ABC & C2EP Formula/Conversion Table
for Water Treatment, Distribution,
& Laboratory Exams
(Titrant Volume, mL) (Acid Normality) (50,000)
Alkalinity, as mg CaCO3/L =
Amps =
Sample Volume, mL
Volts
Ohms
*Area of Circle = (.785) (Diameter2)
= () (Radius2)
Area of Cone (lateral area) = () (Radius) Radius 2 + Height 2
Area of Cone (total surface area) = () (Radius) (Radius + Radius 2 + Height 2 )
Area of Cylinder (total exterior surface area) = [Surface Area of End #1] + [Surface Area of End #2] +
[() (Diameter) (Height or Depth)]
*Area of Rectangle = (Length) (Width)
*Area of a Right Triangle =
(Base) (Height)
2
Average (arithmetic mean) =
Sum of All Terms
Number of Terms
Average (geometric mean) = [(X1) (X2) (X3) (X4) (Xn)] 1/n
Chemical Dry Feeder Calibration, lbs/day =
(Dry Chemical Collected, grams) (60 min/hr) (24 hr/day)
(454 grams/lb) (Time, min)
Desired Flow
Chemical Feed Pump Setting, % Stroke =
The nth root of the product of n numbers
Maximum Flow
100%
(Flow, MGD) (Dose, mg/L) (3.785 L/gal) (1,000,000 gal/MG)
(Liquid, mg/mL) (24 hr/day) (60 min/hr)
Chemical Feed Pump Setting, mL/min =
Circumference of Circle = () (Diameter)
= 2 () (Radius)
Composite Sample Single Portion =
(Instantaneous Flow) (Total Sample Volume)
(Number of Portions) (Average Flow)
CT Calculation = (Disinfectant Residual Concentration, mg/L) (Time, min)
Degrees Celsius = (Degrees Fahrenheit - 32) (5/9)
=
(F 32 )
1.8
*Pie Wheel format for this equation
is available at the end of this document.
Copyright 2013 by
Association of Boards of Certification
Water Treatment, Distribution, Laboratory
Formula/Conversion Table
Degrees Fahrenheit = (Degrees Celsius) (9/5) + 32
= (Degrees Celsius) (1.8) + 32
Detention Time =
Volume
Flow
Units must be compatible
*Electromotive Force (EMF), volts = (Current, amps) (Resistance, ohms)
*Feed Rate, lbs/day =
or
E = IR
(Dosage, mg/L) (Capacity, MGD) (8.34 lbs/gal)
Purity, % expressed as a decimal
Feed Rate, gal/min (Fluoride Saturator) =
(Plant capacity, gpm) (Dosage, mg/L)
18,000 mg/L
Feed Rate, lbs/day (Fluoride) =
(Dosage, mg/L) (Capacity, MGD) (8.34 lbs/gal)
(Available Fluoride Ion, % expressed as a decimal) (Purity, % expressed as a decimal)
(Backwash Rate, gpm/ft 2 ) (12 in/ft)
7.48 gal/ft3
Filter Backwash Rise Rate, in/min =
Filter Drop Test Velocity, ft/min =
Water Drop, ft
Time of Drop, min
Filter Flow Rate or Backwash Rate, gpm/ft2 =
Filter Yield, lbs/hr/ft2 =
Flow, gpm
Filter Area, ft 2
(Solids Loading, lbs/day) (Recovery, % expressed as a decimal)
(Filter Operation, hr/day) (Area, ft 2 )
*Flow Rate, cfs = (Area, ft2) (Velocity, ft/sec) or
Q = AV
Units must be compatible
*Force, lbs = (Pressure, psi) (Area, in2)
Gallons/Capita/Day =
Volume of Water Produced, gpd
Population
(Titrant Volume, mL) (1,000)
Sample Volume, mL
Hardness, as mg CaCO3/L =
Horsepower, Brake (bhp) =
Only when the titration factor is 1.00 of EDTA
(Flow, gpm) (Head, ft)
(3,960) (Pump Efficiency, % expressed as a decimal)
Horsepower, Motor (mhp) =
(Flow, gpm) (Head, ft)
(3,960) (Pump Efficiency, % expressedas a decimal)(Motor Efficiency, % expressedas a decimal)
*Horsepower, Water (whp) =
(Flow, gpm) (Head, ft)
3,960
Hydraulic Loading Rate, gpd/ft2 =
*Pie Wheel format for this equation
is available at the end of this document.
Total Flow Applied, gpd
Area, ft 2
Copyright 2013 by
Association of Boards of Certification
Water Treatment, Distribution, Laboratory
Formula/Conversion Table
Hypochlorite Strength, % =
Chlorine Required, lbs
(Hypochlorite Solution Needed, gal) (8.34 lbs/gal)
100%
Volume, gallons
Leakage, gpd =
Time, days
*Mass, lbs = (Volume, MG) (Concentration, mg/L)(8.34 lbs/gal)
*Mass Flux, lbs/day = (Flow, MGD) (Concentration, mg/L) (8.34 lbs/gal)
Milliequivalent = (mL) (Normality)
Molarity =
Normality =
Moles of Solute
Liters of Solution
Number of Equivalent Weights of Solute
Liters of Solution
Number of Equivalent Weights =
Number of Moles =
Total Weight
Equivalent Weight
Total Weight
Molecular Weight
Original Flow - Reduced Flow
100%
Original Flow
Reduction in Flow, % =
In Out
100%
In
Removal, % =
Slope, % =
Drop or Rise
Solids, mg/L =
Distance
100%
(Dry Solids, grams) (1,000,000)
Sample Volume, mL
Solids Concentration, mg/L =
Specific Gravity =
Weight, mg
Volume, L
Specific Weight of Substance, lbs/gal
Specific Weight of Water, lbs/gal
Surface Loading Rate or Surface Overflow Rate, gpd/ft2 =
Three Normal Equation = (N1 x V1) + (N2 x V2) = (N3 x V3)
Two Normal Equation = N1 x V1 = N2 x V2
Velocity, ft/sec =
=
Flow, gpd
Area, ft 2
Where V1 + V2 = V3
Where N = normality, V = volume or flow
Flow Rate, ft 3 / sec
Area, ft 2
Distance, ft
Time, sec
*Volume of Cone = (1/3) (.785) (Diameter2) (Height)
= (1/3) [() (Radius2) (Height)]
*Pie Wheel format for this equation
is available at the end of this document.
Copyright 2013 by
Association of Boards of Certification
Water Treatment, Distribution, Laboratory
Formula/Conversion Table
*Volume of Cylinder = (.785) (Diameter2) (Height)
= () (Radius2) (Height)
*Volume of Rectangular Tank = (Length) (Width) (Height)
Watts (AC circuit) = (Volts) (Amps) (Power Factor)
Watts (DC circuit) = (Volts) (Amps)
Weir Overflow Rate, gpd/ft =
Flow, gpd
Weir Length, ft
Wire-to-Water Efficiency, % =
Wire-to-Water Efficiency, % =
Abbreviations:
cfs
cubic feet per second
DO
dissolved oxygen
ft
feet
g
grams
gpd
gallons per day
gpg
grains per gallon
gpm
gallons per minute
hp
horsepower
hr
hour
in
inches
kW
kilowatt
lbs
pounds
mg/L
milligrams per liter
MGD
million gallons per day
mL
milliliter
min
minute
ppb
parts per billion
ppm
parts per million
psi
pounds per square inch
Q
flow
SS
settleable solids
TTHM total trihalomethanes
TOC
total organic carbon
TSS
total suspended solids
VS
volatile solids
Water Horsepower, hp
100%
Power Input, hp or Motor hp
(Flow, gpm) (Total Dynamic Head, ft) (0.746 kW/hp)
(3,960) (Electrical Demand, kilowatts)
100%
Conversion Factors:
1 acre = 43,560 square feet
1 acre foot = 326,000 gallons
1 cubic foot = 7.48 gallons
= 62.4 pounds
1 cubic foot per second = 0.646 MGD
1 foot = 0.305 meters
1 foot of water = 0.433 psi
1 gallon = 3.79 liters
= 8.34 pounds
1 grain per gallon = 17.1 mg/L
1 horsepower = 0.746 kW
= 746 watts
= 33,000 ft lbs/min
1 mile = 5,280 feet
1 million gallons per day = 694 gallons per minute
= 1.55 cubic feet per second (cfs)
1 pound = 0.454 kilograms
1 pound per square inch = 2.31 feet of water
1 ton = 2,000 pounds
1% = 10,000 mg/L
or pi = 3.14159
All Alkalinity expressed as mg/L as CaCO3
Alkalinity Relationships:
Result of Titration
Hydroxide Alkalinity
Carbonate Alkalinity
Bicarbonate Concentration
P=0
0
0
T
P < T
0
2P
T 2P
P = T
0
2P
0
P > T
2P T
2(T P)
0
P=T
T
0
0
Key: P phenolphthalein alkalinity T total alkalinity
*Pie Wheel format for this equation
is available at the end of this document.
Copyright 2013 by
Association of Boards of Certification
Water Treatment, Distribution, Laboratory
Formula/Conversion Table
Area of Circle
*Pie Wheels:
To find the quantity above the horizontal line: multiply the
pie wedges below the line together.
Area
Circle
To solve for one of the pie wedges below the horizontal line:
cover that pie wedge, then divide the remaining pie wedge(s)
into the quantity above the horizontal line.
Given units must match the units shown in the pie wheel.
0.785
D2
Area of Rectangle
Area of Right Triangle
Electromotive Force (EMF), volts
Area
Rectangle
Area
Right Triangle
Volts
EMF
Length
Width
Height
Base
Amps
Current
Ohms
Resistance
Feed Rate, lbs/day
Flow Rate, cfs
Force, pounds
lbs/day
Chemical Feed
100% Purity
cfs
Flow Rate
Pounds
Force
MGD
Flow
mg/L
Dose
8.34
lbs/gal
ft2
Area
ft/sec
Velocity
psi
Pressure
in2
Area
Horsepower, Water (whp)
Mass, lbs
Mass Flux, lbs/day
whp
Horsepower
lbs
Mass
lbs/day
Mass Flux
gpm
Flow
3,960
feet
Head
MG
Vol.
mg/L
Conc.
8.34
lbs/gal
MGD
Flow
mg/L
Conc.
8.34
lbs/gal
Volume of Cone
Volume of Cylinder
Volume of Rectangular Tank
Volume
Cone
Volume
Cylinder
Volume
Rectangle
0.785
1/3
D2
0.785
Height
D2
Copyright 2013 by
Association of Boards of Certification
Length
Height
Width
Water Treatment, Distribution, Laboratory
Formula/Conversion Table
