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Mobile Tourist Guide An Intelligent Wireless

System to Improve Tourism, using Semantic Web
Samir A. El-Seoud1 and Hosam F. El-Sofany2
1

Computer Science Department, Princess Sumaya University for Technology (PSUT)

Department of Computer Science and Engineering, College of Engineering, Qatar University

Abstract With the recent advances in Internet and

mobile technologies, there are increasing demands for
electronic access to tourist information systems for
service coordination and process integration. Mobile
computing and mobile devices are used to implement
various tourist services (e.g. electronic tourist guides,
digital interactive maps, and tourist e-commerce
transactions). However, due to disparate tourist
information and service resources such as airlines,
hotels, tour operators; it is still difficult for tourists to
use them effectively during their trips or even in the
planning stage. Neither can current tourist portals
assist tourists proactively. To overcome this problem,
we propose the analysis, design, and implementation
of the Mobile tourist guide" system, that access
through wireless devices and use Semantic Web
technologies for effective organization of information
resources and service processes. The proposed system
provides the users with various services such as: 1)
displaying the shortest path between the sources and
destinations the visitors specify, 2) displaying general
information of shops, newest events of the plaza and
shops, 3) provides service of hotel, restaurant and
cinema-ticket reservations, 4) provides user-friendly
administration service. The Admin can manage the
position, blocking path details, general information of
hotel, restaurant, shops and plaza, and reservation
details via web browser without changing the
framework of the system. The system prototype has
been developed on the top of Java 2 Micro Edition
which offers an ideal platform for the development of
full-fledged, interactive and portable applications
tailored for resource constrained mobile devices. The
paper presents our development experiences and
highlights its main advantages and limitations in
relation to the implementation of such kind of
applications.

Characteristics of electronic tourism marketplace lead to

many challenges. One of them is growing need for
interoperability between information systems, allowing
seamless information exchange between tourism
organizations. The traditional solution for interoperability
issues was to develop interfaces between each pair of
communication systems, but development and
maintenance of such programs are too expensive and not
flexible enough for the electronic tourism marketplace.
There have been many attempts to standardize data
exchange within tourism electronic markets in order to
reach global interoperability. As a result there are some
global standards used only by large companies and some
standards developed for the needs of small companies, but
used only on national level [1].

Index Terms Electronic tourist guide, Mobile tourist

guide, Semantic Web technology, Tourist Information
System, Tourist application.

At the same time, Semantic Web technologies have

been maturing to make e-commerce interactions more
flexible and automated. Ontology defines the terms used
to present a domain of knowledge that is shared by
people, databases, and applications. In particular,
ontology encodes knowledge, possibly spanning different
domains as well as describes the relationships among
them. Currently, ontology is actively being developed in
various business domains. The Semantic Web provides
explicit meaning to the information available on the Web

I.

INTRODUCTION

Tourism is a leading industry in the e-business. There

are several reasons behind this fact. Tourism is an
information-intensive industry with a long value chain.
Since 1960s this industry represents a classical field of
information and communication technology applications.

The World Tourism Organization predicts that by

2020, tourist arrivals around the world will increase over
200%. Tourism has become a highly competitive
business all over the world. Competitive advantage is
increasingly driven by the advancement of information
technology and innovation. Currently, the Internet is the
primary source of tourist destination information for
travelers.
With the recent advances in hardware and software
technologies, the Internet is quickly evolving towards
wireless adoption. New mobile applications running on
these devices provide users with easy access to remote
services available anytime and anywhere, and will soon
take advantage of the ubiquity of wireless networking in
order to create new virtual worlds. Besides, intelligent
software agents can run on these devices and can provide
personalized assistance to tourists during their trip.
Together with traditional information agents such as hotel
broker agents, tour planning agents, and other disparate
tourist resources, they form a Multi-Agent Information
System, for collaborative and intelligent assistance to
tourists.

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for automated processing and information integration

