Julio Cortzar - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

02/06/2015 20:49

Julio Cortzar
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Julio Cortzar, born Jules Florencio Cortzar[1] (American Spanish: [xuljo kortasar]; August 26, 1914
February 12, 1984), was an Argentine novelist, short story writer, and essayist. Known as one of the
founders of the Latin American Boom, Cortzar influenced an entire generation of Spanish-speaking
readers and writers in the Americas and Europe. He has been called both a "modern master of the short

Julio Cortzar

story" and, by Carlos Fuentes, "the Simn Bolvar of the novel."[2]

Contents
1 Early life
2 Education and teaching career
3 Years in France
4 Works
5 Influence and legacy
6 Books
7 See also
8 References
9 Further reading
10 Filmography
11 External links

Cortzar by Sara Facio, in 1967.

Born

August 26, 1914

Ixelles, Belgium

Died

12 February 1984 (aged 69)

Paris, France

Pen name

Julio Denis (in his first two books)

Occupation Writer, Translator

Early life

Nationality

Argentine, French

Genre

Short Story, Poetry, Novel.

Literary
movement

Latin American Boom

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Julio Cortzar was born on August 26, 1914, in Ixelles,[3] a borough of Brussels, Belgium. According to
biographer Miguel Herrez, his parents, Julio Jos Cortzar and Mara Herminia Descotte, were Argentine

Notable
works

Hopscotch
Blow-up and Other Stories

citizens, and his father was attached to the Argentine diplomatic service in Belgium.[4]

Notable
awards

Prix Mdicis (France, 1974), Rubn

Daro Order of Cultural
Independence (Nicaragua, 1983)

At the time of Cortzar's birth Belgium was occupied by the German troops of Kaiser Wilhelm II. After
the irruption of German troops in Belgium, Cortzar and his family moved to Zrich where Mara
Herminia's parents, Victoria Gabel and Louis Descotte (a French National), were waiting in neutral
territory. The family group spent the next two years in Switzerland, first in Zrich, then in Geneva, before

Signature

moving for a short period to Barcelona. The Cortzars settled outside Buenos Aires by the end of 1919.[5]
Cortzar's father deserted his wife when Julio was six, and the family had no further contact with him.[6]
Cortzar spent most of his childhood in Banfield, a suburb south of Buenos Aires, with his mother and younger sister. The home in Banfield, with its back
yard, was a source of inspiration for some of his stories.[7] Despite this, in a letter to Graciela M. de Sol on December 4, 1963, he described this period of
his life as "full of servitude, excessive touchiness, terrible and frequent sadness." He was a sickly child and spent much of his childhood in bed reading.[8]
His mother, who spoke several languages and was a great reader herself, introduced her son to the works of Jules Verne, whom Cortzar admired for the rest
of his life. In the magazine Plural (issue 44, Mexico City, May 1975) he wrote: "I spent my childhood in a haze full of goblins and elves, with a sense of
space and time that was different from everybody else's."

