Concept Note- National eHealth Authority (NeHA)

National eHealth Authority (NeHA)

Executive Summary

This note brings out relevance and importance of the proposed National
eHealth Authority (NeHA) as a promotional, regulatory and standards
setting organization to guide and support Indias journey in e-Health and
consequent realization of benefits of ICT intervention in Health sector in
an orderly way. It also spells out the proposed functions and governance
mechanism of NeHA. These draw from earlier recommendations of high
level bodies in India as also global experience.

It is also strongly recommended that NeHA be created at the earliest, as

it will give a fillip to all the current and envisaged programs of the
government in respect of IT in Health and accelerated adoption of EHR
in an orderly manner. It will also help avoid problems arising out of
uncoordinated induction of IT systems in hospitals and public health
systems which will become inevitable with the passage of time in the
absence of a suitable authority to guide and enforce orderly evolution.

1. Background
1.1 Indian Health Care System

The Indian health care system is one of Indias largest and most
complex sectors. It delivers services to a diverse population of
approximately 1.24 billion across a wide range of geographic and
socioeconomic settings. Services are provided by a complex network of
public and private care providers, ranging from a single doctor rural
PHCs (Primary Health Centres) to specialty and super-specialty health
care institutions like the medical college hospitals in the public sector
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Concept Note- National eHealth Authority (NeHA)

and from a single doctor outpatient clinic to large trust or corporate

hospitals and third party providers in the private sector.

India spends around 4.1% of GDP on health, of which only about 1.1% is
the contribution of the government. Out of pocket expenses are high at
over 60%, much higher than most of the countries in the world. Given
that India today enjoys a demographic dividend which can contribute to
the productivity and prosperity of the nation, the healthcare system is
specially and fundamentally important to the country from both an
economic and social perspective. A health population underpins strong
economic growth, community well-being and prosperity.
Indias disease burden

Due to the size of the population, high percentage of rural population

(32% urban versus 68% rural) with rapidly growing urbanization,
industrialization, environmental degradation and the persisting inequality
in health status between and within States/UTs, India currently faces a
Triple burden of diseases, namely:
1. Unfinished agenda of Communicable Diseases
2. Emerging Non-Communicable Diseases related to lifestyles and
3. Emerging Infectious Diseases
Life expectancy at birth stands at 66 (both sexes), Infant mortality rate at
43.8, Under-5 mortality rate at 56 (both per 1000 live births), Maternal
mortality ratio at 190 (per 100,000 live births), Total fertility rate at 2.5
and Adult Mortality rate (probability of dying between 15 and 60 years
per 1000 population) at 242/160 (m/f). Prevalence of HIV has come
down to 169, Incidence of Malaria to 1523 and Tuberculosis to 230 all
per 100,000 of population. In terms of mortality, (% of total deaths, all
ages, both sexes), deaths due to communicable, maternal, perinatal and
nutritional conditions account for 28%, Injuries 12% and NonCommunicable Deaths (NCDs) account for 60% (with a distribution of
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Concept Note- National eHealth Authority (NeHA)

Cardiovascular

diseases

26%,

Cancers

7%,

Chronic

respiratory

diseases 13%, Diabetes 2% and other NCDs 12%).

WHO Disease and Injury Country estimates indicate that 22,750 to
29,500 life-years are lost in India out of 100,000 life-years due to any
cause; of this NCDs account for 43% of the DALYs (Disability-Adjusted
Life Year).

In terms of utilization of health services, Contraceptive prevalence was

at 55%, Antenatal care (4+ visits) at 50%, Birth attended by skilled
health personnel at 67%, Measles immunization (1-yr olds) at 74% and
Smear-positive TB treatment-success at 88%.
However, adult risk factors remain high on account of Tobacco use
(aged 15+) for males at 25% (2011), Raised blood pressure (aged 25+)
at 23.1 (2008) and Raised blood glucose (aged 25+) at 11.1 (2008).
Further, while percentage of population using improved water has risen
to ~95%, the situation remains poor in respect of using improved
sanitation at less than 40%.
Against the above challenges, Indian healthcare system suffers from
acute shortage of physicians and quality paramedics; per 10,000
population, doctors are at 7 and Nurses and midwives at 17.1, much
below WHO recommended numbers. The situation is much worse in
rural areas. Technology can play an enabling role in addressing the
issue of absence of qualified service delivery personnel in remote areas,
in improving the efficiency of the healthcare system and also in
improving the quality of care.

