Lecture 1:INTRODUCTION
Dr. Aamer Iqbal Bhatti
Radar Signal Processing
Dr. Aamer Iqbal Bhatti
Course
Logistics
C
L
i i
Radar Introduction.
A brief history.
Simplified Radar Block Diagram.
Two basic Radar Types.
Radar Wave Modulation.
Radar Signal Processing
Dr. Aamer Iqbal Bhatti
Recommended Books
Text Book:
Radar
Principles, Technology, Applications
Author: Byron Edde
ISBN 81-317-1383-0
Reference Books:
Introduction to Radar Systems, 3rd Edition
Author: Merrill II. Skolnik
ISBN-10: 0070579091
Fundamentals of Radar Signal Processing
Author: Mark A. Richards
ISBN 00-07-060737-0
07 060737 0
Radar Signal Processing
Dr. Aamer Iqbal Bhatti
Group name:
rsp2012maju
p
j
Group home page:
http://groups.yahoo.com/group/rsp2012maju
Group email:
rsp2012maju@yahoogroups.com
Email for submission of Assignments
armaghan.mohsin@gmail.com
Radar Signal Processing
Dr. Aamer Iqbal Bhatti
RADAR
The term radar is an acronym for the phrase
RAdio Detection And Ranging
It is used to describe systems
y
that use electromagnetic
g
energy to detect distant objects and possibly determine
other characteristics such as direction and range
This is accomplished by illuminating a volume of space
with electromagnetic energy and sensing the energy
reflected by objects in that space.
Radar Signal Processing
Dr. Aamer Iqbal Bhatti
Radar: Acronym for Radio Detection and Ranging
Radar is a remote sensing technique: Capable of gathering
information about objects located at remote distances from the
sensing device.
Two distinguishing characteristics:
1. Employs EM waves that fall into
the microwave portion of the
electromagnetic spectrum
(1 mm < < 75 cm)
2. Active technique:
q
radiation is
emitted by radar radiation
scattered by objects is detected
by radar.
Radar Signal Processing
Dr. Aamer Iqbal Bhatti
Why microwaves?
Microwaves can penetrate haze, fog and snow readily, and
rain and hail less readily,
y so radar can see through
g these
conditions.
An elementary radar system
Radar Signal Processing
Dr. Aamer Iqbal Bhatti
A short history of RADAR (19th Century)
EM radiation propagating through atmosphere can be
reflected, scattered or transmitted at reduced speed
Development of radio technologies bring these effects to
light
Realization that information buried in these effects
Radar Signal Processing
Dr. Aamer Iqbal Bhatti
1886 - Heinrich Hertz discovers wave form of EM
radiation
EM waves can be reflected byy certain objects
j
Proves electrical wave identical to optical wave (James Clerk
Maxwells thesis)
1900 Nikola Tesla said in Century Magazine when
we make sound wave we can hear echo likewise
electrical
l tri l waves also
l b
bounce off
ff an object
bj t andd the
th
echo potentially can tell us the distance and velocity of
that object
object
Radar Signal Processing
Dr. Aamer Iqbal Bhatti
Early 1900s Development of pulsed technology
1904 Christian Holsmeyer
y Patent issued byy
Germany and England after 1st recorded demonstration
of detection of objects by radio
Under development for detection of submarines using
acoustic
ti waves in
i WWI.
WWI
EM waves needed new technologies in short wave generation.
P
Public
bli ddemonstration
i 18 May,
M 1904 off detection
d
i off ships
hi
passing under bridge through beam of radio waves
Radar Signal Processing
Dr. Aamer Iqbal Bhatti
10
1922 Important studies on propagation of radio
waves by Gugliemo Macroni lead to advances in
electromagnetic
l
i detection
d
i
1922 Navy testing high frequency radio transmission
across Potomac
P
river
i interrupted
i
d by
b passing
i wooden
d
ship the Dorchester
Researchers Albert Hoyt Taylor and Leo C.
C Young noticed this
and suggested that these interruptions be used to detect ships
in the night. Later, in 1934 Young and Taylor have similar
experience with passing aircraft!
