Subject API RP 651

Cathodic Protection

Issue Date
03/98

Revision Date
02/99

Page
1

Section 4 - Corrosion of Above Ground Steel Storage Tanks

1. According to API Recommended Practice - 651, there are four components in each
corrosion cell. Theses components are an anode and all but which of the following?
a) DC current supplied by batteries
b) A cathode
c) A metallic path connecting the anode and cathode
d) An electrolyte
Reference: API-651 Paragraph 4.1.1
2. The base metal goes into solution (corrodes) by releasing electrons and forming positive
metal ions. This statement describes what takes place at what component of a corrosion
cell?
a)
b)
c)
d)

The cathode
The electrolyte
The metallic connection between the cathode and the anode
The anode

Reference: API-651 Paragraph 4.1.1(a)

3. Which of the following is the most correct statement regarding the cathode?
a) Moderate corrosion takes place at the cathode
b) No corrosion takes place at the cathode
c) All corrosion takes place at the cathode
d) A chemical reaction takes place using electrons released at the electrolyte
Reference: API-651 Paragraph 4.1.1(b)
4. The electrolyte contains ions and conducts positive current from the anode to the cathode.
The most common electrolyte for external tank bottom surfaces is _______, while the
most common for internal surfaces is _________.
a) Water, sludge and moist soil
b) Moist soil, water and sludge
c) Acidic soil, water and sludge
d) Moist soil, product and sludge
Reference: API-651 Paragraph 4.1.1(d)
5. The two most common types of corrosion to tank bottoms are ______ and ______.
a) Stress corrosion and galvanic
b) Erosion and erosion/corrosion
c) General and pitting
d) Stray current and bimetallic
Reference: API-651 Paragraph 4.1.2
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Subject API RP 651

Cathodic Protection

Issue Date
03/98

Revision Date
02/99

Page
2

6. Which type of corrosion results in relatively uniform metal loss?

a) Erosion and erosion/corrosion
b) Stray current
c) General
d) Pitting
Reference: API-651 Paragraph 4.1.2
7. Which type of corrosion may only affect relatively small areas, while substantial areas of
the surface are unaffected by corrosion?
a) Galvanic
b) General
c) Brittle
d) Pitting
Reference: API-651 Paragraph 4.1.2
8. Composition of the metal is a factor in determining which areas become anodes and
which become cathodes. What else can cause corrosion?
a) Differences between weld metal, heat affected zone, and parent metal
b) Differences in thickness between adjacent plates
c) Improper fit-up of the welded joint
d) Slag inclusion in the weld metal
Reference: API-651 Paragraph 4.1.3
9. Which of the following is a correct statement regarding oxygen concentration of the
electrolyte.
a) Oxygen concentration in the electrolyte has no impact on the corrosion cell
b) Areas of lower oxygen concentrations become anodic and areas of higher
concentrations become cathodic.
c) Areas of lower oxygen concentrations become cathodic and areas of higher
concentrations become anodic
d) Areas of lower oxygen concentrations become acidic and areas of higher
concentrations become alkaline
Reference: API-651 Paragraph 4.1.4
10. Soil characteristics substantially affect what?
a) What type of product may be stored in the tank
b) What the maximum fill height of the tank is
c) The type and rate of corrosion on a structure in contact with soil
d) Perk rate for dissipation of small leaks from the tank bottom
Reference: API-651 Paragraph 4.1.5

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Subject API RP 651

Cathodic Protection

Issue Date
03/98

Revision Date
02/99

Page
3

11. What is another term used for "stray currents"?

a) Short circuits
b) Positive currents
c) Impressed currents
d) Interference currents
Reference: API-651 Paragraph 4.2.1
12. The most common and potentially the most damaging stray currents are:
a) Direct currents
b) Alternating currents
c) Intermittent currents
d) Close proximity alternating currents
Reference: API-651 Paragraph 4.2.1
13. Which of the following is not likely to be a source of stray currents?
a) Static electricity
b) Welding machines
c) Impressed current cathodic protection systems
d) Railroads
Reference: API-651 Paragraph 4.2.1
14. Two metals with different compositions connected in an electrolyte is a general
description of:
a) A battery
b) A current suppressor
c) A short circuit
d) Galvanic corrosion
Reference: API-651 Paragraph 4.2.2
15. All but one of the following is listed as major factors which influence the severity of
internal corrosion. Which is not a factor?
a) The pH level of the fluid in contact with the steel bottom
b) The amount of nitrogen in the fluid in contact with the steel bottom
c) Suspended solids in the fluid in contact with the steel bottom
d) Conductivity of the fluid in contact with the steel bottom
Reference: API-651 Paragraph 4.2.3
16. Three major types of internal corrosion to be considered are general corrosion, pitting
corrosion, and to a lesser extent in tanks, environmental cracking.
a) True
b) False
Reference: API-651 Paragraph 4.2.3
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Subject API RP 651

Cathodic Protection

Issue Date
03/98

Revision Date
02/99

Page
4

Answers to API-651 Section 4, corrosion of Aboveground Steel Storage Tanks

Question Number
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16

Answer
A
D
B
B
C
C
D
A
B
C
D
A
A
D
B
A

Should you find a mistake or disagree with any answer listed, please bring it to our attention
for correction or clarification.
BAY Technical Associates, Inc. has attempted to provide answers developed from paragraphs
of the respective Code, Standard, or Recommended Practice.
You can reach BAY Tech by phone at (610) 594-9036, by fax at (610) 594-2612, or by
e-mail at byagle@gte.net.

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Subject API RP 651

Cathodic Protection

Issue Date
03/98

Revision Date
02/99

Page
5

Section 5 - Determination of Need for Cathodic Protection

1. API Recommended Practice 651 states that the need for cathodic protection must be
determined for all storage facilities. Decisions governing the need for cathodic protection
should be based on all but which of the following?
a) Data from corrosion surveys and operating records
b) National Board and ASME recommendations
c) Prior test results with similar systems in similar environments
d) National, state, and local code requirements and the recommendations in API-651
Reference: API RP 651, Paragraph 5.1
2. When should corrosion control by cathodic protection for new ASTs be provided?
a) After final welding and before hydrostatic testing
b) After all stress relief has been carried out
c) In the initial design
d) After the tank is in service for 6 months
Reference: API RP 651, Paragraph 5.1.1
3. Generally tanks in petroleum service use ______ on the internal surfaces to control
internal corrosion.
a) AC Current instead of DC current cathodic protection systems
b) Coatings
c) Cathodic protection in conjunction with coatings
d) Since pure hydrocarbon fluids are usually not corrosive experience shows that
internal corrosion will never occur therefore, corrosion control is not necessary
Reference: API RP 651, Paragraph 5.1.3
4. Cathodic protection is an effective means of corrosion control only if it is possible to pass
electrical current between what two components?
a) Anode and cathode
b) Tank shell and roof support system
c) Roof to bottom through roof support structures
d) Tank shell and tank bottom
Reference: API RP 651, Paragraph 5.1.4
5. A full evaluation of tank history should be performed prior to _______.
a) Filling the tank for the 25th time
b) Painting the exterior surface of the tank
c) Temporarily removing the tank from service
d) Determining the need for cathodic protection
Reference: API RP 651, Paragraph 5.2.1