This will require a fundamental shift in the way information is accessed

and shared across the health system. We have to move away from a
reliance on tools such as pen, paper and

human memory to an

environment where beneficiaries, providers and health care managers /

administrators can reliably and securely access and share health
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Concept Note- National eHealth Authority (NeHA)

information in real time across geographic and health sector boundaries.

The only way this can be achieved is through the implementation of
world class ICT interventions and adoption of e-Health.

1.2 Use of ICT in the Indian Healthcare System

One of the major challenges faced by a patient in India today is that,

whenever he visits any healthcare provider he is examined, typically
undergoes a certain number of tests and the care provider initiates a
treatment plan for his/her condition. If there is a subsequent need to visit
another healthcare provider either within the same care setting or, as is
more often than not, a different one, he/she is likely to undergo the same
process of repeating examination, testing and treatment unless and until
he carries around his medical records diligently irrespective of its size or
form.

Over a period, many of the public and private hospitals have developed
their own healthcare systems or hospital information systems that have
served patients well, but without a focus on standards adoption, or the
interoperability aspect and interconnection of systems across hospital
settings that can lead to continuity of care leading to ineffective results.
Such non-interoperable discrete islands of information have created
significant barriers to the effective sharing of information between
healthcare participants, an issue compounded by Indias multiple health
service boundaries and geographic distances. It also poses real
challenges when trying to understand and report what is really
happening in the Indian healthcare system to support population health
surveillance and guide policy, service planning, innovation and clinician
and operational decision making.

Concept Note- National eHealth Authority (NeHA)

With vendors incorporating different standards for similar or same

systems, it is little wonder that inefficiency, waste and errors in
healthcare

information

commonplace

an

and

occurrence.

delivery

management

Consequently,

are

patients

all

too

health

information often gets trapped in silos of legacy systems, unable to be

shared with members of the healthcare community.

1.3 Complexities associated with the present eHealth system

Current eHealth IT systems in India are riddled with multiple

complexities, largely arising out of compartmentalized approach to
development of the ecosystem by various stakeholders, as opposed to a
coordinated or integrated approach. The consequences of these include:
Legacy systems, silos of data and multiple incompatible standards
(arising partly out of lack of national standards until recently for IT and
health informatics as well as those for reporting, identity and the like);
poor or modest penetration of Hospital Information Systems; lack of
demand and regulation for integration or exchange of EHRs across
providers; challenges from vendors in terms of support to integration and
easy to use interfaces; lack of focus on patient services and patient
engagement; non-availability of Minimum Data Sets (MDS) and EHRs;
and shortage of funding for sustainability to name a few.

For building an interconnected e-Health system across public and

private hospitals within a state or nationally, it is imperative that they
should have consistent standards for identity management, data entry,
messaging, data encryption, retrieval, reporting etc.

Doctors and other service providers will have to adjust their work flow in
order to incorporate EHR use, and also to use the information gained for
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Concept Note- National eHealth Authority (NeHA)

continuous improvement of their health care delivery. They may not also
be organized in a standardized / systematic way - either in the way they
report / analyze the data but need to do so progressively.

To encourage standardization, integration and exchange of electronic

information amongst the various healthcare providers and recognizing
that the electronic collection, storage, processing and transmission of
personal health data requires adherence to the highest standard of data
protection, the EMR/EHR Standards for India were formulated after
extensive discussion with all the stake holders and thereafter notified by
the Government of India in September, 2013. India has also become a
member of International Health Terminology Standards Development
Organisation (IHTSDO) since April, 2014 to support affordable and
consistent use of vocabularies through Systematized Nomenclature of
Medicine Clinical terms (SNOMED-CT) by all care providers.

What is required at this stage is an institutional mechanism to guide

early adoption of the EHR and SNOMED-CT standards by all careproviders as independent and continued deployment of a lot of nonconformant systems by public and private healthcare providers in states
and centre can lead to an avoidable and costly situation from which
putting

together

national

e-Health

system

can

be

extremely

cumbersome, time-consuming and expensive, as the experience of

many countries has demonstrated.