based on the underlying ontology. Our aim in this project
is to describe characteristics of the electronic tourism as
well as challenges related to the tourism electronic
marketplace and to discuss how semantic web
technologies can help to resolve these challenges.
In this research, we intend to expand tourist
coordination and integration towards complete support by
employing all the above-mentioned technologies. The
main challenge of our system is to provide an effective
coordination and integration of disparate information and
service resources anytime, anywhere, as well as the
provision of personalized assistance and automation to
the tourists, each having different preferences and support
requirements that often being changed during the trip.
With the help of ontology, our system can help tourists
better understand and guide them to specify their needs
and preferences collaboratively, so that the appropriate
information and services resources could be located from
the Semantic Web.
Because scalability and flexibility, tourists cannot be
flexibly assisted in a centralized manner. The assistance of
increasingly powerful mobile devices becomes the
enabling technologies. Under individuals instructions and
preferences, intelligent software agents within the system
can be delegated to help recommend, plan, and negotiate
personalized activities and schedules, thereby augmenting
the users decisions collaboratively. We introduce a
scalable, flexible, intelligent, and multi-agent Mobile
tourist guide" system, with agent clusters for tourist
service coordination and integration. Each agent cluster
comprises several types of agents to achieve the goals of
the major tasks of a tourists trip, such as, information
gathering, preference matchmaking, planning, service
brokering, commuting, and mobile servicing. The agents
also make use of ontology from the Semantic Web to
search information and make recommendations to the
tourists. Further, we detail how this can be effectively
implemented with Web service and Semantic Web
technologies, integrating disparate Internet tourist
resources.
The research goal is to analysis, design, and implements
the tourist guide" system, that access through wireless
devices (such as mobile telephones, Personal Digital
Assistants - PDAs, and laptops). The following are some
services and functionality provides by the proposed
research study:
The system provides general information of hotel,
restaurant, shops, hospitals, and companies. As well as
the newest events of the plaza and shops.
The system provides service of hotel, restaurant and
cinema-ticket reservations.
The system provides service of displaying the shortest
path between the sources and destinations the visitors
specify.

The system provides user-friendly administration

service. The Admin can manage the position, blocking
path details, general information of shops and plaza,
and reservation details via web browser without
changing the framework of the system.
The system tackles the difficulties of displaying the
routes on different floors and many problems in mobile
web development.

II.

SYSTEM OVERVIEW

The Semantic Web as the next generation web is the

vision of having background knowledge about the
meaning of web sources stored in a machine-processable
and interpretable way. The area of tourism is highly
dynamic area that currently already extensively uses the
available
Internet
technologies.
However,
the
shortcomings of the existing technology are that information finding and extraction as well as the interpretation of
the information contained in the web sources is left to the
human user. The management and interoperation of
semantically diverse tourism information systems are
facilitated by Semantic Web technology that provides
methods and standards, which allow accurate access to
information as well as flexibility to comply with needs of
tourism information system users and administrators. In
this research project we introduce a new Semantic Web
framework that can enable knowledge sharing and reuse.
The Semantic Web uses agent technologies to formally
model information represented in web resources. This
makes it accessible to humans and computers working
together, perhaps in conjunction with intelligent network
services such as search agents.
The "Mobil tourist guide" system represents a relatively
new trend in the field of tourism and involves the use of
Semantic Web technology and mobile devices as
electronic tourist guides. While much of the underlying
technology is already available, there are still open
challenges with respect to design, usability, portability,
functionality, and implementation aspects. This research
study presents the analysis, design and implementation of
the "Mobil tourist guide" system, that allows the users to
download these personalized applications either directly to
their mobile device or first to a PC and then to a mobile
terminal (through infrared or Bluetooth). Thereafter,
network coverage is not further required as the
applications execute in standalone mode and may be
updated when the user returns online. The system
prototype will use Java 2ME, which offers an ideal
platform for the development of full-fledged, interactive
and portable applications tailored for resource constrained
mobile devices.
In our research study we consider number of important
issues related to the Semantic Web that belongs to four
categories: Semantic Web languages, ontologies, semantic
markup of Web pages, and Semantic Web services [2].
Semantic Web Languages: In order to represent
information on the Semantic Web and simultaneously
make that information both syntactically and semantically

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interoperable across applications, it is necessary to use

specific languages. There are a lot of such languages
around, and most of them are based on XML, XML
Schemas, RDF, and RDF Schemas, all four developed
under the auspices of W3C and using XML syntax.
Ontologies: Ontology comprises a set of knowledge
terms, including the vocabulary, the semantic
interconnections, and some simple rules of inference and
logic for some particular topic. Ontologies applied to the
Web are creating the Semantic Web. Ontologies provide
the necessary armature around which knowledge bases
should be built, and set grounds for developing reusable
Web-contents, Web-services, and application. Ontologies
facilitate knowledge sharing and reuse, i.e. a common
understanding of various contents that reaches across
people and applications.
Semantic Markup: Ontologies merely serve to
standardize and provide interpretations for Web content,
but are not enough to build the Semantic Web. To make
Web content machine-understandable, Web pages and
documents themselves must contain semantic markup, i.e.
annotations which use the terminology that one or more
ontologies define and contain pointers to the network of
ontologies.

presented in the Figure 1, among which the following

layers are the basic ones [8]:
- The XML layer, which represents the structure of

data,
- The RDF layer, which represents the meaning of

data,
- The Ontology layer, which represents the formal

common agreement about meaning of data,

- The Logic layer, which enables intelligent reasoning

with meaningful data.