Education and teaching career

Cortzar obtained a qualification as an elementary school teacher at the age of 18. He would later pursue higher education in philosophy and languages at the
University of Buenos Aires, but left for financial reasons without receiving a degree.[9] According to biographer Montes-Bradley, Cortzar taught in at least
two high schools in Buenos Aires Province, one in the city of Chivilcoy, the other in Bolivar. In 1938, using the pseudonym of Julio Denis, he self-published
a volume of sonnets, Presencia,[10] which he later repudiated, saying in a 1977 interview for Spanish television that publishing it was his only transgression
to the principle of not publishing any books until he was convinced that what was written in them was what he meant to say.[11] In 1944 he became professor
of French literature at the National University of Cuyo in Mendoza, but he resigned the position in June 1946 due to political pressure from Peronists. He
subsequently worked as a translator and as director of the Cmara Argentina del Libro, a trade organization.[12] In 1949 he published a play, Los Reyes (The
Kings), based on the myth of Theseus and the Minotaur.
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Years in France
In 1951, Cortzar emigrated to France, where he lived and worked for the rest of his life, though he traveled widely. From 1952 onwards, he worked
intermittently for UNESCO as a translator. He wrote most of his major works in Paris or in Saignon in the south of France, where he also maintained a
home. In later years he became actively engaged in opposing abuses of human rights in Latin America, and was a supporter of the Sandinista revolution in
Nicaragua as well as Fidel Castro's Cuban revolution and Salvador Allende's socialist government in Chile.[13]
Cortzar had three long-term romantic relationships with women. The first was with Aurora Bernrdez, an Argentine translator, whom he married in 1953.
They separated in 1968[14] when he became involved with the Lithuanian writer, editor, translator, and filmmaker Ugn
Karvelis, whom he never formally married, and who reportedly stimulated Cortzar's interest in politics,[15] although his
political sensibilities had already been awakened by a visit to Cuba in 1963, the first of multiple trips that he would make to that
country throughout the remainder of his life. He later married the American writer Carol Dunlop. After Dunlop's death in 1982,
Aurora Bernrdez accompanied Cortzar during his final illness and, in accordance with his longstanding wishes, inherited the
rights to all his works.[16][17]
He died in Paris in 1984 and is interred in the Cimetire de Montparnasse. The cause of his death was reported to be leukemia
though some sources state that he died from AIDS as a result of receiving a blood transfusion.[18][19]

Works
Cortzar wrote numerous short stories, collected in such volumes as Bestiario (1951), Final del juego (1956), and Las armas
secretas (1959). In 1967, English translations by Paul Blackburn of stories selected from these volumes were published by
Pantheon Books as End of the Game and Other Stories. Cortzar published four novels during his lifetime: Los premios (The
Winners, 1960), Hopscotch (Rayuela, 1963), 62: A Model Kit (62 Modelo para Armar, 1968), and Libro de Manuel (A Manual
for Manuel, 1973). Except for Los premios, which was translated by Elaine Kerrigan, these novels have been translated into
English by Gregory Rabassa. Two other novels, El examen and Divertimiento, though written before 1960, only appeared
posthumously.

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Cortzar in his youth

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The open-ended structure of Hopscotch, which invites the reader to choose between a linear and a non-linear mode of reading, has been praised by other
Latin American writers, including Jos Lezama Lima, Giannina Braschi, Carlos Fuentes, Gabriel Garca Mrquez, and Mario Vargas Llosa. Cortzar's use of
interior monologue and stream of consciousness owes much to James Joyce[20] and other modernists, but his main
influences were Surrealism,[21] the French Nouveau roman and the improvisatory aesthetic of jazz.[22] This last
interest is reflected in the notable story "El perseguidor" ("The Pursuer"), which Cortzar based on the life of the
bebop saxophonist Charlie Parker.[23]
Cortzar also published poetry, drama, and various works of non-fiction. In the 1960s, working with the artist Jos
Silva, he created two almanac-books or libros-almanaque, La vuelta al da en ochenta mundos and ltimo Round,
which combined various texts written by Cortzar with a photographs, engravings, and other illustrations, in the
manner of the almanaques del mensajero that had been widely circulated in rural Argentina during his
childhood.[24] One of his last works was a collaboration with Carol Dunlop, The Autonauts of the Cosmoroute,
which relates, partly in mock-heroic style, the couple's extended expedition along the autoroute from Paris to
Marseille in a Volkswagen camper nicknamed Fafner. As a translator, he completed Spanish-language renderings
of Robinson Crusoe, Marguerite Yourcenar's novel Mmoires d'Hadrien, and the complete prose works of Edgar
Allan Poe.[25]

