1: 3D visualization of the circular waveguide with irises from a 2D axisymmetric
model.
Model Definition
The model consists of a C-band circular waveguide and six irises. The waveguide walls
and iris parts are modeled as perfect electric conductors (PECs) and the inside of the
waveguide is set to vacuum.
One end of the circular waveguide is excited with a predefined TE1 mode port
boundary condition and the other end is terminated with a passive port boundary
condition for the same mode. The combination of azimuthal mode index and the
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C I RC UL A R WAVE G U I D E FI L T E R
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circular port mode index in a 2D axisymmetric model is compatible with the
predefined circular port mode index of a 3D model. The TE11 mode cutoff frequency
of a circular waveguide with radius of 20 mm is approximately 4.4 GHz, which is
calculated by
c 0 p' nm
f cml = ----------------2a
where c0 is the speed of light, pnm are the roots of the derivative of the Bessel
functions Jn(x), m and n are the mode indices, and a is the radius of a waveguide. The
value of p11 is approximately 1.841. The operating frequency of the filter is necessarily
higher than the waveguide cutoff frequency.
The center frequency of the filter is estimated by evaluating the resonance frequency
of a hypothetical closed cavity formed by the waveguide and closed irises. that is, a
cylindrical cavity, The resonance frequency of the cylindrical cavity is
p' nm 2
c0
l 2
f nml = ---------------------- ------------ + -----
a
d
2 r r
where r is relative permeability, r is relative permittivity, d is the length of a cavity
and l is the longitudinal cavity mode index (along the cylindrical axis). The remaining
parameters are identical to those of a circular waveguide cutoff frequency. The
resonance frequency at TE111 mode of the cylindrical cavity is approximately
5.05 GHz. This approximation is obtained assuming that the irises are closed, and so
there is only one discrete resonance frequency where the field is non-zero. A more
accurate frequency response of the filter is obtained by solving the problem with open
irises.
All domains are meshed by a tetrahedral mesh with maximum element size of ten
elements per wavelength so that the wave is well-resolved.
Results and Discussion
The default plot shows the norm of the electric field in the waveguide. The standing
wave pattern within each partitioned section of the waveguide at 4.98 GHz illustrates
that this is a resonance frequency. It also demonstrates qualitatively that each
partitioned section of the waveguide functions as a cavity with open ends at the irises.
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CI RC U L AR WAVE G U I D E F I L T E R
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Figure 2: The E-field norm shows a standing wave pattern near the center frequency of the
filter. The plot illustrates that each partitioned section of the waveguide forms an open
cavity.
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C I RC UL A R WAVE G U I D E FI L T E R
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Figure 3 shows the calculated S-parameters as a function of frequency. The passband
for the filter is approximately 4.98 GHz and the insertion loss is close to 0 dB.
Figure 3: The S-parameter plot shows a bandpass frequency response. The sharp
out-of-band rejection below the cutoff frequency is observed.
Notes About the COMSOL Implementation
The assumed temporal and angular dependence of all field quantities in the 2D
axisymmetric formulation is ej(t-m), where is the angular frequency and m is the
azimuthal mode number.
Model Library path: RF_Module/Passive_Devices/
circular_waveguide_filter
Modeling Instructions
From the File menu, choose New.
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CI RC U L AR WAVE G U I D E F I L T E R
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NEW
1 In the New window, click Model Wizard.
MODEL WIZARD
1 In the Model Wizard window, click 2D Axisymmetric.
2 In the Select physics tree, select Radio Frequency>Electromagnetic Waves, Frequency
Domain (emw).
3 Click Add.
4 Click Study.
5 In the Select study tree, select Preset Studies>Frequency Domain.
6 Click Done.
DEFINITIONS
Parameters
1 On the Model toolbar, click Parameters.
2 In the Settings window for Parameters, locate the Parameters section.
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3 In the table, enter the following settings:
NAME
EXPRESSION
VALUE
DESCRIPTION
r1
0.02[m]
0.020000 m
Waveguide radius
fc
1.841*c_const/
2/pi/r1
4.3920E9 1/s
Cutoff frequency
f0
fc*1.1
4.8312E9 1/s
Frequency
lda0
c_const/f0
0.062053 m
Wavelength
ir1
0.006[m]
0.0060000 m
Iris 1
ir2
0.0088[m]
0.0088000 m
Iris 2
ir3
0.0096[m]
0.0096000 m
Iris 3
cl1
0.054[m]
0.054000 m
Cavity length 1
cl2
0.06[m]
0.060000 m
Cavity length 2
cl3
0.061[m]
0.061000 m
Cavity length 3
irth
0.002[m]
0.0020000 m
Iris thickness
fnml
c_const/pi/
2*sqrt((1.841/
r1)^2+(pi/
0.06)^2)
5.0528E9 1/s
Cavity resonance
frequency
Here, c_const is a predefined COMSOL constant for the speed of light in vacuum.