The important property of the Semantic Web
architecture (i.e., common-shared-meaning and machineprocessable metadata), enabled by a set of suitable agents,
establishes a powerful approach to satisfy the E-tourism
requirements. The process is based on semantic querying
and navigation through tourist services, enabled by the
ontological background. The Semantic Web can be
exploited as a very suitable platform for implementing an
E-tourism information system, because it provides all
means for electronic tourism: ontology development,
ontology-based annotation of tourism objects, their
composition in tourism recourses and active delivery of
the tourism services through E-tourism portals.

Semantic Web Services: Intelligent, high-level services

like information brokers, search agents, information
filters, intelligent information integration, and knowledge
management, are what the users want from the Semantic
Web. They are possible only if a number of ontologies
populate the Web, enabling semantic interoperation
between the agents and the applications on the Semantic
Web, i.e. semantic mappings between terms within the
data, which requires content analysis.
A. Semantic Web and Tourism Information Systems
The Semantic Web appears as a promising
technology for implementing E-tourism information
system. The Semantic Web constitutes an environment
in which human and machine agents will communicate
on a semantic basis [8]. One of its primary
characteristics, viz. shared understanding, is based on
ontologies as its key backbone. Ontologies enable the
organization of tourism objects around small pieces of
semantically annotated tourism objects [9]. Items can
be easily organized into customized tourism services
and delivered on demand to the user, according to
her/his profile and business needs.
The term "Semantic Web" encompasses efforts to
build a new WWW architecture that enhances content
with formal semantics. That means, content is made
suitable for machine consumption, as opposed to
content that is only intended for human consumption.
This will enable automated agents to reason about Web
content, and produce an intelligent response to
unforeseen situations.
Expressing meaning is the main task of the Semantic
Web. In order to achieve that objective several layers of
representational structures are needed. They are

Figure 1. Layers of the Semantic Web

The main style related to our research in the Semantic

Web is the layered architecture. The layered architecture
consists of a number of layers organized hierarchically as
in Figure 1. Each layer provides a service to its upper
layer and serves as a client to the layer below. This kind of
architecture depends on the sequence of incremental steps,
which means the increasing level of abstraction; if the
function of one layer changes, this means that two other
layers may be affected.
In the tourism industry, the Semantic Web technologies
offer considerable benefits in terms of travel management,
content and document management, knowledge
management, supply chain management and integration of

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distributed applications and services [16,17]. The

Semantic Web technologies help in the realization of the
vision of the intelligent wireless Web in the following
ways: Deeper understanding of the semantics of document
content and travel task structure using ontologies, will
help the mobile tourist in intelligent information retrieval,
extraction and processing, thereby helping him to
accomplish elements of a travel plan; Through the
introduction of ontological reasoning, Semantic Web
techniques are suitable for flexibly discovering abilities in
using information that was not specifically designed or
intended for a particular use case. Given the dynamic
nature of travel processes, this would help in on-the fly
resource discovery and integration. Mobile tourists will be
able to dynamically locate highly specific data and
services on an as-needed basis [18].
Travel enterprises very often undertake their processes
in different ways. Differences in the meanings of terms
make collaboration difficult. The use of shared ontologies
and semantic standards will ensure increased
interoperability across devices, platforms and applications
[19].
Separation of presentation and data, as ensured by the
Semantic Web technologies, will ensure the use of the
same middleware tier for both mobile and fixed network
clients. The Semantic Web technologies can provide a
standardized way to interpreting context, enabling both
human and software agents to infer new context
knowledge and consequently take intelligent actions.

Figure 2. Basic Semantic Web Model for Tourist Guide System

C. Using Mobile technology for E-Tourism

B. System Architecture
Our basic Semantic Web framework illustrated in
Figure 2, provides the tourist with different types of
tourism services. In this research study we focus on the
implementation of these services that provide the tourist
with the following services:
-

General information of hotel, restaurant, shops,

hospitals, and companies
The newest events of the plaza and shops.
Hotel, restaurant and cinema-ticket reservations.
displaying the shortest path between the sources and
destinations the visitors specify, and
Semantic search.

On the other hand, the system allows the administrators

to manage the position, blocking path details, to purplish
the general information of shops and plaza, and
reservation details via web browser.