1.4 Benefits of Electronic Health Record (EHR)

EHR and the ability to exchange health information electronically can

help the providers to extend higher quality and safer care for patients
while creating tangible enhancements in the efficiency of operations of
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Concept Note- National eHealth Authority (NeHA)

their organization. EHRs helps providers to: better manage care for
patients by providing accurate, up-to-date, and complete information
about patients at the point of care; access patient records quickly for
more coordinated, efficient care; share electronic information securely
with patients and other clinicians; diagnose patients more effectively,
reduce medical errors and provide safer care; prescribe more reliably
and safer; promote legible, complete documentation and accurate,
streamlined

coding

and

billing;

improve

productivity and work-life

balance; and reduce costs through decreased paperwork, improved

safety, reduced duplication of testing, and improved health.

Critical issues in implementing EHR include: the need to streamline the

processes and workflows relating to administrative and clinical functions;
the need to build capacities of providers and management in
introduction, operation, management and use of Hospital Information
Systems meaningfully by support to various administrative and clinical
functions through standards compliant EMR/EHR; the need to handle
change management issues arising out of the above; and the need to
ensure compliance to security, privacy and confidentiality as prescribed
in standards and guidelines so that legal, audit guidelines are met and
citizen and provider interests are protected.
Given constraints of resources, there are compelling benefits, outcomes
and impacts of e-Health that India can ill-afford to forego in improving
healthcare delivery to citizens. Notable among them include:

a.

Improved timeliness (better quality of healthcare delivery)

b.

Effectiveness (right intervention / audit trails for adverse events)

c.

Efficiency (less resources in terms of manpower, time and cost)

d.

Informed patients and their caregivers

e.

Better access

Concept Note- National eHealth Authority (NeHA)

Additional and specific benefits of e-Health include: diagnostic accuracy,

reduced waiting times, better referral management and greater
satisfaction with services.

Given the growing penetration of mobile phones and Internet, including

smartphones and tablets, other services that can be delivered on a large
scale include: SMS-based services, live and asynchronous telemedicine,
and interactive voice response service (IVRS).

1.5 International Experience

Roll-out of national e-Health systems, interconnecting EHR with unique

identifiers for citizens and providers has been progressively undertaken
by various countries.
Canada was one of the earliest to start in 2002, setting up Canada
Health Infoway as a federally funded, independent, not-for-profit
organization to lead the development and implementation of electronic
health projects across Canada. It has been working with provinces and
territories to invest in electronic health projects to support safer, more
efficient healthcare delivery. It targets to respect patient confidentiality
fully and provide private and secure systems to healthcare professionals
with immediate access to complete and accurate patient information,
enabling better decisions about diagnosis and treatment. Government of
Canada provides supporting funding and sets national priorities through
Canada Health Infoway. In many ways, it has been a pioneer in
nationwide EHR system and standards.

U.K., Australia and Singapore have been other prominent countries who
have taken initiatives for setting up nationwide e-Health since then.

Concept Note- National eHealth Authority (NeHA)

In U.K., NHS is the provider of healthcare services for all and is funded
through general taxation. Department of Health is responsible for
national plans. National Program for IT (NPfIT) has been put in place to
provide the information infrastructure. After some early hiccups, U.K. has
progressed in terms of creating NHS Care Records Service (NHS CRS)
to improve the sharing of records of consenting patients across the NHS,
providing patients access to their own records, providing a system for
electronic transmission of prescriptions, creating a Picture Archiving and
Communication

System,

ensuring

secure

broadband

network

infrastructure to connect all NHS bodies in England, making it easier and

faster for GPs and other primary care staff to book hospital appointments
for patients and the like. NHS Information Centre is an independent NHS
Special Health Authority that collects analyses and distributes national
statistics on health and social care. It therefore has a key role in defining
NHS data standards.

In Australia, National e-Health Transition Authority (NEHTA) is a not-forprofit company set up by Federal, State and Territory governments to
develop better ways of electronically collecting and securely exchanging
health information. NEHTA is in a unique position to influence key eHealth policy and regulation. It supports Australian healthcare system by
improving the quality of healthcare services, by enabling authorized
clinicians to access a patients integrated healthcare information and
history, directly sourced from clinical notes, test results and prescriptions
using standardized clinical data formats and terminologies; streamlining
multi-disciplinary care management, enabling seamless handovers of
care by ensuring efficient electronic referrals; improving clinical and
administrative efficiency, by standardizing certain types of healthcare
information to be recorded in e-Health systems; maintaining high
standards of patient privacy and information security and the like.