GEOMETRY 1
Rectangle 1 (r1)
1 On the Geometry toolbar, click Primitives and choose Rectangle.
2 In the Settings window for Rectangle, locate the Size section.
3 In the Width text field, type r1.
4 In the Height text field, type 0.4.
5 Locate the Position section. In the z text field, type -0.2.
Rectangle 2 (r2)
1 On the Geometry toolbar, click Primitives and choose Rectangle.
2 In the Settings window for Rectangle, locate the Size section.
3 In the Width text field, type ir1.
4 In the Height text field, type irth.
5 Locate the Position section. In the r text field, type r1-ir1.
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CI RC U L AR WAVE G U I D E F I L T E R
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6 In the z text field, type -cl3/2-cl2-cl1-irth/2.
Rectangle 3 (r3)
1 On the Geometry toolbar, click Primitives and choose Rectangle.
2 In the Settings window for Rectangle, locate the Size section.
3 In the Width text field, type ir2.
4 In the Height text field, type irth.
5 Locate the Position section. In the r text field, type r1-ir2.
6 In the z text field, type -cl3/2-cl2-irth/2.
Rectangle 4 (r4)
1 On the Geometry toolbar, click Primitives and choose Rectangle.
2 In the Settings window for Rectangle, locate the Size section.
3 In the Width text field, type ir3.
4 In the Height text field, type irth.
5 Locate the Position section. In the r text field, type r1-ir3.
6 In the z text field, type -cl3/2-irth/2.
Mirror 1 (mir1)
1 On the Geometry toolbar, click Transforms and choose Mirror.
2 Select the objects r3, r4, and r2 only.
3 In the Settings window for Mirror, locate the Input section.
4 Select the Keep input objects check box.
5 Locate the Normal Vector to Line of Reflection section. In the r text field, type 0.
6 In the z text field, type 1.
Difference 1 (dif1)
1 On the Geometry toolbar, click Booleans and Partitions and choose Difference.
2 Select the object r1 only.
3 In the Settings window for Difference, locate the Difference section.
4 Find the Objects to subtract subsection. Select the Active toggle button.
5 Select the objects mir1(2), mir1(3), r3, mir1(1), r4, and r2 only.
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6 Click the Build All Objects button.
The finished geometry should look like this.
E LE C TROM A GN E TI C WAVES , FRE QU E NC Y D OM AI N ( EM W )
1 In the Model Builder window, under Component 1 (comp1) click Electromagnetic
Waves, Frequency Domain (emw).
2 In the Settings window for Electromagnetic Waves, Frequency Domain, locate the
Out-of-Plane Wave Number section.
3 In the m text field, type 1.
This defines the azimuthal dependency of the fields that the model is solving for.
4 Locate the Physics-Controlled Mesh section. Select the Enable check box.
Set the maximum mesh size to 0.2 wavelengths or smaller.
5 In the Maximum element size text field, type lda0/10.
6 Locate the Analysis Methodology section. From the Methodology options list, choose
Fast.
Port 1
1 On the Physics toolbar, click Boundaries and choose Port.
2 Select Boundary 2 only.
3 In the Settings window for Port, locate the Port Properties section.
4 From the Type of port list, choose Circular.
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CI RC U L AR WAVE G U I D E F I L T E R
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5 From the Wave excitation at this port list, choose On.
Port 2
1 On the Physics toolbar, click Boundaries and choose Port.
2 Select Boundary 3 only.
3 In the Settings window for Port, locate the Port Properties section.
4 From the Type of port list, choose Circular.
MATERIALS
Material 1 (mat1)
1 In the Model Builder window, under Component 1 (comp1) right-click Materials and
choose Blank Material.
2 In the Settings window for Material, locate the Material Contents section.
3 In the table, enter the following settings:
PROPERTY
NAME
VALUE
UNIT
PROPERTY GROUP
Relative permittivity
epsilonr
Basic
Relative permeability
mur
Basic
Electrical conductivity
sigma
S/m
Basic
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C I RC UL A R WAVE G U I D E FI L T E R
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MESH 1
1 In the Model Builder window, under Component 1 (comp1) right-click Mesh 1 and
choose Build All.
STUDY 1
Step 1: Frequency Domain
1 In the Model Builder window, under Study 1 click Step 1: Frequency Domain.
2 In the Settings window for Frequency Domain, locate the Study Settings section.
3 In the Frequencies text field, type range(4.8[GHz],0.01[GHz],5.2[GHz]).
4 On the Model toolbar, click Compute.
RESULTS
Electric Field (emw)
1 In the Settings window for 2D Plot Group, locate the Data section.
2 From the Parameter value (freq (Hz)) list, choose 4.9800E9.
3 On the 2D plot group toolbar, click Plot.
S-Parameter (emw)
This reproduces Figure 3.
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