Influence and legacy

Cortzar's grave in Montparnasse, Paris

Michelangelo Antonioni's film Blowup (1966) was inspired by Cortzar's story "Las babas del diablo," which in
turn was based on a photograph taken by Chilean photographer Sergio Larran during a shoot outside of Notre
Dame Cathedral in Paris.[26] Cortzar's story "La autopista del sur" ("The Southern Thruway") influenced another film of the 1960s, Jean-Luc Godard's Week
End (1967).[27] The filmmaker Manuel Antn has directed three films based on Cortzar stories, Cartas de mam, Circe, and Intimidad de los parques.[28]
Chilean novelist Roberto Bolao cited Cortzar as a key influence on his novel The Savage Detectives: "To say that I'm permanently indebted to the work of
Borges and Cortzar is obvious."[29]

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Puerto Rican novelist Giannina Braschi used Cortzar's story "Las babas del diablo" as a springboard for the chapter called "Blow-up" in her bilingual novel
Yo-Yo Boing! (1998), which features scenes with Cortzar's characters La Maga and Rocamadour.[30] Cortzar is mentioned and spoken highly of in Rabih
Alameddine's 1998 novel, Koolaids: The Art of War.
In Buenos Aires, a school, a public library, and a square in the Palermo neighborhood carry Cortzar's name.

Books
Presencia (1938)
Los reyes (1949)
El examen (1950, first published in 1985)
Bestiario (1951)
Final del juego (1956)
Las armas secretas (1959)
Los premios (The Winners) (1960)
Historias de cronopios y de famas (1962)
Rayuela (Hopscotch) (1963)
Todos los fuegos el fuego (1966)
Blow-up and Other Stories (1968); a compilation of stories from Bestiario, Final del juego, and Las armas secretas, in an English-language
translation.
Around the Day in Eighty Worlds (La vuelta al da en ochenta mundos) (1967)
62: A Model Kit (62/modelo para armar) (1968)
Last Round (ltimo Round) (1969)
Prosa del Observatorio (1972)
Libro de Manuel (1973)
Octaedro (1974)
Fantomas contra los vampiros multinacionales (1975)
Alguien anda por ah (1977)
Territorios (1978)
Un tal Lucas (1979)
Queremos tanto a Glenda (1980)
Deshoras (1982)
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Autonauts of the Cosmoroute (Los autonautas de la cosmopista) (1983)

Nicaragua tan violentamente dulce (1983)
Divertimento (1986)
Diary of Andrs Fava (Diario de Andrs Fava) (1995)
Adis Robinson (1995)
Save Twilight (1997)
Cartas (Three volumes, 2000; expanded version in five volumes, 2012)
Papeles inesperados (2009)
Cartas a los Jonquires (2010)

See also
tat second
Sophie Bohdan

References
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.

Montes-Bradley, Eduardo. "Cortzar sin barba". Editorial Debate. Random House Mondadori. p. 35, Madrid. 2005.
The New York Review of Books, March 4, 1984.
Cortzar sin barba, by Eduardo Montes-Bradley. Random House Mondadori, Editorial Debate, Madrid, 2004
Herrez, Miguel. Julio Cortzar, Una Biografa Revisada Alrevs, 2011 ISBN 9788415098034 p. 25
Montes-Bradley, Eduardo. "Cortzar sin barba". Editorial Debate. Random House Mondadori, p. 110, Madrid, 2005.
Herrez, Miguel. Julio Cortzar, Una Biografa Revisada Alrevs, 2011, ISBN 9788415098034, pp. 38 & 45,
Banfield is mentioned in the short story "Conducta en los velorios" (http://www.literatura.org/Cortzar/Conducta.html) from Historias de cronopios y de famas.
Julio Cortzar - A fondo (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JeaaxOrC8nw#t=5m51s) on YouTube TVE 1977.
Herrez, Miguel. Julio Cortzar, Una Biografa Revisada. Alrevs, 2011, ISBN 9788415098034, p. 343.
Conversaciones con Cortzar (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WSJoWdZZ5m8) on YouTube Omar Prego, Muchnik Editores, 1985 (p. 33).
Julio Cortzar - A fondo (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JeaaxOrC8nw) on YouTube TVE 1977.
Herrez, Miguel. Julio Cortzar, Una Biografa Revisada. Alrevs, 2011, ISBN 9788415098034, pp. 118-119.
"Julio Cortzar (1914-1984)" (http://www.kirjasto.sci.fi/cortaz.htm), Books and Writers.
Herrez, Miguel. Julio Cortzar, Una Biografa Revisada Alrevs, 2011 ISBN 9788415098034 pp. 245-252.
Mario Goloboff (1998). "Chap. 11: De otros lados". Julio Cortzar - La biografa. pp. 170174. ISBN 950-731-205-6.
Las cartas de Cortzar (http://www.elmundo.es/america/2012/07/15/argentina/1342361857.html), article in the newspaper El Mundo (Madrid), 15 July 2012.
Julio Cortzar. Cartas, 3 (2000 edition, Alfaguara), p. 1785. ISBN 9505115938.