Radar Signal Processing
Dr. Aamer Iqbal Bhatti
11
1925 First pulsed device making ranging possible
1925 G.
G Briet and M Tuve (Dept.
(Dept of Terrestrial Magnetism
of the Carnegie Institution) demonstrate first ranging
In cooperation with radio engineers of the US (Naval
R
Research
hL
Labs)
b ) NRL pulsed
l d a 71.3
71 3 m wavelength
l
h
NRL transmitter was located 10 km southeast of their
laboratoryy and detected echoes 150 km from above
Was this first radar???
Yes: because they detected
No: because reflection height a function of wavelength and not well
defined position of an object
Radar Signal Processing
Dr. Aamer Iqbal Bhatti
12
p to measure Ionosphere
p
1918- 1923 1st real attempts
heights by pulsed radar
British
B
i i h physicist
h i i W
W. F
F. G
G. SSwann came to U
Univ.
i off
Minnesota where Breit was Assistant Professor and
Tuve was Research Fellow. They were unsuccessful but
their work led to later work.
Radar Signal Processing
Dr. Aamer Iqbal Bhatti
13
History (Continued)
1935 Atmospheric Scientists brought in Britain
CSSAD Committee for the Scientific Survey of Air
Defense approached Robert A. Watson Watt about
use of radio waves to find aircraft
Watt was pioneering detection of thunderstorms by
detecting radio emissions of lightning
Inquiry triggered Watson-Watt and Collegue A. F.
Wilkns to propose a radar system to detect local
aircraft
5 months later Watson-Watt demonstrate radio
g g of aircraft led to a radar
detection and ranging
network that provided British early detection of
approaching German aircraft
Radar Signal Processing
Dr. Aamer Iqbal Bhatti
14
1930s Development inUS, Germany, England, Italy,
J p and Hungry
gy
France,, Holland,, Japan
1936
April
p 28 - NRL first definitive detection and ranging
g g of aircraft
14 December Us Army Signal Corp locate airplane by pulse
method
Radar Signal Processing
Dr. Aamer Iqbal Bhatti
15
History (Continued)
The single most important step in bringing microwave
radars
d was the
h ddevelopment
l
off MAGNETRON iin 1939
1939.
By 1941, US had produced about 100 models of early
warning radars
radars.
World war II changed the world. And after that following
radars started to made
o Tracker radars
o Airborne radars
o VHF radars
d
o Fire control radars
Radar Signal Processing
Dr. Aamer Iqbal Bhatti
16
Recent Developments
p
Microwave electronicallyy steered Radars antennas.
Phase stable and gridded microwave transmitter
amplifiers.
p
Multimodal Radars.
Digital
g computer
p
signal
g processing.
p
g
Pulse compression.
Fast Fourier Transforms.
Synthetic aperture Radars (SAR).
Sophisticated
p
smoothingg and prediction
p
algorithms.
g
Low observable targets.
Radar Signal Processing
Dr. Aamer Iqbal Bhatti
17
Modern radars
Modes of AN/APG-77
AN/APG 77
AN/APG-77 Installed in Raptor 22
Radar Signal Processing
Dr. Aamer Iqbal Bhatti
18
Different Radar Tasks
Detecting and locating ships and land features for ship
collision avoidance.
N i ti aircrafts
Navigating
i
ft andd ships
hi iin b
bad
d weather
th or att night.
i ht
Measuring altitude above the surface for aircraft and
missile navigation
navigation.
Detecting and locating severe weather for ground, ship
and aviation safetyy and comfort.
Mapping land and sea area from aircraft and spacecraft.
Detecting ground moving vehicles such as tanks for
d f
defense
purposes
Precisely measuring distances for land surveying.
Detecting and measuring objects under the ground
surface.
Radar Signal Processing
Dr. Aamer Iqbal Bhatti
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Radar Simplified Block Diagram
Transmitter/
Modulator
Freq gen
gen.