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Subject API RP 651

Cathodic Protection

Issue Date
03/98

Revision Date
02/99

Page
6

6. Such items as site plan, soil properties, previous repairs, existing cathodic protection of
nearby structures, maintenance history, and expected life should be investigated and
determined when conducting the ____________.
a) Evaluation of the location of a refinery
b) Probability study of tank settlement
c) Evaluation of tank design/construction history
d) Evaluation of tank repairs and alterations
Reference: API RP 651, Paragraph 5.2.1.1
7. Of the following items which is not an item that should be investigated and determined in
the evaluation of types of service?
a) Type of product stored
b) Product temperature
c) Ambient temperature
d) Presence and depth f water bottoms
Reference: API RP 651, Paragraph 5.2.1.2
8. Such items as tank inspections per API Standard 653, corrosion rate records, stray current
problems, design and performance of previous protection systems, and structure-to-soil
potential surveys should be investigated and determined when conducting the ______.
a) Evaluation of tank repair/alteration/construction history
b) Evaluation of tank design/construction history
c) Evaluation of types of service
d) Evaluation of inspection/corrosion history
Reference: API RP 651, Paragraph 5.2.1.3
9. The cushion material under the tank has a significant effect on external corrosion of the
tank bottom. The material can also influence:
a) The effectiveness and applicability of external cathodic protection
b) The effectiveness and applicability of internal cathodic protection
c) The decision to use or not use a rectifier or DC generator set to supply current
d) The type of product that may be stored in the tank
Reference: API RP 651, Paragraph 5.3.1.1
10. What is an advantage of using fine particles for the cushion material?
a) The fine particles should be uniform which makes it easier to transport
b) Fine particles provide a more dense cushion to help reduce the influx and outflow
of oxygen
c) Fine particles will not permit the passage of product should a leak occur in the
tank bottom
d) Fine particles will hold moisture longer permitting it to stabilize and prevent acid
from forming in the electrolyte
Reference: API RP 651, Paragraph 5.3.1.1
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Subject API RP 651

Cathodic Protection

Issue Date
03/98

Revision Date
02/99

Page
7

11. What is the main disadvantage in using large size particles in the soil cushion material?
a) The large particles may puncture the tank bottom
b) The large particles may trap moisture and allow general corrosion to form
c) If large particles are used, differential aeration corrosion may result where the
particles contact the tank bottom
d) The large particles are more difficult to transport
Reference: API RP 651, Paragraph 5.3.1.1
12. A soil resistivity of about 1250 OHM-CM would indicate the soil is probably ____.
a) Mildly corrosive
b) Very corrosive
c) Corrosive
d) Moderately corrosive
Reference: API RP 651, Paragraph 5.3.1.2
13. The results of soil resistivity surveys can be used to determine ________.
a) When it is time to replace the cushion material under the tank bottom
b) The need for cathodic protection
c) The amount of compression of the cushion material under the tank
d) The best place to install a corrosion test bed
Reference: API RP 651, Paragraph 5.3.1.2
14. A properly designed concrete tank cushion constructed on stable, properly prepared
subsoil may be effective in all but which of the following?
a) Cracks in the tank bottom weld seams
b) Intrusion of groundwater
c) Soil-side corrosion
d) The need for cathodic protection
Reference: API RP 651, Paragraph 5.3.2.1
15. Cracks through the concrete cushion may permit water and contaminants to permeate to
the steel tank bottom and provide a path for proper electrical current flow.
a) True
b) False
Reference: API RP 651, Paragraph 5.3.2.1
16. Corrosion of the steel tank bottom installed on a concrete cushion may result from
moisture accumulation caused by all but which of the following?
a) Condensation
b) Blowing snow or rain
c) Humidity in the air surrounding the tank
d) Flooding
Reference: API RP 651, Paragraph 5.3.2.2
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Subject API RP 651

Cathodic Protection

Issue Date
03/98

Revision Date
02/99

Page
8

17. Why would it be more important to provide proper support under cushions of new asphalt
than for concrete?
a) Asphalt is inherently alkaline and therefore does not have the potential of
preventing corrosion
b) Asphalt is not inherently alkaline and therefore does not have the potential of
preventing corrosion
c) Asphalt may degrade and become a corrosive substance
d) Asphalt may crack allowing moisture to reach the tank bottom where it will react
violently with the asphalt and the steel tank bottom
Reference: API RP 651, Paragraph 5.3.3.1
18. How can the condition of the external surface of tank bottom and the asphalt cushion be
determined?
a) Raise the entire tank and inspect the tank bottom and the asphalt
b) Take a core sample from the asphalt for testing. This test will reveal the amount of
steel that has gone into solution and been trapped in the asphalt
c) Conduct a soil resistivity survey around the periphery of the tank containment
d) By cutting coupons from the tank bottom
Reference: API RP 651, Paragraph 5.3.3.2
19. A soil analysis reveals the pH of a native soil cushion to be 6.25. This soil is considered
to be:
a) Moderately corrosive
b) Mildly corrosive
c) Corrosive
d) Very corrosive
Reference: API RP 651, Paragraph 5.3.4.1 and Table 2
20. A soil analysis reveals the sulfates level of a native soil cushion to be 5525ppm. This soil
is considered to be
a) Moderately corrosive
b) Mildly corrosive
c) Corrosive
d) Very corrosive
Reference: API RP 651, Paragraph 5.3.4.1 and Table 2
21. What is the most common material used as a cushion beneath storage tank bottoms?
a) Clean concrete
b) Clean sand
c) Clean Asphalt
d) Clean modified aggregate
Reference: API RP 651, Paragraph 5.3.5
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Subject API RP 651

Cathodic Protection

Issue Date
03/98

Revision Date
02/99

Page
9

22. The use of oiled sand beneath tank bottoms does not eliminate the need for cathodic
protection and in fact may cause cathodic protection to be less effective because:
a) The oiled sand has higher resistivity
b) The sand is unable to conduct electrical current
c) The oil acts as an insulator and blocks all current flow
d) The oil creates a vapor bearer entrapping water and contaminants next to the tank
bottom
Reference: API RP 651, Paragraph 5.3.5
23. There are several ways the tank cushion can become contaminated. Three of the
following are methods of cushion contamination, which one is not?
a) In coastal areas salt spay may be washed down the side of the tank
b) Fertilizer from spraying operations in rural areas
c) Airborne chemicals from industrial operations
d) Residual build-up of electrons in the sand cushion
Reference: API RP 651, Paragraph 5.3.6.1
24. Leakage of product from the tank bottom can cause accelerated corrosion by creating
____.
a) Stray current corrosion
b) Corrosion cells where none existed before
c) More positively charged electrons
d) A film that would block electrical current flow
Reference: API RP 651, Paragraph 5.3.6.2
25. When a layer of crushed-limestone or clam-shell is used for the tank cushion, why is it
important to ensure the particles are fine and uniform?
a) Large particles could puncture the tank bottom
b) Differential aeration corrosion cells will cause pitting at contact areas between the
large particles and the metal
c) Large particles may allow the formation of dissolved gas pockets which could
become a hazard if hot tap work is performed on the tank bottom
d) Large particle will eventually fracture and create voids in the tank cushion
Reference: API RP 651, Paragraph 5.3.7
26. What is an advantage of using crushed-limestone or clam-shell under tank bottoms?
a) This material is plentiful and relatively inexpensive
b) Contamination is easier to detect because of discoloration
c) Water from rain or groundwater makes the environment under the tank alkaline,
which may reduce corrosion
d) The use of this material eliminates the need for cathodic protection
Reference: API RP 651, Paragraph 5.3.7
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Subject API RP 651

