Classification of Coplanar Trusses The Method of Joints Zero-Force Members The Method of Sections Compound Trusses Complex Trusses Space Trusses
Common Types of Trusses
roof
Roof Trusses
purlins top cord knee brace bottom cord gusset plate
bay, 5-6 m typical
span, 18 - 30 m, typical
gusset plate
Howe truss 18 - 30 m
Pratt truss 18 - 30 m
Howe truss flat roof
Warren truss flat roof
saw-tooth truss skylight
Fink truss > 30 m
three-hinged arch hangar, gymnasium
Bridge Trusses top cord
sway bracing top lateral bracing
portal bracing stringers portal end post
deck panel
bottom cord
floor beam
trough Pratt truss
Warren truss
deck Pratt truss
parker truss (pratt truss with curved chord)
Howe truss
baltimore truss
K truss
Assumptions for Design
1. All members are connected at both ends by smooth frictionless pins. 2. All loads are applied at joints (member weight is negligible). Notes: Centroids of all joint members coincide at the joint. All members are straight. All load conditions satisfy Hookes law.
Classification of Coplanar Trusses
Simple Trusses C
new members d (new joint)
Compound Trusses
simple truss
simple truss
simple truss
Type 1
simple truss
Type 2
secondary simple truss
secondary simple truss
secondary simple truss
secondary simple truss main simple truss Type 3
Complex Trusses
Determinacy
b + r = 2j b + r > 2j
statically determinate statically indeterminate
In particular, the degree of indeterminacy is specified by the difference in the
numbers (b + r) - 2j.
Stability b + r < 2j b + r > 2j
unstable unstable if truss support reactions are concurrent or parallel or if some of the components of the truss form a collapsible mechanism
External Unstable
Unstable-parallel reactions
Unstable-concurrent reactions
10
Internal Unstable F C O
8 + 3 = 11 < 2(6)
AD, BE, and CF are concurrent at point O
11
Example 3-1 Classify each of the trusses in the figure below as stable, unstable, statically determinate, or statically indeterminate. The trusses are subjected to arbitrary external loadings that are assumed to be known and can act anywhere on the trusses.
12
SOLUTION
Externally stable, since the reactions are not concurrent or parallel. Since b = 19, r = 3, j = 11, then b + r = 2j or 22 = 22. Therefore, the truss is statically determinate. By inspection the truss is internally stable.
Externally stable. Since b = 15, r = 4, j = 9, then b + r > 2j or 19 > 18. The truss is statically indeterminate to the first degree. By inspection the truss is internally stable.
13
Externally stable. Since b = 9, r = 3, j = 6, then b + r = 2j or 12 = 12. The truss is
statically determinate. By inspection the truss is internally stable.
Externally stable. Since b = 12, r = 3, j = 8, then b + r < 2j or 15 < 16. The truss is internally unstable.
14
The Method of Joints
500 N
2m
Ax = 500 N
45o
Ay = 500 N
500 N 45o
FBA
Cy = 500 N
+ F = 0: x
Joint B y B
2m
FBC
500 - FBCsin45o = 0 FBC = 707 N (C) +
Fy = 0:
- FBA + FBCcos45o = 0 FBA = 500 N (T)
15
500 N
2m
Ax = 500 N
45o
Ay = 500 N
2m
C Cy = 500 N
Joint A + F = 0: x
500 N
500 N
FAC
500 - FAC = 0 FAC = 500 N (T)
500 N
16
Zero-Force Members 0
C 0
0 0
Ey C
FCB
Dx
Dy
+ F = 0: F = 0 x CB Fy = 0: FCD = 0
+ FCD FAB A
FAE
Fy = 0: FABsin = 0,
FAB = 0
+ F = 0: F + 0 = 0, x AE
FAE = 0
17
Example 3-4 Using the method of joints, indicate all the members of the truss shown in the figure below that have zero force.