Timing control
Duplexer
Signal
p
processor
Receiver
Radar Signal Processing
Dr. Aamer Iqbal Bhatti
20
Data Proc.
displays
p y
Block Diagram Modules
Frequency generation and timing control:
This block generates the frequencies and synchronization
signals required by the system.
Transmitter:
It generates the radio signal which is used to illuminate the
target from which the echo is derived.
Modulator:
This function controls the transmitter in pulsed systems,
turningg it on and off to form the pulse.
p
In CW radars it
provides the modulation used by some to find target range.
Duplexer:
Th duplexer
The
d l
switches
i h the
h antenna off monostatic
i single
i l
antenna system between the transmitter and the receiver.
Radar Signal Processing
Dr. Aamer Iqbal Bhatti
21
Block Diagram Modules
Antenna:
Th antenna concentrates the
The
h ill
illumination
i i signal
i l iinto a
narrow beam radiated in a single preferred direction,
p the target
g echo signals
g
from this same preferred
p
intercept
direction and matches the system impedances those of the
propagation medium.
A t
Antenna
Controller:
C t ll
The antenna controller positions the antenna beam to the
defined azimuth and elevation angles and reports these
angles to the system controller and data processor.
Receiver:
The receiver amplifies the echo signals to a level sufficient
for later system components, such as signal processor.
Radar Signal Processing
Dr. Aamer Iqbal Bhatti
22
Block Diagram Modules
Signal Processor:
This function process the target echoes and interfering
signals to increase the target echo signal level and suppress
the interference , thereby increasing the signal to interference
ratio.
Data Processor:
The data processor stores and processes the location of
detected targets.
Displa s:
Displays:
The displays put the information in a form useable to radar
p
and others,, such as air traffic controller and
operators
weapon system operators and supervisors.
Radar Signal Processing
Dr. Aamer Iqbal Bhatti
23
Pulsed RADAR Concept
Radar Signal Processing
Dr. Aamer Iqbal Bhatti
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Two Basic Radar Types
yp
Pulse Transmission
Continuous
C ti
Wave
W
Radar Signal Processing
Dr. Aamer Iqbal Bhatti
25
PULSED RADAR
Pulse - RADAR transmits a series of pulses separated by
non-transmission intervals during which the radar
listens for a return
listens
CW RADAR
Continuous Wave - Constantly emitting radar. Relative
g is required
q
to
motion of either the radar or the target
indicate target position. Frequency shift.
Radar Signal Processing
Dr. Aamer Iqbal Bhatti
26
Pulse Radar Components
Synchronizer
Transmitter
Power
Supply
Display Unit
Duplexer
Receiver
Antenna Control
Radar Signal Processing
Dr. Aamer Iqbal Bhatti
27
ANT.
Continuous Wave Radar
Employs continual
RADAR transmission
Separate transmit and
receive antennas
Relies on the DOPPLER
DOPPLER
SHIFT
Radar Signal Processing
Dr. Aamer Iqbal Bhatti
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Doppler Frequency Shifts
Motion Away:
Echo Freq
Frequency
enc Decreases
Motion
i Towards:
Echo Frequency Increases
Radar Signal Processing
Iqbal Bhatti
Dr. Aamer
29
Pulse Vs. Continuous Wave
Pulse Echo
Single Antenna
Gives Range, usually
Alt. as well
Susceptible To Jamming
Physical Range
Determined By PW and
PRF.
Radar Signal Processing
Dr. Aamer Iqbal Bhatti
Continuous Wave
Requires 2 Antennae
Range or Alt. Info
High SNR
More Difficult to Jam But
Easily Deceived
Amp can
nb
be ttuned
n d tto llookk
for expected frequencies
30
RADAR Wave Modulation
Amplitude Modulation
o Vary the amplitude of the carrier sine wave
Frequency Modulation
o Vary
y the frequency
q
y of the carrier sine wave
Pulse-Amplitude Modulation
o Vary the amplitude of the pulses
Pulse-Frequency Modulation
o Vary the Frequency at which the pulses occur
Radar Signal Processing
Dr. Aamer Iqbal Bhatti
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