Cathodic Protection

Issue Date
03/98

Revision Date
02/99

Page
10

27. Heated tanks or tanks storing hot product can cause:

a) Increased water intrusion due to causing snow to melt and run down the tank sides
b) Excessive drying out of concrete foundations resulting in premature deterioration
and failure
c) Accelerated corrosion on the internal surface especially in tanks with water
bottoms
d) Accelerated corrosion on the external surface due to elevated temperature is the
area is wet
Reference: API RP 651, Paragraph 5.4.1
28. There are a variety of methods for secondary containment, which of the following is not
an accepted method of secondary containment.
a) Dual bottom tank design
b) Sand bags
c) Use of impervious clay pad in tank dike
d) Impervious nonmetallic membrane
Reference: API RP 651, Paragraph 5.4.3.1
29. During the installation of a new steel bottom over an existing steel bottom, which has
been repaired, if water or other electrolyte intrudes into the annulus, what can happen?
a) A galvanic cell may form which will cause the new steel tank bottom to corrode at
an accelerated rate
b) An electrochemical reaction may take place creating hazardous gasses
c) A galvanic cell may form which will cause the old tank bottom to corrode at an
accelerated rate
d) A galvanic cell may form which will turn the old tank bottom into an anode
Reference: API RP 651, Paragraph 5.4.3.2
30. With the installation of _____ in a diked area prior to new tank construction, most
cathodic protection systems are rendered ineffective.
a) A secondary containment system utilizing a perforated impervious membrane
b) A secondary containment system utilizing an impervious membrane
c) A secondary containment system utilizing a metallic impregnated screen
membrane
d) A secondary containment system utilizing a non-impervious membrane
Reference: API RP 651, Paragraph 5.4.3.3

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Subject API RP 651

Cathodic Protection

Issue Date
03/98

Revision Date
02/99

Page
11

Answers to API-651 Section 5, Determination of Need for Cathodic

Protection
Question Number
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30

Answer
B
C
B
A
D
C
C
D
A
B
C
D
B
A
B
C
B
D
C
D
B
A
D
B
B
C
D
B
A
B

Should you find a mistake or disagree with any answer listed, please bring it to our attention
for correction or clarification.
BAY Technical Associates, Inc. has attempted to provide answers developed from paragraphs
of the respective Code, Standard, or Recommended Practice.
You can reach BAY Tech by phone at (610) 594-9036, by fax at (610) 594-2612, or by
e-mail at byagle@gte.net.

API-653 Exam Prep Course

BAY Technical Associates, Inc.

(610) 594-9036

Subject API RP 651

Cathodic Protection

Issue Date
03/98

Revision Date
02/99

Page
12

Section 6- Methods of Cathodic Protection for Corrosion Control

1. What is the basic principle that makes cathodic protection effective.
a) Cathodic protection is a technique for preventing corrosion by making the entire
surface of the metal to be protected act as the rectifier
b) Cathodic protection is a technique for preventing corrosion by making the entire
surface of the metal to be protected act as the corrosion cell
c) Cathodic protection is a technique for preventing corrosion by making the entire
surface of the metal to be protected act as the cathode
d) Cathodic protection is a technique for preventing corrosion by making the entire
surface of the metal to be protected act as the anode
Reference: API-651, Paragraph 6.1
2. What are the two systems of cathodic protection?
a) Galvanic and repressed current
b) Galvanic and impressed current
c) Galvanic and reversed current
d) Galvanic and induced current
Reference: API-651, Paragraph 6.1
3. Galvanic cathodic protection systems use a metal, that is more active than the structure to
be protected, to supply the current required to stop corrosion. What is another term(s)
used to describe this material?
a) Anode, commonly referred to as a galvanic or sacrificial anode
b) Cathode, commonly referred to as a galvanic or sacrificial cathode
c) Ribbon cathode, commonly referred to as a sacrificial ribbon cathode
d) Impressed current anode, commonly referred to as the impressed anode
Reference: API-651, Paragraph 6.2.1
4. Where on the galvanic series is clean and shiny mild steel?
a) Clean and shiny mild steel has a value of 1.1 volts
b) Clean and shiny mild steel has a value of 1.0 volts
c) Clean and shiny mild steel has a value of 0.8 volts
d) Clean and shiny mild steel has a value of 0.5 to -0.8 volts
Reference: API-651, Paragraph 6.2.1 and Table 3
5. The most common metals used as galvanic anodes in soil are:
a) Lead and copper
b) Aluminum alloy (5% zinc) and Mild steel (clean and shiny)
c) Magnesium and zinc
d) Mild steel in concrete and cast iron
Reference: API-651, Paragraph 6.2.1
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Subject API RP 651

Cathodic Protection

Issue Date
03/98

Revision Date
02/99

Page
13

6. Of the following, which is not an advantage of galvanic cathodic protection systems?

a) No external power is needed
b) Capital investment is low for small-diameter tanks
c) Method is limited to use in low-resistivity soils
d) Interference problems (stray currents) are rare
Reference: API-651, Paragraph 6.2.2
7. Impressed current cathodic protection systems use:
a) Alternating current
b) Direct current usually provided by a rectifier
c) Direct current usually provided by a dry cell battery
d) Either direct current or alternating current depending upon which is available
Reference: API-651, Paragraph 6.3.1
8. Of the following, which is not a disadvantage of impressed current cathodic protection
systems?
a) High current output
b) High maintenance costs
c) High operating costs
d) High capital cost for small installations
Reference: API-651, Paragraph 6.3.3
9. A cathodic protection rectifier has two major components; what are they?
a) A step-down transformer to reduce the AC supply voltage and rectifying elements
to convert DC to AC output
b) A step-down transformer to reduce the AC supply voltage and rectifying elements
to convert AC to DC output
c) A step-down transformer to reduce the DC supply voltage and rectifying elements
to convert DC to AC output
d) A step-down transformer to reduce the AC supply voltage and rectifying elements
to regulate the AC output
Reference: API-651, Paragraph 6.3.3
10. Impressed current anodes used in soil are not made of:
a) Graphite
b) High silicon cast iron
c) Zinc
d) Mixed metal oxides on titanium
Reference: API-651, Paragraph 6.3.5
11. Impressed current anodes may be installed underneath the tank.
a) True
b) False
Reference: API-651, Paragraph 6.3.5
API-653 Exam Prep Course

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Subject API RP 651

Cathodic Protection

Issue Date
03/98

Revision Date
02/99

Page
14

Answers to API-651 Section 6, Methods of Cathodic Protection for Corrosion

Control
Question Number
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11

Answer
C
B
A
D
C
C
B
A
B
C
A

Should you find a mistake or disagree with any answer listed, please bring it to our attention
for correction or clarification.
BAY Technical Associates, Inc. has attempted to provide answers developed from paragraphs
of the respective Code, Standard, or Recommended Practice.
You can reach BAY Tech by phone at (610) 594-9036, by fax at (610) 594-2612, or by
e-mail at byagle@gte.net.

