DC MOTOR SPEED
CONTROL USING SCR BY
REMOTE
NAMES:
SHRADHA DWIVEDI 10
AKSAHI SUESH
01
MANAV CHUDASAMA 08
MILIN JOSHI
18
SPEED CONTROL IN RESTRICTED
ZONE AREA
INTRODUCTION
WIRELESS SPEED CONTROL USING RF
This
system for controlling the speed of vehicle near
important areas like school colleges or where speed
should be a limit to avoid unwanted accidents
automatic
system
minimized by using
where
human
identification
an
intervention
is
system which is
very much useful for many applications or purpose
system helps the user to identify the
required areas through RF.
acess to the
We thought of making a
project where wireless RF- linkage between a certain
can be used for determination of the access to the
area Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) systems
use radio frequency to identify, locate and track
vehicle. Passive RFID systems are composed of
three components an interrogator (reader), a
passive tag, and a host computer. The tag is
composed of an antenna coil and a silicon chip that
includes
basic
modulation
circuitry
and
non-
volatile memory. The tag is energized by a timevarying electromagnetic radio frequency (RF) wave
that is transmitted by the reader. This RF signal is
called a carrier signal. When the RF field passes
through an antenna coil, there is an AC voltage
generated across the coil. This voltage is rectified
to supply power to the tag
information stored in
the tag is transmitted back to the reader which is
nothing
but
the
car
This
is
often
called
backscattering. By detecting the backscattering
signal, the information stored in the tag can be
fully identified
SALIENT FEATURES
SYSTEM ENCRYPTION
AUTOMATED SYSTEM
WIRELESS
STATIC DEVICE
LOW MAINTAINENCE
NO MECHANICAL MOVEMENT
ADVANTAGES:
Wireless network.
Simple to handling.
Time management and save life due to overrun
Easily implemented near school
Easy to design and manufacture as all the
components are easily available
Reduction in cost of infrastructures
This project decreases the rate of accidents in the
highways and Ghats areas
Low cost and easy to implement.
Can cover maximum area in a zone.
This can be implemented with other wireless
technologies for adding more stuff.
APPLICATIONS
It can be implemented in automated systems for
wireless control.
Can be used at heavy traffic areas.
Used in school zones and ghat roads.
This can be uses in driving guidance systems and
automatic navigation system
BLOCK DIAGRAM:
ADDRESS LETTER
RF TRASNMITTER
TIMER 555
BLOCK DIAGRAM DESCRIPTION (TRANSMITTER)
The basic block diagram for the Transmitter system is
as shown in the figure 01. It consists of the following
modules.
1. TIMER CIRCUIT
2. RF ENCODER
POW
3. RF TRANSMITTER
4. ANTENNA
5. POWER SUPPLY
TIMER CIRCUIT:
Trigger: - The output of the timer depends on the
amplitude of external trigger pulse applied to
this pin. The output is low if the voltage at this
pin is greater than 2/3vcc. When the negative
going pulse of amplitude greater than 1/3vcc is
applied to this pin output goes high.
Output:
There
are
two
ways
load
can
be
connected at output terminal either between pin
3 & pin 1 or pin 3 & pin 8. When output is low the
load current passes to a load connected between
pin 3 & +Vcc in to a output terminal and is called
link current. Current through the grounded load
is
zero
when
o/p
is
low.
So
load
connected
between pin 3 & pin 8 which called normally on
load & the load connected between the pin 3 &
ground
is
called
normally
off
load.
When
the
output is high current through the load connected
between pin 3 & Vcc is zero. The output terminal
supplies current through the normally of load.
This
current
is
called
source
current.
The
minimum value of source & sink current is 200MA.
Ground: All voltages are measured with respect to
this terminal
IC 555: it is working in a stable mode to trigger
the encoder circuit it consist of following details
with some pin diagram explanations
RESET: - The timer can be reset by applying a Ve
pulse to this pin. When it is not in use it should
be connected to +Vcc to avoid any Possibility of
falls triggering.
Control Voltage: By improving the voltage on this
as by
connecting voltage between this pin
& ground. When not used it should be bypass the
ground with 0.01 microfarad capacitor to prevent
any noise problem.
Threshold:
When
the
voltage
at
this
pin
is
generator than on equal to 2/3 Vcc, the output of
comparator c1 goes high, which it turns switches
o/p of the timer low.
Discharge:
-This
pin
is
connected
internally
to
collectors o Q1 when the output is light Q1 is off
& acts as an open circuit to internal capacitor C
connected across it when the output low Q is off
and acts as an open circuit to internal capacitor C
connected across it when the output low Q is
sutured and act as short circuit shouting that the
internally capacitor C to ground.
1.
