1. After the Philippine Revolution, resistance groups continued fighting against US colonial rule. The New Katipunan was formed in 1902 under General Luciano San Miguel to consolidate revolutionary forces.
2. Macario Sakay assumed leadership of the New Katipunan after San Miguel's death and formally established the Philippine Republic, also called the Tagalog Republic, in 1904 with himself as President.
3. Sakay and his lieutenant Lucio de Vega were captured in 1907 due to broken promises of amnesty, and were executed for brigandage despite Sakay's declaration that they were true revolutionaries, not mere brigands. Resistance continued in various areas under different leaders invoking the revolutionary spirit.
1. After the Philippine Revolution, resistance groups continued fighting against US colonial rule. The New Katipunan was formed in 1902 under General Luciano San Miguel to consolidate revolutionary forces.
2. Macario Sakay assumed leadership of the New Katipunan after San Miguel's death and formally established the Philippine Republic, also called the Tagalog Republic, in 1904 with himself as President.
3. Sakay and his lieutenant Lucio de Vega were captured in 1907 due to broken promises of amnesty, and were executed for brigandage despite Sakay's declaration that they were true revolutionaries, not mere brigands. Resistance continued in various areas under different leaders invoking the revolutionary spirit.
1. After the Philippine Revolution, resistance groups continued fighting against US colonial rule. The New Katipunan was formed in 1902 under General Luciano San Miguel to consolidate revolutionary forces.
2. Macario Sakay assumed leadership of the New Katipunan after San Miguel's death and formally established the Philippine Republic, also called the Tagalog Republic, in 1904 with himself as President.
3. Sakay and his lieutenant Lucio de Vega were captured in 1907 due to broken promises of amnesty, and were executed for brigandage despite Sakay's declaration that they were true revolutionaries, not mere brigands. Resistance continued in various areas under different leaders invoking the revolutionary spirit.
1. After the Philippine Revolution, resistance groups continued fighting against US colonial rule. The New Katipunan was formed in 1902 under General Luciano San Miguel to consolidate revolutionary forces.
2. Macario Sakay assumed leadership of the New Katipunan after San Miguel's death and formally established the Philippine Republic, also called the Tagalog Republic, in 1904 with himself as President.
3. Sakay and his lieutenant Lucio de Vega were captured in 1907 due to broken promises of amnesty, and were executed for brigandage despite Sakay's declaration that they were true revolutionaries, not mere brigands. Resistance continued in various areas under different leaders invoking the revolutionary spirit.
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XIV.
Collaboration and Resistance (2)
A. Introductory Points = US dismissed resistance groups as bandit gangs distorted history, insulating products of US education Revolution = struggle vs. Spanish colonialism (ONLY) - Taking to the hills part of mass tradition of oppressed since remontados days ** Mass Support - Gen A.R. Chaffee on the operations of Gen. Bell (Batangas and nearby provinces) = guerrillas could not maintain selves w/o connivance and knowledge of all inhabitants B. The New Katipunan - Consolidated movement merged Rizal & Bulacan, groups(September 1902) = supreme military commander Gen. Luciano San Miguel Established New Katipunan to bypass organizational difficulties Constabulary campaign vs. New Katipunan cordon tactic == arrest of suspects and reconcentration of farmers and carabaos C. Amigo Act - Amigo act apt; points out peoples regarded friends = impossible to pull off in hostile population = San Miguels end (March 28, 1903) D. Faustino Guillermo -Assumed leadership of New Katipunan after San Miguels death - Fought with original KKK = Diliman Gang (dubbed as mere cattle rustlers) E. Macario Sakay - Revolutionary impulse to culminate in birth of Filipino Republic = consolidation of resistance forces in CALABAR area tried to revive KKK in Manila, jailed under Sedition Law F. The Tagalog Republic - Formal establishment of Philippine Republic (Tagalog Republic by Sakay) = Sakay chosed as President = Lt. Gen. Montalan in charge of military operations, had the ff. forces under his control = Sakays manifesto addressed to all foreign consulates (April 1904) declared he and his men were real revolutionaries (not mere brigands) G. Suspension of the Writ = raid on Malabon (Constabulary disguise) captured Constabulary and municipal police weapons and kidnapped the family of Gov. Mariano Trias ** Mariano Trias general under Aguinaldo - Situation deemed critical enough and lawlessness great enough to suspend writ of habeas corpus in Cavite and Batangas = necessary because captured outlaws could obtain bail (prior to suspension of writ) = court cases tying down Constabularies who should have been hunting down ladrones ** Sanctuaries and Supplies - Evidence of mass support for guerrillas 1. Regards support from town officials and community leaders 2. Regards mass support - Cordons ineffective due to guerrilla ability to slip through w/ secret supporters aid - Guerrillas secure weapons through muchacho boys = Filipino servants of Americans stole military hardware from employers homes ** Ilustrado War and Peoples Wrath - Sakays warfare = used tricks to minimize advantage of enemy in firepower & arms
vs.