API-653 Exam Prep Course

BAY Technical Associates, Inc.

(610) 594-9036

Subject API RP 651

Cathodic Protection

Issue Date
03/98

Revision Date
02/99

Page
15

Section 7 Design of Cathodic Protection Systems

1. It has been decided to install an impervious membrane under a new storage tank being
installed in a diked area. Cathodic protection of the tank bottom is required. Where must
the anodes be placed?
a) Anodes shall be placed outside the diked area
b) Directly under the membrane beneath the tank
c) As close as possible to the rectifier
d) Between the membrane and the tank bottom
Reference: API 651, Paragraph 7.2.3.1
2. Inspection experience has disclosed the need for cathodic protection for an existing tank
in a diked area. There is a membrane installed under the tank. What would be an option
for installing anodes under this tank?
a) Jack the tank up on the side opposite the fill and discharge lines and slide the
ribbon anodes under
b) Bore under the tank at a very shallow angle and install the anodes
c) Bore under the membrane at a very shallow angle and install the anodes
d) Install deep ground bed anodes in coke breeze backfill outside the diked area
Reference: API 651, Paragraph 7.2.3.2
3. If an existing tank bottom is protected by cathodic protection and/or if cathodic
protection is planned for the new bottom (by deep or shallow groundbeds), what should
be done with the old bottom?
a) The old tank bottom should be electrically connected to the cathodic protection
system to now act as an anode
b) The old tank bottom should be painted with a corrosion resistant coating and left
in place
c) The old tank bottom should be completely removed
d) Nothing needs to be done with the old tank bottom
Reference: API 651, Paragraph 7.2.4.3
4. It has been decided to install a new tank bottom in a tank with cathodic protection. What
would be the result of leaving the old bottom in place and not properly prepared?
a) The old bottom forms a shield that collects the cathodic current flowing through
the ground and prevents cathodic protection of the new tank bottom
b) The old bottom forms a shield that collects the anodic current flowing through the
ground and prevents cathodic protection of the new tank bottom
c) The old bottom forms a shield that collects the galvanic current flowing through
the ground and prevents cathodic protection of the new tank bottom
d) The old bottom forms a shield that collects the stray current flowing through the
ground and prevents cathodic protection of the new tank bottom
Reference: API 651, Paragraph 7.2.4.3
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Subject API RP 651

Cathodic Protection

Issue Date
03/98

Revision Date
02/99

Page
16

5. Industry experience has shown that if a conductive electrolyte exists between an old and a
new tank bottom:
a) The current flow and metal loss will be from the old bottom
b) The current flow and metal loss will be from the new bottom
c) The current flow will be from the old bottom and metal loss will be from the new
bottom
d) The current flow will be from the new bottom and metal loss will be from the old
bottom
Reference: API 651, Paragraph 7.2.4.3
6. There are several advantages to installing a secondary containment. Of the following,
which would not be considered an advantage?
a) Provides a means of detecting and containing leaks and preventing ground
contamination
b) Prevents the natural current flow between the old bottom and the new bottom
c) Permits the addition of cathodic protection at a later date
d) May reduce the entry of groundwater into the space between the bottoms
Reference: API 651, Paragraph 7.2.5.1.1
7. There are several disadvantages to installing a secondary containment. Of the following,
which would not be considered a disadvantage
a) The membrane may act as a basin to contain water or any other electrolyte that
might wet the sand between the bottoms
b) The membrane could entrap hydrocarbon products, which would require extra
care for hot work
c) Makes the future addition of cathodic protection virtually impossible
d) Acts as a barrier to groundwater
Reference: API 651, Paragraph 7.2.5.1.2
8. When an external cathodic protection system is being designed, there are several items to
be considered. Of the following four items, which one would not be a consideration?
a) Selection and design of the cathodic protection system for optimum economy of
installation, maintenance, and operation
b) Specification of materials and installation practices that meet applicable codes,
such as National Electrical Manufacturers Association standards, NACE
recommended practices, and federal, state, and local regulations
c) Provisions for monitoring the cathodic protection system
d) Specification of materials and installation practices that meet applicable codes,
such as American Society of Mechanical Engineers standards, NACE
recommended practices, and federal, state, and local regulations
Reference: API 651, Paragraph 7.3.2

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Subject API RP 651

Cathodic Protection

Issue Date
03/98

Revision Date
02/99

Page
17

9. Information that is useful for design of an external cathodic protection system can be
divided into three categories:
a) Specifications, site conditions, and jurisdictional requirements
b) Specifications and practices, site conditions, and U.S. Geological survey reports
c) Specifications and practices, site conditions, and field survey, corrosion test data,
and operating experience
d) Specifications and practices, tank shell conditions, and field surveys
Reference: API 651, Paragraph 7.3.3
10. What are the two types of cathodic protection systems most commonly used?
a) Galvanic cathode system and impressed voltage system
b) Galvanic anode system and impressed current system
c) Galvanic anode system and interference current system
d) Galvanic anode system and interference voltage system
Reference: API 651, Paragraph 7.3.5.1 and 7.3.5.2
11. Galvanic cathodic protection systems are more economical on:
a) Small-diameter tanks
b) Large-diameter tanks
c) Bare, poorly coated structures
d) Multiple large tanks in a diked area
Reference: API 651, Paragraph 7.3.5.1.1
12. The three most common galvanic anode materials used for soil installations are:
a) High potential magnesium alloys, zinc, and pure aluminum
b) High potential magnesium alloys, Standard magnesium, and Copper
c) High potential magnesium alloys, standard magnesium, and zinc
d) High potential magnesium alloys, standard magnesium, and stainless steel
Reference: API 651, Paragraph 7.3.5.1.2
13. What are the advantages of using a special backfill with anodes for installation in soil
environments?
a) Reduces the possibility of contaminating the environment and promotes anode
efficiency
b) Promotes anode efficiency, lengthens the life of the anode, dissipates stray
currents
c) Promotes anode efficiency, lengthens anode life, and keeps anode environment
moist
d) Promotes anode efficiency, keeps anode environment moist, and prevents total
deterioration of the anode
Reference: API 651, Paragraph 7.3.5.1.3