RF TRANSMITTER
RF transmitters uses ASK (Amplitude Shift
Keying)
for
modulating
ST12CODEC.This
modulated
the
data
information
send
is
by
then
transmitted with 433 MHz frequency through RF
antenna to receiver. It helps in transmitting data
present in RF ENCODER via antenna at particular
frequency.
2.
RF ENCODER
A logic circuit that produces coded binary
outputs from encoded inputs. This uses
ST12CODEC
IC for encoding the data which is transmitted by
microcontroller. The encoder converts the parallel
data which has been sent from microcontroller to
serial form and sends it to RF Transmitter. It consists
of the necessary data of the TRAIN. The ST12 CODEC
is a single chip telemetry device, which may be an
encoder or a decoder. When combined with a Radio
transmitter / receiver it may be used to provide
encryption standard for data communication system
The ST12 CODEC performs all the necessary data
manipulation and encryption for an optimum range
reliable radio link while providing a simple user
interface.
Transmitter and receiver use same IC ST 12 CODEC in
RF encoder mode for serial communication. This IC is
capable of transmitting 13 bits containing 1 start pulse, 4 bit
address bit and 8 bit data. The transmitted information is
sent by RF with 315 MHZ RF transmitter. ST12CODEC works
on 5v, which is regulated with a low current voltage regulator
chip LM7805.
5.1.3 BLOCK DIAGRAM:
LCD DISPLAY
ADRESS LETTER
RECEIVING
ANTENNA
MICRO CONTROLLER
DECODER
Motor driver
POWER SUPPLY
Dc geared motor or vehicle
RF RECEIVER
BLOCK DIAGRAM DESCRIPTION
(RECEIVER)
The basic block diagram for the Receiver system
is as shown in the figure 01. It consists of the
following modules.
1.
RF RECEIVER
2. RF DECODER
3. MICROCONTROLLER
4. POWER SUPPLY
5. MOTOR DRIVER
6. DC GEARED MOTOR
1. RF RECEIVER
It is enhanced single chip ST433 IC which
receives
the
433.92
MHz
transmitted
signal,
transmitted by RF transmitter. It uses ASK (Amplitude
Shift Keying) conventional heterodyne receiver IC for
remote wireless applications.
2. RF DECODER
A logic circuit that used to decode coded
binary word. This uses ST12 CODEC IC for decoding
the data which is transmitted by ST433 IC. The
decoder converts the serial data which has been sent
from RF receiver to parallel form and sends it to
microcontroller. The coded data decoded by this block
is given to computer via micro controller and RS 232.
3. MICROCONTROLLER(IC 89C52)
This is the most important block of the
entire system. The microcontroller works at crystal
frequency of 11.0592 MHz It receives the parallel data
from ST12 CODEC IC and compare it with the program
code which already stored in it and identifies that
weather user has necessary balance or not. If the
balance is not enough to pay amount then it sends
signal to Relay Driver to activate the camera and if
the balance is equals the amount then it gives signal
to MAX-232 to activate the computer to store the
necessary information in it .This microcontroller has
the baud rate 9600 bits/sec.
The 89c52 is a low power, high performance CMOS8
bit
micro
computer
with
8k
bytes
of
flash
programmable
and
erasable
read
only
memory
(PEROM).The device is manufactured using Atmels
high density nonvolatile memory technology and it is
compatible with the industry standard 80C51 and
80c52 instruction set and pin out. The on chip Flash
allows the program memory to be reprogrammed in
system or by a conventional nonvolatile memory
programmer. By combining a versatile 8-bit CPU with
flash on a monolithic chip, the Atmels AT89C52 is a
powerful microcomputer which
provides
a highly
flexible and cost effective solution to many embedded
control applications.
Features:
Compatible with MCS-51 Products.
4K
Bytes
of
In-System
Reprogrammable
Memory.
Endurance: 1000 Write/Erase Cycle
Fully Static Operation: 0 Hz to 24 MHz
Three-level Program Memory Lock
128 x 8-bit Internal RAM.
32 Programmable I/O Lines.
Two 16-bit Timers/Counters.
Six Interrupt Sources.
Programmable Serial Channel.
Low-power Idle and Power-down Modes
Flash
POWER SUPPLY
The performance of the master box depends on
the proper functioning of the power supply unit. The
power supply converts not only A.C into D.C, but also
provides output voltage of 5V, 1 amp. The essential
components of the power supply are Transformer, four
diodes which forms bridge rectifier, capacitor which
work as a filter and positive voltage regulator IC 7805.
It provides 5v to each block of the transmitter.