M-tourism means the provision of tourism services on

wireless devices: portable computers, PDAs, mobile
telephones and Tablet PC. Our mobile tourist guide
system has functions to enter and to organize the tourism
objects in the database and to make them available for
tourists and administrators using the E-tourism
management information systems (TMIS) portals in which
the tourism process and its activities have been structured.
The M-tourism object management systems are now
compatible for all kind of user devices, the conventional
desktop PC as well as the mobile devices laptop, PDA and
mobile telephone.
-

The advantages: The advantages of mobile tourism

refer mostly to the mobile user: a great flexibility, an
improved tourist schedule is possible, increased
productivity during dead moments and just in time
tourism.

Difficulties and limitations: Nevertheless they have

very small screens, limited memory capacity and the
large diversity of mobile devices obstruct a good
tourism experience. In the M-tourism field we notice
that the tourism services must answer to specific
conditions. We will have to get around the technical
restrictions so we can create a good tourism services.
The usage of video, audio, clear interfaces and
divided tourism services must contribute to this.
Furthermore we will have to adapt the content to the
needs of the mobile user. Because the user has a
fragmentized time schedule, we will have to be sure

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that the tourism objects are not to long. Dividing the

knowledge in smaller modules offers a solution.

I.
ANALYSIS AND DESIGN METHODS
We build first the general architecture of the system, set
the graphical user interface and design the structure of the
database that stores the required data and information. In
order to achieve our goals we defined the following tasks:
A. System Analysis
The analysis phase is the main phase in which the
assessment system requirements are identified in more
details. The goal of this phase in the system development
is to represent the system goals into defined functions and
operations of the intended applications. The tourist guide
system requirements are documented in a complementary
set of artifacts (flowcharts, use case diagrams, system
sequence diagrams ). Each artifact provides a different
perspective of the system under design and contains
distinct requirements. The combination of these
perspectives establishes the tasks that are to be
accomplished by the system.

Information Gathering Techniques: By assisting of

some specialist employees from different tourism
companies, all the system services and materials are
checked. The following are some information
gathering techniques that used in the tourist guide
system analysis.

Figure 3. The main users of the system

1.

The administrator application: This application

provides the tourism administrator with simple tools
to manage the information of the tourist guide system.
The following are some features provided by the
administrator application:
- Activate/inactivate the system.

Interviews: The most common technique for

gathering requirements is to sit down with the
clients (tourists, tourism companies, and
administrators) and ask them what they need.
Our discussion would help us plan out ahead of
time, based on the type of requirements that we
are looking for.
Prototyping: We use this technique for gathering
requirements. In this approach, we gather
preliminary data and requirements that we use to
build the initial version of the system.

- Import and export the system' database

- Send automatic email immediately containing the
new password whenever the user changes his/her
password.
- Administer the basic data and information of the
system: hotels, restaurant, shops, hospitals,
companies, and etc.
2.

UML (Universal Modeling Language) use-cases

is used also in the analysis of the tourist guide
system as a model tool, in which the functional
requirements are extracted and described along
with a scenario of the flow of events.

- Change account password

- Manage (add, update, delete and display) all the
tourist guide system services.

The system requirements are classified in two types:

functional and non-functional requirements.
3.

Functional requirements: The tourist guide system

allows different types of users to interact with the
system according to given privileges. There are three
main users of the system: administrator, tourism
company, and tourist, as shown in Figure 3. The
system provides the following applications (services)
to each user:

The tourism company application: This application

provides the tourism companies with various tools to
construct the system services. The following are some
features provided by the tourism company
application:

The tourist application: This application provides the

tourist with interactive tools (web-based and mobilebased) to use the system services. The following are
some features provided by the tourist application:
- Create (and change) account password
- Search for information of hotel, restaurant, shops,
hospitals, and companies.

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- Search for the newest events of the plaza and

shops.
- Hotel, restaurant and cinema-ticket reservations.
- Displaying the shortest path between the sources
and destinations the visitors specify.
- Access the tourist guide system through wireless
devices (such as, Mobile phone, PDA and Tablet
PC) and take quick tour.

Non-functional requirements: In this part, we have

verified and proved the system' aspects and interfaces
that are not directly related to the functional behavior,
such as: usability, reliability, supportability,
performance, and security:
-

Usability: Is the system providing a coherent and

flexible user interface that can be used easily with
all users? Has the system an obvious component
which allows the user to navigate easily? Are the
system applications easy to use by tourism
companies and tourists? Is the system adaptive to
user needs? Is the tracking component working
properly and produce the expected results

Supportability: Can the system be easily modified

or extended easily? Can tourism companies and
administrators add materials easily?

