1. The document discusses the growth of internet usage and bandwidth demand, which has driven changes in telecommunications. Internet traffic has been growing 50% annually with increased broadband access.
2. Businesses rely on high-speed networks to interconnect locations, with connections increasing from 155 Mb/s to 1 Gb/s. There is a correlation between increased bandwidth demand and reduced bandwidth costs.
3. Optical fiber networks are now widely used due to fiber's higher bandwidth capacity compared to copper. First generation networks used optics for transmission and electronics for switching, like SONET networks. Current networks use combinations of technologies like TDM, WDM, and SDM.
1. The document discusses the growth of internet usage and bandwidth demand, which has driven changes in telecommunications. Internet traffic has been growing 50% annually with increased broadband access.
2. Businesses rely on high-speed networks to interconnect locations, with connections increasing from 155 Mb/s to 1 Gb/s. There is a correlation between increased bandwidth demand and reduced bandwidth costs.
3. Optical fiber networks are now widely used due to fiber's higher bandwidth capacity compared to copper. First generation networks used optics for transmission and electronics for switching, like SONET networks. Current networks use combinations of technologies like TDM, WDM, and SDM.
1. The document discusses the growth of internet usage and bandwidth demand, which has driven changes in telecommunications. Internet traffic has been growing 50% annually with increased broadband access.
2. Businesses rely on high-speed networks to interconnect locations, with connections increasing from 155 Mb/s to 1 Gb/s. There is a correlation between increased bandwidth demand and reduced bandwidth costs.
3. Optical fiber networks are now widely used due to fiber's higher bandwidth capacity compared to copper. First generation networks used optics for transmission and electronics for switching, like SONET networks. Current networks use combinations of technologies like TDM, WDM, and SDM.
1. The document discusses the growth of internet usage and bandwidth demand, which has driven changes in telecommunications. Internet traffic has been growing 50% annually with increased broadband access.
2. Businesses rely on high-speed networks to interconnect locations, with connections increasing from 155 Mb/s to 1 Gb/s. There is a correlation between increased bandwidth demand and reduced bandwidth costs.
3. Optical fiber networks are now widely used due to fiber's higher bandwidth capacity compared to copper. First generation networks used optics for transmission and electronics for switching, like SONET networks. Current networks use combinations of technologies like TDM, WDM, and SDM.
The tremendous growth of the Internet and the World Wide Web, both
in terms of number of users and the amount of time, and thus
bandwidth taken by each user, is a major factor for the dramatic changes in the telecommunications industry. Internet traffic has been growing rapidly for many years. Estimates of growth have varied considerably over the years, with some early growth estimates showing a doubling every four to six months. Recent estimates of about 50% annual increase of traffic. However, broadband access technologies have been deployed widely: in 2008, 55% of the adults in the United States had broadband access at home while only 10% had access through dialup lines of 28-56 Kb/s. Fiber to the home (FTTH) has shown steady growth with Asian markets showing the highest market penetration. 2
Dr. Shavan Askar
1 March 2014
Businesses today rely on high-speed networks to conduct their
businesses. These networks are used to interconnect multiple
locations within a company as well as between companies for business-to-business transactions. Large corporations that used to lease 155 Mb/s lines to interconnect their internal sites are commonly leasing 1 Gb/s connections today. There is a strong correlation between the increase in demand and the cost of bandwidth. Technological advances have succeeded in continuously reducing the cost of bandwidth. This reduced cost of bandwidth in turn spurs the development of a new set of applications that make use of more BW.
Dr. Shavan Askar
1 March 2014
Optical Networks Optical fiber offers much higher bandwidth than copper cables and is less
susceptible to various kinds of electromagnetic interferences and other
undesirable effects. As a result, it is the preferred medium for transmission of data at anything more than few tens of megabits per second over any distance more than a kilometer. It is also used with short distances (a few meters to hundreds of meters), high-speed (gigabits per second and above) interconnections inside large systems. The amount of deployment of fiber is often measured in sheath miles. Sheath miles is the total length of fiber cables, where each route in a network comprises many fiber cables. 4
Dr. Shavan Askar
1 March 2014
A 10-mile-long route using three fiber cables is said to have 10 route
miles and 30 sheath (cable) miles. Each cable contains many fibers. If each cable has 20 fibers, the same route is said to have 600 fiber
miles. A city or telecommunications company may present its fiber
deployment in sheath miles.
Dr. Shavan Askar
1 March 2014
First Generation In the first generation, optics was essentially used for transmission and
simply to provide capacity.
Optical fiber provided lower bit error rates and higher capacities than copper cables. All the switching and other intelligent network functions were handled by electronics. Examples of first-generation optical networks are SONET (synchronous optical network) and the essentially similar SDH (synchronous digital hierarchy) networks, which form the core of the telecommunications infrastructure in North America and in Europe and Asia.