The performance of the master box depends on
the proper functioning of the power supply unit. The
power supply converts not only A.C into D.C, but also
provides o/p voltage of 5volts, 1 amp. The essential
components of the power supply are:
TRANSFORMER
As name suggests it transforms the voltage level
from one level to another. Transformer used is the step
down transformer to step 230 v to +5v. It provides
isolation too from the mains.
RECTIFIER:
The rectifier is used to convert A.C to D.C voltage.
The design that we have carried out is of the full wave
rectifier, using 1N4001 diodes.
FILTER:
A filter circuit is a device, which removes ac
component of rectified output but allows the dc
component to reach the load. The filter used is a simple
capacitor of 100f /25v.
REGULATOR:
A voltage regulator is a circuit that supplies a
constant voltage regardless of changes in load current
The regulator used in our project is IC7805, which is a
three terminal voltage regulator .A heat sink is used, so
that the heat produced by the regulator dissipating
power has a larger area from which to radiate the heat
into the air by holding the case temperature to a much
lower value than would result without the heat sink.
IC
7805
has
an
internal
thermal
overload
protection and the internal short circuit current limiting
device.
IC 7805 VOLTAGE REGULATOR:
GENERAL DESCRIPTION:
The 78XX series of three terminal regulators is
available with fixed output voltage making them use
full in wide range of applications. One of this is local on
call regulation, eliminating the distortion problems
associated with single point regulation. The voltage
available allow this regulators to be used in logic
systems instrumentation, Hi If and other sold state
equipment.
The LM 7805 is available in aluminum to 3
packages, which will allow over 1.0 Amp load current if
adequate heat sinking is provided current limiting is
included to limit the peak output current to a safe
value. Safe are protection for the output transistors is
provided to limit internal power dissipation. If internal
power dissipation becomes too high for the heat sinking
provided, the thermal shut circuit takes place over
preventing the IC from overheating.
Considerable efforts were expended to make the LM
7805 regulators Easy to use and minimize the number
of eternal components. It is not necessary to bypass the
output although this does improve transient
response.FEATURES
Output current is excess of 1A
Internal thermal overload protection.
No external components required.
Internal short-circuit current limit.
Available in the in the aluminum T0 3 package.
DC MOTOR DRIVER AND GEARED MOTOR
Silicon Controlled Rectifiers (SCR) Specifications
VRRM
Peak repetitive reverse voltage (VRRM) is the maximum peak
reverse voltage that can be applied continuously to the main
terminals (anode, cathode) of the thyristor.
IT(RMS)
IT(RMS)
is the maximum root mean square (RMS) current for a
specified case temperature. It is the RMS value of the
principal current when the device is in the on state.
ITSM
Peak I cycle surge on-current (ITSM) is the non-repetitive
peak on-state current. It is the maximum on-state current of
short
duration that can be applied to the thyristor for one full-cycle
of conduction without performance degradation.
IGT
Gate trigger current (IGT)is the minimum current
required to switch the thyristor from the off state to
the on state at the
specified off-state voltage and temperature. This is the
minimum gate current required to maintain the thyristor in
the on
state.
VGT
Gate trigger voltage (VGT) is the gate voltage that is
required to produce the gate trigger current.
IH
IH
is the holding current required to maintain a steady state
condition in the device. It is the minimum principal current
that
is required to maintain the device in the on state.
VTM
Repetitive peak controllable on-state voltage (VTM).
dv/dt
Rising ratio of off-voltage (dv/dt) is the rate-of-rise of off-state
voltage. This is the minimum value of the rate-of-rise of the
principal voltage that will cause switching from the off state
to the on state.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
This is speed controller circuit of 12Volt DC motor.You can
adjust the speed of rotation of the spindle motor from 5-60
cycles per minute.The work of circuit, The IC1 is nand gate ic
type,It accepts the voltage from the bridge diode BD1. But
there is no filter to smooth current.The other in the pin 2.The
VR1, C1 and R1 is a phase shift or time delay to slow
down,voltage from pin 3 to triggers pin the gate of SCR1 to
work.Or conductors to the motor, causing it to rotate. Speed
of the motor, can be achieved by adjusting VR1.
The power supply input pin 14 of IC1 is filtered to smooth the
current, by through D2 and C2. The D1 prevents the noise
from the motor. and D3 is reverse-voltage protection of
motors. This can cause circuit damage. If the circuit is used
with a motor that consumes more power. Heat sink should
be attached to BD1, D1 and SCR1, because heat up. May
cause equipment damage.
DISADVANTAGES
Difficult in case of failure of RF transmitter.
RF Modules are to be protected from environment
Hazards.
FUTURE IMPLEMENTATION:
By enhancing the circuit and concept of the
above project it can be usefull for reducing
the number of accidents in the populated
areas of the country specially cities and urban
and developing areas.