Contents and Design: Are the design and contents

of the system satisfactory to tourists, tourism
companies, and system administrators? What are
their feedbacks? Does the system cover well the
topics? Are they useful and meet their goals?
Quality of texts, images, sounds, and clips? We
will compare the progress of tourists.

Performance: Are the performance requirement

concerned with quantifiable attributes of the
system, such as response time, throughput
availability and accuracy?

Flexibility: Is the system flexible, since it will be

used regularly with a new set of initial data and
can accommodate changes in database such as
modifying the contents?

Security: Is the system preventing unauthorized

users to access the system?

Excel, Microsoft Word, SQL Server database system,

MS Visual [Link], and Photo Shop.
To extend our research work, by using Semantic
Web and Mobile technologies, we used other new
languages and tools including: XML- eXtensible
Markup Language, XML Schemas, RDF- Resource
Definition Framework, RDF Schemas, OWL- Web
Ontology Language, and Java 2ME.
B. System Design
Any successful web-based system should have an easy
to use graphical user interface (GUI) that facilitates its use
and flexibility. Thus the proposed system should possess
an attractive GUI that is suitable to the potential users.
The interface should be tested by its users and updated
whenever necessary.
The tourist guide system interface is entirely webbased, and doesnt necessitate any technical skills from
the potential users. The system is appropriate for webbased search, with access to the Internet, or mobile-based
search using the wireless devices.

Database design: Database is an important

component in our system. We have used Microsoft
SQL Server database as a database management
system (DBMS). The DBMS stores the following
entities:
-

Hardware and software resource: We have used

some software during our first prototype of the
system development such as: Windows XP
professional, Windows Server O/S, Microsoft office

Tourist (name, id, nationality, tel, email, )

accompany (name, id, relation, )
Hotel (name, tel, add, )
Hospital (name, tel, add, )
Shops (name, tel, email, add, )
Restaurants (name, tel, email, add, )
Companies (name, tel, email, add, )
Conferences (name, type, location, start_date,
end-date, )
Services (Sno, type,)
Travel_agent (id, name, tel, fax, email, add, )
Tours (location, arrive_time, pickup_time,
location, )
Admin (id, name, tel, email ).

We have chosen the entity-relationship model to

represent the database design. As shown in Figure 4,
we present the initial entity-relationship diagram of
the tourist guide system, that contains the main
entities (tables) used for creating the system database.

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Figure 4. Basic entity relationship diagram

C. Advantages of the System

The proposed research study is of considerable
significance due to the following facts:

The new generation of the Web, the so-called

Semantic Web, appears as a promising technology for
implementing E-tourism systems.

E-tourism and M-tourism (Electronic and Mobile

tourism) research areas can benefit from Semantic
Web technologies. The Semantic Web technology
has enabled by a set of suitable agents, which seems
to be powerful enough to satisfy the E-tourism
requirements fast, and just-in-time.

The study is significant to researchers who will be

working on building Web-based system using new
techniques (such as; Semantic Web, and Mobile
technology) and new languages and tools (such as;
XML- eXtensible Markup Language, XML Schemas,
RDF- Resource Definition Framework, RDF
Schemas, OWL- Web Ontology Language, and Java
2ME ).

The study allows the (new) employees and workers to

use his/her wireless devices (PDA, Mobile telephone,
and Smart phones) anytime and anywhere to know
the places that they are looking for easily and quickly.

Tourists, especially first time tourists, will feel

comfortable. This is because all what they need to
know about national sights; restaurants and other
interesting places will be in front of them by pressing
a few buttons.

The Semantic Web has opened new horizons for

internet applications in general and for E-tourism in
particular.

It is extremely important for Tourism Authority to

improve the tourism services, thus promoting
significant changes among tourism institutions.

The study is significant to the researcher who will be

working on open, hot and recent research areas of the
next generation Web.

Tourists will be able to save time by knowing the

information they need without having to call or spend
time on the internet searching.

First time drivers, or drivers who came from abroad

will be able to find their way quickly and smoothly.

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The hotels, hospitals, companies and other important

sectors will not receive unnecessary calls like calls
that ask about the buildings site or departments
phone numbers, etc. This is because this kind of
information will be available on the proposed system.
The system guides the researchers and guests that
came for conferences to spend an easy tour in the
country.
The system guides the visitors that came from outside
for festivals and Eid period, for places where
celebration is, without wasting their time.

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