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Subject API RP 651

Cathodic Protection

Issue Date
03/98

Revision Date
02/99

Page
18

14. The number of anodes required to provide cathodic protection depends upon what two
factors?
a) The distance from the galvanic anode to the tank bottom and soil discharge rate
b) Total current requirements and the expected individual anode discharge rate in the
soil
c) Total stray currents expected and the total current requirements
d) Total current requirements and the expected individual cathode discharge rate in
the soil
Reference: API 651, Paragraph 7.3.5.1.4
15. In placing the anodes, how is better current distribution and more uniform polarization
obtained?
a) By distributing anodes uniformly around the tank or under the membrane for new
construction
b) By distributing anodes uniformly around the diked area or under the tank for new
construction
c) By distributing the cathodes uniformly around the tank or under the tank for new
construction
d) By distributing the anodes uniformly around the tank or under the tank for new
construction
Reference: API 651, Paragraph 7.3.5.1.4
16. How are impressed current anodes installed?
a) These anodes are installed either fully coated or in special backfill material
b) These anodes are installed either bare or in special backfill material
c) These anodes are installed either directly on the tank bottom or in special backfill
material
d) These anodes are installed either bare or in special liquid filled cylinders
Reference: API 651, Paragraph 7.3.5.2.1.1
17. Impressed current anodes are connected with an insulated conductor:
a) Singly to the positive terminal of a DC source
b) In groups to the positive terminal of a DC source
c) Either singly or in groups to the negative terminal of an DC source
d) Either singly or in groups to the positive terminal of an DC source
Reference: API 651, Paragraph 7.3.5.2.1.1
18. Of the following, which is not the preferred material for impressed current anodes used in
soil installations?
a) Graphite
b) Zinc
c) High silicon cast iron
d) Mixed metal oxide
Reference: API 651, Paragraph 7.3.5.2.1.2
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Subject API RP 651

Cathodic Protection

Issue Date
03/98

Revision Date
02/99

Page
19

19. Of the following, which is not the best material for impressed current anodes used in
water installations
a) Titanium
b) Tantalum
c) Copper
d) Platinized niobium
Reference: API 651, Paragraph 7.3.5.2.1.2
20. In an impressed current cathodic protection system, proper groundbed design should do
which of the following?
a) Avoid physical interference with existing facilities, provide uniform current
distribution, and avoid stray current interference with off-site structures
b) Provide for direct connection with existing facilities, provide uniform current
distribution, and avoid stray current interference with off-site structures
c) Avoid physical interference with existing facilities, provide random current
distribution, and avoid stray current interference with off-site structures
d) Avoid physical interference with existing facilities, provide uniform current
distribution, and intercept stray current interference with off-site structures
Reference: API 651, Paragraph 7.3.5.2.1.3
21. In an impressed current system why would additional anodes be considered in the
distributed anode design?
a) To provide uniform current distribution and provide back-up anodes for
replacement
b) To provide uniform current distribution and provide allowance in case of isolated
cathode connection failure or partial cathode depletion
c) To provide uniform current distribution and provide allowance in case of isolated
anode connection failure or partial anode depletion
d) To provide random current distribution and provide allowance in case of isolated
anode connection failure or partial anode depletion
Reference: API 651, Paragraph 7.3.5.2.1.4
22. The current required for cathodic protection should be calculated using the results of
current requirement tests. In lieu of this test, what is the generally accepted protective
current density?
a) Between 0.5 and +0.5 milliamps per square foot at ambient conditions
b) Between 0.01 and 0.1 milliamps per square foot at ambient conditions
c) Between 0.1 and 0.2 milliamps per square foot at ambient conditions
d) Between 1 and 2 milliamps per square foot at ambient conditions
Reference: API 651, Paragraph 7.3.5.2.2.1

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Subject API RP 651

Cathodic Protection

Issue Date
03/98

Revision Date
02/99

Page
20

23. The current requirement test can only be performed on existing tanks using a temporary
groundbed and an appropriate source of direct current. Depending on the current
required, the power source can vary by how much?
a) From a 24 volt storage battery to a 300-amp welding unit
b) From a 12 volt storage battery to a 300-amp welding unit
c) From a 6 volt storage battery to a 300-amp welding unit
d) From a 1.2 volt solar panel to a 300-amp welding unit
Reference: API 651, Paragraph 7.3.5.2.2.1
24. During the current requirement test, how is maximum contact of the tank bottom with the
cushion material ensured?
a) The tank is filled to an adequate liquid level to ensure maximum bottom contact
b) The tank is pressurized with an inert gas to ensure maximum bottom contact
c) The tank is completely filled and subjected to a hydrostatic pressure
d) The tank is emptied and concrete weights are installed and the tank filled to half
design liquid level
Reference: API 651, Paragraph 7.3.5.2.2.2
25. The voltage necessary to drive the required amount of current depends largely on what
two factors?
a) The type of power source available and the resistivity of the soil
b) The number and location of anodes and the resistivity of the soil
c) The number and location of cathodes and the resistivity of the soil
d) The number and location of the anodes and the resistivity of the special backfill
Reference: API 651, Paragraph 7.3.5.2.2.3
26. In an impressed current system, rectifiers with a moderated excess capacity should be
selected to allow for adjustments during the life of the cathodic protection system and to
prevent damage due to overloads. What is the typical excess capacity of such rectifiers?
a) 40% to 50%
b) 30% to 50%
c) 20% to 50%
d) 10% to 50%
Reference: API 651, Paragraph 7.3.5.2.3
27. Electrical grounding of electrical equipment is an essential element in personnel safety.
a) True
b) False
Reference: API 651, Paragraph 7.3.6.2

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Subject API RP 651

Cathodic Protection

Issue Date
03/98

Revision Date
02/99

Page
21

28. Condition and type of coating (if any), minimum and maximum water level in tank,
compatibility of stored liquid with anodes and cables, and internal inspection interval of
tank which affects design life are all factors that:
a) Influence the design of an external cathodic protection system
b) Influence the design of a depressed current cathodic protection system
c) Influence the design of an internal cathodic protection system
d) Influence the design of the rectifier used in a cathodic protection system
Reference: API 651, Paragraph 7.4.1

Answers to API-651 Section 7, Design of Cathodic Protection Systems

Question Number
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28

Answer
D
B
C
A
B
C
D
D
C
B
A
C
C
B
D
B
D
B
C
A
C
D
B
A
B
D
A
C

Should you find a mistake or disagree with any answer listed, please bring it to our attention
for correction or clarification. You can reach BAY Tech by phone at (610) 594-9036, by fax
at (610) 594-2612, or by e-mail at byagle@gte.net.
API-653 Exam Prep Course

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Subject API RP 651

Cathodic Protection

Issue Date
03/98

Revision Date
02/99

Page
22

Section 8 Criteria for Cathodic Protection

1. API-651 provides criteria for determining the adequacy of cathodic protection of
aboveground storage tanks. What document is referenced for a more detailed description?
a) ASME Section V, Nondestructive Examination
b) API-Standard 650, Welded Steel Tanks for Oil Storage
c) API-Standard 653, Tank Inspection, Repair, Alteration, and Reconstruction
d) NACE RP-01-69
Reference: API-651, Paragraph 8.2.1
2. In determining if adequate cathodic protection is being achieved, which of the following
would be correct?
a) A negative (cathodic) potential of at least 850 mV with cathodic current applied
b) A positive (cathodic) potential of at least 850 mV with cathodic current applied
c) A negative (cathodic) potential of at least 85.0 mV with cathodic current applied
d) A positive (cathodic) potential of at least 85.0 mV with cathodic current applied
Reference: API-651, Paragraph 8.2.2.1
3. How must the required negative potential be measured?
a) This potential shall be measured with respect to a saturated copper/copper sulfate
reference electrode (CSE) contacting the metal tank bottom
b) This potential shall be measured with respect to a saturated copper/copper sulfate
reference electrode (CSE) contacting the electrolyte
c) This potential shall be measured with respect to a saturated copper/copper sulfate
reference electrode (CSE) contacting the metal casing of the rectifier
d) This potential shall be measured with respect to a saturated copper/copper sulfate
reference electrode (CSE) contacting the positive terminal of the power source
Reference: API-651, Paragraph 8.2.2.1
4. In determining if adequate cathodic protection is being achieved, which of the following
would be correct?
a) Negative polarized potential of at least 8.50 mV relative to a CSE
b) Negative polarized potential of at least 85.0 mV relative to a CSE
c) Negative polarized potential of at least 850 mV relative to a CSE
d) Negative polarized potential of at least .850 mV relative to a CSE
Reference: API-651, Paragraph 8.2.2.2
5. Name a common method of measuring polarized potential.
a) Measuring the distance between the tank bottom and the anode
b) Measuring the AC current relative to the DC current
c) Using the instant on method
d) Using the instant off method
Reference: API-651, Paragraph 8.2.2.2
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Subject API RP 651

Cathodic Protection

Issue Date
03/98

Revision Date
02/99

Page
23

6. In determining if adequate cathodic protection is being achieved, which of the following

would be correct?
a) A minimum of 1000 mV of cathodic polarization measured between the tank
bottom metallic surface and a standard reference electrode contacting the
electrolyte
b) A minimum of 850 mV of cathodic polarization measured between the tank
bottom metallic surface and a standard reference electrode contacting the
electrolyte
c) A minimum of 100 mV of cathodic polarization measured between the tank
bottom metallic surface and a standard reference electrode contacting the
electrolyte
d) A minimum of -0.85 mV of cathodic polarization measured between the tank
bottom metallic surface and a standard reference electrode contacting the
electrolyte
Reference: API-651, Paragraph 8.2.2.3
7. The standard method of determining the effectiveness of cathodic protection on a tank
bottom is the __________ measurement
a) Resistivity
b) DC current
c) Tank-to-soil
d) Interference current
Reference: API-651, Paragraph 8.3.1
8. How is the tank-to-soil potential measurement performed?
a) This measurement is performed using a low-impedance voltmeter and a stable,
reproducible reference electrode contacting the electrolyte
b) This measurement is performed using a high-impedance voltmeter and a stable,
regenerative reference electrode contacting the electrolyte
c) This measurement is performed using a high-impedance voltmeter and a stable,
reproducible reference electrode contacting the electrolyte
d) This measurement is performed using a high-impedance voltmeter and an
unstable, non-reproducible reference electrode contacting the electrolyte
Reference: API-651, Paragraph 8.3.1
9. Tank-to-soil potential measurements are typically taken with current applied; however,
corrections for ______ in the soil must be made.
a) IW drop(s)
b) IR drop(s)
c) ER drop(s)
d) IE drop(s)
Reference: API-651, Paragraph 8.3.2

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Subject API RP 651

Cathodic Protection

Issue Date
03/98

Revision Date
02/99

Page
24

10. Correction for IR drop in the soil is often necessary for measurements made at the tank
perimeter even if the reference electrode is placed immediately adjacent to the tank. This
is especially true if ______ is/are close to the tank.
a) Distributed anodes
b) The cathodic protection power supply rectifier
c) The sacrificial anode
d) The DC power supply (battery)
Reference: API-651, Paragraph 8.3.2
11. Monitoring the actual structure-to-soil potential under the tank should be considered.
How can this be accomplished?
a) Permanently installed reference electrode or by burying reference electrode every
20 feet around the perimeter of the tank
b) Inserting a reference electrode under the tank through a perforated tube or
attaching a reference electrode to the tank shell
c) Permanently installed reference electrode or by inserting a reference electrode
under the tank through a perforated tube
d) Permanently installed bare copper wire connected to the tank bottom or by
inserting a reference electrode under the tank through a perforated tube
Reference: API-651, Paragraph 8.3.4
12. Other standard reference electrodes may be substituted for the saturated copper/copper
sulfate reference electrode. Which of the following is not a common substitute?
a) Reference electrode Zinc, Voltage +0.25
b) Reference electrode Saturated KCI calomel Voltage -0.78
c) Reference electrode Silver/silver chloride Voltage -0.80
d) Reference electrode Aluminum alloy (5% zinc) Voltage +0.08
Reference: API-651, Paragraph 8.4 and Table 4

API-653 Exam Prep Course

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Subject API RP 651

Cathodic Protection

Issue Date
03/98

Revision Date
02/99

Page
25

Answers to API-651 Section 8, Criteria for Cathodic Protection

Question Number
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12

Answer
D
A
B
C
D
C
C
C
B
A
C
D

Should you find a mistake or disagree with any answer listed, please bring it to our attention
for correction or clarification.
BAY Technical Associates, Inc. has attempted to provide answers developed from paragraphs
of the respective Code, Standard, or Recommended Practice.
You can reach BAY Tech by phone at (610) 594-9036, by fax at (610) 594-2612, or by
e-mail at byagle@gte.net.

API-653 Exam Prep Course

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Subject API RP 651

Cathodic Protection

Issue Date
03/98

Revision Date
02/99

Page
26

Section 9 - Installation of Cathodic Protection Systems

1. Installation of cathodic protection systems shall be in strict accordance with the drawings
and specifications. Exceptions may be made only with the approval of which of the
following?
a) The API-653 Inspector or personnel qualified and trained by the Inspector
b) The National Board Inspector or personnel qualified and trained by the Inspector
c) The owner, operator, or personnel qualified by the owner or operator
d) The manufacturer of the tank or the authorized representative of the tank
manufacturer
Reference: API-651, Paragraph 9.1.2
2. Packaged galvanic anodes should be back-filled with ______.
a) Compacted special backfill material such as coke breeze
b) Compacted sand
c) Compacted limestone or clam shell backfill material
d) Compacted native soil
Reference: API-651, Paragraph 9.2.1
3. How may galvanic anodes, used to protect the internal surfaces of tank bottoms, be
installed?
a) Bolted or welded to the tank bottom
b) Laid on the tank bottom at specific intervals around the perimeter and in the
center
c) Held in place with a special adhesive or welded
d) Held in place by epoxy coating that will adhere to the tank bottom
Reference: API-651, Paragraph 9.2.3
4. When installing galvanic anodes, care must be taken during the backfilling operation to
a) Ensure the limestone or clamshell backfill is not disturbed
b) Prevent damage to the lead wires and connections
c) Ensure the proper impervious membrane has been installed under the anode
d) Prevent damage to the AC/DC rectifier
Reference: API-651, Paragraph 9.2.5
5. Which if the following is a true statement with regards to installing galvanic anodes?
a) It is customary to carry the anode to the site by the lead wire to ensure its
tightness
b) The lead wire should only be long enough to reach the tank bottom with no slack
c) Anodes should not be carried or lowered into the excavation by the lead wires
d) The anode should be stored in a container of water until it is placed in the
excavation
Reference: API-651, Paragraph 9.2.5
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Subject API RP 651

