Journal/Article
title
The best of two
approaches:
Process/GenreBased approach
to teaching
writing
Approac
h
Product
Process
Definition
-
-Focus on how
a text is
written instead
of the final
outcomes.
Weaknesses
Strength
Example
-Focus on
writing product
rather than the
process of the
writing.
-Teacher
centred
-Devalues the
learners
potential both
linguistic and
personal.
-Enhances
students writing
proficiency.
-Involves
linguistic
knowledge that
learns partly
through imitation.
-Write an
essay imitating
a given
pattern.
-Emphasize the
importance of a
recursive
procedure of
prewriting,
drafting,
evaluating and
revising.
-Pre writing
activity would
introducing
techniques that
help the students
discover and
engage the topic.
-Students
exposed with the
drafting of
KSSR
-People
progress to
phrases and
sentences in
paragraph.
works.
-Gain feedbacks
from the
discussion.
Integrated
Approaches to
improve
students writing
skills for English
major students
Genre
-May not
require
students to
express their
own ideas or
may be too
dependent on
the teacher
finding suitable
materials as
models.
-Emphasis on the
social context.
-Interactive
collaboration
between teacher
and students.
Product
-Gives little
attention to
audience and
the writing
process.
-Lack of
motivational in
learning and
have high
pressure in
creating their
writing tasks.
-Reinforce L2
writing inters of
grammatical and
syntactical forms.
-Simple linear
model of the
writing process
which proceeds
systematically
from prewriting
to composing and
correcting.
(Tribble,1990)
-Raise learners
L2 writing
-Students are
provided with
models and
are asked to
discuss and
analyse their
language and
structure.
Process
-Activity which
teachers
encourage
learners to see
writing not as
grammar
exercises but
as the
discovery of
meaning and
ideas.
-Leaners have
to spend quite
a long time to
complete one
particular piece
of writing in the
classroom.
-No clear
understanding
about the
characteristics
of writing and
are provided
insufficient
linguistic input
to write in L2
successfully in
a certain text
type.
awareness,
especially in
grammatical
structures.
-Leaners able to
explore their
thoughts and
develop their own
writing by using
the five step
writing process of
Herwins.
-Learners can
move back and
forth among
different writing
steps in order to
come up with
better ideas.
-Reformulate
their ideas and
approximate the
meaning of what
they want to
express in their
work.
-Improve learners
writing steps.
-Develop
learners critical
thinking.
Modification
-Teacher
provides
learners with
examples.
-Teachers
should not
spend too
much time on
one piece of
writing in the
classroom.
Genre
-Stress the
importance of
various types
of writing
which are tied
closely to
social
purposes.
-Learners may
not have
enough
knowledge of
appropriate
language or
vocabulary to
express what
they intend to
communicate
to a specific
audience.
-Undervalues
the writing
skills which
learners need
to produce a
written product
and ignores the
writing abilities
learners have
in other areas.
-Not depend only
on teachers.
-Help learners
produce their
written products
to communicate
to others in the
same discourse
community
successfully.
-Help learners
come up with
appropriate
actual writing in
their real life
outside the
classroom.
-Increase
learners
awareness of
such writing
conventions as
organisation,
arrangement,
form, and genre.
Modification
-Teachers
should
describe
clearly the
genres which
students have
to learn at the
beginning of
the writing to
allow learners
to prepare and
have ideas
about the
language use
for each genre.
-Teachers
should help
students to
produce their
written
products step
by step.
-Should pay
attention to
the skills that
will help
learners
develop their
A synthesis of
approaches to
teaching
writing: A case
study in an
Australian
primary school.
Process
-Free choices of
topics may lead
students to
write the same
topics again
and again.
-Writing as a
process.
Students go
through the
process of
writing, such as
prewriting,
writing
competence
through the
writing
process.
Examples:
-Teachers may
use
brainstorming
technique to
help students
generate their
ideas and
come up with
the
appropriate
language use
for what they
want to
communicate
to people in a
particular
discourse
community.
-Poster and
teaching aids.
-Trays for
students
texts.
-Conferences.
-Express idea
clearly in
writing.
drafting,
revising, editing,
proofreading and
publishing.
-Free choice of
topics to enable
students to write
what they know.
-Conferences
between the
teacher and
students and
between students
and peers at any
stage.