Aguinaldos warfare = careful of international reputation = solicitous of enemy prisoners = willing to negotiate = complacent about collaboration
= attitude towards collaborators - unfair
** Salami Tactics - Guerrillas no match for combined strength of Constabulary, Phil. Scouts and part of US army ** Gen. Oruga surrendered to Laguna governor Juan Cailles (under whom he served during Revolution) H. The Trap Is Set = Gov. Gen. Henry C. Ide authorized Dr. Dominador Gomez (labor leader) to negotiate surrender of Sakay and his forces Gomez: only Sakays stubbornness was holding up establishment of National Assembly (training ground in self-government for Filipinos; 1st step to independence) Sakay agreed on the ff. conditions for his men (assured by Gomez as acceptable to Americans) 1. Granted general amnesty 3. Allowed to leave country assured of 2. Permitted to carry firearms personal safety Gov. Gen. Wright signified agreement when he conferred with Villafuerte (Sakays emissary) I. Death of a Peoples Hero - Trial presided over by Judge Ignacio Villamor (later UP President and Justice of Supreme Court) = under provisions of Brigandage Act, Sakay and Lt. Col. Lucio de Vega sentenced to death by hanging - Execution of Sakay and de Vega (Sept 13, 1907) = Sakay shouts declaration: we are not bandits and robbers, ... but members of the revolutionary force that defended our mother country J. Other resistance forces 2. North a. Pangasinan & Zambales Roman Malanan (former revolutionary general) - Many of his men were KKK (as seen from appointment documents after death) - Group made good use of caves in the area 3. Ricarte Movement Gen. Artemio Ricarte - Revive Revolution under leadership of ex-officers - Refused to pledge allegiance to US, deported to Guam (Jan 1901) with Mabini and other irreconcilables Sakay did not trust him - Issued commissions to former colonels and lesser-rankeds as officers of Revolutionary Army of the Philippines 4. Tayabas Ruperto Rios (former blacksmith and revolutionary officer) ** Peasant support of rebel leaders added features to movement = those superstitious and miracle-conditioned revered leaders endowed with supernatural powers = decline in prestige of Church (associated w/ oppression) led to revival of nativism chose title of Generalissimo for himself = claimed to be son of God and gave his men anting-antings for invulnerability to bullets ** The Magic Box = Constabulary chanced upon batch of documents of Rios movement in Infanta = box with the word independencia painted on top was found 5. Baliwag, Bulacan Felipe Salvador - Felipe Salvador (Apo Ipe) - Santa Iglesia (Holy Church) = acquired religious overtones through Salvadors actvities ** religion as manifestation of rebellion and morale-booster for Filipinos eloquence + mystic appeal = regard as Robin Hood/Messiah
- Folk Hero = government alarmed by growing strength of Salvador & forces Renacimiento Filipino (08/13/1910) pronounced Salvador guilty only of exercising rights, declared history cannot condemn him, paid tribute regarded as divine or semi-divine 6. Negros Dionisio Magbuelas - Dionisio Magbuelas (Papa Isio) - Babaylanes cries of Viva Filipinas libre y mueran los Espanoles and Viva Rizal showed change from mountain band to political group vs. Spanish rule raised US flag in Bacolod (02/12/1899) = precipitate surrender no single US soldier on Negros yet ** Anti-foreign, Anti-elite = Babaylanes (or pulahanes as they were called) led by Papa Isio = Demands made = Constabulary campaign against. Isio led by Capt. White ** Papa Isio was faithful to KKK goal of independence documents stamped Katipunan across the face declared allegiance to Philippine Republic and Pres. Aguinaldo ** Republic of Negros 7. Pulajanes a. Cebu - led by Quintin and Anatolio Tabal - pulajan, due to red uniforms of men = belief in anting-anting induced invulnerability to bullets - could not be defeated due to population support = twin policy of reconcentration (r) and attraction (a) Colonel Taylor (Constabulary chief of Cebu) ** reconcentration most extensive in Cebu - deprived of source of recruits, food & supplies, Tabal bros. agreed to surrender = negotiations conducted by Sergio Osmea b. Leyte - originally called Dios-Dios, challenged government - led by Faustino Ablen, assumed title of Pope (Papa Faustino) = claimed to possess supernatural powers - main weapon: bolo - engaged better-armed enemies in hand-to-hand combat, deadly with the bolos - alarmed government 3 escaped, the 4th (Papa Faustino) was captured == end of Dios-Dios or pulajanes uprising in Leyte c. Samar = Pablo Bulan (Papa Pablo), Antonio Anugar and Pedro de la Cruz ** All members were Dios-Dios members, Papa Pablo became leader = Enrique Dagohob stategy involved destruction of all coastal towns & barrios to force people to move to interior to be induced to join
- Government retaliation = reconcentration in camps at Gandara and Catbalogan (Samar capital) = only Isidro Pompac, popularly known as Otoy, remained K. Spirit of the Revolution Alive - Resistance groups (particularly quas-religious ones) did not have clear political programs = people protested through these, sought freedom from foreign rule - Authorities vigilant for new outbreaks of unrest - Masses still restive, responsive to any movement that rekindled in their hearts the revolutionary spirit of KKK