Cathodic Protection

Issue Date
03/98

Revision Date
02/99

Page
27

6. In an impressed current cathodic protection system, care must be taken not to crack or
damage the anode during handling and installation. Of the following, which would be a
true statement?
a) Anodes with very small cracks near the bottom of the anode may be used without
repair
b) Cracked anodes should be inspected to ensure the insulation on the lead wires is
not damaged before installing the anode
c) Anodes with cracks greater than 0.0625" in width shall not be used
d) Cracked anodes should not be used
Reference: API-651, Paragraph 9.3.1.1
7. How can the life of an impressed current anode be increased?
a) By installing a timing device that activates the current at thirty-second intervals
b) Properly installing the backfill material
c) Use a substitute anode material
d) Using AC current instead of DC current
Reference: API-651, Paragraph 9.3.1.2
8. Of the following, which is not a principal point that needs to be observed in the
installation of impressed current anodes?
a) The anode should be installed so that at least one side is in contact with the soil
b) Buried connections must be protected against the entrance of moisture
c) Anodes and cable should be installed at a sufficient depth to protect against
accidental damage
d) Care should be taken to protect the cable connection to the anode
Reference: API-651, Paragraph 9.3.1.3
9. For a typical vertical anode installation, the hole is excavated ____ inches in diameter by
approximately ______ feet deep.
a) Six to ten, five to ten
b) Eight to twelve, ten to twenty
c) Twelve to eighteen, twelve to twenty-four
d) Eighteen to twenty-four, eighteen to thirty
Reference: API-651, Paragraph 9.3.2.1
10. When it is necessary to install an impressed current anode in the horizontal position, a
layer of crushed coke breeze is laid in the trench and the anode is laid on top of the coke
breeze. Compacted native soil is then filled in on top of the anode.
a) True
b) False
Reference: API-651, Paragraph 9.3.2.2

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Subject API RP 651

Cathodic Protection

Issue Date
03/98

Revision Date
02/99

Page
28

11. For impressed current cathodic protection systems, when would installation of the anode
in the horizontal position be acceptable or practical?
a) Where rock is encountered at a shallow depth or where soil resistivity decreases
markedly with depth
b) Where sand is encountered at a shallow depth or where soil resistivity decreases
markedly with depth
c) Where rock is encountered at a shallow depth or where soil resistivity increases
markedly with depth
d) Where sand is encountered at a shallow depth or where soil resistivity increases
markedly with depth
Reference: API-651, Paragraph 9.3.2.2
12. To improve current distribution to the center of the tank in an impressed current cathodic
protection system, it may be desirable to do which of the following?
a) Install fifty percent more anodes
b) Extend the shallow groundbed an additional twenty-five percent greater diameter
around the tank
c) Use AC current instead of DC current
d) Install anodes in holes drilled at an angle under the perimeter of the tank bottom
Reference: API-651, Paragraph 9.3.2.3
13. In situations where a deep groundbed installation is required, why is it important to
consider the environmental aspects of this type of installation?
a) The groundbed may be located in contaminated soil, which could allow
contamination of the atmosphere
b) The groundbed installation may fracture bedrock and permit the release of radon
contamination
c) The groundbed installation may be located through underground aquifers
d) The groundbed installation may cause cracking of foundations of nearby
structures during the drilling process
Reference: API-651, Paragraph 9.3.3
14. An impressed current cathodic protection system is installed; the installing contractor
connected the positive connection of the rectifier to the tank. Is this a satisfactory
installation?
a) Yes it does not matter how the leads are connected
b) No the positive lead should have been connected to anode so the tank bottom
would be the anode
c) Yes the connection is correct the tank bottom will act as the anode as intended
d) No the connection is incorrect, the tank bottom will now act as the anode resulting
in rapid corrosion of the tank bottom
Reference: API-651, Paragraph 9.3.4.3

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Subject API RP 651

Cathodic Protection

Issue Date
03/98

Revision Date
02/99

Page
29

15. What is the preferred means of connecting the negative rectifier lead wire to the structure
to be protected?
a) A powder weld connection (Cadweld, Thermite, or equivalent)
b) Brazed
c) Soldered
d) Any arc welding process
Reference: API-651, Paragraph 9.3.4.4
16. All positive cable connections and wire splices should be waterproofed and covered with
electrical insulating material. What should be done if mechanical connections are used?
a) Mechanical connections should be buried to protect them from vandalism
b) Mechanical connections should not be buried
c) Mechanical connections should be buried to protect them from accidental damage
d) Mechanical connections should not be used for rectifier installation
Reference: API-651, Paragraph 9.3.4.4
17. Underground splices of the positive lead wire to the groundbed should be ______.
a) Braided and soldered
b) Made up with mechanical splices
c) Avoided
d) Close to the surface for ease of maintenance
Reference: API-651, Paragraph 9.3.5.2
18. One of the problems with monitoring cathodic protection systems on the tank bottom is
the inability to place a portable reference electrode in close proximity to the underside.
How can this situation be remedied during new construction of a tank?
a) Permanently installed reference electrodes and lead wires to the roof support
structure where provided
b) Installing polyvinyl chloride or fiber reinforced plastic pipe for use in profiling
the tank-to-soil potential from the perimeter to the center
c) Installing polyvinyl chloride or terracotta pipe for use in profiling the tank-to-soil
potential from the perimeter to the center
d) Installing perforated polyvinyl chloride or fiber reinforced plastic pipe for use in
profiling the tank-to-soil potential from the perimeter to the center
Reference: API-651, Paragraph 9.9.4.4
19. For existing tanks, not scheduled for bottom repair or replacement, how can installation
of permanent reference electrodes be accomplished?
a) Air lance or mechanical procedures
b) Water jetting or mechanical procedures
c) Steam blast or mechanical procedures
d) Controlled explosives or mechanical procedures
Reference: API-651, Paragraph 9.4.6
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Subject API RP 651

Cathodic Protection

Issue Date
03/98

Revision Date
02/99

Page
30

20. Why is it a good practice to install permanent test leads, grounding lugs, or short pieces
of cable for measuring tank-to-soil potential?
a) Repeated contact with the tank by a knife or ice pick will eventually puncture the
tank
b) Repeated contact with the tank by a knife or ice pick can cause short circuiting of
the cathodic protection system
c) Repeated contact with the tank by a knife or ice pick can cause early failure of the
tank's paint system.
d) Repeated contact with the tank by a knife or ice pick can cause stress risers due to
cutting the tank surface
Reference: API-651, Paragraph 9.4.7

Answers to API-651 Section 9, Installation of Cathodic Protection Systems

Question Number
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20

Answer
C
D
A
B
C
D
B
A
B
B
C
D
C
D
A
B
C
D
B
C

Should you find a mistake or disagree with any answer listed, please bring it to our attention
for correction or clarification.
BAY Technical Associates, Inc. has attempted to provide answers developed from paragraphs
of the respective Code, Standard, or Recommended Practice.
You can reach BAY Tech by phone at (610) 594-9036, by fax at (610) 594-2612, or by
e-mail at byagle@gte.net.
API-653 Exam Prep Course

BAY Technical Associates, Inc.

(610) 594-9036

Subject API RP 651

Cathodic Protection

Issue Date
03/98

Revision Date
02/99

Page
31

Section 10 - Interference Currents

1. What can be a problem caused by the installation of a new impressed current cathodic
protection system?
a) A new impressed cathodic protection system may cause an unacceptable drain on
the electrical substation for the refinery
b) A new impressed cathodic protection system may cause interference with
neighboring structures
c) A new impressed cathodic protection system may cause interference with certain
radio signals
d) A new impressed cathodic protection system may cause interference with
operating controls of nearby process units
Reference: API-651, Paragraph 10.1.1
2. What is the most common source of "constant current" interference currents?
a) Rectifiers energizing nearby cathodic protection systems
b) Electromagnetic fields set up by the operation of very large motors close to the
cathodic protection system
c) Electromagnetic fields caused by transformers in nearby substations
d) Electromagnetic fields caused by overhead high tension wire
Reference: API-651, Paragraph 10.2.1
3. With regard to "fluctuating current", which of the following is not a normal source for
this type of stray current?
a) Underground mining electrical systems
b) Electric railways
c) Rapid transit systems
d) AC to DC rectifiers
Reference: API-651, Paragraph 10.2.2
4. During a corrosion control survey, the inspector noticed a positive shift of the structureto-soil potential on the affected structure at a point where current may be discharged from
the affected structure. What would this indicate?
a) Interference from the cathodic protection system rectifier
b) Interference from a nearby lighting circuit
c) Interference from a neighboring source
d) Interference from a galvanic anode system
Reference: API-651, Paragraph 10.3
5. Interference currents have been detected. How could this problem be resolved?
a) Design, proper bonding, and use of sacrificial anodes
b) Design, relocation of the tank, use of sacrificial anodes
c) Design, proper bonding, removal of cathodic protection system
d) Design, proper bonding, different choice of coating on the structure
Reference: API-651, Paragraph 10.4.1
API-653 Exam Prep Course

BAY Technical Associates, Inc.

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Subject API RP 651

Cathodic Protection

Issue Date
03/98

Revision Date
02/99

Page
32

Answers to API-651 Section 10, Interference Currents

Question Number
1
2
3
4
5

Answer
B
A
D
C
A

Should you find a mistake or disagree with any answer listed, please bring it to our attention
for correction or clarification.
BAY Technical Associates, Inc. has attempted to provide answers developed from paragraphs
of the respective Code, Standard, or Recommended Practice.
You can reach BAY Tech by phone at (610) 594-9036, by fax at (610) 594-2612, or by
e-mail at byagle@gte.net.

API-653 Exam Prep Course

BAY Technical Associates, Inc.

(610) 594-9036

Subject API RP 651

Cathodic Protection

Issue Date
03/98

Revision Date
02/99

Page
33

Section 11 - Operation and Maintenance of Cathodic Protection Systems

1. Why is it important to conduct potential surveys when there is an adequate liquid level in
a tank?
a) Bottom-to-electrolyte potential readings may indicate adequate protection for the
portion of the tank in contact with the soil but when the tank is full and all of the
bottom is in contact, protection may not be sufficient
b) Bottom-to-anode potential readings may indicate adequate protection for the
portion of the tank in contact with the soil but when the tank is full and all of the
bottom is in contact, protection may not be sufficient
c) Bottom-to-cathode potential readings may indicate adequate protection for the
portion of the tank in contact with the soil but when the tank is full and all of the
bottom is in contact, protection may not be sufficient
d) Bottom-to-electrolyte potential readings may indicate adequate protection for the
portion of the tank in contact with the soil but when the tank is full and all of the
bottom is in contact, protection may be far more than necessary
Reference: API-651, Paragraph 11.1.3
2. Measurements of the native structure-to-soil potential should be made ________.
a) Immediately after any cathodic protection system is energized
b) Within two days after any cathodic protection system is energized
c) Within 6 months after any cathodic protection system is energized
d) Prior to energizing a new cathodic protection system
Reference: API-651, Paragraph 11.3.1
3. After a system has been energized, it may take _____ for polarization to a steady state to
take place.
a) Two and a half years
b) One year
c) Several months
d) Fifteen minutes
Reference: API-651, Paragraph 11.3.1
4. To ensure the effectiveness of cathodic protection, how often should cathodic protection
surveys be taken?
a) Every two years
b) Annually
c) Bi-annually
d) Quarterly
Reference: API-651, Paragraph 11.3.2

API-653 Exam Prep Course

BAY Technical Associates, Inc.

(610) 594-9036

Subject API RP 651

Cathodic Protection

Issue Date
03/98

Revision Date
02/99

Page
34

5. How often should all sources of impressed current be checked?

a) At intervals not exceeding two years
b) At intervals not exceeding one year
c) At intervals not exceeding two months
d) At intervals not exceeding two weeks
Reference: API-651, Paragraph 11.3.3.1
6. Tank bottoms shall be examined for evidence of corrosion at least once each year by
conducting an internal inspection and taking coupon cutouts.
a) True
b) False
Reference: API-651, Paragraph 11.3.3.4
7. Records to demonstrate the need for corrosion control measures should be retained for
a) 5 years
b) 10 years
c) 15 years
d) As long as the facility remains in service
Reference: API-651, Paragraph 11.4.7
8. Records related to the effectiveness of cathodic protection should be retained for a
______ period unless a shorter period is specifically permitted by regulation
a) 5 years
b) 10 years
c) 15 years
d) As long as the facility remains in service
Reference: API-651, Paragraph 11.4.7

Answers to API-651 Section 11, Operation and Maintenance of Cathodic

Protection Systems
Question Number
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

Answer
A
D
C
B
C
B
D
A

Should you find a mistake or disagree with any answer listed, please bring it to our attention
for correction or clarification. You can reach BAY Tech by phone at (610) 594-9036, by fax
at (610) 594-2612, or by e-mail at byagle@gte.net.
API-653 Exam Prep Course

BAY Technical Associates, Inc.

(610) 594-9036