Concept Note- National eHealth Authority (NeHA)

In Singapore, the National e-Policy to promote the use of ICT across all
sectors has been extremely effective, as has been the public funding for
ICT

support

of

programs

addressing

national

health

priorities.

Regulations to protect the privacy and security of individual patient data

where e-Health is used are rated as very effective. Four Singapore
public hospitals had been awarded the Stage 6 benchmark of U.S.
Healthcare Information and Management Systems Society (HIMSS) for
adopting EHR systems among the very first implementations in Asia.
Singapore has progressed from hospital department systems to
integrated electronic orders processing, on-line radiology imaging,
closed loop medication management, timely laboratory receivables and
analysis results and ultimately facilitating good clinical decision support
and data integration.

In United States of America, Office of National Coordinator for Health

Information Technology (ONC) was created in 2004 but with the passage
of the Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health
(HITECH) Act in 2009, it has been charged with building an
interoperable, private and secure nationwide health information system
and supporting the widespread and meaningful use of health information
technology. ONC is a staff division of the Office of the Secretary within
the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. ONC leads national
health IT efforts, charged as the principal federal entity to coordinate
nationwide efforts to implement and use the most advanced health IT
and the electronic exchange of health information.

HITECH act seeks to improve American healthcare through an

unprecedented investment in health information technology. They are
specifically designed to work together to provide the necessary
assistance and technical support to providers, enable coordination and
alignment within and among states, establish connectivity to the public
health community in case of emergencies and ensure that the workforce
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Concept Note- National eHealth Authority (NeHA)

is properly trained and equipped to be meaningful users of EHRs. The

Act sets meaningful use of interoperable EHR adoption in the healthcare
system as a critical national goal and incentivize EHR adoption. ONC
works to improve Adoption, Standards, Incentive, Privacy and security
and Governance. The Federal Health IT Strategic Plan 2011-15 has set
the goals for use of health IT as: adoption and information exchange
through meaningful use; improving care, improve public health and
reduce healthcare costs; inspire confidence and trust in use of health IT;
empower individuals to improve their health and healthcare system; and
achieve rapid learning and technological advancement.

There are over thirty other countries who are building up valuable
experiences in nationwide e-Health adoption, though none has truly
completed the full scale adoption. ITU included adoption of e-Health as a
strategic priority from 2008 onwards.

1.6 Background for setting up NeHA

The National Knowledge Commission (NKC) had recommended in 2008
formation of National Health Information Authority (NHIA) to support
implementation on e-Health. High Level Expert Group (HLEG) set up by
Planning Commission in the context of XII Plan had recommended EHR
adoption and setting up of a nationwide network to support the same.
They had done so as part of recommending Universal Health Coverage.
Digital India Program has been announced by Government of India in
August 2014 and a set of on-line Healthcare services are scheduled to
be offered as part of the same in a definite time-frame in the next 4-5
years.

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Concept Note- National eHealth Authority (NeHA)

2. National eHealth Authority (NeHA)

2.1 Mission
NeHA will be the nodal authority that will be responsible for development
of an Integrated Health Information System (including Telemedicine and
mHealth) in India, while collaborating with all the stakeholders, viz.,
healthcare providers, consumers, healthcare technology industries, and
policymakers. It will also be responsible for enforcing the laws &
regulations relating to the privacy and security of the patients health
information & records.

2.2 Vision / Goals

a) To guide the adoption of e-Health solutions at various levels and
areas in the country in a manner that meaningful aggregation of
health and governance data and storage/exchange of electronic
health records happens at various levels in a cost-effective manner

b) To facilitate integration of multiple health IT systems through health

information exchanges

c)

To oversee orderly evolution of state-wide and nationwide Electronic

Health Record Store/Exchange System that ensures that security,
confidentiality and privacy of patient data is maintained and
continuity of care is ensured.

2.3 In the light of the above, National e-Health Authority (NeHA) has been
envisaged to support:

a) Formulation of policies, strategies and implementation plan blueprint (National eHealth Policy / Strategy) for coordinated eHealth
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Concept Note- National eHealth Authority (NeHA)

adoption in the country by all players; regulation and accelerated

adoption of e-health in the country by public and private care
providers and other players in the ecosystem; to establish a network
of different institutions to promote eHealth and Tele-medicine/remote
healthcare/virtual healthcare and such other measures;
b) Formulation and management of all health informatics standards for
India; Laying down data management, privacy & security policies,
standards and guidelines in accordance with statutory provisions;
and
c)

To promote setting up of state health records repositories and health

information exchanges (HIEs);

d) To deal with privacy and confidentiality aspects of Electronic Health

Records (EHR).
2.4 Functions of National eHealth Authority
2.4.1 Core Functions

a. Policy and Promotion

i.

Working out vision, strategy and adoption plans, with timeframes,

priorities and road-map in respect of eHealth adoption by all stakeholders, both Public and Private providers, formulate policies for
eHealth adoption that are best suited to Indian context and enable
accelerated health outcomes in terms of access, affordability, quality
and reduction in disease mortality & morbidity

ii.

To engage with stakeholders through various means so that eHealth

plans are adopted and other policy, regulatory and legal provisions are
implemented by both the public & private sector stakeholders.

iii.

It shall provide thought leadership, in the areas of eHealth and

mHealth.
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Concept Note- National eHealth Authority (NeHA)

b.

Standards Development

i.

Government of India, MoHFW has published EMR/EHR standards

for India in 2013. Similarly, MoHFW has become a member of IHTSDO

with a view of widespread adoption of SNOMED-CT in India; MoHFW
has also nominated C-DAC (Pune) as interim NRC (iNRC). As such,
initial focus of NeHA would be on addressing implementation issues and
promoting mechanisms in support of the same.

ii.

Concurrently, NeHA will be nurtured to undertake the role of a

standards development, maintenance and support agency in the area of

Health Informatics

c.

Legal Aspects including Regulation

i.

NeHA will be setup through an appropriate legislation (Act of

Parliament).It is also proposed to address the issues relating to
privacy & confidentiality of Patients EHR in the legislation. NeHA
may act as an enforcement agency with suitable mandate and
powers.

ii.

NeHA will be responsible for enforcement of standards & ensuring

security, confidentiality and privacy of patients health information &
records.

d. Setting up and Maintaining Health Repositories, Electronic Health

Exchanges and National Health Information Network

NeHA, while avoiding the implementation role by itself, will prepare

documents relating to architecture, standards, policies and guidelines for
e-Health stores, HIEs and NHIN; it may also initiate or encourage PoCs,
in close consultation with government centre and states, industry,
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Concept Note- National eHealth Authority (NeHA)

implementers and users. Later, it would lay down operational guidelines

and protocols, policies for sharing and exchange of data, audit
guidelines and the like; these shall be guided by experience in operation
and use of PoC, global best practices and consultations with stakeholders (MoHFW, State governments and other public and private
providers, academia, R&D labs, and others).

e. Capacity Building
Spreading awareness on Health Informatics / eHealth to healthcare
delivery professionals through various educational initiatives and flexible
courses according to the background of the learners will form a
component of NeHA activities, as it is seen as critical to acceleration of
adoption of eHealth.
f. Other functions may be assigned to NeHA as the situation warrants.

2.5 Governance
The Authority will have a Chairman and four full time members. The
tentative composition of NeHA may be as follows:

a) Chairman: An eminent person in the field of Medicine, Public Health

or Judiciary

b) Three full time Members: They shall be from the following fields:Medicine,

Public

Health,

IT

Standards,

Health

Economics/Management, Administration/ Finance, Legal

c) Member Secretary: Same as above but shall also discharge the role
of co-ordination and effective functioning of the Authority.

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Concept Note- National eHealth Authority (NeHA)

Standing Consultative Committee: The Committee shall be chaired by

Chairman of NeHA and, besides its four members, shall have members
who represent experts and stake-holder community.

Indicative membership positions of Standing Consultative Committee

are:

Ministry

of

Health

&

Family

Welfare

(4)

{AS&DG(CGHS),

AS&MD(NHM), DGHS, Mission Leader of Health MMP}, Principal

Secretaries (Health)/ Mission Leaders from States(3), Expert
Doctors by rotation (2), Private Healthcare providers by rotation (2),
IT industry reps by rotation (2), Standards org rep (2), DeitY rep (1),
DOT rep. (1), Independent Medical Practitioners by rotation (1), MCI
Chairman or nominee (1), NASSCOM & NATHEALTH Presidents
(2), FICCI President, ICMR DG or nominee (1), IRDA Chairman (1),
Consumer Rights Activists (2 by rotation), WHO rep (1).

It shall meet once in six months or more often when considered

necessary. It shall function as a two-way consultation forum between
NeHA and diverse stake-holders to enable evolution of sound eHealth
policies and road-map and solicit participation of all stake-holders in
adoption of nationwide eHealth and Standards at various levels, in a
manner that ensures benefits are realized in a phased and orderly
manner that protects the interests of citizens/patients and providers.

The Authority will have powers to co-opt additional members to

contribute to specialist needs and points of view. They shall be parttime members and will not have voting powers. Otherwise, they will
have full authority to participate in all proceedings of the Authority.
These members shall be co-opted on a one-year at a time basis to
enable rotation of members and thus diversity of views to be heard.
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Concept Note- National eHealth Authority (NeHA)

Conclusion

Health being a state subject in India and much depends on the ability /
regulatory framework enacted by the State governments, NeHA shall be
created through legislation (Act of Parliament) that empowers it to take
leadership and strategic role for setting directions for public and private
eHealth initiatives, including electronic health records storage and health
information exchange capabilities and other related health information
technology efforts & regulation of the same.
NeHA shall ensure ongoing interagency cooperation while engaging
with various stakeholders through the Standing Consultative Committee
and also through other means, in a structured, open and transparent
manner to support successful evolution of national integrated health
information system.

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Concept Note- National eHealth Authority (NeHA)

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------References
1. NKC report
http://knowledgecommission.gov.in/downloads/documents/wg_healt
h.pdf
2. HLEG recommendations
http://planningcommission.nic.in/reports/genrep/rep_uhc0812.pdf
3. EHR Standards for India http://mohfw.nic.in/showfile.php?lid=1672
4. Health MMP DPR
5. Sarbadhikari SN, The State of Medical Informatics in India: A
Roadmap for optimal organization, J. Medical Systems, 2005, 29:
125-141.
6. Integrated Health Information Architecture Power to the Users,
Design, Development and Use, Jorn Braa and Sundeep Sahay,
Matrix Publications, 2012
7. Electronic Health Record, Standards, Coding Systems, Frameworks
and Infrastructures, Pradeep K Sinha, Gaur Sunder et al., IEEE
Press, John Wiley Press, 2013
8. IT Act, 2008
http://deity.gov.in/sites/upload_files/dit/files/downloads/itact2000/it_a
mendment_act2008.pdf
9. CCA, DeitY http://cca.gov.in/cca/index.php
10. STQC, DeitY www.stqc.gov.in/
11. TRAI act www.trai.gov.in/
12. IRDA act https://www.irda.gov.in/
13. Clinical Establishment Act
http://clinicalestablishments.nic.in/WriteReadData/386.pdf
14. Electronic Delivery of Services Act
http://egovreach.in/uploads/presentation/kohima/Electronic_Service_
Delivery.pdf
15. Open Standards for e-Governance, DeitY
http://www.nic.in/services/e-Governance%20Standards
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Concept Note- National eHealth Authority (NeHA)

16. IFeG, DeitY https://egovstandards.gov.in/public-reviewdocument/gazette-notification-technical-standards-ifeg-india

17. HIPAA act, 2009, U.S.A.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_Insurance_Portability_and_Accou
ntability_Act
18. Australia e-Health Authority, http://www.nehta.gov.au/
19. Canada https://www.infoway-inforoute.ca/index.php/about-infoway
20. U.S. http://www.healthit.gov/sites/default/files/oncdatabrief16.pdf
21. U.K. http://www.ehi.co.uk/news/ehi/8564/nhs-england-to-publish-itstrategy
22. Singapore
https://www.moh.gov.sg/content/moh_web/home/Publications/educat
ional_resources/2011/NationalElectronicHealthRecord.html
23. OECD Organizational Practices in Health, Strengthening-HealthInformation-Infrastructure_Preliminary-version_2April2013
24. ITU on e-Health http://www.itu.int/en/ITU-T/studygroups/20132016/16/Pages/ehealth.aspx
25. WHO on e-Health http://www.who.int/topics/ehealth/en/
26. Source: http://www.who.int/bulletin/volumes/90/5/11-099069/en/
27. Source: www.ehealth-impact.org

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