Dr. Shavan Askar
1 March 2014
Point-to-Point Optical Networks
In 1980, optical fiber was primarily used to build and study point-to-
point transmission systems.
An optical point-to-point link provides an optical single-hop connection between two nodes without any (electrical) intermediate node in between. Optical point-to-point links may be used to interconnect two different sites for data transmission and reception.
Dr. Shavan Askar
1 March 2014
Point-to-Point Optical Networks
At the transmitting side, the electrical data is converted into an optical
signal (EO conversion) and substantially sent on the optical fiber.
At the receiving side, the arriving optical signal is converted back into the electrical domain (OE conversion) for electronic processing and storage. To interconnect more than two network nodes, multiple optical singlehop point-to-point links may be used to form various network toplogies.
Dr. Shavan Askar
1 March 2014
Point-to-Point Optical Networks
The Figure shown below depicts how point-to-point links can be
combined by means of a star coupler to build optical single-hop star
network. The star coupler is basically an optical device that combines all incoming optical signals and equally distributes them among all its output ports. In other words, the star coupler is an optical broadcast device where an optical signal arriving at any input port is forwarded to all output ports without undergoing any EO or OE conversion at the star coupler..
Dr. Shavan Askar
1 March 2014
Point-to-Point Optical Networks
Optical ring networks can be realized by interconnecting each pair of
adjacent ring nodes with a separate optical single-hop point-to-point
fiber link. The combined OE and EO conversion is usually referred to as OEO conversion. A good example of an optical ring network with OEO conversion at each node is the fiber distribution data interface (FDDI) standard.
10
Dr. Shavan Askar
1 March 2014
Multiplexing Techniques
11
Dr. Shavan Askar
1 March 2014
Multiplexing Techniques The need for multiplexing is driven by the fact that in most
applications it is much more economical to transmit data at higher
rates over a single fiber than it is to transmit at lower rates over multiple fibers. There are fundamentally two ways of increasing the transmission capacity on a fiber. The first is to increase the bit rate. This requires higher-speed stream at the transmission bit rate by means of electronic time division multiplexing (TDM). The multiplexer typically interleaves the lower-speed streams to obtain the higher-speed stream.
12
Dr. Shavan Askar
1 March 2014
TDM continued. For example, it could pick 1 byte of data from the first stream, the next
byte from the second stream, and so on.
As an example, sixty four 155 Mb/s streams may be multiplexed into a single 10 Gb/s stream. Today, the highest transmission rate in commercially available systems is 40 Gb/s TDM technology. To push TDM technology beyond these rates, researchers are working on methods to perform the multiplexing and demultiplexing functions optically. This approach is called optical time division multiplexing (OTDM).
13
Dr. Shavan Askar
1 March 2014
TDM and WDM
Laboratory experiments have demonstrated the
14
multiplexing/demultiplexing of several 10 Gb/s streams into/from a
250 Gb/s stream, although commercial implementation of OTDM is not yet viable. Another way to increase the capacity is by a technique called wavelength division multiplexing (WDM). The idea of WDM is to transmit data simultaneously at multiple carrier wavelengths over a fiber. These wavelengths do not interfere with each other provided they are kept sufficiently far apart. Therefore, WDM provides virtual fibers, in that it makes a single fiber look like multiple fibers, with each virtual fiber carrying a single data stream. Dr. Shavan Askar 1 March 2014
WDM WDM systems are widely deployed today in long-haul and undersea
networks and are being deployed in metro networks as well.
WDM and TDM both provide ways to increase the transmission capacity and are complementary to each other. Therefore, networks today use a combination of TDM and WDM. The questions is what combination of TDM and WDM to use? For example, suppose a carrier wants to install an 160 Gb/s link. Should we deploy 64 WDM channels at 2.5 Gb/s each, or should we deploy 16 WDM channels at 10 Gb/s each? The answer depends on a number of factors, including the type and parameters of the fiber used in the link and the services that the carrier wishes to provide using that link. 15
Dr. Shavan Askar
1 March 2014
SDM (Space Divion Multiplexing)
SDM is well suited for short-distance transmission but becomes less
practical and more costly for increasing distances due to the fact that multiple fibers need to be installed and operated. It is an approach used to avoid the electro-optical bottleneck, where multiple fibers are used in parallel instead of a single fiber. Each of these parallel fibers may operate at any arbitrary line rate.
Chapter 3.8 Common Network Environments, Connectivity and Security Issues 3.8 (A) Different Media For Transmitting Data and Their Carrying Capabilities
Chapter 3.8 Common Network Environments, Connectivity and Security Issues 3.8 (A) Different Media For Transmitting Data and Their Carrying Capabilities