B C H
18
SOLUTION
Ax
Ax
C H
Gx
FDC FDE
Joint D
Fy = 0:
+ F = 0: x
0 D 0
P FDCsin = 0,
FDC = 0
FDE + 0 = 0,
FDE = 0
FEC E
FEF
Joint E + F = 0: x
FEF = 0
19
Ax
B 0
Ax
Gx
D 0
y Joint H
FHB
FHA
+ F = 0: y
FHB = 0
FHF x
FGA Gx
Joint G FGF
Fy = 0:
FGA = 0
20
Example 3-5 Determine all the member forces Identify zero-force members 5@3m = 15 m 1 kN K
5m A
B 2 kN
C 2 kN
G E
2 kN
21
5@3m = 15 m
SOLUTION Use method of joints Kx
1 kN K
0 Ky
5m
Ax A Ay
2 kN
2 kN
4 18 2(11) r + b = 2j,
+ MA = 0:
G E
2 kN
Determinate Stable
K x (5) 2(3) 2(6) 2(9) 1(12) = 0
Kx = 7.6 kN, + F = 0: x +
Fy = 0:
7.6 + Ax = 0,
Ax = 7.6 kN,
Ay 2 2 2 1 = 0,
Ay = 7 kN,
22
5@3m = 15 m 1 kN 7.6 kN K
0 5m A 7.6 kN Use method of joint
B 2 kN
C 2 kN
G E
0 0
2 kN
7 kN
Joint F +
y FFG
FFE
F y = 0:
FFE sin = 0
FFE = 0
x + F = 0: x
FFG = 0
23
5@3m = 15 m 1 kN 7.6 kN K
0 5m A 7.6 kN
B 2 kN
C 2 kN
2 kN
7 kN Joint E + y
FEG cos = 0
FEG = 0
FEG
FED
F y = 0:
+ F = 0: x
-FED = 0
24
5@3m = 15 m 1 kN 7.6 kN K
0 5m A 7.6 kN
B 2 kN
C 2 kN
D 2 kN
F 2 3
= tan 1 ( ) = 33.69 o
7 kN Joint G +
+ F = 0: x
FHG + 1.803 cos 33.69 = 0
FHG = 1.5 kN (T)
0
FDG
FDG sin 33.69 o 1 = 0
FDG = 1.803 kN (C)
1 kN FHG 33.69
F y = 0:
25
5@3m = 15 m 1 kN 7.6 kN K
H 0
0 5m A 7.6 kN
B 2 kN
C 2 kN
0 0
2 kN
7 kN Joint H + y FHI
1.5 kN
F y = 0:
+ F = 0: x
FHD = 0
FHI + 1.5 = 0
FHI = 1.5 kN (T)
FHD
26
Use method of sections
3m
3m
1 kN
33.69o
FHI I FDI
FDC
3m
G E
F 18.44o
2 kN + MD = 0:
FHI (2) 1(3) = 0
FHI = 1.5 kN (T)
+ MF = 0:
FDI sin 33.69(9) + 1(3) + 2(6) = 0
FDI = 3 kN (T) + MI = 0:
Check : +
F y = 0:
FDC sin 18.44(9) 1(6) 2(3) = 0
FDC = -4.25 kN (C)
3 -4.25 FDI sin 33.69 FDC sin 18.44 2 1 = 0
O.K.
27
The Method of Sections
a
Dy
Dx
2m A 100 N
2m
2m
FBC
A 100 N
G 2m
Ex
2m + MG = 0: 100(2) - FBC(2) = 0 FBC = 100 N (T)
FGC 45o
FGF
Fy = 0: -100 + FGCsin45o = 0 FGC = 141.42 N (T) + MC = 0: 100(4) - FGF(2) = 0 FGF = 200 N (C)
28
Example 3-6 Determine member force CD, ID, and IH
5@3m = 15 m 1 kN K
5m A
B 2 kN
C 2 kN
G E
2 kN
29
SOLUTION
3m
3m
Use method of sections
1 kN
33.69o
FHI I FDI
FDC
3m
+1.50E+00
G E
F 18.44o
2 kN + MD = 0:
FHI (2) 1(3) = 0
-4.22E+00 3.00E+00
FHI = 1.5 kN (T)
+ MF = 0:
FDI sin 33.69(9) + 1(3) + 2(6) = 0
FDI = 3 kN (T) + MI = 0:
Check : +
F y = 0:
FDC sin 18.44(9) 1(6) 2(3) = 0
FDC = -4.25 kN (C)
3 -4.25 FDI sin 33.69 FDC sin 18.44 2 1 = 0
O.K.