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17. Julio Cortzar. Cartas, 3 (2000 edition, Alfaguara), p. 1785. ISBN 9505115938.
18. Una nueva biografa sostiene que Cortzar habra muerto de sida (http://edant.clarin.com/diario/2001/06/07/s-04001.htm) clarin.com, 7.06.2001
19. Peri Rossi: Cortzar muri de sida por una transfusin (http://www.abc.es/20090125/cultura-cultura/peri-rossi-cortazar-murio-20090125.html), article in the newspaper
ABC from 25 January 2009.
20. Julio Cortzar y James Joyce (http://sisbib.unmsm.edu.pe/bibvirtual/publicaciones/alma_mater/2000_n18-19/julio_cortazar.htm)
21. Picn Garfield, Evelyn. Es Julio Cortzar un surrealista?, 1975
22. "El jazz en la obra de Cortzar" (http://www.march.es/bibliotecas/repositorio-cortazar/jazz/pdf/El_jazz_en_la_obra_de_Cortazar.pdf), p. 41.
23. Doris Sommer, "Grammar Trouble for Cortzar", in Proceed with Caution, When Engaged by Minority Writing in the Americas, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press,
p. 211.
24. Herrez, Miguel. Julio Cortzar, Una Biografa Revisada Alrevs, 2011, ISBN 9788415098034, p. 242.
25. Biblioteca Julio Cortzar (http://www.march.es/bibliotecas/repositorio-cortazar/buscador.aspx?l=1&p2=5&p3=Julio%20Cortazar%20como%20traductor#avanzada),
Fundacin Juan March.
26. "Fallece Sergio Larran, el mtico fotgrafo chileno que renunci al mundo | Cultura" (http://www.latercera.com/noticia/cultura/2012/02/1453-429366-9-fallece-sergiolarrain-el-mitico-fotografo-chileno-que-renuncio-al-mundo.shtml). La Tercera. 2012-01-24. Retrieved 2012-02-09.
27. Jean Franco, "Comic Stripping: Cortzar in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction", in Critical Passions: Selected Essays, eds. Mary Louise Pratt and Kathleen Newman,
Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1999, p. 416.
28. No hice otra cosa que plagiar a Cortzar (http://www.pagina12.com.ar/diario/suplementos/espectaculos/5-24666-2012-03-21.html), Pagina 12, 21 March 2012.
29. Roberto Bolao, Between Parentheses: Essays, Articles, and Speeches, 1998-2003, trans. Natasha Wimmer, New York: New Directions, 2011, 353.
30. Debra A. Castillo, editor, Redreaming America: Toward a Bilingual American Culture, "Language Games," by Ilan Stavans, pp. 172-186, SUNY, New York, 2005.

Further reading
English
Julio Cortzar (Modern Critical Views). Bloom, Harold, 2005
Schmidt-Cruz, Cynthia (2004). Mothers, Lovers, and Others: the short stories of Julio Cortzar. Albany, N.Y.: State University of New York Press.
ISBN 978-0-7914-5955-3.
Julio Cortzar (Bloom's Major Short Story Writers). Bloom, Harold, 2004
Weiss, Jason (2003). The Lights of Home: a century of Latin American writers in Paris. New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-94013-9.
Standish, Peter (2001). Understanding Julio Cortzar (Understanding Modern European and Latin American Literature). University of South
Carolina Press. ISBN 978-1-57003-390-2.
Questions of the Liminal in the Fiction of Julio Cortzar. Moran, Dominic, 2000
Critical Essays on Julio Cortzar. Alazraki, Jaime, 1999
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Alonso, Carlos J. (1998). Julio Cortzar: new readings. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-45210-6.
Stavans, Ilan (1996). Julio Cortzar: a study of the short fiction. New York: Twayne Publishers. ISBN 0-8057-8293-1.
The Politics of Style in the Fiction of Balzac, Beckett, and Cortzar. Axelrod, Mark, 1992
Writing at Risk: Interviews in Paris With Uncommon Writers. Weiss, Jason, 1991
Rodrguez-Luis, Julio (1991). The Contemporary Praxis of the Fantastic: Borges and Cortzar. New York: Garland. ISBN 978-0-8153-0101-1.
Yovanovich, Gordana (1991). Julio Cortzar's Character Mosaic: reading the longer fiction. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. ISBN 978-0-80205888-1.
Carter, E. Eugene (1986). Julio Cortzar: Life, Work and Criticism. Fredericton, Canada: York Press. ISBN 978-0-919966-52-9.
Peavler, Terry J. (1990). Julio Cortzar. Boston: Twayne. ISBN 0-8057-8257-5.
Boldy, Steven (1980). The Novels of Julio Cortzar. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-23097-1.
Spanish
Julio Cortzar. Una biografa revisada. Miguel Herrez, 2011
Discurso del Oso. children's book illustrated by Emilio Urberuaga, Libros del Zorro Rojo, 2008
Montes-Bradley, Eduardo (2005). Cortzar sin barba. Madrid: Random House Mondadori. pp. 394 Hard Cover. ISBN 84-8306-603-3.
Imagen de Julio Cortzar. Claudio Eduardo Martyniuk, 2004
Julio Cortzar desde tres perspectivas. Luisa Valenzuela, 2002
Otra flor amarilla: antologa: homenaje a Julio Cortzar. Universidad de Guadalajara, 2002
Julio Cortzar. Cristina Peri Rossi, 2000
Julio Cortzar. Alberto Coust, 2001
Julio Cortzar. La biografa. Mario Goloboff, 1998
La mirada recproca: estudios sobre los ltimos cuentos de Julio Cortzar. Peter Frhlicher, 1995
Hacia Cortzar: aproximaciones a su obra. Jaime Alazraki, 1994
Julio Cortzar: mundos y modos. Sal Yurkivich, 1994
Tiempo sagrado y tiempo profano en Borges y Cortzar. Zheyla Henriksen, 1992
Cortzar: el romntico en su observatorio. Rosario Ferr, 1991
Lo neofantstico en Julio Cortzar. Julia G Cruz, 1988
Los Ochenta mundos de Cortzar: ensayos. Fernando Burgos, 1987
En busca del unicornio: los cuentos de Julio Cortzar. Jaime Alazraki, 1983
Teora y prctica del cuento en los relatos de Cortzar. Carmen de Mora Valcrcel, 1982
Julio Cortzar. Pedro Lastra, 1981
Cortzar: metafsica y erotismo. Antonio Planells, 1979
Es Julio Cortzar un surrealista?. Evelyn Picon Garfield, 1975
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Estudios sobre los cuentos de Julio Cortzar. David Lagmanovich, 1975

Cortzar y Carpentier. Mercedes Rein, 1974
Los mundos de Julio Cortzar. Malva E Filer, 1970

Filmography
La Cifra Impar, 1960. Feature film by Manuel Antn, based on "Letters from Mother".
Circe, 1963. Feature film by Manuel Antn, based on "Circe". Script by Manuel Antin and Julio Cortzar.
El Perseguidor, 1963. Feature film by Osias Wilenski, based on "El perseguidor".
Intimidad de los Parques, 1965. Feature film by Manuel Antn.
Blow Up, 1966. Feature film by Michelangelo Antonioni, based on "Las Babas del diablo".
Cortzar, 1994. Documentary directed by Tristn Bauer.
Cortzar, apuntes para un documental, documentary. Eduardo Montes-Bradley (Director), Soledad Liendo (Producer). Theatrical release 2002. DVD
Release 2007.
Graffiti (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9IoYPIvMye4) on YouTube, 2005. Short movie based on Julio Cortzars short story "Graffiti". Directed
by Pako Gonzlez.
"Graffiti, 2006, Short movie based on Julio Cortzars short story "Graffiti". Directed by Vano Burduli [1] (http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0947013/?
ref_=fn_al_nm_1a)[2] (http://vimeo.com/25805971)
"Mentiras Piadosas" (released in English as Made Up Memories), 2009. Feature film by Diego Sabans, based on the short-story "The Health of the
Sick" and other short stories by Julio Cortzar.

External links
Media related to Julio Cortzar at Wikimedia Commons
Works by Julio Cortzar at Open Library
Works about Julio Cortzar (http://worldcat.org/identities/lccn-n79-38532) in libraries (WorldCat catalog)
Jason Weiss (Fall 1984). "Julio Cortazar, The Art of Fiction No. 83" (http://www.theparisreview.org/interviews/2955/the-art-of-fiction-no-83-juliocortazar). Paris Review.
Julio Cortzar at kirjasto.sci.fi (http://www.kirjasto.sci.fi/cortaz.htm)
Julio Cortzar Collection (Finding Aid) (http://diglib.princeton.edu/ead/getEad?eadid=C0888&kw=American%20literature) Princeton University
Library Manuscripts Division
Julio Cortzar: An Argentinean Master of Anti-novel and Experimental Literature (http://www.yementimes.com/defaultdet.aspx?SUB_ID=25158)
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Books and texts written by Julio Cortzar (http://www.kronhela.com.ar/jc)

A translated excerpt from Prose from the Observatory (http://www.guernicamag.com/poetry/2269/cortazar_1_15_11/)
Julio Cortzar interview 1979 (http://escritorasunidas.blogspot.com/2011/08/julio-cortazar-en-mi-corazon-america.html)
Julio Cortzar Artist bio and exhibitions on ArtDiscover (http://www.artdiscover.com/en/artists/julio-cortazar-id1638?SUB_ID=25158)
Julio Cortzar (1968). "Testimonio Julio Cortzar" (http://sedici.unlp.edu.ar/handle/10915/26422) (in Spanish).
Julio Cortzar, his readers and Paris. Photo Essay (http://www.hugopassarello.com/rayuela/rayuela_en.html)
The Library of Julio Cortzar (http://www.march.es/bibliotecas/repositorio-cortazar/?l=2) Virtual visit to his private library.(in English and Spanish)
Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Julio_Cortzar&oldid=660804940"
Categories: 1914 births 1984 deaths Julio Cortzar Writers from Paris People from Brussels Argentine people of French descent
University of Buenos Aires alumni Argentine novelists Argentine short story writers Argentine translators Translators of Edgar Allan Poe
Postmodern writers Magic realism writers Prix Mdicis tranger winners Burials at Montparnasse Cemetery Argentine atheists Belgian atheists
French atheists 20th-century novelists 20th-century translators
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