30
Example 3-7 Determine the force in members GF and GD of the truss shown in the figure below. State whether the members are in tension or compression. The reactions at the supports have been calculated. G H
Example 3-8 Determine the force in members BC and MC of the K-truss shown in the figure below. State whether the members are in tension or compression. The reactions at the supports have been calculated. L
13 kN
K N
6 kN 5m
5m
H P
6 kN 5m
8 kN 5m
3m 3m
7 kN 5m
5m
33
SOLUTION A
M a
6 kN 5m
13 kN
5m
H P
6 kN 5m
8 kN 5m
3m 3m
7 kN 5m
5m
Section a-a L 6m
FLM FBM
A B
13 kN
FLK FBC
+ ML = 0: FBC(6) - 13(5) = 0, FBC = 10 kN (T)
6 kN 5m
34
L b
K N
5m FKL FKM FCM 10 kN
b 5m
6 kN 5m + MK = 0:
7 kN
5m I
5m
5m
H P
O E
8 kN 5m
3m 3m
8 kN
5m
N 31o
6 kN
I O
6 kN
13 kN
3m 3m
7 kN 5m
5m
-FCMcos31o(6) - 10(6) - 8(5) + 7(20) = 0
FCM = 7.77 kN (T)
35
Compound Trusses Procedure for Analysis Step 1. Identify the simple trusses Step 2. Obtain external loading Step 3. Solve for simple trusses separately
36
Example 3-9 Indicate how to analyze the compound truss shown in the figure below. The reactions at the supports have been calculated. 4m H
FDG = 18.92 kN (T) Analysis of each connected simple truss can now be performed using the method of joints. Joint A : Determine FAB and FAD Joint D : Determine FDC and FDB Joint C : Determine FCB
43
Example 3-11 Indicate how to analyze the symmetrical compound truss shown in the figure below. The reactions at the supports have been calculated. E 3 kN
5o
3 kN
5o
Ax = 0 kN
45o
5o
5o
45o
Ay = 4.62 kN
Fy = 4.62 kN
5 kN 6m
6m
44
E 3 kN
5o
3 kN
5o
Ax = 0 kN
45o
C Fy = 4.62 kN
5 kN
FAE
6m FEC E 1.5 kN
3 kN
1.5 kN
F G
D H C
A FAE
45o
B 6m
3 kN
5o
Ay = 4.62 kN
5o
1.5 kN
1.5 kN
FEC
45
E 3 kN
5o
3 kN
5o
Ax = 0 kN
45o
5o
5o
45o
Ay = 4.62 kN
45o
Fy = 4.62 kN
5 kN 6m
1.5 kN
6m FAE
1.5 kN
1.5 kN 45o
45o
45o
A 1.5 kN A 4.62 kN
1.5 kN 45o
45o
B 5 kN
C 4.62 kN
Fy = 0:
FAB
4.62 kN
4.62 - 1.5sin45o - FAEsin45o = 0
FAE = 5.03 kN (C)
+ F = 0: x
1.5cos45o - 5.03cos45o + FAB = 0
FAB = 2.50 kN (T) 46
Complex Trusses F
P 3 9 2(6) r + b = 2j,
D FAD
Determinate Stable
C B
+ C B
fEC
FEC
Xx
FEC + x fEC = 0 FEC = FAD x= fEC Fi = Fi + x fi
C B
47
Example 3-12 Determine the force in each member of the complex truss shown in the figure below. Assume joints B, F, and D are on the same horizontal line. State whether the members are in tension or compression.
20 kN
1m 0.25 m
45o
45o
1m A
E 2.5 m
48
SOLUTION
20 kN
1m 0.25 m
45o
45o
1m A
Fi = F'i + x fi
2.5 m
B A
45o
20 kN F
45o
F'BD+ x fBD = 0 F'BD x= fBD
D E
45o
1 kN
45o
D E
49
First determine reactions and next use the method of joint, start at join C, F, E, D, and B. C 4 1 . 14
1m 0.25 m B 1 m +10 20 kN A
20 kN -1 4.1 4
45o
45o
-10
D -18
0 0
4 21.5
+ x 0
2.5 m 18 kN
7 0 7 0. 45o
B -0.3
7 .7 0
(20x2.25)/2.5 = 18 kN C 7 0 . 7
0.25 m 1m
B 7 A
20 kN 18 kN
45o
7 0 . 7
16.15
-5.39
2.5 m
7. 07
-0.539
FBD + xf BD = 0
0. 70 7
D -0.3 E 0
10 + x(1) = 0 x = 10
20 kN -2 1.2 10 1 F o 45
45o
9 -0.53
1m
-0 .70 7 1 kN
D -21 E 18 kN
50
Space Trusses Determinacy and Stability P
b + r < 3j
unstable truss
b + r = 3j
statically determinate-check stability
b + r > 3j
statically determinate-check stability
51
z y
Fy
short link
x z
y x
roller
slotted roller y constrained in a cylinder
ball-and -socket
Fx x
Fz z
Fz
Fy
Fx x
Fz
52
x, y, z, Force Components. z
l = x2 + y 2 + z 2
Fz F
Fy
Fx z
x Fx = F ( ) l
x y
y Fy = F ( ) l 2
z Fz = F ( ) l
F = Fx + Fy + Fz
Zero-Force Members z
Case 1
Case 2
FD
FC
FD
A B
y B
A FA = 0
FB
Fz = 0 ,
y FA
FD = 0
FC = 0
FB
Fz = 0 ,
FB = 0
Fy = 0 ,
FD = 0
53
Example 3-13 Determine the force in each member of the space truss shown in the figure below. The truss is supported by a ball-and-socket joint at A, a slotted roller joint at B, and a cable at C. C
z B
D 2.67 kN 2.44 m
1.22 m
1.22 m 2.44 m
54
SOLUTION
Cy
By
Bx
2.67 kN
2.44 m Ay Ax
E Az
1.22 m y
2.44 m x The truss is statically determinate since b + r = 3j or 9 + 6 = 3(5) My = 0:
