O Rings

O-Ring | Technical Handbook
Manufacturer and Worldwide Supplier

High Performance O-Rings and Seals
NewDealSeals
O-Ring | Technical Handbook
Table of Contents
Company profile
07
2
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
Quick guide for O-Ring selection

Select the elastomer
Select the hardness
Select the O-Ring dimensions
Select the groove dimensions
09
09
13
13
15
3
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
Introduction O-Ring
What is an O-Ring?
How do O-Rings seal?
O-Ring applications
Fields of application
Advantages of O-Rings
16
16
16
20
24
25
4
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
4.5
4.6
4.7
4.8
Materials
Introduction
List of synthetic elastomers
Main properties of elastomers
Basic elastomers for O-Rings
Selection of the base compound
Selection right properties of a compound
Chemical compatibility guide
Standard materials
26
26
27
29
30
37
41
50
105
5
5.1
5.1.1
5.1.2
5.2
5.3
5.3.1
5.3.2
5.3.3
5.3.4
5.3.5
5.4
5.4.1
5.4.2
5.4.3
5.5
5.5.1
5.5.2
5.5.3
Design recommendations
Select the O-Ring size
Select the inside diameter
Select the cross-section
Select the hardness / radial clearance
Determine the groove dimensions
Introduction
Temperature
Initial compression
O-Ring compression force
Groove fill
Seal housing design
Lead-in chamfer
Surfaces
Vacuum applications
Installation
Assembly
Lubrication
Cleanliness
120
120
120
124
125
128
128
128
128
131
131
132
132
133
134
136
136
136
136
137
137
137
139
140
142
143
6.
6.1
6.1.1
6.1.2
6.1.3
6.1.4
6.2
O-Ring groove design

Static applications
Groove dimensions for
Dynamic applications
7
7.1
7.2
7.3
7.4
7.5
Standard O-Ring dimensions

International standards
AS 568 B
ISO 3601-1 / DIN 3771
SMS 1586
Metric sizes
148
148
149
162
166
167
8
8.1
8.2
O-Ring quality acceptance criteria

Inside diameters (d1), cross-section (d2) and tolerances (ISO 3601-1)
Control of the surface (ISO 3601-3)
168
168
175
O-Ring failure analysis
178
10
10.1
10.2
10.3
10.4
10.5
10.6
Language of rubber
Introduction
A little bit of chemistry
Polymerization
From polymerization to synthetic rubber
Introduction to compounding
Vulcanization
186
186
186
187
189
191
192
11
Storage of rubber seals
199
12
Glossary
200
radial and axial installation

dovetail installation
crush seal installation
vacuum applications
Company profile
NewDealSeals was founded in 1994, and, in cooperation with our partner Origom, specializes in
manufacturing and supplying the highest quality O-Rings and sealing components in the industry.
With thousands of standard parts in stock, we strive to deliver the products that you need, when you
need them and at the best prices available.
The marketing staff of NewDealSeals is trained to speak various languages and with the aid of the most
modern computer and communication technologies, we are the customers reference point for enquiries
and technical questions.
NewDealseals and Origom are able to satisfy any kind of requirements from O-Ring and Seal consumers, having at its disposal more then 40 hydraulic presses for the production of O-Rings, tools for more
then 6000 different O-Ring sizes (ranges from inside diameter 0.74 to 1500 mm) and dealing with 300
different types of rubber materials.
The production process is kept under constant statistical control (24 hours a day) by means of specific
software. The products can be supplied with the relevant Cp and Cpk statistical results of all the production parameters. Through non standard-production process control, it is possible to lower the qualitative
quantitative fault acceptance there hold AQL 0,65 AQL 0,40 Zero defect (meant as part per million
ppmm). The potential annual production capacity based on a calculation of the average of the sizes is
1,500,000,000 pieces.
We export 65% of our products worldwide, and the industrial fields we serve amongst others are:
Naval construction - Specializing in Marine Diesel Engines
Domestic engineering - Specializing in Domestic Heating equipment
Hydraulic sealing
Automotive
Technical trading
07
Quick guide for O-Ring selection
2.1 Select the elastomer

The most important characteristics of the material to be selected are:
Temperature resistance
Chemical resistance
The figure below shows the heat and oil resistance of various elastomers. For specific resistance to
chemicals see the chemical compatibility guide (section 4.7).
325
FFKM
300
275
250
NBR
Max working temperature (C)
225
200
FKM
FVMQ
175
150
ACM
EPDM
HNBR
125
100
NBR
CR
NR
75
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
Change of volume in oil (%)
Figure 2-1: Elastomer heat resistance / oil resistance

On the following pages a short list can be found of the most used materials and their main
characteristics.
09
NBR N70N00L
Trade name
Temperature
Chemical resistance
Applications
hydraulic and lubricating oils
Hydraulic oils, Vegetable oils,
range
Nitrile,
-30 / +108C
Animal fats, Acetylene, Alcohols,
Buna N,
Perbunan
animal and vegetable oils
Chemigum
aliphatic hydrocarbons:
Water, Air, Fuels.
(LPG gases, butane, propane,

petroleum oil,petrol, kerosene,
diesel fuels) water
not compatible with:
aromatic hydrocarbons
(benzene) chlorinated
hydrocarbons (trichloroethylene)
polar solvents (ketone, acetone,
acetic acid) strong acids
brake fluid ozone, weather and
atmospheric aging
Table 2-1: Main characteristics NBR N70N00L

FKM V70N00E
Trade name
Temperature
Chemical resistance
Applications
range
Viton,
hydraulic fluids
high temperature to oils, fats
Fluorel
-20 / +204C
mineral and vegetable oils
and fuels
Tecnoflon
chemical industry
(fuel, butane, propane, natural
vacuum applications
gas)
(benzene, toluene)
chlorinated hydrocarbons
(trichloroethylene, carbon tetrachloride fuels, also with methanol content vacuum
ozone, weather and aging
resistant
10
glycol based brake fluids,

ammonia gas, amines, alkalis
superheated steam
Table 2-2: Main characteristics FKM V70N00E
HNBR H70N00C
Trade name
Temperature
Chemical resistance
Applications
oil and fuel resistant components
(fuel, butane, propane,
automotive industry
range
Therban,
-25 / +150C
Zetpol
natural gas)
hydraulic fluids
water and steam up to
150C
ozone, aging resistant
chlorinated hydrocarbons
(trichloroethylene, carbon
tetrachloride
polar solvents (ketone,
acetone, acetic acid)
strong acids
Table 2-3: Main characteristics HNBR H70N00C

EPDM E70N00L
Trade name
Temperature
Chemical resistance
Applications
range
Nordel,
hot water and steam
brake fluid components
Keltan,
-50 / +150C
(up to 150 C)
window profiles
Buna EP
glycol based brake fluids

organic and inorganic acids
hot water applications
cleaning agents, soda and potassium alkalis

phosphate-ester based
hydraulic fluids
polar solvents (alcohol,
ketones, esters)
ozone, weather and ageing
resistant
mineral oils
11
Table 2-4: Main characteristics EPDM E70N00L
VMQ S70R00E
Trade name
Temperature
Chemical resistance
Applications
range
Silicone,
engine and transmission oil
electrical insulation
Elastosil,
-60 / +230C
medical and food industry.
Silastic
moderate water resistance
for extremely high or low tempera-
diluted salt solutions
ture range, air, oxygen, dry heat,
hot air
ozone, hot water to 150C, and
excellent ozone, weather and
glycol based brake fluids
aging resistant
superheated steam over 121C
acids and alkalis
aromatic mineral oils
hydrocarbon based fuels
(benzene, toluene)
Table 2-5: Main characteristics VMQ S70R00E

FFKM X70N00T
Trade name
Temperature
Chemical resistance
Applications
range
Kalrez,
hydraulic fluids oils
superior material, chemical
Chemraz,
-15 / +316C
most hydrocarbons
resistance equal to PTFE.
Simriz
majority of chemicals
very expensive material
Parafluor
perfluorinated hydrocarbons,
molten alkali metals
12
Table 2-6: Main characteristics FFKM X70N00T
2.2 Select the hardness

The hardness of 70 Shore A is most common and it gives a good sealing performance.
If the pressures is higher >5MPa a hardness of 90 Shore A can be chosen to prevent extrusion of the
O-Ring. For pressures of more than 10 MPa (100 bar) we recommend the use of Back-Up rings.
Of course, depending on the application, the material, cross-section and the clearance are important.
For construction details see the more detailed information in the next sections.
Hardness (IRHD)
Pressure (MPa)
70
<5
90
5-10
Back-Up rings necessary
>10
Figure 2-2: Hardness/pressure table
2.3 Select the O-Ring dimensions

Determine the application
Axial
Static
Radial
Sealing
Radial oscillating
applications
Dynamic
Radial reciprocating
Radial rotary
Figure 2-3: Flow chart O-Ring applications

13
Select the inside diameter (d1)
Figure 2-4: O-Ring

Axial installation (static):
When the pressure is from the inside, the outside diameter of the O-Ring
should be 1-2% larger than the outside groove diameter.
When the pressure is from the outside, the inside diameter of the O-Ring
should be 1-3% smaller than the inside groove diameter.
Radial installation (static and dynamic):
Outer sealing (piston seal)

The O-Ring inside diameter should be equal or max. 5% smaller than the inside groove diameter.
Inner sealing (rod seal)

The O-Ring inside diameter should not differ much, if at all, from the rod diameter,
the exception being the O-Ring used as a rotary seal. In this case the O-Ring inside diameter
needs to be 3% larger than the rod diameter.
14
Select the cross-section (d2)

In general an O-Ring with a larger cross-section generally has a better compression set, less swell and
accepts larger tolerances. Disadvantages are the larger supporting structure and increased friction.
Consequently a smaller cross-section is usually preferred for dynamic applications. The table on the
next page can be used as a rough guideline for the cross-sections.
Cross-section (mm)
Inside diameter range (mm)
1.6
0-13
2.4
13-25
3.5
25-40
5.3
40-115
>115
Table 2-7: Cross-section/inside diameter table

Use standard sizes, preferably according to the AS 568 B section 7.2.
2.4 Select the groove dimensions

The necessary data can be found in the tables.
Static applications:
Radial and axial installation (Table 6-1)
Dovetail installation (Table 6-2)
Crush seal installation (Table 6-3)
Vacuum applications (Table 6-4)
Dynamic applications:
Media: hydraulic fluids and lubricating fluids (Table 6-5)
Media: poor lubrication and gases (Table 6-6)
In the following chapters more information can be found about various O-Ring materials together
with their background, characteristics, groove dimensions and quality criteria.
15
Introduction O-Ring
3.1 What is an O-Ring?

An O-Ring is the most commonly used part for static and dynamic seals, with world production
amounting to billions per year.
In 1937 Niels A Christensen, a Danish emigrant to the USA was awarded a patent for this ring
with the perfect geometrical shape.
The O-Ring is an efficient, cost-effective sealing element for a great diversity of applications.
It is extensively used virtually in all branches of industry.
Elastomer materials in different formulations ensure that almost any medium can be reliably
sealed off. The O-Ring is torus, providing an endless round sealing with a circular cross-section.
Figure 3-1: O-Ring

O-Ring dimensions:
Inside diameter d1
From approx. 0.74 mm to 1500 mm
Cross-section d2
From approx. 0.35 mm to 20 mm
3.2 How do O-Rings seal?

An O-Ring seals by blocking any potential leak path of a fluid (liquid or gas) between two closely spaced
surfaces. The O-Ring is usually installed in a machined groove in one of the surfaces to be sealed.
As the two surfaces are brought together, they squeeze the cross-section of the O-Ring.
16
This results in a deformation of the O-Ring cross-section. The greater the squeeze, the larger the deformation.
Figure 3-2: O-Ring deformation
It is the unique characteristics of the elastomer material used in O-Rings that makes the O-Ring such
a good seal. The elastomer, a highly viscous, incompressible fluid with high surface tension, has a
capacity to remember its original shape for a long time.
In low pressure applications (in which the confined fluid exerts little or no pressure on the O-Ring),
the tendency of the elastomer to maintain its original shape creates the seal. As the O-Ring is deformed
when the mating surfaces are brought together, it exerts a force against the mating surfaces equal to
the force necessary to squeeze it, as illustrated in the figure. The areas of contact between the O-Ring
and the mating surfaces (contact bands) act as a barrier that blocks the passage of the fluid.
contact band
no compression
contact band
slight compression
normal compression
Figure 3-3: O-Ring sealing low pressure application

In applications in which higher pressure is exerted by the confined fluid, the sealing action of the O-Ring
caused by the squeeze of its cross-section is augmented by fluid pressure, transmitted through the elastomer. The O-Ring is forced to the side of the groove, away from the pressure. As it is pressed against the
side, the O-Ring cross-section is deformed into a D configuration as shown in the Figure. The elastomer
exerts equal force in all directions and is forced up to (but not into) the gap between the mating surfaces.
moderate pressure
high pressure
Figure 3-4: O-Ring sealing moderate and high pressure application
17
When pressure is released, the O-Ring returns to approximately its original shape on installation, ready
for the next application of pressure. The O-Ring is also able to seal in both directions. In a doubly acting
system in which pressure application changes form one side of the O-Ring to the other, the O-Ring
moves, seating itself in the opposite side of the groove.
pressure
Figure 3-5: O-Ring sealing reversed pressure application

If pressure exceeds the limits of the O-Ring, or if the gap that the O-Ring must block is too large, the
elastomer will enter the narrow gap between the inner and outer surfaces. This may result in extrusion
failure, causing the fluid to leak. Extrusion resulting from high pressure and other causes is explained
in the section O-Ring failures.
O-Ring extruding
Figure 3-6: O-Ring extrusion
18
extrusion failure
3.3 O-Ring applications

This section provides an overview of the most common types of the O-Ring sealing applications.
More specific information is provided in section 5, Design recommendations.
All O-Ring sealing applications can be classified as either static or dynamic.
Static seals
In a static application there is no relative motion between parts of the groove which contact the O-Ring.
Small amounts of movement, caused by thermal expansion, vibration, bolt stretch or O-Ring response
to fluid pressure, do not alter the static definition. Static seals are often categorized according to the
direction in which compression is applied to the O-Ring cross-section. There are two basic directions
of compression: axial and radial. There are also applications which combine both axial and radial
compression (crush seals). However, to achieve the best results the compression should be applied in
one direction only to allow the O-Ring expansion.
Static axial seals
In this application the compression is on the top and bottom of the O-Ring, which is similar to a flat
gasket. Static axial seals are typically utilized in face seal applications, as illustrated in the figure below.
O-Ring
Figure 3-7: Typical static axial seal

20
Static radial seals

This application means that the compression is between the inside diameter and the outside diameter of
the O-Ring. Typical static radial seals are cap seals and plug seals.
O-Ring
Figure 3-8: Typical static radial seal

Although uncompromised radial or axial compression is the preferred approach, O-Rings are extremely
flexible and tend to work in grooves of various shapes and in many directions of compression.
For example, in crush seals the squeeze exerted on the O-Ring is angular (diagonal) through the O-Ring
cross-section. In a crush seal application, the O-Ring is confined in a triangular groove whose volume is
a little, if at all, greater than the O-Ring.
O-Ring
21
Figure 3-9: Typical crush seal application
The lack of free volume is a disadvantage of the crush seal. The O-Ring is more susceptible to damage
during installation and upon high temperature excursions during which the relatively higher coefficient
of expansion of the O-Ring may cause the metal components to warp.
Dynamic seals
In dynamic sealing applications there is relative movement between the parts of the groove, i. e.
O-Rings are subject to a sliding action against the surface. This motion causes difficulties that cause
design problems different from those of static seals. For the great majority of dynamic applications,
O-Rings are squeezed radially and are subjected to reciprocating motion, either intermittent or
continuous, or, less frequently, to an intermittent rotary or oscillating motion.
Reciprocating seals
In this type of application, there is a relative reciprocating (back and forth) motion along the shaft
axis between the inner and outer elements of the groove. O-Rings used in reciprocating applications
are called piston or rod seals.
rod seal
piston seal
rod
22
Figure 3-10: Reciprocating seal
piston
Oscillating seals
In this application, the inner and outer components of the groove move in an arc around the axis of
the shaft, first in one direction and then in the opposite direction, usually intermittently, with no more
than a few turns in each direction. The most common application for oscillating O-Ring seals is in valves.
shaft rotates in both directions
O-Ring
Figure 3-11: Oscillating seal

Other dynamic seals
O-Rings are extremely versatile and may be used in applications in which the data for ordinary reciprocating or oscillating seals do not apply. For example, O-Rings have proven to be practical seals in many
rotary applications in which either the inner or outer component of the construction continuously turns
around the axis of the shaft. However, special attention has to be paid to the design parameters.
O-Ring
23
Figure 3-12: Rotary seal
Other types of O-Ring uses

Although O-Rings are most frequently used in hydraulic or liquid containment applications, they are
also used in pneumatic and vacuum applications and in non-sealing applications, such as seatbelts
and bumpers. Although there are many other applications only a brief explanation of the more common
ones is given below.
Pneumatic and vacuum O-Ring sealing
The typical static and dynamic seals illustrated so far are used to seal liquids. Pneumatic and vacuum
seals may include standard forms of both static and dynamic sealing applications. However, they are
used to seal gases rather than liquids and therefore they require different design considerations.
3.4 Fields of application

On the previous pages we have shown the most common O-Ring applications.
To select the appropriate O-Ring the following parameters have to be considered:
1. Application
Static (up to 5 MPa (50 Bar); >5 MPa with Back-Up ring)
Dynamic (up to 5 MPa)
2. Media
Chemical compatibility against fluids
3. Temperature ranges
Permanent temperatures
Peak temperatures
Exposure duration
4. Process pressures
5. Maximum gap dimensions
24
6. Relative speed
Linear max. 0.5 m/s
Rotating max. 2 m/s
7. Special requirements
With highly stressed seal applications:
Operating pressures exceeding 5 MPa
Permanent high temperatures
Unfavourable gap dimensions
Back-Up rings are recommended as a general principle.

The use of O-Rings for dynamic sealing is limited. The application possibilities are limited by the relative
speeds in interaction with the effective pressures. An increase in temperature as a result of frictional heat
must also be taken into account.
3.5 Advantages of O-Rings
They seal over a wide range of pressure, temperature and tolerance.
Ease of service or re-tightening.
O-Rings require very little room and are light in weight.
In many cases an O-Ring can be reused, an advantage over non-elastic flat seals and crush-type gaskets.
O-Ring failure is usually gradual and easily identified.
They are cost-effective.
25
Materials
4.1 Introduction
The term rubber originally meant the material obtained from the rubber tree Hevea Brasiliensis.
Today a distinction is made between crude rubbers and vulcanized rubbers, or elastomers.
Elastomer is the preferred term for vulcanized rubber.
Unlike crude rubber, elastomers are elastic materials i.e. they have the ability to deform considerably
under the application of force and then snap back to almost their original shape when the force is
removed. The term elastomer is derived from the words elastic polymer. Most of the materials used
today are manufactured synthetically.
Modern compounds contain 50 to 60% base polymer. An elastomer compound consists of:
Reinforcing agents (for example carbon black)
Vulcanizing agents
Accelerators
Plasticizers
Anti-degrading agents
Pigments
Process aids
The compound is made by repeatedly mixing the base polymer with the additives either in a closed
Banbury mixer or in an open mixer.
Cross-linking between the polymer chains is formed during the vulcanization process.
Cross-linking of the molecules changes the raw material from a plastic-like to an elastic one.
26
Figure 4-1: Elastomer cross-linked
For more information about the background of the materials please see the section 10, Language of
rubber. Most common elastomers will be introduced on the following pages which will facilitate the
choice of the right material during the design process of a good sealing solution.
4.2 List of synthetic elastomers

Many elastomer types have been developed to create the best mechanical and chemical properties
for specific applications. Elastomers are classified into groups as per IS0 1629 or ASTM D 1418.
The following tables provide a summary of the various elastomers and material groups. NewDealSeals
can offer a large number of materials within each group.
Designation
Trade Name
Abbreviation
ISO 1629
Acrylonite-Butadiene Elastomer
Perbunan
(Nitrile Rubber)
Buna-N
Fluorocarbon Elastomer
Viton
ASTM D 1418
NBR
NBR
FKM
FKM
EPDM
EPDM
VMQ
VMQ
Fluorel
Tecnoflon
Ethylene Propylene Diene Elastomer
Dutral
Keltan
Nordel
Silicone Elastomer
Elastosil
Rhodorsil
Silastic
Silopren
Fluorosilicone Elastomer
Silastic
FVMQ
FVMQ
Tetrafluorethylene-Propylene Copolymer Elastomer
Aflas
FEPM
TFE / P
Hydrogenated Acrylonitrile-Butadiene Elastomer
Therban
HNBR
HNBR
CR
CR
Zetpol
Chloroprene Elastomer
Neoprene
Baypren
Butyl Elastomer
Esso Butyl
IIR
IIR
Styrene-Butadiene Elastomer
Buna S
SBR
SBR
NR
WR
FFKM
FFKM
Europrene
Natural Elastomer
Perfluoro Elastomer
Kalrez
Zalak
Chemraz
Table 4-1: Elastomers
27
Chemical name
Abbreviation
DIN/ISO 1629
ASTM D 1418
Polyacrylate Rubber
ACM
ACM
Ethylene Acrylate Rubber
AEM
Chlorosulphonated Polyethylene Rubber
CSM
CSM
Ethylene Propylene Diene Rubber
EPDM
EPDM
Ethylene Propylene Rubber
EPM
EPM
Fluorocarbon Rubber
FKM
FKM
Perfluoro Rubber
FFKM
FFKM
Epichlorohydrin Rubber
CO
CO
Epichlorohydrin Copolymer Rubber
ECO
ECO
Chloroprene Rubber
CR
CR
Butyl Rubber
IIR
IIR
Acrylonitrile Butadiene Rubber
NBR
NBR
Natural Rubber
NR
NR
Styrene Butadiene Rubber
SBR
SBR
Hydrogenated Nitrile Butadiene Rubber
HNBR
HNBR
Fluorosilicone Rubber
FVMQ
FVMQ
Methyl Vinyl Silicone Rubber
VMQ
VMQ
Polyester Urethane
AU
AU
Polyether Urethane
EU
EU
M Group
(saturated carbon molecules in main macro-molecule-chain)
O Group
(with oxygen molecules in the main macro-molecule chain)
R Group
(unsaturated hydrogene carbon chain)
Q Group
(with Silicone in the main chain)
U - Group
(with carbon, oxygen and nitrogen in the main chain)
28
Table 4-2: The most important types of synthetic rubber, their grouping and abbreviations
4.3 Main properties of elastomers

Elastomers are complex materials that exhibit unique combinations of useful properties.
The first and foremost property is elasticity. All elastomers have the ability to deform substantially
by stretching, compression or torsion and then, after removal of the force causing the deformation,
snap back to almost their original shape.
Besides elastic recovery, the majority of elastomers possess other useful properties, including:
Low permeability to air, several gases, water and steam
Good electrical and thermal insulation
Good mechanical properties
The capability of adhering to metals and plastics
By proper selection of compound ingredients, products with improved or specific properties can be
designed to meet a wide variety of service conditions.
Main properties:
Specific weight
Hardness
Tensile strength
Elongation
Modulus
Tear strength
Compressions set
Resistance to fluids
Chemical resistance
Resistance to ozone
Resistance to low temperatures
Resistance to accelerating ageing
29
4.4 Basic elastomers for O-Rings

The following paragraph briefly reviews various elastomers currently available
for use in O-Rings and other seals.
NBR (Acrylonitrile-Butadiene Rubber)
Acrylonitrile-butadiene or nitrile rubbers are copolymers of butadiene and acrylonitrile. The acrylonitrile
content of these compounds varies considerably - from 18% to 50% - and influences the physical
properties of the finished material. As the acrylonitrile content is increased the following changes in
the
vulcanizate properties occur:
Resistance to petroleum-based fluids and hydrocarbon fuels increases
Low-temperature flexibility decreases
Rebound resilience decreases
Compression set decreases
Gas permeability decreases
Heat resistance improves
Ozone resistance improves
Abrasion resistance improves
Tensile strength increases
Hardness increases
Density increases
The standard NBR compounds have a medium content of ACN (33%) and are a compromise between
the opposing properties of the material. In comparison with other elastomers NBR has good mechanical
properties and high wear resistance. NBR is not resistant to weathering and ozone. NBR vulcanizates
are the most widely used elastomers for sealing applications because NBR is resistant to a wide range
of petroleum-based greases and fluids, vegetable and animal oils, silicone greases and oils, water and
aqueous solutions of non oxidizing chemicals. Specially formulated compounds extend the range of
applications in which NBR can be used. The operating temperatures range between -30C and +108C.
30
EPM, EPDM (Ethylene-Propylene Rubber)

There are two types of the ethylene-propylene rubbers:
EPM, a fully saturated copolymer of ethylene and propylene and
EPDM, a terpolymer of ethylene, propylene and a small percentage of a non-conjugated diene
The EPM rubbers, being completely saturated, require organic peroxides or radiation for vulcanization.
The EPDM terpolymers can be vulcanized with peroxides, sulphur or radiation.
The properties of EPM and EPDM rubbers are basically the same. EPDM is the most common sealing
material. It has a fair tensile strength over a wide range and excellent resistance to ozone, weathering
and chemical attack. Furthermore, EPM and EPDM rubbers exhibit very good electrical insulation
properties.
Sulphur-cured compounds have a higher compression set and are less resistant to high temperatures.
Peroxide-cured compounds exhibit excellent heat ageing properties and resistance to compression
set up to 150C.
EPDM compounds are resistant to: hot water and steam, non petroleum-based automotive brake fluids,
aqueous solutions of inorganic acids, alkalis and salts, alcohols, glycols, ketones (acetone, MEK) and
low molecular weight esters.
Their resistance to animal and vegetable oils and fats is moderate.
EPDM is not resistant to mineral oil based fluids and greases, synthetic hydrocarbon lubricants, organic
ester based lubricants and hydrocarbon fuels.
FKM (Fluorocarbon Rubber)
Fluoroelastomers were introduced in 1957 (DuPont-Viton) to meet the need of the aerospace industry
for a high-performance seal elastomer. Since then, the use of fluoroelastomers has expanded to many
other industries, especially the automotive, fluid power, appliance sectors, and many chemical fields.
With over 50 years of proven performance, fluoroelastomer has developed a reputation for outstanding
performance in high temperature and extremely corrosive environments.
31
Fluoroelastomers are highly fluorinated hydrocarbon polymers. In general, all highly fluorinated polymers
are very stable and possess exceptional resistance to oxidation, weather, flame, chemical attack and
swelling in a wide range of liquids. This stability is mainly due to the high strength of the C-F bond as
compared to the C-H bond.
FKM rubbers are available in various grades, which differ mainly in the polymer composition and
fluorine content. In combination with the cure system (diamines, bisphenol or peroxides) the properties
of the compound can be influenced to meet the requirements of the application.
In general FKM has an outstanding resistance to high temperatures, its elastomeric properties in hot air are
maintained up to 204C with peak temperatures up to 300C. FKM elastomers exhibit excellent
resistance to swelling in a wide variety of oils, fuels, solvents and chemicals.
They are recommended for:
Petroleum oils and hydrocarbon fuels
Organic ester based lubricants
Silicate ester based lubricants
Aromatic hydrocarbons (benzene, toluene, xylene)
Halogenated hydrocarbons (trichloroethylene, carbon tetrachloride)
Despite their excellent resistance to a wide variety of fluids, there are certain chemicals that severely
attack FKM compounds.
The use of FKM elastomers is not recommended for:
Polar solvents, ketones (acetone, MEK) and esters (ethyl acetate)
Low molecular weight organic acids (formic acid, acetic acid)
Hot water and steam, unless compounded with lead oxide
Skydrol fluids
Glycol based automotive brake fluids
Anhydrous ammonia and amines
Hot hydrofluoric or chlorosulphonic acids
The fluid resistance of FKM types improves with increasing fluorine levels. However, as the fluorine
content increases the low-temperature flexibility of the polymer decreases, and a compromise must be
made between fluid resistance and low temperature flexibility of the final vulcanizate. The low-temperature
properties of conventional FKM elastomers are, in general, moderate. For low-temperature applications
special FKM types have been developed.
33
HNBR (Hydrogenated Acrylonitrile-Butadiene Rubber)

Hydrogenated acrylonitrile-butadiene rubbers are produced by selective and controlled hydrogenation
of NBR. The highly saturated polymethylene chains demonstrate excellent heat and ozone resistance
whereas the nitrile groups provide oil and fuel resistance. Increasing the degree of hydrogenation results
in improved heat and ozone resistance.
As would be expected, increasing the nitrile content in HNBR results in reduced swelling in mineral oils,
but with hardly any loss in low temperature flexibility compared to the regular NBR. The operating
temperature range of HNBR is -25 to +150C.
HNBR is resistant to:
Aliphatic hydrocarbons
Vegetable and animal fats and oils
HFA, HFB and HFC fluids
Dilute acids, bases and salt solutions at moderate temperatures
Water and steam up to 150C
Ozone, ageing and weathering
HNBR is not compatible with:
Chlorinated hydrocarbons
Polar solvents (ketone and ester)
Strong acids
HNBR elastomers fill a gap between NBR and FKM in many areas of application. In general they are
used to replace NBR whenever the resistance to excessive heat or aggressive environments is critical.
In contrast to conventional FKM compounds, HNBR elastomers can withstand basic additives such as
amine-based corrosion inhibitors. For this reason, HNBR compounds are used in oil-field operations.
They maintain their performance in difficult conditions, whereas NBR and most of the conventional FKM
elastomers show a certain amount of degradation.
VMQ (Silicone Rubber)
Silicone rubbers have a backbone that consists of alternating silicon and oxygen atoms (-Si-O-Si-).
This is unusual compared to other elastomers which have an organic backbone (-C-C-). Silicone rubber
shows excellent heat resistance, cold flexibility, dielectric properties and especially good resistance
to oxygen and ozone. Silicone has a high physiological inertness, it is odourless, tasteless and non-toxic.
The mechanical properties, however, are poor to moderate. The material should only be used in static
applications. Depending on the material the operating temperatures range between -60C and +200C
(and for a short period of time even up to +230C).
34
VMQ is resistant to:
Engine and transmission oil (for example ASTM oil No.1)
Animal and vegetable oil and grease
Brake fluid (non-petroleum base)
Fire-resistant hydraulic fluid, HFD-R and HFD-S
High molecular weight chlorinated aromatic hydrocarbons

(including flame-resistant insulators and coolant for transformers)
Moderate water resistance
Diluted salt solutions
Ozone, ageing and weather
VMQ is not compatible with:
Superheated water steam over 121C (250F)
Acids and alkalis
Low molecular weight chlorinated hydrocarbons (trichloroethylene)
Aromatic mineral oil
Hydrocarbon based fuels
Aromatic hydrocarbons (benzene, toluene)
FVMQ (Fluorosilicone Rubber)

Fluorosilicone rubbers are fluorine-modified silicone rubbers containing trifluoropropyl side groups.
These elastomers have the most useful properties of regular silicone plus improved fluid resistance and
they also have a more restricted high temperature limit. The operating temperatures range between
60C and +175C. FVMQ elastomers are used in circumstances in which low temperature flexibility
and low swell in fluids are required.
CR (Chloroprene Rubber)
Chloroprene rubbers are homopolymers of chlorobutadiene.
Neoprene, the trade name of Dupont for chloroprene rubber, was the first synthetic rubber developed
commercially. Generally, the elastomer exhibits generally good ozone, ageing and chemical resistance.
The operating temperatures range between -40C and +100C (and for a short period of time even up
to +120C).
35
The properties of chloroprene rubber include:
Low-flammability (self-extinguishing after removal form the flame)
Moderate to good resistance to refrigerants
Poor resistance to hydrocarbon fuels and aromatic and chlorinated hydrocarbons
FFKM (Perfluoro rubber)

Perfluoroelastomer is produced by the copolymerization of tetrafluoroethylene (TFE) and a perfluorinated
ether, e.g. perfluoromethylvinylether (PMVE).
The cured polymer does not contain hydrogen atoms in the molecule. The absence of hydrogen increases
the heat and chemical resistance as compared to FKM.
Perfluoroelastomers show broad chemical resistance similar to PTFE (DuPontTeflon) as well as good
heat resistance.
They show low swelling with almost all media. Depending on the material the operating temperatures
range between -25C and +300C. This high-end material has been on the market since 1968 and is
the most expensive elastomer available, comparable to gold.
FFKM parts provide reliable, long-term service with a wide range of aggressive industrial and electronic
grade chemicals. It is used in highly aggressive chemical processing, semiconductor wafer processing,
pharmaceutical applications, oil and gas recovery, aerospace and petroleum applications.
FEPM (Tetrafluoroethylene-Propylene rubber)
This elastomer is a copolymer of tetrafluoroethylene (TFE) and propylene, also known by its trade name
Aflas. It is an improved ethylene-propylene rubber in which the hydrogen atoms of ethylene are replaced
by fluorine. The C-F bond and the saturated polymer chain are responsible for the excellent chemical and
heat resistance of the elastomer. The operating temperatures range between -25C and +300C.
FE/P is resistant to:
36
Amines
Steam and hot water
Sour oil and gas
Hydraulic fluids
Petroleum oils and greases
Alcohols
Acids, alkalis and oxidizing chemicals
Ozone and weather
Aromatic and chlorinated hydrocarbons
Ketones
The compression set resistance is not as good as that of FKM elastomers and the low-temperature
flexibility is poor.
AU/EU (Polyurethane rubber)

One must differentiate between polyester urethane (AU) and polyether urethane (EU). AU type urethanes
exhibit better resistance to hydraulic fluids. Polyurethane elastomers, as a class, have excellent wear resistance,
high tensile strength and high elasticity in comparison with any other elastomers. The operating temperatures
range between -25C and +80C.
Polyurethane is resistant to:
Aliphatic hydrocarbons (propane, butane, fuel)
Mineral oil and grease
Silicone oil and grease
Water up to 50C (EU type)
Ozone and ageing resistant
Polyurethane is not compatible with:
Ketones, esters, ethers, alcohols, glycols
Hot water, steam, alkalis, amines, acids
4.5 Selection of the base compound

System operating temperatures and compatibility with the media to be sealed are the two most important
parameters that must be considered when selecting a base polymer. Only when these two factors are
identified (together with any lubricants and potential cleaning fluids), can a reliable recommendation be
given concerning selection of the proper elastomer base.
Temperature
The application temperatures refer to long-term exposure to non-aggressive media. At higher temperatures,
new cross-link sites may be formed between the polymer chains and lead to a loss of seal flexibility.
The stiffness in the polymer chains may be observed as excessive compression set in highly filled (loaded)
compounds. This condition prevents an O-Ring cross-section from returning to its original, pre-compressed
shape after deformation forces are removed. During compression, a seal changes its original shape to effect a
seal. And over time, and at excessive temperature, elastic memory loss in the elastomer seal element can cause
leakage. Exceeding the normal maximum temperature limit for a given compound always results in reduced
service life.
37
NBR
HNBR
FPM
EPDM
EPM
VMQ
AU/EU
CR
FFKM
-75
-50
-25
25
50
75
100
125
150
175
200
225
250
275
300
325
Table 4-3: Temperature ranges of various elastomer materials (medium: air)

Chemical compatibility
Practically all elastomers undergo a physical or chemical change when in contact with a sealed medium.
The degree of change depends on the chemical characteristics of the medium and on the system temperature.
An aggressive medium becomes more active with increasing temperature. Physical changes are caused by two
mechanisms which can work concurrently when:
The elastomer absorbs a medium
Plasticizers and other components of the compound are dissolved

and extracted or leached out by the media
The result is a volume change, i.e. swelling or shrinkage of the elastomer seal. The degree of the volume
change depends on the type of medium, molecular structure of the rubber compound, system temperature,
geometrical seal shape (material thickness), and the stressed condition of the rubber part (compression or
stretch). When deformed and exposed to a medium, rubber, when confined in a groove, swells
significantly less than in a free state (up to 50%) due to a number of factors including reduced surface
area in contact with the medium. The limit of permissible volume change varies with the application.
For static seals, a volume change of 25% to 30% can be tolerated. Swelling leads to some deterioration
of the mechanical properties and, in particular, those properties which improve extrusion resistance.
In dynamic applications, swelling leads to increased friction and a higher wear rate. Therefore, a maximum
swell of 10% should generally not be exceeded. Shrinkage should also be prevented because the
resulting loss of compressive force will increase the risk of leakage.
38
The extraction of plasticizer from a seal material is sometimes compensated for by partial absorption of
the contact medium. However, this situation, can still lead to unexpected shrinkage and resultant leakage
if an elastomer dries out and the absorbed fluids evaporate. A chemical reaction between sealed or
excluded medium and the elastomer can bring about structural changes in the form of further cross-linking
or degrading. The smallest chemical change in an elastomer can lead to significant changes in physical
properties, such as embrittlement.
The suitability of an elastomer for a specific application can be established only when the properties
under typical working conditions of both, the medium and the elastomer, are known.
If a particular seal material suits a medium, it is referred to as being compatible with that medium.
See the next table for a comparison of the properties of commonly used elastomers.
Elastomer
NR
SBR
EPDM
CR
NBR
Hardness (degrees Shore A)
30 - 95
40 - 95
30 - 85
30 - 90
40 - 90
Colour (standard)
Black
Black
Black
Black
Black
Constant max. (C)
75
85
130
95
100
Peak max. (C)
105
115
150
125
130
Resistance to low temperatures (C)
-60
-55
-50
-35
-20
Oxidation
fair
fair
excellent
very good
good
Ozone / weather
poor
poor
excellent
very good
fair
Oil ASTM no.1 at 20C
poor
poor
fair
excellent
excellent
unsatisfactory
unsatisfactory
unsatisfactory
good
good
unsatisfactory
unsatisfactory
unsatisfactory
good
excellent
unsatisfactory
unsatisfactory
unsatisfactory
fair
good
Resistance to fuel ASTM B at 40C
unsatisfactory
unsatisfactory
unsatisfactory
poor
fair
Alcohol
good
good
good
good
good
Acetone
fair
fair
good
fair
unsatisfactory
Benzene
unsatisfactory
unsatisfactory
unsatisfactory
unsatisfactory
unsatisfactory
Acids
fair
fair
good
good
good
Bases
good
good
good
fair
fair
Physical strength
excellent
good
good
good
good
Compression set
good
good
good
fair
good
Tear strength / abrasion resistance
excellent
good
good
good
good
Resilience
excellent
good
very good
very good
good
Permeability to gas
fair
fair
fair
fair
good
Electrical properties
excellent
excellent
excellent
good
poor
Flame resistance
poor
poor
poor
self-extinguishing poor
Water resistance
very good
good
excellent
good
Heat resistance
Resistance to
Ageing in oil
Resistance to solvents (20C)
Resistance to chemical products
Table 4-4: Compound properties
good
39
Elastomer
ACM
VMQ
HNBR
FKM
FMVQ
Hardness (degrees Shore A)
50 - 85
40 - 80
50 - 95
50 - 95
40 - 80
Colour (standard)
Black
Redbrown
Black
Black
Blue
Constant max. (C)
150
180 / 200
125
205
170
Peak max. (C)
180
200 / 300
150
300
220
Resistance to low temperatures (C)
-20
-60
-30
-20
-60
Oxidation
excellent
excellent
excellent
excellent
excellent
Ozone / weather
excellent
excellent
very good
excellent
excellent
excellent
excellent
excellent
excellent
excellent
excellent
good
excellent
excellent
excellent
excellent
good
fair
excellent
excellent
excellent
fair
fair
excellent
excellent
Resistance to fuel ASTM B at 40C
poor
unsuitable
excellent
fair
Alcohol
good
good
excellent
good
good
Acetone
unsatisfactory
fair
good
unsuitable
unsuitable
Benzene
unsatisfactory
unsatisfactory
fair
good
good
Acids
poor
fair
good
excellent
good
Bases
poor
fair
good
good
fair
Physical strength
good
fair
good
good
poor
Compression set
good
good
good
good
good
Tear strength / abrasion resistance
good
poor
very good
good
poor
Resilience
poor
good
fair
fair
fair
Permeability to gas
good
poor
good
very good
poor
fair
excellent
poor
good
excellent
Flame resistance
poor
good
poor
self-extinguishing self-extinguishing
Water resistance
poor
good
very good
good
Heat resistance
Resistance to
Ageing in oil
Resistance to solvents (20C)
Resistance to chemical products
Table 4-4: Compound properties (Continued)

40
good
4.6 Selection of the right properties of a compound

Hardness
Hardness, as applied to elastomers, is defined as the resitance of the surface to penetration
by an intender of specific dimensions under specified load. The hardness of the test samples and finished
parts made out of elastomer material can be tested by means of the two possible procedures:
Shore A (according to ISO 868 / ISO 7619 / DIN 53 505 / ASTM D 2240)
IRHD (International Rubber Hardness Degree according to ISO 48 / ASTM 1414 and 1415)
The hardness scale ranges from 0 (softest) to 100 (hardest).

Shore A
Shore D
Figure 4-2: Indenter according to Shore A & D
Material
Soft rubber, sponge rubber,
Normal ISO 48 M / CM
Figure 4-3: Indenter according to IRHD
Instrument
Shore 0 & 00
skinned urethane foam, cork
Examples
Pad printers, fruit, tissues,
automotive trim
Medium hard rubber, felts,
Shore A, Shore A Micro (M),
soft polymers, flexible polyurethane
IRHD, IRHD Micro (M)
piano felts, sealants, seals, O-Rings
Medium hard rubber,
Shore C
Automotive trim,
polyurethane, plastics
Hard rubber, rigid polyurethane,
General rubber parts, tyres, rollers,
hard rubber rollers

Shore D
thermo plastics, epoxy resin
Potting compounds, general plastic parts,

vinyl flooring, brake pads, calendar rolls
41
Table 4-5: Measuring methods for several applications
The size and shape of the indenter used in IRHD readings is much smaller, thus allowing for more
accurate measurements on curved surfaces such as an O-Ring cross-section.
Unfortunately, there is no direct correlation between the readings of Shore A and IRHD Scales.
To simplify the comparison, please, see the table below which is based on experience.
SHORE A
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
IRHD
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90 95
Table 4-6: Shore A and IRHD scale

Softer sealing materials, with lower hardness readings, will flow more easily into the micro fine
grooves and imperfections of the mating parts (the gland, bore, rod or seal flanges). This is particularly
important in low-pressure seals because they are not activated by fluid pressure. The harder materials
offer greater resistance to flow and have a better resistance to extrusion.
Figure 4-4: Extrusion of an O-Ring

In dynamic applications, the hardness of the O-Ring is doubly important because it also affects both
breakout and running friction. Although a harder compound will, in general, have a lower coefficient
42
of friction than a softer material, the actual friction values are actually higher because the compressive
load required to squeeze the harder material into the O-Ring gland is much greater.
10%
20%
N
BR
PRESSING FORCE ON THE O-RING CIRCUMFERENCE (N/cm)
90
CROSS-SECTION
160
140
R8
120
NB
100
NB
80
NB
R7
60
40
R9
NBR
80
NBR
70
20
10
RING THICKNESS d2 (mm)
Figure 4-5: Necessary pressing force at 10% and 20% cross-section compression
Compounds which have a Shore A durometer hardness of 70 to 80 are the most suitable compromise
for most applications.
Tensile strength
Tensile strength, which is measured in the psi (pounds per square inch) or MPa (Mega Pascals), is the
strength required to rupture a specimen of a given elastomer material when it is stressed. Tensile strength is
one quality assurance measurement used to ensure compound uniformity. It is also useful as an indicator of
deterioration of the compound after it has been in contact with a fluid for long periods. If contact with a fluid
results in only a small reduction in tensile strength, seal life may still be relatively long, yet if a large reduction
of tensile strength occurs, seal life may be relatively short.
Elongation
Elongation is defined as the increase in length, expressed numerically, as a percentage of initial length.
The increase over the original dimension at break is generally reported as ultimate elongation.
This property primarily determines the stretch which can be tolerated during the installation of an O-Ring.
Elongation increases in importance as the diameters of a gland become smaller. It is also a measure
of the ability of a compound to recover from peak overload, or a force localized in one small area of
a seal, when considered in conjunction with tensile strength. An adverse change in the elongation of a
compound after exposure to a fluid is a definite sign of degradation of the material. Elongation, like
tensile strength, is used throughout the industry as a quality assurance measure for production batches
of elastomer materials.
43
Modulus
Modulus, as used in rubber terminology, refers to stress caused by a predetermined elongation of,
usually, 100%. It is expressed in pounds per square inch (psi) or MPa (Mega Pascals). This is actually
the elastic modulus of the material. The higher the modulus of a compound, the more likely it is to recover
from peak overload, and the better its resistance to extrusion. Modulus usually increases with an increase
in hardness. It is probably the best overall indicator of the toughness of a compound, all other factors
being equal.
Tear resistance
Tear strength is relatively low for most compounds. However, if it is extremely low (less than 100 lbs/in
or 17.5 kN/m), there is increased danger of nicking or cutting the O-Ring during assembly, especially
if it must pass over ports, sharp edges or burrs. Once a crack has began to develop compounds with
poor tear resistance will fail quickly under further flexing or stress. In dynamic seal applications, inferior
tear strength of a compound is also indicative of poor abrasion resistance which may lead to premature
wear and early failure of the seal. However, this aspect is usually not characteristic of static applications
and need not be considered.
Abrasion resistance
Abrasion resistance is a general term that indicates the wear resistance of a compound. While tear
resistance essentially concerns cutting or otherwise rupturing the surface, abrasion resistance concerns
scraping or rubbing of the surface. This is of major importance for dynamic seal materials. Only certain
elastomers are recommended for dynamic O-Ring service because the moving parts actually come in
contact with the seal material. Harder compounds, up to 90 durometer, are usually more resistant to
abrasion than softer compounds.
Volume change
Volume change is the increase or decrease in the volume of an elastomer after it has been in contact
with a fluid, and is measured in percents (%). Swell or increase in volume is almost always accompanied
by a decrease in hardness. As might be expected, excessive swell results in marked softening of
the rubber. This condition causes reduced abrasion and tear resistance, and may result in extrusion of
the seal under high pressure. For static O-Ring applications a volume swell of up to 30% can usually be
tolerated. For dynamic applications, 10 or 15% swell is a reasonable maximum. Shrinkage or decrease
in volume is usually accompanied by an increase in hardness. Shrinkage is far more critical than swell.
44
Shrinkage of more than 3 or 4% can cause leakage of moving seals.
Compression set
An important parameter concerning the sealing capability is the compression set (CS) of the O-Ring
material. When under compression elastomers show not only their elasticity but also a permanent
plastic deformation. The compression set is determined as follows in accordance with ISO 815:
Standard test piece
: Cylindrical disc, diameter 13 mm and height 6 mm
Deformation
: 25%
Tension release time
: 30 minutes
Where
h0
= original height (cross-section d2)
h1
= height in the compressed state
h2
= height after tension release
h1
h0
original O-Ring size
squeezed
h2
after relaxation
Figure 4-6: Compression set of an O-Ring

Although it is generally desirable to have low compression set properties in a seal material, this is not
so critical as it might appear from a practical design standpoint, because of actual service variables.
A good balance of all physical properties is usually necessary for optimum seal performance.
For instance, a seal may continue to seal after taking a 100% compression set provided temperature
and system pressure remain steady and no motion or force causes a break in the line of seal contact.
Also, as mentioned previously, swelling caused by contact with the service fluid may compensate for
compression set. Note that in air and in the fluid that causes slight shrinkage, the compound takesa set
of approximately 20 to 25%. In the fluid that causes a 20% swell, there is no measurable compression
set. The most feared condition is the combination of high compression set and shrinkage which always
leads to seal failure unless exceptionally high squeeze is employed.
45
Thermal effects
All rubber is subject to deterioration at high temperature. Volume change and compression set are
both influenced by heat. Hardness is influenced in a rather complex way. The first effect of increased
temperature is to soften the compound. This is a physical change which reverses when the temperature drops.
However, due to this softening effect, in high pressure applications the O-Ring may begin to flow and extrude
through the clearance gap as the temperature rises. If rubber is exposed to high temperatures for a longer time
chemical changes will occur slowly. With increasing time at high temperature, chemical changes slowly occur.
These cause an increase in hardness, together with volume and compression set changes as mentioned above.
Changes in tensile strength and elongation are also noticeable and, since they are of chemical nature, these
changes are not reversible.
Any changes induced by low temperature are primarily physical and are reversible. An elastomer will almost
completely regain its original properties when warmed. There are several tests that are used to define low
temperature characteristics of a compound. The best of the low temperature tests is TR-10
or Temperature Retraction Test. The TR-10 test results are easily reproducible, and the TR-10 is therefore
used extensively in many different specifications, not only to assure low-temperature performance but
occasionally as a quality assurance measure as well. Most compounds will provide effective sealing at 8C
below their TR-10 temperature values. If low pressures are anticipated at low temperature, hardness should
be considered along with the low temperature properties of the compound. As temperature decreases,
hardness increases. Low pressures require a soft material that can be easily deformed as it is forced against
mating surfaces. In moderate pressure service, low temperature hardness increase is seldom of consequence.
However, hardness is only one of several factors which have to be considered when low temperature
performance is involved. Flexibility, resilience, compression set and brittleness are probably more basic
criteria for sealing at low temperature than measured hardness.
47
HARDNESS SHORE A SCALE
100
95
NBR
90
85
EPDM
FKM
80
NBR
75
70
MVQ
CR
65
60
NBR
FMVQ
55
50
-57
-51
-46
-40
-34
-29
-23
-18
-12
-7
-1
10
16
21
27
-70
-60
-50
-40
-30
-20
-10
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
TEMPERATURE
Figure 4-7: Effects of low temperature and rubber hardness

The swelling or shrinkage effect of the fluid that is being sealed must also be taken into account.
When the seal swells, it absorbs fluids which may act in much the same way as a low temperature
plasticizer, allowing the seal to remain more flexible at low temperature than was possible before the
absorption of the fluid. If the seal shrinks, most of the time it is the plasticizer being extracted from
the compound. The seal may now lose some of its original flexibility at low temperature.
It may become stiff at a temperature which is 2C to 5C higher than that at which it is rated.
Resilience
Resilience is the ability of a compound to return quickly to its original shape after a temporary deflection.
Good resilience is vital to a moving seal. Resilience is primarily an inherent property of the elastomer.
It can be improved somewhat by compounding.
48
Permeability
Permeability is the tendency of gas to pass or diffuse through the elastomer. This should not be confused
with leakage which is the fluid getting around the seal. Permeability may be of importance in vacuum
service and some pneumatic applications involving extended storage but is seldom of consequence in
other applications. It should be understood that permeability increases as temperatures rise, that different
gases have different permeability rates, and that the more a seal is compressed, the greater its resistance
to permeability.
If an elastomer is subjected to a gas under high pressure, a certain amount of the gas will dissolve and
permeate into the elastomer. If the gas pressure is released slowly, the gas trapped inside the elastomer
will expand and may escape into the atmosphere without causing any harm. However, if a rapid
depressurization occurs, the trapped gas will expand violently. The explosive expansion of the gas can
cause blisters on or cracks in or even total destruction of the rubber seal. This phenomenon is known as
Explosion after Decompression. The O-Rings with smaller cross-sections usually have better resistance to
explosion after decompression than the ones with large cross-sections.
Joule effect
The Joule effect must definitely be taken into account in rubber design. The simplest way of demonstrating
this effect is to suspend a weight sufficient to cause elongation of at least 50% on a rubber band.
When the stretched rubber band is warmed up, it does not elongate because of thermal expansion, as
may be expected, but it retracts and lifts the weight.
Conversely, when an unloaded strip is heated it expands to the coefficient of expansion for that rubber.
This phenomenon of contraction is called the Joule effect and occurs only when a stretched rubber object
is heated. This effect has to be taken into consideration when O-Rings are being used in a dynamic rotary
application. The O-Ring with an inner diameter smaller than the shaft is fitted under tension.
The O-Ring heats up due to friction and it contracts. The result is increased friction and temperature. Failure
of the O-Ring is characterized by a hard, brittle O-Ring surface. An O-Ring of larger inner diameter must be
selected. An inner diameter that is between 1% and 3% larger than the shaft is recommended and the outer
diameter of the gland should ensure that the O-Ring is compressed on the shaft surface.
The O-Ring should always be fitted into the bore and never onto the shaft.
Friction
Friction and abrasion are interrelated subjects, as abrasion is a process of wearing away the material
surface by friction. If there Is no friction, abrasion will not occur. Friction and abrasion are two important
properties when considering elastomeric seals for dynamic applications. High friction can be harmful
because it generates heat, which can cause degradation of the material. The friction can be reduced
by using a suitable lubricant or by chemical treatment of the elastomer surface. Rubber components with
self-contained lubricants may also be used. These compounds are desirable when the continuous
presence of a lubricant is uncertain, and when minimal friction is essential.
49
Elastomers are good insulators with relatively high electrical resistivity, the non-polar (non oil-resistant)
elastomers being better than the polar (oil-resistant) ones. However, the electrical properties of
rubber compounds are more dependent on the ingredients than on the basic material. Compounds
containing carbon black must be avoided if high resistance is required. In this case, silicone elastomers
are the best solution. It is possible to make elastomers antistatic and even conductive by incorporating
sufficient quantities of graphite, special types of carbon black, metal powders or polar products into
the rubber mix. When special conductive compounds are required, care should be taken to ensure that
conductive parts of the compound formula are not dissolved or extracted by the medium being sealed,
thus changing the electrical properties.
Thermal expansion
Coefficient of linear expansion is the ratio of the change in length per C to the length at 0C.
Coefficient of volumetric expansion for solids is approximately three times the linear coefficient. As a
rough approximation, elastomers have a coefficient of expansion ten times that of steel (an exception to
this is perfluoroelastomer). This important factor must be considered when the operating temperature
of a seal differs substantially from normal room temperature. At high temperatures, the thermal expansion
of the seal is greater than that of its surrounding material, and this may be further increased by swelling
after contact with a fluid. At low temperatures, the thermal contraction of the seal is much higher than
that of its surrounding material. Under certain circumstances, leakage can occur even if the seal is still
flexible.
4.7 Chemical compatibility guide

This guide is intended to assist the user in determining the suitability of various elastomers for many
different chemical environments. The ratings are based on a combination of published literature,
laboratory tests, actual field experience, and informed judgments. As laboratory tests do not necessarily
predict end-use performance, users of our products should conduct their own evaluations to determine
application suitability.
Note: Volume swell is only one indicator of elastomer fluid compatibility and may be based on the
solubility parameter alone. Fluid attack on the backbone of the polymer may show up as a change a
50
in physical properties such as tensile strength, elongation at break, and hardness. High temperature and
extended exposure times may create more aggressive conditions than cited in this guide.
In some cases, specific elastomer compounds within a material family may provide improved compatibility.
Please contact NewDealSeals for assistance in choosing the right elastomer for your application.
Rating system:
1
Little or no effect <10% elastomer may exhibit swelling and/or loss of physical properties
under severe conditions.
Possible loss of 1020% elastomer may exhibit swelling in addition to a change in physical
properties. It may be suitable for static applications.
Noticeable change 2040% elastomer exhibits a noticeable change in swelling and physical
properties. Questionable performance in most applications.
Excessive change >40% elastomer not suitable for service.
Insufficient information available for rating.
The information given in this chemical compatibility guide is believed to be reliable, but no representation, guarantees or warranties of any kind are made as to its accuracy or suitability for any purpose.
52
ACM
CR
NBR
NR
PTFE
SBR
TFE
VMQ
Acetaldehyde
EPDM FFKM
2
FKM
4
FMVQ HNBR
4
Acetamide
Acetanilide
Acetic Acid Amide
Acetic Acid Ethyl Ester
Acetic Aid Methyl Ester
Acetic Acid, 25% to 60%
Acetic Acid, 5%
Acetic Acid, 85%
Acetic Acid, Glacial
Acetic Aldehyde
Acetic Anhydride
Acetic Ester
Acetoacetic Acid
Acetol
Acetone
Acetone Cyanohydrin
Acetonitrile
Acetophenetidine
Acetophenone
Acetotoluidide
Acetyl Acetone
Acetyl Benzene
Acetyl Bromide
Acetyl Chloride
Acetylene
Acetylene Dichloride
Acetylene Tetrabromide
Acetylene Tetrachloride
Acetylsalicylic Acid
Acrolein
Acryimide
Acrylic Acid, Ethyl Ester
Acrylonitrile
Adipic Acid
Aero Lubriplate
Aero Shell 17 Grease
Aero Shell 1AC Grease
Aero Shell 750
Aero Shell 7A Grease
1 Little or no effect - 2 Possible loss of physical properties - 3 Noticeable change - 4 Not suitable - 0 Insufficient info
Table 4-7: Chemical compatibility guide
53
ACM
CR
NBR
NR
PTFE
SBR
TFE
VMQ
Aerosafe 2300
EPDM FFKM
1
FKM
4
FMVQ HNBR
3
Aerosafe 2300w
50% Hydrazine 50% UDMH
Air below 200F
Air, 200300 F
Air, 300400 F
Air, 400500 F
Air, Oil-Containing
Aliphatic Dicarboxylic Acid
Alkanes
Alkanesulfonic Acid
Alkazene
Alkenes
Alkyl Acetone
Alkyl Alcohol
Alkyl Amine
Alkyl Aryl Sulfonates
Alkyl Aryl Sulfonics
Alkyl Benzene
Alkyl Chloride
Alkyl Naphthalene Sulfonic Acid
Alkyl Sulfide
Allyl Alcohol
Allyl Chloride
Allylidene Diacetate
Alpha Picoline
Alum Potash
Aluminum Acetate
Aluminum Bromide
Aluminum Chlorate
Aluminum Chloride
Aluminum Fluoride
Aluminum Formate
Aluminum Hydrate
Aluminum Hydroxide
Aluminum Linoleate
Aluminum Nitrate
Aluminum Oxalate
Aluminum Phosphate
Aluminum Potassium Sulfate
Aluminum Salts
Aluminum Sodium Sulfate
Aluminum Sulfate
Aerozene 50,
54
Table 4-7: Chemical compatibility guide (Continued)
ACM
CR
NBR
NR
PTFE
SBR
TFE
VMQ
Alums
EPDM FFKM
1
FKM
1
FMVQ HNBR
4
Ambrex 33
Ambrex 830
Amines Mixed (Allyl, Ethyl, etc.)
Amino Benzene
Aminobenzoic Acid
Aminoethanol (2-Aminoethanol)
Aminomethane
Aminopyridine
Ammonia
in Solution
Ammonia Gas, Cold
Ammonia Gas, Hot
Ammonia, Anhydrous Liquid
Ammonium Acetate
Ammonium Arsenate
Ammonium Benzoate
Ammonium Bicarbonate
Ammonium Bisulfite
Ammonium Bromide
Ammonium Carbamate
Ammonium Carbonate
Ammonium Chloride
Ammonium Citrate, Dibasic
Ammonium Dichromate
Ammonium Diphosphate
Ammonium Fluoride
Ammonium Formate
Ammonium Hydroxide, 3 Molar
Concentrated
Ammonium Hydroxide, Grade 2
Ammonium Iodide
Ammonium Lactate
Ammonium Metaphosphate
Ammonium Molybdenate
Ammonium Nitrate
Ammonium Nitrite
Ammonium Oxalate
Ammonium Perchlorate
Ammonium Persulfate
Ammonium Phosphate
Ammonium Phosphate, Dibasic
Ammonia and Lithium Metal
Ammonium Hydroxide,
55
ACM
CR
EPDM FFKM
FKM
FMVQ HNBR
NBR
NR
PTFE
SBR
TFE
VMQ
Monobasic
Ammonium Phosphate, Tribasic
Ammonium Phosphite
Ammonium Picrate
Ammonium Polysulfide
Ammonium Salicylate
Ammonium Salts
Ammonium Sulfamate
Ammonium Sulfate
Ammonium Sulfate Nitrate
Ammonium Sulfide
Ammonium Sulfite
Ammonium Thiocyanate
Ammonium Thioglycollate
Ammonium Thiosulfate
Ammonium Tungstate
Ammonium Valerate
Amyl Acetate
Amyl Alcohol
Amyl Borate
Amyl Butyrate
Amyl Chloride
Amyl Chloronaphthalene
Amyl Cinnamic Aldehyde
Amyl Hydride
Amyl Laurate
Amyl Mercaptan
Amyl Naphthalene
Amyl Nitrate
Amyl Nitrite
Amyl Phenol
Amyl Propionate
Sn-0-3 Grade M
An-0-366
An-0-6
Anderol l-774 (Diester)
Ang-25 (Diester Base)
Ang-25 (Glyceral Ester)
Aniline
Aniline Dyes
Aniline Hydrochloride
Ammonium Phosphate,
56
ACM
CR
NBR
NR
PTFE
SBR
TFE
VMQ
Aniline Oil
EPDM FFKM
2
FKM
4
FMVQ HNBR
3
Aniline Sulfate
Aniline Sulfite
Animal Fats
Animal Oil
Anisole
Anon
Ansul Ether 161, 181
Ant Oil
Anthracene
Anthraquinone Sulphonic Acid
Antifreeze (Automotive)
Antimony Chloride
Antimony Pentachloride
Antimony Pentafluorides
Antimony Tribromide
Antimony Trichloride
Antimony Trifluoride
Antimony Trioxide
AN-VV-0-366B Hydraulic
Aqua Regia
Argon
Argon Gas
Aroclor 1248
Aroclor 1254
Aroclor 1260
Aromatic Fuel 50%
Aromatic Fuels
Arsenic Acid
Arsenic Trichloride
Arsenic Trioxide
Arsenic Trisulfide
Ascorbic Acid
Askarel Transformer Oil
Aspartic Acid
Asphalt
ASTM Fuel A
ASTM Fuel B
ASTM Fuel C
ASTM Fuel D
ASTM Oil No. 1
ASTM Oil No. 2
ASTM Oil No. 3
ASTM Oil No. 4
57
ACM
CR
NBR
NR
PTFE
SBR
TFE
VMQ
ASTM Oil No. 5
EPDM FFKM
4
FKM
1
FMVQ HNBR
0
ATL-857
Atlantic Dominion F
Atlantic Utro Gear-E
Atlantic Utro Gear-EP Lube.
Aurex 903R
Automatic Transmission Fluid
Automotive Brake Fluid
Azine
Baking Soda
Bardol B
Barium Carbonate
Barium Chlorate
Barium Chloride
Barium Cyanide
Barium Hydroxide
Barium Iodide
Barium Nitrate
Barium Oxide
Barium Peroxide
Barium Polysulfide
Barium Salts
Barium Sulfate
Barium Sulfide
Bayol 35
Bayol D
Sulphonated
Beer
Beet Sugar Liquids
Beet Sugar Liquors
Benzaldehyde
Benzamide
Benzanthrone
Benzene
Benzene Carbonal
Benzene Carboxylic Acid
Benzene Sulfonic Acid
Benzidine
Benzidine 3 Sulfonic Acid
Benzil
Benzilic Acid
Benzine
Benzocatechol
Beef Tallow Emulsion,
58
ACM
CR
NBR
NR
PTFE
SBR
TFE
VMQ
Benzochloride
EPDM FFKM
1
FKM
1
FMVQ HNBR
1
Benzoic Acid
Benzoin
Benzonitrile
Benzophenone
Benzoquinone
Benzotrichloride
Benzotrifluoride
Benzoyl Chloride
Benzoyl Sulfonilic Acid
Benzyl Acetate
Benzyl Alcohol
Benzyl Benzoate
Benzyl Bromide
Benzyl Butyl Phthalate
Benzyl Chloride
Benzyl Phenol
Benzyl Salicylate
Beryllium Chloride
Beryllium Fluoride
Beryllium Oxide
Beryllium Sulfate
Biphenyl
Bismuth Carbonate
Bismuth Nitrate
Bismuth Oxychloride
Bisulfite Lye
Bitumen
Black Liquor
Black Lye
Black Point 77
Blast Furnace Gas
Bleach Liquor
Bleach Solutions
Bleaching Lye
Bone Oil
Borax
Borax Solutions
Bordeaux Mixture
Boric Acid
Boric Oxide
Borneol
Bornyl Acetate
Bornyl Chloride
59
60
ACM
CR
NBR
NR
PTFE
SBR
TFE
VMQ
Bornyl Formate
EPDM FFKM
4
FKM
1
FMVQ HNBR
2
Boron Fluids
Boron Trichloride
Boron Trifluoride
Brake Fluid DOT3, Glycol Type
Brake Fluid, Wagner 21B
Bray GG-130
Brayco 719-R
Brayco 885
Brayco 910
Bret 710
Brine
Brom113
Brom114
Bromic Acid
Bromine
Bromine Pentafluoride
Bromine Trifluoride
Bromine Water
Bromine, Anhydrous
Bromine, Liquid
Bromobenzene
Bromobenzene Cyanide
Bromochloromethane
Bromochlorotrifluoroethane
Bromoethane
Bromoform
Bromomethane
Bromotrifluoromethane
Brucine Sulfate
Bunker C Fuel Oil
Bunker Oil
Butadiene
Butane
Butane, 2, 2-Dimethyl
Butane, 2, 3-Dimethyl
Butanediol
Butanol
Butene 2-ethyl
Butter
Butyl Acetate
Butyl Acetyl Ricinoleate
Butyl Acrylate
Butyl Alcohol
ACM
CR
NBR
NR
PTFE
SBR
TFE
VMQ
Butyl Alcohol, Secondary
EPDM FFKM
2
FKM
1
FMVQ HNBR
2
Butyl Alcohol, Tertiary
Butyl Benzoate
Butyl Butyrate
Butyl Carbitol
Butyl Cellosolve
Butyl Cellosolve Acetate
Butyl Cellosolve Adipate
Butyl Chloride
Butyl Ether
Butyl Glycolate
Butyl Lactate
Butyl Laurate
Butyl Mercaptan
Butyl Methacrylate
Butyl Oleate
Butyl Oxalate
Butyl Phenol
Butyl Stearate
Butylamine
Butylbenzoic Acid
Butylene
Butylene Glycol
Butyne Diol
Butyraldehyde
Butyric Acid
Butyric Anhydride
Butyrolacetone
Butyryl Chloride
Cadmium Chloride
Cadmium Cyanide
Cadmium Nitrate
Cadmium Oxide
Cadmium Sulfate
Cadmium Sulfide
Calcine Liquors
Calcium Acetate
Calcium Arsenate
Calcium Benzoate
Calcium Bicarbonate
Calcium Bisulfide
Calcium Bisulfite
Calcium Bromide
Calcium Carbonate
61
62
ACM
CR
NBR
NR
PTFE
SBR
TFE
VMQ
Calcium Chlorate
EPDM FFKM
1
FKM
1
FMVQ HNBR
1
Calcium Chloride
Calcium Chromate
Calcium Cyanide
Calcium Fluoride
Calcium Gluconate
Calcium Hydride
Calcium Hydrogen Sulfite
Calcium Hydrosulfide
Calcium Hydroxide
Calcium Hypochlorite
Calcium Hypophosphite
Calcium Lactate
Calcium Nitrate
Calcium Oxalate
Calcium Oxide
Calcium Phenolsulfonate
Calcium Phosphate
Calcium Phosphate Acid
Calcium Propionate
Calcium Salts
Calcium Silicate
Calcium Stearate
Calcium Sulfamate
Calcium Sulfate
Calcium Sulfide
Calcium Sulfite
Calcium Thiocyanate
Calcium Thiosulfate
Calcium Tungstate
Caliche Liquors
Camphene
Camphor
Camphorated Oil
Camphoric Acid
Cane Sugar Liquors
Capric Acid
Caproic Acid
Caproic Aldehyde
Caprolactam
Capronaldehyde
Carbamate
Carbitol
Carbitol 2
ACM
CR
NBR
NR
PTFE
SBR
TFE
VMQ
Carbolic Acid
EPDM FFKM
2
FKM
1
FMVQ HNBR
1
Carbolineum
Carbon Bisulfide
Carbon Dioxide
Carbon Dioxide, Dry
Explosive Decompression Use
Carbon Dioxide, Wet
Carbon Disulfide
Carbon Fluorides
Carbon Monoxide
Carbon Monoxide, Dry
Carbon Monoxide, Wet
Carbon Tetrachloride
Carbon Tetrafluoride
Carbonic Acid
Casein
Castor Oil
Caustic Lime
Caustic Potash
Caustic Soda
Cellosolve
Cellosolve Acetate
Cellosolve Butyl
Celluguard
Cellulose Acetate
Cellulose Acetate Butyrate
Cellulose Ether
Cellulose Nitrate
Cellulose Tripropionate
Cellulube A60
Cellulube, Phosphate Esters
Cellutherm 2505A
Cement, Portland
Cerium Sulfate
Cerous Chloride
Cerous Fluoride
Cerous Nitrate
Cetane (Hexadecane)
Cetyl Alcohol
China Wood Oil
Chloracetic Acid
Chloral
Chloral Hydrate, Aqueous
Carbon Dioxide,
63
ACM
CR
NBR
NR
PTFE
SBR
TFE
VMQ
Chloramine
EPDM FFKM
1
FKM
4
FMVQ HNBR
0
Chloranthraquinone
Chlordane
Chlorethanol
Chlorextol
Chloric acid
Chloride of Lime, Aqueous
Chlorinated Naphthalene
Chlorinated Salt Brine
Chlorinated Solvents
Chlorinated Solvents, Dry
Chlorinated Solvents, Wet
Chlorine
Chlorine Dioxide
8% Cl as NaClO2 in Solution
Chlorine Trifluoride
Chlorine Water
Chlorine, Dry Gas
Chlorine, Liquid
Chlorine, Plasma
Chlorine, Wet
Chlorine, Wet Gas
Chloro 1-Nitro Ethane
Chloro Oxyfluorides
Chloro Xylenols
Chloroacetaldehyde
Chloroacetic Acid
Chloroacetone
Chloroamino Benzoic Acid
Chloroaniline
Chlorobenzaldehyde
Chlorobenzene
Chlorobenzene Chloride
Chlorobenzene Trifluoride
Chlorobenzochloride
Chlorobenzotrifluoride
Chlorobromomethane
Chlorobromopropane
Cchlorobutadiene
Chlorobutane
Chlorododecane
Chloroethane
Chloroethane Sulfonic Acid
Chlorine Dioxide,
64
ACM
CR
NBR
NR
PTFE
SBR
TFE
VMQ
Chloroethylbenzene
EPDM FFKM
4
FKM
1
FMVQ HNBR
2
Chloroform
Chlorohydrin
Chloronaphthalene
Chloronitrobenzene
Chloronitroethane
Chlorophenol
Chlorophenol, Ortho
Chlorophenol, Para
Chloropicrin
Chloroprene
Chlorosulfonic Acid
Chlorotoluene
Chlorotoluene Sulfonic Acid
Chlorotoluidine
Chlorotrifluoroethylene
Chlorox
Chlorsulphonic Acid
Cholesterol
Chrome Alum
Chrome Plating Solution
Chromic Acid
Chromic Oxide
Chromium Potassium Sulfate
Cinnamic Acid
Cinnamic Alcohol
Cinnamic Aldehyde
Circo Light Process Oil
Citric Acid
City Service 65, 120, 250
City Service Kool Motor Oil 140
City Service Pacemaker No. 2
Clophen
Clophen-A types
Clorox
Coal Tar
Cobalt Chloride
Cobalt Chloride, 2N
Cobaltous Acetate
Cobaltous Bromide
Cobaltous Chloride
Cobaltous Sulfate
Coconut Fat
Coconut Fatty Alcohol
65
66
ACM
CR
NBR
NR
PTFE
SBR
TFE
VMQ
Coconut Oil
EPDM FFKM
3
FKM
1
FMVQ HNBR
1
Cod Liver Oil
Codeine
Coffee
Coke Oven Gas
Coliche Liquors
Convelex 10
Coolanol
Copper Acetate
Copper Ammonium Acetate
Copper Carbonate
Copper Chloride
Copper Cyanide
Copper Fluoride
Copper Gluconate
Copper Nitrate
Copper oxide
Copper Salts
Copper Sulfate
Copper Sulfate 10%
Copper Sulfate 50%
Corn Oil
Cottonseed Oil
Creosote, Coal Tar
Creosote, Wood
Creosylic acid
Cresol
Cresylic Acid
Crotonaldehyde
Crotonic Acid
Crude Oil, Asphalt Base
Cumaldehyde
Cumene
Cupric Sulfate
Cutting Oil
Cyanogen Chloride
Cyclohexane
Cyclohexanol
Cyclohexanone
Cyclohexene
Cyclohexylamine
Cyclohexylamine Laurate
Cyclopentadiene
Cyclopentane
ACM
CR
NBR
NR
PTFE
SBR
TFE
VMQ
Cyclopolyolefins
EPDM FFKM
4
FKM
3
FMVQ HNBR
1
Cymene
DDT
(Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane)
Decahydronaphthalene
Decalin
Decane
Deionized Water
Delco Brake Fluid
Delta H
1100, 1110, 1120, 1130
Denatured Alcohol
Desmodur
Desmophen 2000
Detergent Solutions
Detergents
Developing Fluids
Dexron
Dextrin
Dextro Lactic Acid
Dextron
Dextrose
Diacetone
Diacetone Alcohol
Dialkyl Sulfates
Diamylamine
Diazinon
Dibenzyl
Dibenzyl Ether
Dibenzyl sebacate
Dibromodifluoromethane
Dibromoethane
Dibromoethylbenzene
Dibromotetrafluoroethane
Dibutyl Cellosolve Adipate
Dibutyl Ether
Glycolate
Dibutyl Phthalate
Dibutyl Sebacate
Dibutyl Thioglycolate
Dibutyl Thiourea
Dibutylamine
Delvac
Dibutyl Methylenedithio
67
68
ACM
CR
NBR
NR
PTFE
SBR
TFE
VMQ
Dicapryl Phthalate
EPDM FFKM
2
FKM
2
FMVQ HNBR
2
Dichclorobutane
Dichloracetic Acid
Dichlorethane
Dichlorethylene
Dichloroacetic Acid
Dichloroaniline
Dichlorobenzene
Dichlorobutane
Dichlorobutene
Dichlorodiethyl Sulfide
Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane
Dichloroethane
Dichloroethylene
Dichlorohydrin
Dichloroisopropyl Ether
Dichloromethane
Dichlorophenol
Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid
Dichloropropane
Dichloropropene
Dicyclohexylamine
Dicyclohexylammonium Nitrate
Dieldrin
Diesel Fuel
Diesel Oil
Di-Ester Synthetic Lubricants
Diethanolamine
Diethyl Carbonate
Diethyl Ether
Diethyl Phthalate
Diethyl Sebacate
Diethyl Sulfate
Diethylamine
Diethylaniline
Diethylbenzene
Diethylene Glycol
Diethylene Glycol Butyl Ether
Diethylhexyl Phthalate
Diethylhexyl Sebacate
Difluorodibromomethane
Difluoroethane
Difluoromonochloroethane
Diglycol Chloroformate
ACM
CR
NBR
NR
PTFE
SBR
TFE
VMQ
Diglycolic Acid
EPDM FFKM
1
FKM
1
FMVQ HNBR
1
Dihexyl Phthalate
Dihydroxydiphenylsulfone
Diisobutyl Ketone
Diisobutylcarbinol
Diisobutylene
Diisooctyl Sebacate
Diisopropyl Ether
Diisopropyl Ketone
Diisopropylbenzene
Diisopropylidene Acetone
Dimethyl Acetamide
Dimethyl Aniline
Dimethyl Disulfide
Dimethyl Ether
Dimethyl Formaldehyde
Dimethyl Formamide
Dimethyl Hydrazine
Dimethyl Phenyl Carbinol
Dimethyl Phenyl Methanol
Dimethyl Phthalate
Dimethyl Sulfoxide
Dimethyl Terephthalate
Dimethylamine
Dimethylaniline
Dimethylether
Dinitrochlorobenzene
Dinitrogen Tetroxide
Dinitrotoluene
Dinonyl Phtalate
Dioctyl Phthalate
Dioctyl Sebacate
Dioctylamine
Dioxane
Dioxolane
Dipentene
Diphenyl
Diphenyl Oxides
Diphenylamine
Diphenylpropane
Disilane
Dodecylbenzene
Dow Chemical 50-4
Dow Chemical ET378
69
ACM
CR
NBR
NR
PTFE
SBR
TFE
VMQ
Dow Chemical ET588
EPDM FFKM
1
FKM
4
FMVQ HNBR
4
Dow Corning 11
1265 Fluorosilicone Fluid
Dow Corning 200
Dow Corning 220
Dow Corning 3
Dow Corning 33
Dow Corning 4
Dow Corning 44
Dow Corning 5
Dow Corning 510
Dow Corning 55
Dow Corning 550
Dow Corning 704
Dow Corning 705
Dow Corning 710
Dow Corning F-60 Fluid
Dow Corning F-61 Fluid
Dow Guard
Dowtherm 209
Dowtherm A
Dowtherm E
Drinking Water
Dry Cleaning Fluids
Dte 20 Series
DTE Light Oil
Elco 28-EP Lubricant
Engine Oils
Epichlorohydrin
Epoxy Resins
Esam-6 Fluid
Essential Oils
Esso Fuel 208
Esso Golden Gasoline
Esso Motor Oil
Esso Transmission Fluid, Type A
Esso WS2812
Esso XP90-EP Lubricant
Esstic 42, 43
Ethanal
Ethane
Dow Corning 1208, 4050,

6620, F-60, XF-60
Dow Corning
70
ACM
CR
NBR
NR
PTFE
SBR
TFE
VMQ
Ethanethiol
EPDM FFKM
3
FKM
2
FMVQ HNBR
0
Ethanol
Fermentation Mixture
Ethanolamine
Ethers
Ethoxyethyl Acetate
Ethyl Acetate
Ethyl Acetoacetate
Ethyl Acrylate
Ethyl Alcohol
Ethyl Benzene
Ethyl Benzoate
Ethyl Bromide
Ethyl Cellosolve
Ethyl Cellulose
Ethyl Chloride
Ethyl Chlorocarbonate
Ethyl Chloroformate
Ethyl Cyanide
Ethyl Cyclopentane
Ethyl Dibromide
Ethyl Dichloride
Ethyl Ether
Ethyl Formate
Ethyl Hexanol
Ethyl Lactate
Ethyl Mercaptan
Ethyl Nitrite
Ethyl Oxalate
Ethyl Pentachlorobenzene
Ethyl Pyridine
Ethyl Silicate
Ethyl Stearate
Ethyl Sulfate
Ethyl T-Butyl Ether
Ethyl Valerate
Ethylacrylic Acid
Ethylamine
Ethylene
Ethylene Chloride
Ethylene Chlorohydrin
Ethylene Cyanohydrin
Ethylene Diamine
Ethanol with Acetic Acid,
71
ACM
CR
NBR
NR
PTFE
SBR
TFE
VMQ
Ethylene Dibromide
EPDM FFKM
3
FKM
2
FMVQ HNBR
3
Ethylene Dichloride
Ethylene Glycol
Ethylene Glycol Butyl Ether
Ether Acetate
Ethylene Hydrochloride
Ethylene Oxide
12% and Freon 12, 80%
Ethylene Trichloride
Ethylenediamine
Ethylmorpholine
Octotate
Ethylsulfuric Acid
Containing Sulphuric Acid
Fam Test Fuels DIN 51 604-A
Fam Test Fuels DIN 51 604-C
Fatty Acids
Fatty Alcohol
Ethylene Glycol Butyl

Ether Acetate
Ethylene Glycol Ethyl
Ethylene Oxide,
Ethylmorpholinestannous
Exhaust Gases,
Containing Carbon Dioxide
Exhaust Gases,
Containing Carbon Monoxide
Exhaust Gases,
Containing Hydrogen Chloride
Exhaust Gases,
Containing Hydrogen Fluoride
Exhaust Gases,
Containing Nitrous Gases
Exhaust Gases,
Containing Sulphur Dioxide
Exhaust Gases,
72
FC 11
(Trichlorofluoromethane)
FC 112
(1,2-Difluorotetrachloroethane)
FC 113 (1,1,2-Trichloro
1,2,2-Trifluoroethane)
FC 113 and High &
Low Aniline Oil
ACM
CR
EPDM FFKM
FKM
FMVQ HNBR
NBR
NR
PTFE
SBR
TFE
VMQ
(Chloropentafluoroethane)
FC 116 (Hexafluoroethane)
2-Tetrafluoroethane)
FC 125 (Pentafluoroethane)
FC 13 (Chlorotrifluoromethane)
(Bromotrifluoromethane)
FC 14 (Tetrafluoromethane)
FC 114
(1,2-Dichlorotetrafluoroethane)
FC 114B2
(Dibromotetrafluoroethane)
FC 115
FC 12
(Dichlorodifluoromethane)
FC 12 and ASTM Oil #2,
50/50 Mixture
FC 12 and Suniso 4G,
50/50 Mixture
FC 123
(Dichlorotrifluoroethane)
FC 124 (2-Chloro-1,1,1,
FC 134A (1,1,1,
2-Tetrafluoroethane)
FC 13B1
FC 142B
(Difluorochloroethane)
FC 143A (1,1,1-Trifluoroethane)
FC 152A (Difluoroethane)
FC 21 (Dichlorofluoromethane)
FC 218
50/50 Mixture
FC 31
FC 32
FC 43
FC 502, F22 and F316
FC 70
FC 75
FC 77, Fluorocarbon
FC BF
FC C316
FC 22 (Chlorodifluoromethane) 2
FC 22 and ASTM Oil #2,
FC C318
(Octafluoro-Tetraethylene)
73
ACM
CR
NBR
NR
PTFE
SBR
TFE
VMQ
FC K-142B
EPDM FFKM
1
FKM
4
FMVQ HNBR
4
FC K-152a
FC MF
FC PCA
FC TA
FC TC
2-Trifluoroethane)
FC TMC
FC T-P35
FC T-WD602
Fermentation Gas
Ferric Acetate
Ferric Ammonium Sulfate
Ferric Chloride
Ferric Ferrocyanide
Ferric Hydroxide
Ferric Nitrate
Ferric Persulfate
Ferric Sulfate
Ferrous Ammonium Citrate
Ferrous Ammonium Sulfate
Ferrous Carbonate
Ferrous Iodide
Ferrous Sulfate
Ferrous Tartrate
Fish Oil
Fluorinated Cyclic Ethers
Fluorine Gas
Fluorine Liquid
Fluorobenzene
Fluoroboric Acid
Fluorocarbon Oils
Fluorolube
Fluorosilicic Acid
Fomblin
Formaldehyde
Formamide
Formic Acid
Fruit Juice
Fuel Oil
Fuel Oil No. 6
Fuel Oil, 1 and 2
Fuel Oil, Acidic
FC TF (1,1,2-Trichloro-1,2,
74
ACM
CR
NBR
NR
PTFE
SBR
TFE
VMQ
Fumaric Acid
Furaldehyde
Furan
Furane
Furfural
Furfuryl Alcohol
Furnace Gas, Dry
Furyl Carbinol
Fyrquel 150, 220, 300, 550
Fyrquel A60
Galden
Gallic Acid
Gas liquor
Gas oil
Gasohol
Gasoline
Gelatin
Girling Brake Fluid
Glauber's Salt
Gluconic Acid
Glucose
Glutamic Acid
Glycerin
Glycerol Chlorhydrin
Glycerol Dichlorohydrin
Glycerol Monochlorohydrin
Glycerol Triacetate
Glycerophosphoric Acid
Glyceryl Phosphate
Glycidol
Glycine, Aqueous, 10%
Glycol Monoether
Glycolic Acid
Glycols
Glycoxylic Acid
Grease, Petroleum Base
Green Sulfate Liquor
Gulf Crown Grease
Gulf Endurance Oils
Gulf FR Fluids (Emulsion)
Gulf FR G-Fluids
Gulf FR P-Fluids
Gulf Harmony Oils
Fyrquel 90, 100, 150, 220, 500
EPDM FFKM
FKM
FMVQ HNBR
75
ACM
CR
NBR
NR
PTFE
SBR
TFE
VMQ
Gulf High Temperature Grease
EPDM FFKM
4
FKM
1
FMVQ HNBR
1
Gulf Legion Oils
Gulf Paramount Oils
Gulf Security Oils
Halothane
Halowax Oil
Hannifin Lube A
Heating Oil, Mineral-Oil Based
Heavy Water
HEF-2 (Trialkyl Pentaborane)
Helium
Henkel P3 Solution
Heptachlor
Heptachlorobutene
Heptaldehyde
Heptane
Heptanoic Acid
Hexachloroacetone
Hexachlorobutadiene
Hexachlorobutene
Hexachlorocyclohexane
Hexachloroethane
Hexadecane
Hexafluoroethane
Hexaldehyde
Hexamethylene
Adipate
Hexamethylenediamine
Hexamethylenetetramine
Hexane
Hexane Triol
Hexene-1
Hexone
Hexyl Acetate
Hexyl Alcohol
Hexylene Glycol
Hexylresorcinol
High Viscosity Lubricant H2
High Viscosity Lubricant U4
Hi-Lo MS No. 1
Hexamethylene Diammonium
76
Houghto-Safe 1010
Phosphate Ester
Houghto-Safe 1055
ACM
CR
NBR
NR
PTFE
SBR
TFE
VMQ
Petroleum Base Industrial
Hydraulic Oils, Synthetic Base
Hydrazine
Hydrazine Dihydrochloride
Hydrazine Hydrate
Hydrazine, Anhydrous
Hydriodic Acid
Hydrobromic Acid
Hydrobromic Acid, 40%
Hydrobromic Acid, Gas
Hydrocarbons, Saturated
Hydrochloric Acid
3 Molar to 158F
Hydrochloric Acid, Cold 37%
Phosphate Ester
EPDM FFKM
FKM
FMVQ HNBR
Houghto-Safe 1120
Phosphate Ester
Houghto-Safe 271
(Water & Glycol Base)
Houghto-Safe 416 & 500 Series
Houghto-Safe 5040
(Water & Oil Emulsion)
Houghto-Safe 620
(Water & Glycol Base)
Hydraulic Fluids,
Hydraulic Oils DIN 51524
Hydraulic Fluids,
Oil-in-Water Emulsions HFA
Hydraulic Fluids,
Phosphoric Acid Ester HFD
Hydraulic Fluids,
Polyglycol-Water Emulsions HFC
Hydraulic Fluids, Water-in-Oil
Emulsions HFB
Hydraulic Oil,
Petroleum Base Aircraft
Hydraulic Oil,
Hydrochloric Acid,
Hydrochloric Acid, Concentrated
Hydrochloric Acid Concentr. to 158F
Hydrochloric Acid, Hot 37%
Hydrocyanic Acid
Hydro-Drive MIH-10,
Petroleum Base
77
ACM
CR
EPDM FFKM
FKM
FMVQ HNBR
NBR
NR
PTFE
SBR
TFE
VMQ
Petroleum Base
Hydrofluoric Acid
Hydrofluoric Acid, Anhydrous
Concentrated Hot
Hydrofluorosilicic Acid
Hydrogen Bromide
Hydrogen Chloride, Anhydrous
Hydrogen Chloride, gas
Hydrogen Cyanide
Hydrogen Fluoride
Hydrogen Fluoride, Anhydrous
Hydrogen Gas
Hydrogen Gas, Hot
Hydrogen Peroxide
Hydrogen Peroxide, 90%
Hydrogen Sulfide, Dry Cold
Hydrogen Sulfide, Dry Hot
Hydrogen Sulfide, Wet Cold
Hydrogen Sulfide, Wet Hot
Ethylene Glycol
Hydroquinol
Hydroquinone
Hydrosulphite, Aqueous
Hydroxyacetic Acid
Hydroxycitronellal
Hydroxylamine Sulfate
Hydyne
Hyjet
Hyjet IV and IVA
Hyjet S4
Hyjet W
Hypochlorous Acid
Indole
Industron FF44
Industron FF48
Industron FF53
Industron FF80
Ink
Insulin
Hydro-Drive MIH-50,
Hydrofluoric Acid,
Concentrated Cold
Hydrofluoric Acid,
Hydrolube, Water &
78
ACM
CR
NBR
NR
PTFE
SBR
TFE
VMQ
Iodic Acid
EPDM FFKM
1
FKM
3
FMVQ HNBR
1
Iodine
Iodine Pentafluoride
Iodine, Tincture
Iodoform
Iron(III) Chloride
Isoamyl Acetate
Isoamyl Butyrate
Isoamyl Valerate
Isoboreol
Isobutane
Isobutanol
Isobutyl Acetate
Isobutyl Alcohol
Isobutyl Chloride
Isobutyl Ether
Isobutyl Methyl Ketone
Isobutyl N-Butyrate
Isobutyl Phosphate
Isobutylene
Isobutyraldehyde
Isobutyric acid
Isocrotyl chloride
Isodecanol
Isododecane
Isoeugenol
Isooctane
Isopentane
Isophorone
Isopropanol
Isopropyl Acetate
Isopropyl Chloride
Isopropyl Ether
Isopropylacetone
Isopropylamine
Jet Fuel A
JP-10
JP-3
JP-4
JP-5
JP-6
JP-8
JP-9
JP-9 -11
79
ACM
CR
NBR
NR
PTFE
SBR
TFE
VMQ
JPX
EPDM FFKM
4
FKM
4
FMVQ HNBR
0
Kel-F Liquids
Kerosene
Keystone #87HX-Grease
Lacquer Solvents
Lacquers
Lactams
Lactic Acid, Cold
Lactic Acid, Hot
Lactones
Lard
Lauric Acid
Lauryl Alcohol
Lavender Oil
LB 135
Lead Acetate
Lead Arsenate
Lead Bromide
Lead Carbonate
Lead Chloride
Lead Chromate
Lead Dioxide
Lead Linoleate
Lead Nitrate
Lead Oxide
Lead Sulfamate
Lehigh X1169
Lehigh X1170
Lemon Juice, Undiluted
Light Grease
Ligroin
Lime Bleach
Lime Sulfur
Phosphate Ester Type
Linoleic Acid
Linseed Oil
Liquefied Petroleum Gas
Liquid Oxygen
Liquimoly
Liquor
Lithium Bromide
Lithium Carbonate
Lithium Chloride
Lindol Hydraulic Fluid,
80
ACM
CR
NBR
NR
PTFE
SBR
TFE
VMQ
Lithium Citrate
EPDM FFKM
1
FKM
3
FMVQ HNBR
1
Lithium Hydroxide
Lithium Hypochlorite
Lithium Nitrate
Lithium Nitrite
Lithium Perchlorate
Lithium Salicylate
Lithopone
Crude & Refined
Lubricating Oils, Diester
Lubricating Oils, Petroleum
SAE 10, 20, 30, 40, 50
Lubricating Oils, Synthetic Base
Lye
Machine Oil, Mineral
Magnesium Chloride
Magnesium Hydroxide
Magnesium Salts
Magnesium Sulfate
Magnesium Sulfite
Maize Oil
Malathion
Maleic Acid
Maleic Anhydride
Maleic Hydrazide
Malic Acid
Mandelic Acid
Manganese Acetate
Manganese Carbonate
Manganese Chloride
Manganese Dioxide
Manganese Gluconate
Manganese Hypophosphite
Manganese Linoleate
Manganese Phosphate
Manganese Sulfate
Manganous Chloride
Manganous Phosphate
Manganous Sulfate
Mannitol
Margarine
Marsh Gas
Lubricating Oils,
Lubricating Oils,
81
82
ACM
CR
NBR
NR
PTFE
SBR
TFE
VMQ
MCS 312
EPDM FFKM
4
FKM
1
FMVQ HNBR
1
MCS 352
MCS 463
MEA (Ethanolamine)
Menthol
Mercaptan
Mercaptobenzothiazole
Mercuric Acetate
Mercuric Chloride
Mercuric Cyanide
Mercuric Iodide
Mercuric Nitrate
Mercuric Sulfate
Mercuric Sulfite
Mercurous Nitrate, Hydrated
Mercury
Mercury Chloride
Mercury Fulminate
Mercury Salts
Mercury Vapor
Mesityl Oxide
Metaldehyde
Methacrylic Acid
Methallyl Chloride
Methane
Methanol
Methoxy Butanol
Methoxyethanol
Methyl 2-Pyrrolidone
Methyl Abietate
Methyl Acetate
Methyl Acetoacetate
Methyl Acetophenone
Methyl Acrylate
Methyl Acrylic Acid
Methyl Amylketone
Methyl Anthranilate
Methyl Benzoate
Methyl Bromide
Methyl Butanethiol
Methyl Butanol
Methyl Butyl Ketone
Methyl Butyrate Cellosolve
Methyl Butyrate Chloride
ACM
CR
NBR
NR
PTFE
SBR
TFE
VMQ
Methyl Carbonate
EPDM FFKM
4
FKM
1
FMVQ HNBR
2
Methyl Cellosolve
Methyl Cellulose
Methyl Chloride
Methyl Chloroacetate
Methyl Chloroform
Methyl Chloroformate
Methyl Cyanide
Methyl Cyclohexanone
Methyl Dichloride
Methyl Ether
Methyl Ethyl Ketone
Methyl Ethyl Ketone Peroxide
Methyl Ethyl Oleate
Methyl Formate
Methyl Hexyl Ketone
Methyl Iodide
Methyl Isobutyl Ketone
Methyl Isocyanate
Methyl Isopropyl Ketone
Methyl Isovalerate
Methyl Lactate
Methyl Mercaptan
Methyl Methacrylate
Methyl Oleate
Methyl Pentadiene
Methyl Phenylacetate
Methyl Propyl Salicylate
Methyl Salicylate
Methyl T-Butyl Ether
Methyl Valerate
Methylamine
Methylamyl Acetate
Methylcyclopentane
Methylene Bromide
Methylene Chloride
Di-P-Phenylene Isocyanate
Methylene Iodide
Methylglycerol
Methylisobutyl Carbinol
Methylpyrrolidine
Methylpyrrolidone
Methylsulfuric Acid
83
Methylene
84
ACM
CR
NBR
NR
PTFE
SBR
TFE
VMQ
MIL-A-6091
EPDM FFKM
1
FKM
1
FMVQ HNBR
1
MIL-C-4339
MIL-C-7024
MIL-C-8188
MIL-E-9500
MIL-F-16884
MIL-F-17111
MIL-F-25558
MIL-F-25656
MIL-F-5566
MIL-F-81912
MIL-F-82522
MIL-G-10924
MIL-G-15793
MIL-G-21568
MIL-G-25013
MIL-G-25537
MIL-G-25760
MIL-G-3278
MIL-G-3545
MIL-G-4343
MIL-G-5572
MIL-G-7118
MIL-G-7187
MIL-G-7421
MIL-G-7711
MIL-H-13910
MIL-H-19457
MIL-H-22251
MIL-H-27601
MIL-H-46170 15F to +400F
MIL-H-46170 20F to +275F
MIL-H-46170 55F to +275F
MIL-H-46170 65F to +275F
MIL-H-5606 65F to +235F
MIL-H-5606 65F to +275F
MIL-H-6083
MIL-H-7083
MIL-H-8446
MIL-J-5161
Milk
Milk of Lime
MIL-L-15016
MIL-L-15017
ACM
CR
NBR
NR
PTFE
SBR
TFE
VMQ
MIL-L-17331
EPDM FFKM
4
FKM
1
FMVQ HNBR
0
MIL-L-2104
MIL-L-21260
MIL-L-23699
MIL-L-25681
MIL-L-3150
MIL-L-6081
MIL-L-6082
MIL-L-6085
MIL-L-6387
MIL-L-7808
MIL-L-7808A
MIL-L-7870
MIL-L-9000
MIL-L-9236
MIL-O-3503
MIL-P-27402
MIL-R-25576
MIL-S-3136 Type I Fuel
MIL-S-3136 Type II Fuel
MIL-S-3136 Type III Fuel
Medium Swell
MIL-S-81087
MIL-T-5624
MIL-T-83133
Mineral Oils
Mineral Water
Mixed Acid Etchants
Mixed Acids
MLO-7277
MLO-7557
MLO-8200
MLO-8515
Mobil 24DTE
Mobil HF
Mobil SHC 500 Series
Mobil SHC 600 Series
Mobil Therm 600
Mobil Velocite C
MIL-S-3136 Type IV Oil,

High Swell
MIL-S-3136 Type IV Oil,
Low Swell
MIL-S-3136 Type V Oil,
85
ACM
CR
NBR
NR
PTFE
SBR
TFE
VMQ
Mobilgas WA200 ATF
EPDM FFKM
4
FKM
1
FMVQ HNBR
0
Mobilgear 600 Series
Mobilgear SHC ISO Series
Mobilgrease HP
Mobilgrease HTS
Mobilgrease SM
Mobilith AW Series
Mobilith SHC Series
Mobilmistlube Series
Mobiloil SAE 20
Mobilux
Molasses
Molybdenum Disulfide Grease
Molybdenum Oxide
Molybdenum Trioxide
Molybdic Acid
Monobromobenzene
Monobromotoluene
Monochloracetic Acid
Methyl Ester
Monochloroacetic Acid
Monochlorobenzene
Monochlorobutene
Monoethanolamine
Monoethyl Amine
Monoisopropylamine
Monomethyl Aniline
Monomethyl Ether
Monomethyl Hydrazine
Monomethylamine
Monomethylaniline
Mononitrotoluene
40% & Dinitrotoluene, 60%
Monovinyl Acetate
Monovinyl Acetylene
Mopar Brake Fluid
Morpholine
Motor Oils
Myristic Acid
Myristyl Alcohol
Monochloracetic Acid,
Ethyl Ester
Monochloracetic Acid,
Mononitrotoluene,
86
ACM
CR
NBR
NR
PTFE
SBR
TFE
VMQ
Naftolen ZD
EPDM FFKM
4
FKM
1
FMVQ HNBR
0
Naphtha
Naphthalene
Naphthalene Chloride
Naphthalene Sulfonic Acid
Naphthalenic
Naphthalenic Acid
Naphthalonic Acid
Naphthenic Acid
Naphthoic Acid
Naptha
Natural Gas
Neatsfoot Oil
Neon
Neville Acid
Neville-Winter Acid
Nickel Acetate
Nickel Ammonium Sulfate
Nickel Chloride
Nickel Cyanide
Nickel Nitrate
Nickel Salts
Nickel Sulfate
Nicotinamide
Nicotinamide Hydrochloride
Nicotine
Nicotine Sulfate
Niter Cake
Nitric Acid, 050%
Nitric Acid, 3M to 158F
Nitric Acid, 50__ 1_0_
Nitric Acid, Concentrated
Nitric Acid, Concentrated to 158F
Nitric Acid, Red Fuming
Nitric Acid, White Fuming
Nitroaniline
Nitroaniline, Meta
Nitrobenzene
Nitrobenzoic Acid
Nitrocellulose
Nitrochlorobenzene
Nitrochloroform
Nitrodiethylaniline
Nitroethane
87
88
ACM
CR
NBR
NR
PTFE
SBR
TFE
VMQ
Nitrofluorobenzene
EPDM FFKM
1
FKM
3
FMVQ HNBR
1
Nitrogen
Nitrogen Dioxide
Nitrogen Oxides
Nitrogen Tetroxide
Nitrogen Trifluoride
Nitroglycerine
Nitroglycol
Nitrogylcerol
Nitroisopropylbenzene
Nitromethane
Nitrophenol
Nitropropane
Nitrothiophene
Nitrotoluene
Nitrotoluene, Ortho
Nitrous Acid
Nitrous Gases
Nitrous Oxide
Nivac 20, 30
Nonane
Noryl GE Phenolic
Nyvac FR200 Mobil
Octachlorotoluene
Octadecane
Octafluorocyclobutane
Octanal
Octane
Octyl Acetate
Octyl Alcohol
Octyl Chloride
Octyl Cresol
Octyl Phthalate
Oil of Turpentine
Olefins
Oleic Acid
Oleum
Oleum Spirits
Oleyl Alcohol
Olive Oil
Oronite 8200
Oronite 8515
Orthochloroethyl Benzene
OS 70
ACM
CR
EPDM FFKM
FKM
FMVQ HNBR
NBR
NR
PTFE
SBR
TFE
VMQ
Silicate Ester Based
OS45 Type 1V
Oxalic Acid
Oxygen, Cold
Oxygen, Hot
Oxygen, Liquid
Ozonated Deionized Water
Ozone
Paint Thinner, Duco
Palm Kernel Fatty Acid
Palmitic Acid
Paraffin Emulsions
Paraffin Oil
Paraffins
Paraldehyde
Par-Al-Ketone
Parathion
Parker O-Lube
Peanut Oil
Pectin
Penicillin
Pentachlorodiphenyl
Pentachloroethane
Pentachlorophenol
Pentaerythritol
Pentaerythritol Tetranitrate
Pentafluoroethane
Pentane
Pentane, 2-4-Dimethyl
Pentane, 2-Methyl
Pentane, 3-Methyl
Pentyl Pentanoate
Peracetic Acid
Peracetic Acid, < 1%
Peracetic Acid, < 10%
Perchloric Acid
Perchloroethylene
Perfluoropropane
Perfluorotriethylamine
Petro Oil, Crude Above 250
Petro Oil, Crude Below 250
Petrol
OS45 Type 111,
Petrol/Benzene Mixture,
89
ACM
CR
NBR
NR
PTFE
SBR
TFE
VMQ
50/30/20%
Petrolatum
Petrolatum Ether
Petroleum < 121C/250F
Petroleum > 121C/250F
Petroleum Ether
Petroleum Oil, Above 250F
Petroleum Oil, Below 250F
Petroleum Oil, Crude
Phenetole
Phenol
Phenol, 70%
Phenol, 85%
Phenolic Sulfonate
Phenolsulfonic Acid
Phenyl Amine
Phenyl Ethyl Ether
Phenyl Hydrazine
Phenylacetamide
Phenylacetate
Phenylacetic Acid
Phenylbenzene
Phenylenediamine
Phenylethyl Alcohol
Phenylethyl Ether
Phenylethyl Malonic Ester
Phenylglycerine
Phenylhydrazine
Phenylhydrazine Chlorhydrate
Phenylhydrazine Hydrochloride
Phenylmercuric Acetate
Phorone
Phosgene
Phosphine
Phosphoric Acid
Phosphoric Acid, 20%
50/50%
EPDM FFKM
FKM
FMVQ HNBR
60/40%
70/30%
80/20%
Petrol/Benzene/Ethanol,
90
ACM
CR
NBR
NR
PTFE
SBR
TFE
VMQ
Phosphoric Acid, 3M to 158F
EPDM FFKM
1
FKM
1
FMVQ HNBR
2
Phosphoric Acid, 80%
Concentrated to 158F
Phosphorous Oxychloride
Phosphorous Trichloride
Phosphorous Trichloride Acid
Photographic Developer
Photographic Emulsions
Photographic Fixing Baths
Phthalic Acid
Phthalic Anhydride
Pickling Solution
Picric Acid
Picric Acid, Aqueous
Picric Acid, Molten
Pine Needle Oil
Pine Oil
Pine Tar
Pinene
Piperazine
Piperidine
Plating Solution, Chrome
Plating Solution, Cobalt
Plating Solution, Copper
Plating Solution, Gold
Plating Solution, Indium
Plating Solution, Iron
Plating Solution, Lead
Plating Solution, Nickel
Plating Solution, Others
Plating Solution, Silver
Plating Solution, Tin
Plating Solution, Zinc
Pneumatic Service
Polyethylene Glycol
Polyglycerol
Polyglycol
Polyvinyl Acetate Emulsion
Potash, Aqueous
Potassium Acetate
Potassium Acid Sulfate
Phosphoric Acid,
Concentrated Room Temp
Phosphoric Acid,
91
92
ACM
CR
NBR
NR
PTFE
SBR
TFE
VMQ
Potassium Alum
EPDM FFKM
1
FKM
3
FMVQ HNBR
1
Potassium Aluminum Sulfate
Potassium Antimonate
Potassium Bicarbonate
Potassium Bichromate
Potassium Bifluoride
Potassium Bisulfate
Potassium Bisulfite
Potassium Bitartrate
Potassium Borate, Aqueous
Potassium Bromate, 10%
Potassium Bromide
Potassium Carbonate
Potassium Chlorate
Potassium Chloride
Potassium Chromate
Potassium Citrate
Potassium Copper Cyanide
Potassium Cupro Cyanide
Potassium Cyanate
Potassium Cyanide
Potassium Dichromate
Potassium Diphosphate
Potassium Ferricyanide
Potassium Fluoride
Potassium Glucocyanate
Potassium Hydroxide
Potassium Hypochlorite
Potassium Iodate
Potassium Iodide
Potassium Metabisulfate
Potassium Metachromate
Potassium Monochromate
Potassium Nitrate
Potassium Nitrite
Potassium Oxalate
Potassium Perchlorate
Potassium Perfluoro Acetate
Potassium Permanganate
Potassium Persulfate
Potassium Phosphate, Acidic
Potassium Phosphate, Alkaline
Potassium Phosphate,
Dibasic or Tribasic
ACM
CR
NBR
NR
PTFE
SBR
TFE
VMQ
Potassium Pyrosulfate
EPDM FFKM
1
FKM
3
FMVQ HNBR
1
Potassium Salts
Potassium Sodium Tartrate
Potassium Stannate
Potassium Stearate
Potassium Sulfate
Potassium Sulfide
Potassium Sulfite
Potassium Tartrate
Potassium Thiocyanate
Potassium Thiosulfate
Potassium Triphosphate
Potassium, Molten
Prestone Antifreeze
PRL-High Temp, Hydraulic Oil
Producer Gas
Propane
Propanoic Acid Nitrile
Propanol
Propanone (2-Propanone)
Propargyl Alcohol
Propionaldehyde
Propionic Acid
Propionitrile
Propyl Acetate
Propyl Acetone
Propyl Nitrate
Propyl Propionate
Propylamine
Propylbenzene
Propylene
Propylene Chloride
Propylene Chlorohydrin
Propylene Dichloride
Propylene Glycol
Propylene Imine
Propylene Oxide
PRS-3000
Pydraul 10E
Pydraul 115E
Pydraul 230C,
312C, 540C & A200
Pydraul 29ELT,
30E, 50E, 65E & 90E
93
ACM
CR
NBR
NR
PTFE
SBR
TFE
VMQ
Pyranol Transformer Oil
EPDM FFKM
4
FKM
1
FMVQ HNBR
1
Pyridine
Pyridine Oil
Pyridine Sulfate
Pyridine Sulfonic Acid
Pyrogallol
Pyrogard 42, 43, 53 & 55
Pyrogard C&D
Pyroligneous Acid
Pyrolube
Pyrosulfuric Acid
Pyrosulfuryl Chloride
Pyrrole
Pyruvic Acid
Quinidine
Quinine
Quinine Bisulfate
Quinine Hydrochloride
Quinine Sulfate
Quinine Tartrate
Quinizarin
Quinoline
Quinone
1.0 E+07 Rads
Raffinate
Rapeseed Oil
Red Line 100 Oil
Red Oil (MIL-H-5606)
Resorcinol
Riboflavin
Ricinoleic Aacid
Rosin
Saccharin Solution
Sagrotan
Sal Ammoniac
Salicylic Acid
Salt Water
Santosafe 300
Sea Salt
Sea Water
Sebacic Acid
Selenic Acid
Selenious Acid
Radiation, Gamma,
94
ACM
CR
NBR
NR
PTFE
SBR
TFE
VMQ
Sewage
EPDM FFKM
1
FKM
1
FMVQ HNBR
1
SF 1147 GE Silicone Fluid
Shell 3XF Mine Fluid
Shell Alvania Grease
Shell Carnea 19 & 29
Shell Diala
Shell Irus 905
Shell Lo Hydrax 27 and 29
Shell Macome 72
Shell Tellus 27, Petroleum Base
Shell Tellus 32, Petroleum Base
Shell Tellus 33
Shell Tellus 68
Shell UMF, 5% Aromatic
Shellac
Silicate Esters
Silicic Acid, Aqueous
Silicon Tetrachloride
Silicon Tetrafluoride
Silicone Greases
Silicone Oils
Silver Bromide
Silver Chloride
Silver Cyanide
Silver Nitrate
Silver Salts, Aqueous
Silver Sulfate
Sinclair Opaline CX-EP Lube
Skelly, Solvent B, C, E
Skydrol 500
Skydrol 500 B4
Skydrol 7000
Skydrol LD-4
Soap Solutions
Socony Mobile Type A
AMV AC781 Grease
Socony Vacuum PD959B
Soda Ash
Soda, Aqueous
Sodium Acetate
Sodium Acid Bisulfate
Socony Vacuum
95
ACM
CR
NBR
NR
PTFE
SBR
TFE
VMQ
Sodium Acid Fluoride
Sodium Acid Sulfate
Sodium Aluminate
Sodium Aluminate Sulfate
Sodium Antimonate
Sodium Arsenate
Sodium Arsenite
Sodium Benzoate
Sodium Bicarbonate
Sodium Bichromate
Sodium Bifluoride
Sodium Bisulfate
Sodium Bisulfide
Sodium Bisulfite
Sodium Bitartrate
Sodium Borate
Sodium Bromate
Sodium Bromide
Sodium Carbonate
Sodium Chlorate
Sodium Chloride
Sodium Chlorite
Sodium Chloroacetate
Sodium Chromate
Sodium Citrate
Sodium Cyanamide
Sodium Cyanate
Sodium Cyanide
Sodium Diacetate
Sodium Diphenyl Sulfonate
Sodium Diphosphate
Sodium Disilicate
Sodium Ethylate
Sodium Ferricyanide
Sodium Ferrocyanide
Sodium Fluoride
Sodium Fluorosilicate
Sodium Glutamate
Sodium Hydrogen Sulfate
Sodium Hydrosulfide
Sodium Hydrosulfite
Sodium Hydroxide
Sodium Hydroxide Pellets
Sodium Anthraquinone Disulfate
96
EPDM FFKM
FKM
FMVQ HNBR
ACM
CR
NBR
NR
PTFE
SBR
TFE
VMQ
Sodium Hypochlorite
EPDM FFKM
1
FKM
1
FMVQ HNBR
2
Sodium Hypophosphate
Sodium Hypophosphite
Sodium Hyposulfite
Sodium Iodide
Sodium Lactate
Sodium Metaphosphate
Sodium Metasilicate
Sodium Methylate
Sodium Monophosphate
Sodium Nitrate
Sodium Nitrite
Sodium Oleate
Sodium Orthosilicate
Sodium Oxalate
Sodium Perborate
Sodium Percarbonate
Sodium Perchlorate
Sodium Peroxide
Sodium Persulfate
Sodium Phenolate
Sodium Phenoxide
Sodium Phosphate, Dibasic
Sodium Phosphate, Tribasic
Sodium Phosphate, Monobasic
Sodium Plumbite
Sodium Pyrophosphate
Sodium Resinate
Sodium Salicylate
Sodium Salts
Sodium Silicate
Sodium Stannate
Sodium Sulfate
Sodium Sulfate Decahydrate
Sodium Sulfate, Anhydrous
Sodium Sulfide
Sodium Sulfite
Sodium Sulfocyanide
Sodium Tartrate
Sodium Tetraborate
Sodium Tetraphosphate
Sodium Tetrasulfide
Sodium Thioarsenate
Sodium Thiocyanate
97
ACM
CR
NBR
NR
PTFE
SBR
TFE
VMQ
Sodium Thiosulfate
EPDM FFKM
1
FKM
1
FMVQ HNBR
1
Sodium Trichloroacetate
Sodium Triphosphate
Sodium Tripolyphosphate
Sodium, Molten
Solvasol 1, 2 & 3
Solvasol 73
Solvasol 74
Sorbitol
Sour Crude Oil
Sour Natural Gas
Soybean Oil
Spermaceti
Spindle Oil
Spry
SR-10 Fuel
SR-6 Fuel
Standard Clean 2
GX90-EP Lube
Stannic Ammonium Chloride
Stannic Chloride
Stannic Chloride, 50%
Stannic Tetrachloride
Stannous Bisulfate
Stannous Bromide
Stannous Chloride
Stannous Fluoride
Stannous Sulfate
Starch Syrup
Starch, Aqueous
Stauffer 7700
Steam
Steam < 149C/300F
Steam > 149C/300F
Steam Below 400G
Steam, 400-500f
Stearic Acid
Stoddard Solvent
Strontium Acetate
Strontium Carbonate
Strontium Chloride
Strontium Hydroxide
Strontium Nitrate
Standard Oil Mobilube
98
ACM
CR
NBR
NR
PTFE
SBR
TFE
VMQ
Styrene
EPDM FFKM
4
FKM
2
FMVQ HNBR
3
Succinic Acid
Sucrose Solutions
Sugar Syrup
Sulfamic Acid
Sulfanilic Acid
Sulfanilic Chloride
Sulfanilimide
Sulfite Liquors
Sulfolane
Sulfonated Oils
Sulfonic Acid
Sulfonyl Choride
Sulfur
Sulfur (Molten 250F)
Sulfur Chloride
Sulfur Dioxide
Sulfur Dioxide Gas, Dry
Sulfur Dioxide Gas, Wet
Sulfur Dioxide, Liquefied
Sulfur Hexafluoride
Sulfur Liquors
Sulfur Monochloride
Sulfur Tetrafluoride
Sulfur Trioxide
Sulfuric Acid
Sulfuric Acid, 20% Oleum
Concentrated to 158F
Sulfuric Chlorohydrin
Sulfurous Acid
Sulfuryl Chloride
Sulphur Dioxide, Aqueous
Sunoco 3661
Sunoco All Purpose Grease
Sunoco SAE 10
Sunsafe (Fire Resistant Fluid)
Supershell Gasoline
Swanfinch EP Lubricant
Swanfinch Hypoid 90
Tallow
T-Amyl Methyl Ether
Sulfuric Acid,
Concentrated Room Temp
Sulfuric Acid,
99
ACM
CR
NBR
NR
PTFE
SBR
TFE
VMQ
Tannic Acid
EPDM FFKM
1
FKM
1
FMVQ HNBR
1
Tanning Extract
Tar Oil
Tar, Bituminous
Tartaric Acid
T-Butyl Alcohol
T-Butyl Catechol
T-Butyl Mercaptan
T-Butylcatechol
Terephthalic Acid
Terpineol
Terpinyl Acetate
Tetrabromoethane
Tetrabromomethane
Tetrabutyl Titanate
Tetrachloroethane
Tetrachloroethylene
Tetraethyl Lead
Tetraethyl Lead Blend
Tetraethylorthosilicate
Tetrafluoromethane
Tetrahydrofuran
Tetrahydronaphthalene
Hydroxide
Tetramethyldihydropyridine
Tetraphosphoglucosate
Texaco 3450 Gear Oil
Texaco Capella A & AA
Texaco Meropa 220, No Lead
Texaco Regal B
Texaco Uni-Temp Grease
Texamatic A 1581 Fluid
Texamatic A Transmission Oil
Texas 1500 Oil
Therminol 44
Therminol 55
Therminol VP-1, 60, 65
Thioamyl Alcohol
Thiodiacetic Acid
Thioethanol
Tetramethyl Ammonium
100
ACM
CR
NBR
NR
PTFE
SBR
TFE
VMQ
Thioglycolic Acid
EPDM FFKM
1
FKM
3
FMVQ HNBR
1
Thiokol TP-90B
Thiokol TP-95
Thionyl Chloride
Thiophene
Thiophosphoryl Chloride
Thiourea
Thorium Nitrate
Tidewater Multigear, 140 EP Lube 1
Tidewater Oil, Beedol
Tin Ammonium Chloride
Tin Chloride
Tin Tetrachloride
Titanic Acid
Titanium Dioxide
Titanium Sulfate
Titanium Tetrachloride
Toluene
Toluene Diisocyanate
Toluene Sulfonic Acid
Toluene Sulfonyl Chloride
Toluenesulfonic Acid
Toluidine
Toluol
Toluquinone
Tolylaldehyde, PARA
Tosyl Arginine Methyl Ester
Town Gas, Benzene Free
Transformer Oil
Transmission Fluid, Type A
Triacetin
Triallyl Phosphate
Triaryl Phosphate
Tribromomethylbenzene
Tributoxyethyl Phosphate
Tributyl Citrate
Tributyl Mercaptan
Tributyl Phosphate
Trichloroacetic Acid
Trichloroacetyl Chloride
Trichlorobenzene
Trichloroethane
Trichloroethanolamine
Trichloroethyl Phosphate
101
102
ACM
CR
NBR
NR
PTFE
SBR
TFE
VMQ
Trichloroethylene
EPDM FFKM
4
FKM
1
FMVQ HNBR
2
Trichlorofluoromethane
Trichloromethane
Trichloronitromethane
Trichloropropane
Trichlorosilane
Trichlorotrifluoroethane
Tricresyl Phosphate
Triethanolamine
Triethyl Aluminium
Triethyl Borane
Triethyl Phosphate
Triethylene Glycol
Triethylenetetramine
Trifluoroacetic Acid
Trifluoroethane
Trifluoromethane
Trifluorovinylchloride
Triglycol
Triisopropylbenzylchloride
Trimethyl Borate
Trimethylamine
Trimethylbenzene
Trimethylolpropane
Trimethylpentane
Trinitrotoluene
Trioctyl Phosphate
Triphenyl Phosphite
Tripoly Phosphate
Tripotassium Phosphate
Trisodium Phosphate
Tung Oil
Tungsten Hexafluoride
Turbine Oil
Turbo Oil #35
Turpentine
Ucon Hydrolube J-4
Ucon Lubricant 50-HB-100
Ucon Lubricant LB-1145
ACM
CR
NBR
NR
PTFE
SBR
TFE
VMQ
EPDM FFKM
1
FKM
1
FMVQ HNBR
1
Ucon Lubricant LB-300x
Ucon Oil 50-HB-280X
Ucon Oil Heat Transfer 500
Ucon Oil LB-385
Ucon Oil LB-400X
Ultra Pure Deionized Water
Undecylenic Acid
Undecylic Acid
Univis 40 Hydraulic Fluid
Univolt No. 35 Mineral Oil
Hydrazine
Uranium Hexachloride
Urea
Uric Acid
Valeraldehyde
Valeric Acid
Vanadium Oxide
Vanadium Pentoxide
Varnish
Vaseline
Vaseline Oil
Vegetable Oils
Versilube F44, F55
Versilube F-50
Vinegar
Vinyl Acetate
Vinyl Benzene
Vinyl Benzoate
Vinyl Chloride
Vinyl Cyanide
Vinyl Fluoride
Vinylidene Chloride
Vinylpyridine
Vitriol, White
Water
Wax Alcohol
Wemco C
Whiskey
White Liquor
White Lye
Unsymmetrical Dimethyl
103
ACM
CR
NBR
NR
PTFE
SBR
TFE
VMQ
White Oil
EPDM FFKM
4
FKM
1
FMVQ HNBR
1
White Pine Oil
White Pine Tar
White Spirit
Wine
Wolmar Salts
Wood Alcohol
Wood Oil
Wool Fat
Xenon
Xylamon, Wood Preservative
Xylene
Mixed-Aromatic Amines
Xylidine
Xylol
Yeast, Aqueous
Zeolites
Zinc Acetate
Zinc Ammonium Chloride
Zinc Chloride
Zinc Chromate
Zinc Cyanide
Zinc Diethyldithiocarbamate
Zinc Dihydrogen Phosphate
Zinc Hydrosulfite
Zinc Nitrate
Zinc Oxide
Zinc Phenolsulfonate
Zinc Phosphate
Zinc Salts
Zinc Stearate
Zinc Sulfate
Zinc Sulfide
Zirconium Nitrate
Xylidenes-
104
Table 4-7: Chemical compatibility guide
4.8 Standard materials

The following pages show the physical properties of NewDealSeals/Origom most common
standard compounds.
Material
Colour
Code
NBR 70
black
N70N00L
NBR 90
black
N90N00L
HNBR 70
black
H70N00C
EPDM 70
black
E70N00L
FKM 70
black
V70N00E
FKM 90
black
V90N00E
FKM 70
green
V70V00E
VMQ 70
redbrown
S70R00E
Many applications require approved compounds for a guaranteed performance. Origom has developed
several compounds which meet the requirements made by the following authorities:
DVGW - KTW
FDA
DGS
NSF
UL
WRAS
See the table on the next pages for a list of currently available approved compounds. Of course, many
other compounds for all kinds of applications are also available and, in addition, a compound suitable
for your unique requirements can easily be developed. Our staff will be pleased to provide the best
assistance possible in selecting the most appropriate compound.
105
CODE
INSTITUTE
APPROVAL NR.
APPLICATION
NBR 70 SH
N70N00L
DVGW
DIN EN 549
DIN-DVGW
(04/1995)
NG 5112AT0061
GAS
DESCRIPTION
Classe B1/H3
FKM 70 SH
V70N00E
DVGW
DIN EN 549
DIN-DVGW
(04/1995)
NG 5112AT0060
Classe E1/H3
SILICONE 70 SH
S70R00E
DVGW
DIN EN 549
DIN-DVGW
(04/1995)
NG 5112AM0219
Classe E1/H3
NBR 70 SH
N70N05C
DVGW
DIN EN 549
DIN-DVGW
(04/1995)
NG 5112AR0534
Classe B1/H3
FKM 70 SH
V70V05T
DVGW
DIN EN 549
DIN-DVGW
(04/1995)
NG 5112BP0289
NBR 70 SH
N70N06G
TZW
DIRETTIVA KTW
(BGes.BI. Jg.86.6.Mitt.ff) im Bereich
Dichtungen D1 und D2
NBR 85 SH
N85N00G
TZW
DIRETTIVA KTW
POTABLE WATER
Classe E1/H3
(BGes.BI. Jg.86.6.Mitt.ff) im Bereich

Dichtungen D1 und D2
107
Table 4-8: Approved compounds
CODE
INSTITUTE
NBR 70 SH
N70N06G
CERISIE
APPROVAL NR.
F.D.A. - TITLE 21 - Parts
APPLICATION
544
170 to 199 - Item
FOOD
DESCRIPTION
177.2600 (e) ed (f)

NBR 70 SH
N70N05C
CERISIE
170 to 199 - Item
289/B
177.2600 (e) ed (f)

170 to 199 - Item
EPDM 70 SH
E70N00C
CERISIE
177.2600 (e) ed (f)
289/A
PEROXIDE CURED
170 to 199 - Item
177.2600 (e) ed (f)
EPDM 80 SH
402/A
E80N00C
CERISIE
N70N06G
ISTITUT PASTEUR
CIRCOLARE DGS/VS4
DE LILLE
n2000/232-27
NBR 70 SH
//
Aprile 2000 ANNEXE C
SILICONE 40 SH
S40B00E
ISTITUT PASTEUR
CIRCOLARE DGS/VS4
DE LILLE
n2000/232-27
//
NBR 85 SH
N85N00G
ISTITUT PASTEUR
CIRCOLARE DGS/VS4
DE LILLE
n2000/232- 27
//
EPDM 70 SH
E70N01C
PEROXIDE CURED
ISTITUT PASTEUR
CIRCOLARE DGS/VS4
DE LILLE
n2000/232-27
04 MAT LI 020
Aprile 2000
108
CIRCOLARE DGS/VS4
n99/217-12 Aprile 1999
EPDM 60 SH
PEROXIDE CURED
E60N01C
ISTITUT PASTEUR
CIRCOLARE DGS/VS4
DE LILLE
n2000/232-27
Aprile 2000
CIRCOLARE DGS/VS4
n99/217-12 Aprile 1999
Table 4-8: Approved compounds (Continued)
08 CLP LI 002
POTABLE WATER
PEROXIDE CURED
CODE
INSTITUTE
APPROVAL NR.
APPLICATION
NBR 70 SH
N70N06G
NSF
NSF/ANSI
1A500-01/
STANDARD 61/6
1A501-01
61/9
NBR 85 SH
N85N00G
NSF
NSF/ANSI
1A500-01/
STANDARD 61/6
1A501-01
POTABLE WATER
DESCRIPTION
NSF
EPDM 70 SH
E70N01S
UL
NSF/ANSI
1A500-01/
STANDARD 61/
1A501-01
UL 157
MH29605
COMPONENT
GASKETS AND SEALS
EPDM 70 SH
E70N01C
MPA
PEROXIDE CURED
DIRETTIVA KTW
(BGes.BI. Jg.86.6.Mitt.ff) im
Bereich Dichtungen D1 und D2
DIN EN 681-1 (05/2003) Type WB
NBR 70 SH
N70N06G
WRC / WRAS
WATER REGULATION
ADVISORY SCHEME BS 6920
FOR COLD AND HOT WATER
Table 4-8: Approved compounds (Continued)
POTABLE WATER
E70N01C
PEROXIDE CURED
POTABLE WATER
EPDM 70 SH
LAUNDRY & DISH WASHING DETERGENTS
61/9
109
110
Table 4-9: Physical and mechanical properties NBR 70 BLACK
Table 4-9: Physical and mechanical properties NBR 70 BLACK (Continued)
111
112
Table 4-10: Physical and mechanical properties NBR 90 BLACK
113
Table 4-11: Physical and mechanical properties EPDM 70 BLACK
114
Table 4-12: Physical and mechanical properties FKM 70 BLACK
115
Table 4-13: Physical and mechanical properties FKM 90 BLACK
116
Table 4-14: Physical and mechanical properties FKM 70 GREEN
117
Table 4-15: Physical and mechanical properties VMQ 70 RED BROWN
118
Table 4-16: Physical and mechanical properties HNBR 70 BLACK
Table 4-16: Physical and mechanical properties HNBR 70 BLACK (Continued)
119
Design recommendations
5.1 Select the O-Ring size

Before selecting specific groove dimensions, it is necessary to know what size O-Ring is needed.
To complete this design step the following has to be established:
Application
Approximate size of the application (bore or piston diameter)
Location of the groove (bore or piston/rod)
5.1.1 Select the inside diameter

O-Rings can be used in a wide variety of ways. Firstly, determine whether the application is static or
dynamic. Secondly, establish whether the direction of the compression is axial, radial or different. The
design information mentioned below should be taken into account for the inside diameter of the O-Ring.
Application: Static axial (flange seal)
pressure from the inside
pressure from the outside
Figure 5-1: Axial installation, static

The pressure direction must be considered when specifying the dimensions of the O-Ring. If there is external
pressure, the inside diameter of the ring should correspond to the inside diameter of the groove or be slightly
smaller (1-3%). If there is internal pressure, the outside diameter of the ring should correspond to the outside
diameter of the groove or be slightly larger (1-2%). This prevents that, due to the swelling pressure, movement
of the O-Ring in the groove occurs, thus leading to a greater deformation and wear.
120
Application: Static axial (flange seal trapezoidal or dovetail groove)
d = d1 + d2
Figure 5-2: Static axial (flange seal trapezoidal or dovetail groove)
The inside diameter can be selected as the diameter d cross-section.
Application: Static (crush seal triangular groove)
Type A
Type B
Figure 5-3: Static (crush seal - triangular groove)

For construction type A and to facilitate assembly choose an inside diameter which is1-5% smaller than
the cover. In case of construction type B choose such a diameter so that the compression of the outside
diameter of the O-Ring amounts to no more than 2%.
121
Application: Dynamic and static radial

rod seal
piston seal
piston
rod
d3
d4
Figure 5-4: Piston & rod
Inner sealing (rod)

The O-Ring size should be selected so that the inside diameter d1 has the smallest possible
deviation from the diameter to be sealed d4.
Outer sealing (piston)

The O-Ring size should be selected so that the inside diameter d1 is equal to or smaller than
groove diameter d3.
123
However, if the O-Ring is used as a rotary seal the following points have to be taken into consideration:
The rotary seal principle is based on the fact that an elongated elastomer ring contracts when heated
(Joule effect). According to the normal design criteria the O-Ring inside diameter d1 is slightly smaller
than the shaft diameter, and the heat generated by friction causes the ring to contract even more.
This results in a higher pressure on the rotating shaft which prevents the forming of a lubricating film
under the seal and causes even higher friction resulting in increased wear and a premature failure of
the seal. This can be prevented by choosing the seal ring whose inside diameter is approximately 2 to
5% larger than the diameter of the shaft to be sealed. The installation in the groove means that the seal
ring is compressed radially and is pressed against the shaft by the groove diameter. The seal ring is
thus slightly corrugated in the groove, a fact which facilitates lubrication.
In case of dynamic sealing, a distinction must be made between hydraulics and pneumatics in O-Ring
applications. Due to the friction resistance, the deformation is minimised compared to static seals.
This is especially the case when lubrication is poor, as it happens when lubricated air is not available.
In these kinds of applications the initial compression of the O-Ring has to be reduced by a few percent.
Lubricated air gives more or less the same results as in a hydraulic application.
Standard dimensions
We recommend the use of the already available standard sizes. See our list of most common standard
sizes with the preference for the standard AS 568 B.
5.1.2 Select the cross-section

Several standard cross-section diameters are usually available when designing an O-Ring seal.
A number of factors have to be considered when deciding which one to use, and some of these factors
are somewhat contradictory. In a dynamic, reciprocating application, the choice is narrowed because
the table does not include the smallest O-Ring sizes. For any given piston or rod diameter, O-Rings with
smaller cross-section diameters are inherently less stable than those with larger cross-sections which tend
to twist in the groove when reciprocating motion occurs. This leads to early O-Ring spiral failure followed
by leakage. Nevertheless, for many dynamic applications, there is a lot of choice as to cross-sections,
and the larger cross-sections will prove to be the more stable ones. The reduced breakaway and running
124
friction obtainable with a smaller cross-section O-Ring counterweighs this factor. These and other factors,
which have to be considered, are tabulated in Table 5-1.
EFFECTS OF CROSS-SECTION
LARGER SECTION
SMALLER SECTION
DYNAMIC RECIPROCATING SEALS
More stable
Less stable
More friction
Less friction
ALL SEALS
Requires larger supporting structure
Requires less space - reduces weight
Better compression set (1)
Poorer compression set (1)
Less volume swell in fluid
More volume swell in fluid
Less resistant to explosive
More resistant to explosive
decompression
Allows use of larger tolerances
while still controlling squeeze adequately
Less sensitive to dirt, lint, scratches etc
Poorer physical properties (2)
decompression
Requires closer tolerances to
control squeeze. More likely to
leak due to dirt, lint, scratches etc
Better physical properties (2)
Cost and availability are other factors to consider, and these would need to be
determined for the particular size being considered.
(1) Particularly true for nitrile and fluorocarbon elastomers. Doubtful for enhylene propylenes and silicones.
(2) Applies to tensile and elongation of nitriles, elongation of fluorocarbons.
Table 5-1: Effects of cross-section
5.2 Select the hardness / radial clearance

Pressure has a bearing on O-Ring seal design as it can affect the choice of compound shore hardness.
At very low pressures, proper sealing may be more easily achieved with lower durometer hardness
(50-60 Shore A). At higher pressures, the combination of pressure and material shore hardness determine the
maximum clearance that may safely be tolerated (see Figure 5-5). Cyclic fluctuation of pressure can cause local
extrusion of the O-Ring resulting in nibbling (see section 9, O-Ring failure analysis), particularly if peak system
pressures are high enough to cause expansion of the cylinder wall. One remedy could be to stiffen the cylinder
to limit the expansion so that the bore to piston clearance does not exceed a safe value.
125
radial clearance S
pressure
Figure 5-5: Extrusion of an O-Ring
O-Ring crosssection d2 (mm)
up to 2
2-3
3-5
5-7
above 7
O-Rings with hardness of 70 Shore A

Pressure (MPa)
Radial clearance S (mm)
3.50
0.08
0.09
0.10
0.13
0.15
7.00
0.05
0.07
0.08
0.09
0.10
10.50
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.07
0.08
O-Rings with hardness of 90 Shore A

Pressure (MPa)
126
Radial clearance S (mm)
3.50
0.13
0.15
0.20
0.23
0.25
7.00
0.10
0.13
0.15
0.18
0.20
10.50
0.07
0.09
0.10
0.13
0.15
14.00
0.05
0.07
0.08
0.09
0.10
17.50
0.04
0.05
0.07
0.08
0.09
21.00
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.07
0.08
35.00
0.02
0.03
0.03
0.04
0.04
Table 5-2: Maximum radial clearances

Reduce the clearance shown by 60% when using silicone or fluorsilicone elastomers.
Extrusion of O-Rings can also be prevented by the use of anti-extrusion (Back-Up) devices. These are
thin rings made out of much harder material fitted into the groove between the seal and the clearance gaps,
which essentially provide zero clearance. They are available in hard elastomer compounds, PTFE and special
plastics. Please contact NewDealSeals if you need further information.
5.3 Determine the groove dimensions
5.3.1 Introduction
The design of the O-Ring seal has already been produced for the majority of standard
applications. The necessary data for groove dimensions can easily be selected.
The following paragraphs deal with the more important design factors that generally
apply to all O-Ring seals.
5.3.2 Temperature
Operating temperature (from -60C to +325C depending on material and media resistance), or to be
more exact, the range of system temperatures, may require some minor modification of the groove
design. Groove dimensions given in the static and dynamic seal design sections are calculated for the
temperature ranges listed for standard compounds. If the operation is only to be at a high temperature,
groove volume may need to be increased to compensate for thermal expansion of the O-Ring. Conversely,
for operation only at low temperature, a better seal may result from reducing the groove depth, thereby
obtaining the proper squeeze on the contracted O-Ring.
Such special designs for high and low temperature environments are seldom required. The minimum
squeeze values for the various O-Ring cross-section diameters given in the design tables (see section 6,
Groove design) of the static and dynamic seal design sections are usually satisfactory.
5.3.3 Initial compression

The tendency of an O-Ring to attempt to return to its original uncompressed shape when the cross-section is
deflected is the main reason why O-Rings make such excellent seals. Obviously then, squeeze is a major
consideration in O-Ring seal design. In dynamic applications, the maximum recommended squeeze is
approximately 16%, due to friction and wear considerations, though smaller cross-sections may be squeezed
as much as 25%. When used as a static seal, the maximum recommended squeeze for most elastomers is 30%,
although this amount may cause assembly problems in a radial squeeze seal design. In a face seal situation,
128
however, a 30% squeeze is often beneficial because recovery is more complete in this range, and the seal may
function at a somewhat lower temperature. There is a danger in squeezing much more than 30% since the
extra stress induced may contribute to early seal deterioration. Somewhat higher squeeze may be used if the
seal will not be exposed to high temperatures or to fluids that tend to attack the elastomer and cause
additional swell.
In any given application it is always prudent to adopt the largest possible O-Ring cross-section in relation
to the inside diameter d1 when selecting the cross-section d2. It is particularly advisable to select the next
larger cross-section in connection with unfavourable tolerance conditions.
When radially installed O-Rings can be (depending on the given application) extended by max. 5%
and compressed by max. 3%.
The sealing effect of the O-Ring is the result of its initial compression. Depending on the application,
the following values should be achieved:
Dynamic sealing 6 - 20%
Static sealing 15 - 30%
The recommended initial O-Ring compression in relation to the cross-section and the application is:
Hydraulics minimum 6%
Pneumatics minimum 2%
In special applications in the field of pneumatics O-Rings are installed entirely free of any initial
compression.
Please find on the next page the figures which show the permissible range of initial squeeze as a
function of the cross-section.
129
HYDRAULICS, PNEUMATICS, STATIC

40
35
35
30
25
MAX
20
INITIAL SQUEEZE IN %
HYDRAULICS, DYNAMIC
40
30
20
15
15
10
5
0
0
1.8
2.65
3.55
5.3
1.8
2.65
3.55
5.3
O-RING CROSS-SECTION d2 IN MM
AXIAL
PNEUMATICS, DYNAMIC
40
40
35
35
MIN
10
MIN
30
25
20
MAX
15
30
25
MAX
20
MIN
15
10
10
MIN
5
0
0
1.8
2.65
3.55
5.3
130
MAX
25
1.8
2.65
3.55
5.3
Figure 5-6: Permissible range of initial squeeze
Figure 5-7: Permissible range of initial squeeze
as a function of cross-section, radial dynamic
as a function of cross-section, radial static and axial
5.3.4 O-Ring compression force

The force required to compress each linear centimetre of an O-Ring seal depends mainly on the shore hardness of the O-Ring, its cross-section, and the amount of compression desired. Even if all these factors
are the same, the compressive force per cm for two rings will still vary if the rings are made from different
compounds or if their inside diameters are different. The anticipated load for a given installation is not fixed,
but is a range of values.
90
20%
N
BR
COMPRESSION FORCE ON O-RING CIRCUMFERENCE (N/cm)
CROSS-SECTION COMPRESSION 10%
160
140
R8
120
NB
100
NB
80
NB
R7
60
40
R9
NBR
80
NBR
70
20
10
O-RING CROSS-SECTION d2 (mm)
Figure 5-8: Compression forces on the O-Ring circumference depending on the material
5.3.5 Groove fill
The percentage of groove volume that an O-Ring cross-section displaces in its confining groove is called
groove fill. Most O-Ring seal applications call for a groove fill of between 60% to 85% of the available
volume with the optimum fill being 75%. The reason for the 60% to 85% range is because of potential
tolerance stacking, O-Ring volume swell and possible thermal expansion of the seal. It is essential to
allow for at least 10% free volume in any elastomer sealing groove.
131
5.4 Seal housing design
5.4.1 Lead-in chamfer

Lead-in chamfers should be incorporated in the design of the construction.
This will prevent damage to the seal during installation.
15 to 20
15 to 20
Figure 5-9: Lead-in chamfer

132
The next table gives the minimum lengths of the installation angle for piston and rod seals dependant on
the cross-section d2.
Lead-in chamfers length Z min. (mm)
O-Ring cross-section d2 (mm)
15
20
2.5
1.5
up to 1.78 / 1.80
3.0
2.0
up to 2.62 / 2.65
3.5
2.5
up to 3.53 / 3.55
4.5
3.5
up to 5.33 / 5.30
5.0
4.0
up to 7.00
6.0
4.5
above 7.00
Table 5-3: Lead-in chamfer lengths (The surface roughness of a lead-in chamber is: Rz < 6,3 m and Ra < 0,8 m)
5.4.2 Surfaces
The contact surface must conform with minimum quality standards to achieve an optimal sealing effect
(see Table 5-4). The permissible surface roughness values must not be exceeded with dynamic seal
applications or with pulsating pressures.
application
radial dynamic
radial, axial static

contact /groove surfaces
surface
sliding
surface
groove
surface
Rmax (m) Roughness
1.0 - 4.0
16
16
10
Ra (m) Roughness
0.1 - 0.4
1.6
1.6
0.8
Rz (m) Roughness
0.63 - 2.5
10
10
6.3
constant press. pulsating press.
Table 5-4: Permissible surface roughness values

133
5.4.3 Vacuum applications

Fluorelastomers (FKM) are now the preferred material for vacuum applications. Among the rubber polymers
used for seals, it has one of the lowest permeability rates for gases. FKM compounds also have low outgassing
or weight loss characteristics and good physical properties for a seal.
The rate of the flow of gases from the pressure side to the vacuum side of an elastomeric seal depends to a
great extent on how the seal is designed. Increased O-Ring squeeze reduces permeability by increasing the
length of the path the gas has to travel (width of ring) and by decreasing the area available for the entry of
the gas (groove depth). Increasing the squeeze also tends to force the rubber into any small irregularities in the
mating metal surface, and thus prevents leakage around the seal. The vacuum grease aids the seal by filling these
microscopic pits and grooves, thus reducing leakage around the ring, and at the same time it may be changing
the surface tension favourably and result in a reduced rate of surface absorbtion.
Surface roughness of the groove surfaces is more critical in sealing pressurized gases or vacuum, as a gas
will find its way through extremely minute passages. Therefore, surfaces against which an O-Ring must seal
should have a surface roughness value lower than usual.
See the table below:
pressure
bottom / top
sides
vacuum
0.8 m Ra
1.6 m Ra
1100-1300 Pa
0.4 m Ra
1.6 m Ra
1300-1500 Pa
0.1 m Ra
1.6 m Ra
Table 5-5: Surface finish of vacuum groove
134
5.5 Installation
5.5.1 Assembly
Assembly must be done with great care so that the O-Ring is properly placed in the groove and is not
damaged as the groove assembly is closed. Some of the more important design features to ensure this are:
The inside diameter stretch, as installed in the groove, should not be more than 5%.
Excessive stretch will shorten the life of most O-Ring materials.
The inside diameter expansion needed to reach the groove during assembly ordinarily does not
exceed 25-50% and should not exceed 50% of the ultimate elongation of the chosen compound.
However, for small diameter O-Rings, it may be necessary to exceed this rule of thumb. If so,
sufficient time should be allowed for the O-Ring to return to its normal diameter before closing the
groove assembly.
The O-Ring should not be twisted. Twisting during installation will most readily occur with O-Rings
having a large ratio of inside diameter to cross-section diameter.
O-Rings should never be forced over unprotected sharp corners, threads, keyways, slots, splines,
ports, or other sharp edges. If impossible to avoid by proper design, then thimbles, supports,
or other shielding arrangements must be used during assembly to prevent damage to the seal.
Closure of the groove assembly must not pinch the O-Ring at the groove corners.
5.5.2 Lubrication
Lubrication of O-Ring seals is extremely important for installation and operation of dynamic seals as well
as proper seating of static seals. The general rule for use of lubrication is: The greatest benefit in using a
lubricant is obtained during the initial installation of the O-Ring.
136
5.5.3 Cleanliness
Cleanliness is vitally important to assure proper sealing action and long O-Ring life. Every precaution must
be taken to ensure that all component parts are clean at time of assembly. Foreign particles (dust, dirt, metal
chips, grit, etc.) in the groove may cause leakage and can damage the O-Ring, reducing its life.
O-Ring groove design
6.1 Static applications
6.1.1 Groove dimensions for radial and axial installation
r
Figure 6-2: Outside sealing radial
Figure 6-1: Inside sealing radial
b
r
Figure 6-3: Axial sealing
Figure 6-4: O-Ring
137
CROSS-SECTION
RADIAL INSTALLATION
GROOVE DEPTH
138
GROOVE WIDTH
AXIAL INSTALLATION
GROOVE DEPTH
RADIUS
GROOVE WIDTH
d2
t +0.05
b +0.2
t +0.05
b +0.2
r 0.2
0.50
0.35
0.80
0.35
0.80
0.20
0.74
0.50
1.00
0.50
1.00
0.20
1.00
0.70
1.40
0.70
1.40
0.20
1.02
0.70
1.40
0.70
1.40
0.20
1.20
0.85
1.70
0.85
1.70
0.20
1.25
0.90
1.70
0.90
1.80
0.20
1.27
0.90
1.70
0.90
1.80
0.20
1.30
0.95
1.80
0.95
1.80
0.20
1.42
1.05
1.90
1.05
2.00
0.30
1.50
1.10
2.00
1.10
2.10
0.30
1.52
1.10
2.00
1.10
2.10
0.30
1.60
1.20
2.10
1.20
2.20
0.30
1.63
1.20
2.10
1.20
2.20
0.30
1.78
1.30
2.40
1.30
2.60
0.30
1.80
1.30
2.40
1.30
2.60
0.30
1.83
1.35
2.50
1.35
2.60
0.30
1.90
1.40
2.60
1.40
2.70
0.30
1.98
1.50
2.70
1.50
2.80
0.30
2.00
1.50
2.70
1.50
2.80
0.30
2.08
1.55
2.80
1.55
2.90
0.30
2.10
1.55
2.80
1.55
2.90
0.30
2.20
1.60
3.00
1.60
3.00
0.30
2.26
1.70
3.00
1.70
3.10
0.30
2.30
1.75
3.10
1.75
3.10
0.30
2.34
1.75
3.10
1.75
3.10
0.30
2.40
1.80
3.20
1.80
3.30
0.30
2.46
1.85
3.30
1.85
3.40
0.30
2.50
1.90
3.30
1.85
3.40
0.30
2.62
2.00
3.60
2.00
3.80
0.30
2.65
2.00
3.60
2.00
3.80
0.30
2.70
2.05
3.60
2.05
3.80
0.30
2.80
2.10
3.70
2.10
3.90
0.60
2.92
2.20
3.90
2.20
4.00
0.60
2.95
2.20
3.90
2.20
4.00
0.60
3.00
2.30
4.00
2.30
4.00
0.60
3.10
2.40
4.10
2.40
4.10
0.60
3.50
2.65
4.60
2.65
4.70
0.60
3.53
2.70
4.80
2.70
5.00
0.60
3.55
2.70
4.80
2.70
5.00
0.60
3.60
2.80
4.80
2.80
5.10
0.60
Table 6-1: Groove dimensions in mm for radial and axial installation
CROSS-SECTION
RADIAL INSTALLATION
GROOVE DEPTH
GROOVE WIDTH
AXIAL INSTALLATION
GROOVE DEPTH
RADIUS
GROOVE WIDTH
d2
t +0.05
b +0.2
t +0.05
b +0.2
r 0.2
4.00
3.10
5.20
3.10
5.30
0.60
4.50
3.50
5.80
3.50
5.90
0.60
5.00
4.00
6.60
4.00
6.70
0.60
5.30
4.30
7.10
4.30
7.30
0.60
5.33
4.30
7.10
4.30
7.30
0.60
5.50
4.50
7.10
4.50
7.30
0.60
5.70
4.60
7.20
4.60
7.40
0.60
6.00
4.90
7.40
4.90
7.60
0.60
6.50
5.40
8.00
5.40
8.20
1.00
6.99
5.80
9.50
5.80
9.70
1.00
7.00
5.80
9.50
5.80
9.70
1.00
7.50
6.30
9.70
6.30
9.90
1.00
8.00
6.70
9.80
6.70
10.00
1.00
8.40
7.10
10.00
7.10
10.30
1.00
9.00
7.70
10.60
7.70
10.90
1.50
9.50
8.20
11.00
8.20
11.40
1.50
10.00
8.60
11.60
8.60
12.00
2.00
12.00
10.60
13.50
10.60
14.00
2.00
Table 6-1: Groove dimensions in mm for radial and axial installation (Continued)
6.1.2 Groove dimensions for dovetail installation
251
r1
r2
139
w1
w2
Figure 6-5: Flange seal
Figure 6-6: O-Ring
GROOVE DIMENSIONS
CROSS-SECTION
GROOVE WIDTH
GROOVE DEPTH
RADIUS (MAX)
d2
w1 +/-0.05
w2 +/-0.05
r1
r2
3.53
2.90
3.10
2.90
0.60
0.25
4.00
3.40
3.50
3.30
0.70
0.25
4.50
3.80
4.00
3.70
0.70
0.30
5.00
4.30
4.40
4.10
0.80
0.30
5.30 / 5.33
4.60
4.70
4.40
0.90
0.30
5.50
4.60
4.80
4.50
0.90
0.30
5.70
4.70
5.00
4.70
0.90
0.30
6.00
5.00
5.50
5.00
1.00
0.40
6.50
5.40
5.90
5.40
1.10
0.40
6.99 / 7.00
5.95
6.30
5.90
1.20
0.40
7.50
6.20
6.70
6.20
1.20
0.40
8.00
6.70
7.30
6.70
1.30
0.50
8.40
7.30
7.90
7.30
1.50
0.50
9.00
7.50
8.10
7.50
1.50
0.50
10.00
8.30
9.00
8.30
1.70
0.60
t +/-0.05
Table 6-2: Groove dimensions in mm for dovetail installation
6.1.3 Groove dimensions for crush seal installation

w
140
45
Figure 6-7: Crush seal installation
Figure 6-8: O-Ring
CROSS-SECTION
GROOVE DIMENSIONS
d2
WIDTH (w)
TOLERANCES
1.00
1.40
+/-0.04
1.50
2.10
+/-0.06
1.60
2.30
+/-0.06
1.78
2.45
+/-0.07
1.80
2.45
+/-0.07
2.00
2.75
+/-0.08
2.40
3.40
+/-0.10
2.50
3.50
+/-0.10
2.62
3.60
+/-0.10
2.65
3.60
+/-0.10
3.00
4.20
+/-0.12
3.50
4.90
+/-0.14
3.53
5.00
+/-0.14
3.55
5.00
+/-0.14
4.00
5.70
+/-0.16
4.50
6.30
+/-0.18
5.00
7.10
+/-0.20
5.30
7.60
+/-0.21
5.33
7.60
+/-0.21
5.50
7.80
+/-0.22
5.70
8.10
+/-0.23
6.00
8.50
+/-0.24
6.50
9.30
+/-0.26
6.99
9.90
+/-0.28
7.00
9.90
+/-0.28
7.50
10.60
+/-0.30
8.00
11.40
+/-0.32
8.40
11.90
+/-0.36
9.00
12.80
+/-0.40
10.00
14.10
+/-0.40
12.00
16.90
+/-0.48
15.00
21.40
+/-0.60
Table 6-3: Groove dimensions in mm for crush seal installation
141
6.1.4 Groove dimensions for vacuum applications
r
Figure 6-10: Outside sealing radial
Figure 6-9: Inside sealing radial
b
r
Figure 6-11: Axial sealing
CROSS-SECTION
142
Figure 6-12: O-Ring
GROOVE DIMENSIONS
GROOVE DEPTH
GROOVE WIDTH
d2
t +0.05-0.00
b +0.15-0.00
1.78
1.27
2.11
2.62
1.88
3.00
3.53
2.57
3.99
5.33
3.86
5.99
7.00
5.11
7.75
Table 6-4: Groove dimensions in mm for vacuum applications
6.2 Dynamic applications
Groove dimensions for dynamic applications
outside sealing
inside sealing
t
r
b
Figure 6-13: Inside sealing and outside sealing
143
Figure 6-14: O-Ring
CROSS-SECTION
GROOVE DIMENSIONS
RADIAL INSTALLATION
144
RADIUS
GROOVE DEPTH
GROOVE WIDTH
d2
t +0.05
b +0.2
r 0.2
1.50
1.25
2.00
0.30
1.52
1.25
2.00
0.30
1.60
1.30
2.10
0.30
1.63
1.30
2.10
0.30
1.78
1.45
2.40
0.30
1.80
1.45
2.40
0.30
1.83
1.50
2.50
0.30
1.90
1.55
2.60
0.30
1.98
1.65
2.70
0.30
2.00
1.65
2.70
0.30
2.08
1.75
2.80
0.30
2.10
1.75
2.80
0.30
2.20
1.85
3.00
0.30
2.26
1.90
3.00
0.30
2.30
1.95
3.10
0.30
2.34
1.95
3.10
0.30
2.40
2.05
3.20
0.30
2.46
2.10
3.30
0.30
2.50
2.15
3.30
0.30
2.62
2.25
3.60
0.30
2.65
2.25
3.60
0.30
2.70
2.30
3.60
0.30
2.80
2.40
3.70
0.60
2.92
2.50
3.90
0.60
2.95
2.50
3.90
0.60
3.00
2.60
4.00
0.60
3.10
2.70
4.10
0.60
Table 6-5: Groove dimensions in mm for radial and axial installation (oscillating movements)
Media: hydraulic fluids and lubricating fluids (Continued)
CROSS-SECTION
GROOVE DIMENSIONS
RADIAL INSTALLATION
RADIUS
GROOVE DEPTH
GROOVE WIDTH
d2
t +0.05
b +0.2
r 0.2
3.50
3.05
4.60
0.60
3.53
3.10
4.80
0.60
3.55
3.10
4.80
0.60
3.60
3.15
4.80
0.60
4.00
3.50
5.20
0.60
4.50
4.00
5.80
0.60
5.00
4.40
6.60
0.60
5.30
4.70
7.10
0.60
5.33
4.70
7.10
0.60
5.50
4.80
7.10
0.60
5.70
5.00
7.20
0.60
6.00
5.30
7.40
0.60
6.50
5.70
8.00
1.00
6.99
6.10
9.50
1.00
7.00
6.10
9.50
1.00
7.50
6.60
9.70
1.00
8.00
7.10
9.80
1.00
8.40
7.50
10.00
1.00
9.00
8.10
10.60
1.50
9.50
8.60
11.00
1.50
10.00
9.10
11.60
2.00
12.00
11.00
13.50
2.00
Media: hydraulic fluids and lubricating fluids
145
The sealing of a rotating shaft should only be attempted with an O-Ring if there is no room for the
installation of an effective seal and if the operating conditions are not severe. An oil seal is in any case
more dependable. For more information please contact our technical department.
CROSS-SECTION
GROOVE DIMENSIONS
RADIAL INSTALLATION
146
RADIUS
GROOVE DEPTH
GROOVE WIDTH
d2
t +0.05
b +0.2
r 0.2
1.50
1.25
2.00
0.30
1.52
1.25
2.00
0.30
1.60
1.35
2.10
0.30
1.63
1.35
2.10
0.30
1.78
1.50
2.40
0.30
1.80
1.50
2.40
0.30
1.83
1.55
2.50
0.30
1.90
1.60
2.60
0.30
1.98
1.70
2.70
0.30
2.00
1.70
2.70
0.30
2.08
1.80
2.80
0.30
2.10
1.80
2.80
0.30
2.20
1.90
3.00
0.30
2.26
1.95
3.00
0.30
2.30
2.00
3.10
0.30
2.34
2.00
3.10
0.30
2.40
2.10
3.20
0.30
2.46
2.20
3.30
0.30
2.50
2.25
3.30
0.30
2.62
2.30
3.60
0.30
2.65
2.30
3.60
0.30
2.70
2.35
3.60
0.30
2.80
2.45
3.70
0.60
2.92
2.55
3.90
0.60
2.95
2.55
3.90
0.60
3.00
2.65
4.00
0.60
3.10
2.75
4.10
0.60
Media: poor lubrication and gases (Continued)
CROSS-SECTION
GROOVE DIMENSIONS
RADIAL INSTALLATION
RADIUS
GROOVE DEPTH
GROOVE WIDTH
d2
t +0.05
b +0.2
r 0.2
3.50
3.15
4.60
0.60
3.53
3.15
4.80
0.60
3.55
3.15
4.80
0.60
3.60
3.20
4.80
0.60
4.00
3.55
5.20
0.60
4.50
4.10
5.80
0.60
5.00
4.50
6.60
0.60
5.30
4.80
7.10
0.60
5.33
4.80
7.10
0.60
5.50
4.90
7.10
0.60
5.70
5.10
7.20
0.60
6.00
5.45
7.40
0.60
6.50
5.85
8.00
1.00
6.99
6.35
9.50
1.00
7.00
6.35
9.50
1.00
7.50
6.85
9.70
1.00
8.00
7.30
9.80
1.00
8.40
7.70
10.00
1.00
9.00
8.30
10.60
1.50
9.50
8.80
11.00
1.50
10.00
9.20
11.60
2.00
12.00
11.00
13.50
2.00
Media: poor lubrication and gases
147
Standard O-Ring Dimensions
7.1 International standards

Table 7-1 shows the cross-sections as used in the various O-Ring standards.
The most common standards are the AS 568 B and the ISO 3601-1. The O-Ring dimensions as described
in section 7.2 are constantly being kept in stock in the materials NBR70 and FKM70. Our on-line stock also
AS 568 A Series 990
American Standard
NFT47-501
French Standard
ISO 3601-1
International Standard
SMS 1586
Swedish Standard
JIS B 2401
Japanese Standard
metric DIN 3771
German Standard
British Standard BS 1806
American St. AS 568 B
includes metric and other sizes in many different materials.
1,78
1,00
1,90
1,60
1,80
1,90
1,02
2,62
1,50
2,40
2,40
2,65
2,70
1,42
3,53
2,00
3,10
3,00
3,55
3,60
1,63
5,33
2,50
3,50
5,70
5,30
5,30
1,83
6,99
3,00
5,70
8,40
7,00
7,00
1,98
3,50
8,40
2,08
4,00
2,20
4,50
2,46
5,00
2,95
5,50
3,00
6,00
7,00
8,00
10,00
12,00
Table 7-1: Cross-section in mm according to various O-Ring standards
The standard inside diameters are given in the following sections.

The tolerances for the AS 568 B standard are indicated in the same table.
148
The International Organization for Standardization issued ISO 3601-1 in 1978 and revised it in 1988 and
2002. Another major revision is being developed to bring ISO sizes in line with the sizes in Aerospace
Standard AS 568 B. Currently, ISO sizes do not use a dash numbering system like the Aerospace Standard.
ISO cross-sectional diameters differ from the Aerospace Standard by less than 0.001 inch.
Therefore, many AS 568 B sizes are interchangeable with an ISO size. Be sure to consult ISO 3601-1 for
specific dimensions, as inside diameters may differ. The tolerances of AS 568 B, introduced in 2001, are a
combination of the former Class I and Class II tolerances of AS 568. In 2001, AS 568 B was issued to
modernize the scope and notes of the standard without affecting the dimensions, tolerances, or dash numbers.
7.2 AS 568 B
Nominal size
(inches)
Dash
Inside
Outside
Cross-
Inside
No.
diameter
diameter
section
diameter
d2
d1
d1
150
Actual size
(inches)
Actual size
(mm)
Tol.
CS
Tol.
Inside
Tol.
diameter
Cross-
Tol.
section
d2
001
1/32
3/32
1/32
.029
.004
.040
.003
0,74
0,10
1,02
0.08
002
3/64
9/64
3/64
.042
.004
.050
.003
1,07
0,10
1,27
0.08
003
1/16
3/16
1/16
.056
.004
.060
.003
1,42
0,10
1,52
0.08
004
5/64
13/64
1/16
.070
.005
.070
.003
1,78
0,13
1,78
0.08
005
3/32
7/32
1/16
.101
.005
.070
.003
2,57
0,13
1,78
0.08
006
1/8
1/4
1/16
.114
.005
.070
.003
2,90
0,13
1,78
0.08
007
5/32
9/32
1/16
.145
.005
.070
.003
3,68
0,13
1,78
0.08
008
3/16
5/16
1/16
.176
.005
.070
.003
4,47
0,13
1,78
0.08
009
7/32
11/32
1/16
.208
.005
.070
.003
5,28
0,13
1,78
0.08
010
1/4
3/8
1/16
.239
.005
.070
.003
6,07
0,13
1,78
0.08
011
5/16
7/16
1/16
.301
.005
.070
.003
7,65
0,13
1,78
0.08
012
3/8
1/2
1/16
.364
.005
.070
.003
9,25
0,13
1,78
0.08
013
7/16
9/16
1/16
.426
.005
.070
.003
10,82
0,13
1,78
0.08
014
1/2
5/8
1/16
.489
.005
.070
.003
12,42
0,13
1,78
0.08
015
9/16
11/16
1/16
.551
.007
.070
.003
14,00
0,18
1,78
0.08
016
5/8
3/4
1/16
.614
.009
.070
.003
15,60
0,23
1,78
0.08
017
11/16
13/16
1/16
.676
.009
.070
.003
17,17
0,23
1,78
0.08
018
3/4
7/8
1/16
.739
.009
.070
.003
18,77
0,23
1,78
0.08
019
13/16
15/16
1/16
.801
.009
.070
.003
20,35
0,23
1,78
0.08
020
7/8
1/16
.864
.009
.070
.003
21,95
0,23
1,78
0.08
021
15/16
1- 1/16
1/16
.926
.009
.070
.003
23,52
0,23
1,78
0.08
022
1/8
1/16
.989
.010
.070
.003
25,12
0,25
1,78
0.08
023
1- 1/16
1- 3/16
1/16
1.051
.010
.070
.003
26,70
0,25
1,78
0.08
024
1- 1/8
1- 1/4
1/16
1.114
.010
.070
.003
28,30
0,25
1,78
0.08
025
1- 3/16
1- 5/16
1/16
1.176
.011
.070
.003
29,87
0,28
1,78
0.08
026
1- 1/4
1- 3/8
1/16
1.239
.011
.070
.003
31,47
0,28
1,78
0.08
027
1- 5/16
1- 7/16
1/16
1.301
.011
.070
.003
33,05
0,28
1,78
0.08
028
1- 3/8
1- 1/2
1/16
1.364
.013
.070
.003
34,65
0,33
1,78
0.08
029
1- 1/2
1- 5/8
1/16
1.489
.013
.070
.003
37,82
0,33
1,78
0.08
030
1- 5/8
1- 3/4
1/16
1.614
.013
.070
.003
41,00
0,33
1,78
0.08
031
1- 3/4
1- 7/8
1/16
1.739
.015
.070
.003
44,17
0,38
1,78
0.08
032
1- 7/8
1/16
1.864
.015
.070
.003
47,35
0,38
1,78
0.08
033
2- 1/8
1/16
1.989
.018
.070
.003
50,52
0,46
1,78
0.08
034
2- 1/8
2- 1/4
1/16
2.114
.018
.070
.003
53,70
0,46
1,78
0.08
035
2- 1/4
2- 3/8
1/16
2.239
.018
.070
.003
56,87
0,46
1,78
0.08
Table 7-2: AS 568 B
Nominal size
(inches)
Actual size
(inches)
Dash
Inside
Outside
Cross-
Inside
No.
diameter
diameter
section
diameter
d2
d1
d1
Actual size
(mm)
Tol.
CS
Tol.
Inside
Tol.
diameter
Cross-
Tol.
section
d2
036
2- 3/8
2- 1/2
1/16
2.364
.018
.070
.003
60,05
0,46
1,78
0.08
037
2- 1/2
2- 5/8
1/16
2.489
.018
.070
.003
63,22
0,46
1,78
0.08
038
2- 5/8
2- 3/4
1/16
2.614
.020
.070
.003
66,40
0,51
1,78
0.08
039
2- 3/4
2- 7/8
1/16
2.739
.020
.070
.003
69,57
0,51
1,78
0.08
040
2- 7/8
1/16
2.864
.020
.070
.003
72,75
0,51
1,78
0.08
041
3- 1/8
1/16
2.989
.024
.070
.003
75,92
0,61
1,78
0.08
042
3- 1/4
3- 3/8
1/16
3.239
.024
.070
.003
82,27
0,61
1,78
0.08
043
3- 1/2
3- 5/8
1/16
3.489
.024
.070
.003
88,62
0,61
1,78
0.08
044
3- 3/4
3- 7/8
1/16
3.739
.027
.070
.003
94,97
0,69
1,78
0.08
045
4- 1/8
1/16
3.989
.027
.070
.003
101,32
0,69
1,78
0.08
046
4- 1/4
4- 3/8
1/16
4.239
.030
.070
.003
107,67
0,76
1,78
0.08
047
4- 1/2
4- 5/8
1/16
4.489
.030
.070
.003
114,02
0,76
1,78
0.08
048
4- 3/4
4- 7/8
1/16
4.739
.030
.070
.003
120,37
0,76
1,78
0.08
049
5- 1/8
1/16
4.989
.037
.070
.003
126,72
0,94
1,78
0.08
050
5- 1/4
5- 3/8
1/16
5.239
.037
.070
.003
133,07
0,94
1,78
0.08
102
1/16
1/4
3/32
.049
.005
.103
.003
1,24
0,13
2,62
0.08
103
3/32
9/32
3/32
.081
.005
.103
.003
2,06
0,13
2,62
0.08
104
1/8
5/16
3/32
.112
.005
.103
.003
2,84
0,13
2,62
0.08
105
5/32
11/32
3/32
.143
.005
.103
.003
3,63
0,13
2,62
0.08
106
3/16
3/8
3/32
.174
.005
.103
.003
4,42
0,13
2,62
0.08
107
7/32
13/32
3/32
.206
.005
.103
.003
5,23
0,13
2,62
0.08
108
1/4
7/16
3/32
.237
.005
.103
.003
6,02
0,13
2,62
0.08
109
5/16
1/2
3/32
.299
.005
.103
.003
7,59
0,13
2,62
0.08
110
3/8
9/16
3/32
.362
.005
.103
.003
9,19
0,13
2,62
0.08
111
7/16
5/8
3/32
.424
.005
.103
.003
10,77
0,13
2,62
0.08
112
1/2
11/16
3/32
.487
.005
.103
.003
12,37
0,13
2,62
0.08
113
9/16
3/4
3/32
.549
.007
.103
.003
13,94
0,18
2,62
0.08
114
5/8
13/16
3/32
.612
.009
.103
.003
15,54
0,23
2,62
0.08
115
11/16
7/8
3/32
.674
.009
.103
.003
17,12
0,23
2,62
0.08
116
3/4
15/16
3/32
.737
.009
.103
.003
18,72
0,23
2,62
0.08
117
13/16
3/32
.799
.010
.103
.003
20,30
0,25
2,62
0.08
118
7/8
1- 1/16
3/32
.862
.010
.103
.003
21,89
0,25
2,62
0.08
119
15/16
1- 1/8
3/32
.924
.010
.103
.003
23,47
0,25
2,62
0.08
120
1- 3/16
3/32
.987
.010
.103
.003
25,07
0,25
2,62
0.08
121
1- 1/16
1- 1/4
3/32
1.049
.010
.103
.003
26,64
0,25
2,62
0.08
122
1- 1/8
1- 5/16
3/32
1.112
.010
.103
.003
28,24
0,25
2,62
0.08
123
1- 3/16
1- 3/8
3/32
1.174
.012
.103
.003
29,82
0,30
2,62
0.08
Table 7-2: AS 568 B (Continued)
151
Nominal size
(inches)
Dash
Inside
Outside
Cross-
Inside
No.
diameter
diameter
section
diameter
d2
d1
d1
152
Actual size
(inches)
Actual size
(mm)
Tol.
CS
Tol.
Inside
Tol.
diameter
Cross-
Tol.
section
d2
024
1- 1/8
1- 1/4
1/16
1.114
.010
.070
.003
28,30
0,25
1,78
0.08
025
1- 3/16
1- 5/16
1/16
1.176
.011
.070
.003
29,87
0,28
1,78
0.08
026
1- 1/4
1- 3/8
1/16
1.239
.011
.070
.003
31,47
0,28
1,78
0.08
027
1- 5/16
1- 7/16
1/16
1.301
.011
.070
.003
33,05
0,28
1,78
0.08
028
1- 3/8
1- 1/2
1/16
1.364
.013
.070
.003
34,65
0,33
1,78
0.08
029
1- 1/2
1- 5/8
1/16
1.489
.013
.070
.003
37,82
0,33
1,78
0.08
030
1- 5/8
1- 3/4
1/16
1.614
.013
.070
.003
41,00
0,33
1,78
0.08
031
1- 3/4
1- 7/8
1/16
1.739
.015
.070
.003
44,17
0,38
1,78
0.08
032
1- 7/8
1/16
1.864
.015
.070
.003
47,35
0,38
1,78
0.08
033
2- 1/8
1/16
1.989
.018
.070
.003
50,52
0,46
1,78
0.08
034
2- 1/8
2- 1/4
1/16
2.114
.018
.070
.003
53,70
0,46
1,78
0.08
035
2- 1/4
2- 3/8
1/16
2.239
.018
.070
.003
56,87
0,46
1,78
0.08
036
2- 3/8
2- 1/2
1/16
2.364
.018
.070
.003
60,05
0,46
1,78
0.08
037
2- 1/2
2- 5/8
1/16
2.489
.018
.070
.003
63,22
0,46
1,78
0.08
038
2- 5/8
2- 3/4
1/16
2.614
.020
.070
.003
66,40
0,51
1,78
0.08
039
2- 3/4
2- 7/8
1/16
2.739
.020
.070
.003
69,57
0,51
1,78
0.08
040
2- 7/8
1/16
2.864
.020
.070
.003
72,75
0,51
1,78
0.08
041
3- 1/8
1/16
2.989
.024
.070
.003
75,92
0,61
1,78
0.08
042
3- 1/4
3- 3/8
1/16
3.239
.024
.070
.003
82,27
0,61
1,78
0.08
043
3- 1/2
3- 5/8
1/16
3.489
.024
.070
.003
88,62
0,61
1,78
0.08
044
3- 3/4
3- 7/8
1/16
3.739
.027
.070
.003
94,97
0,69
1,78
0.08
045
4- 1/8
1/16
3.989
.027
.070
.003
101,32
0,69
1,78
0.08
046
4- 1/4
4- 3/8
1/16
4.239
.030
.070
.003
107,67
0,76
1,78
0.08
047
4- 1/2
4- 5/8
1/16
4.489
.030
.070
.003
114,02
0,76
1,78
0.08
048
4- 3/4
4- 7/8
1/16
4.739
.030
.070
.003
120,37
0,76
1,78
0.08
049
5- 1/8
1/16
4.989
.037
.070
.003
126,72
0,94
1,78
0.08
050
5- 1/4
5- 3/8
1/16
5.239
.037
.070
.003
133,07
0,94
1,78
0.08
102
1/16
1/4
3/32
.049
.005
.103
.003
1,24
0,13
2,62
0.08
103
3/32
9/32
3/32
.081
.005
.103
.003
2,06
0,13
2,62
0.08
104
1/8
5/16
3/32
.112
.005
.103
.003
2,84
0,13
2,62
0.08
105
5/32
11/32
3/32
.143
.005
.103
.003
3,63
0,13
2,62
0.08
106
3/16
3/8
3/32
.174
.005
.103
.003
4,42
0,13
2,62
0.08
107
7/32
13/32
3/32
.206
.005
.103
.003
5,23
0,13
2,62
0.08
108
1/4
7/16
3/32
.237
.005
.103
.003
6,02
0,13
2,62
0.08
109
5/16
1/2
3/32
.299
.005
.103
.003
7,59
0,13
2,62
0.08
110
3/8
9/16
3/32
.362
.005
.103
.003
9,19
0,13
2,62
0.08
111
7/16
5/8
3/32
.424
.005
.103
.003
10,77
0,13
2,62
0.08
Nominal size
(inches)
Actual size
(inches)
Dash
Inside
Outside
Cross-
Inside
No.
diameter
diameter
section
diameter
d2
d1
d1
Actual size
(mm)
Tol.
CS
Tol.
Inside
Tol.
diameter
Cross-
Tol.
section
d2
112
1/2
11/16
3/32
.487
.005
.103
.003
12,37
0,13
2,62
0.08
113
9/16
3/4
3/32
.549
.007
.103
.003
13,94
0,18
2,62
0.08
114
5/8
13/16
3/32
.612
.009
.103
.003
15,54
0,23
2,62
0.08
115
11/16
7/8
3/32
.674
.009
.103
.003
17,12
0,23
2,62
0.08
116
3/4
15/16
3/32
.737
.009
.103
.003
18,72
0,23
2,62
0.08
117
13/16
3/32
.799
.010
.103
.003
20,30
0,25
2,62
0.08
118
7/8
1- 1/16
3/32
.862
.010
.103
.003
21,89
0,25
2,62
0.08
119
15/16
1- 1/8
3/32
.924
.010
.103
.003
23,47
0,25
2,62
0.08
120
1- 3/16
3/32
.987
.010
.103
.003
25,07
0,25
2,62
0.08
121
1- 1/16
1- 1/4
3/32
1.049
.010
.103
.003
26,64
0,25
2,62
0.08
122
1- 1/8
1- 5/16
3/32
1.112
.010
.103
.003
28,24
0,25
2,62
0.08
123
1- 3/16
1- 3/8
3/32
1.174
.012
.103
.003
29,82
0,30
2,62
0.08
124
1- 1/4
1- 7/16
3/32
1.237
.012
.103
.003
31,42
0,30
2,62
0.08
125
1- 5/16
1- 1/2
3/32
1.299
.012
.103
.003
32,99
0,30
2,62
0.08
126
1- 3/8
1- 9/16
3/32
1.362
.012
.103
.003
34,59
0,30
2,62
0.08
127
1- 7/16
1- 5/8
3/32
1.424
.012
.103
.003
36,17
0,30
2,62
0.08
128
1- 1/2
1- 11/16
3/32
1.487
.012
.103
.003
37,77
0,30
2,62
0.08
129
1- 9/16
1- 3/4
3/32
1.549
.015
.103
.003
39,34
0,38
2,62
0.08
130
1- 5/8
1- 13/16
3/32
1.612
.015
.103
.003
40,94
0,38
2,62
0.08
131
1- 11/16 1- 7/8
3/32
1.674
.015
.103
.003
42,52
0,38
2,62
0.08
132
1- 3/4
3/32
1.737
.015
.103
.003
44,12
0,38
2,62
0.08
133
1- 13/16 2
3/32
1.799
.015
.103
.003
45,69
0,38
2,62
0.08
134
1- 7/8
3/32
1.862
.015
.103
.003
47,29
0,38
2,62
0.08
135
1- 15/16 2- 1/8
3/32
1.925
.017
.103
.003
48,90
0,43
2,62
0.08
136
2- 3/16
3/32
1.987
.017
.103
.003
50,47
0,43
2,62
0.08
137
2- 1/16
2- 1/4
3/32
2.050
.017
.103
.003
52,07
0,43
2,62
0.08
138
2- 1/8
2- 5/16
3/32
2.112
.017
.103
.003
53,64
0,43
2,62
0.08
139
2- 3/16
2- 3/8
3/32
2.175
.017
.103
.003
55,25
0,43
2,62
0.08
140
2- 1/4
2- 7/16
3/32
2.237
.017
.103
.003
56,82
0,43
2,62
0.08
141
2- 5/16
2- 1/2
3/32
2.300
.020
.103
.003
58,42
0,51
2,62
0.08
142
2- 3/8
2- 9/16
3/32
2.362
.020
.103
.003
59,99
0,51
2,62
0.08
143
2- 7/16
2- 5/8
3/32
2.425
.020
.103
.003
61,60
0,51
2,62
0.08
144
2- 1/2
2- 11/16
3/32
2.487
.020
.103
.003
63,17
0,51
2,62
0.08
145
2- 9/16
2- 3/4
3/32
2.550
.020
.103
.003
64,77
0,51
2,62
0.08
146
2- 5/8
2- 13/16
3/32
2.612
.020
.103
.003
66,34
0,51
2,62
0.08
147
2- 11/16 2- 7/8
3/32
2.675
.022
.103
.003
67,95
0,56
2,62
0.08
148
2- 3/4
3/32
2.737
.022
.103
.003
69,52
0,56
2,62
0.08
1- 15/16
2- 1/16
2- 15/16
153
Nominal size
(inches)
Dash
Inside
Outside
Cross-
Inside
No.
diameter
diameter
section
diameter
d2
d1
d1
154
Actual size
(inches)
Actual size
(mm)
Tol.
CS
Tol.
Inside
Tol.
diameter
Cross-
Tol.
section
d2
149
2- 13/16 3
3/32
2.800
.022
.103
.003
71,12
0,56
2,62
0.08
150
2- 7/8
3- 1/16
3/32
2.862
.022
.103
.003
72,69
0,56
2,62
0.08
151
3- 3/16
3/32
2.987
.024
.103
.003
75,87
0,61
2,62
0.08
152
3- 1/4
3- 7/16
3/32
3.237
.024
.103
.003
82,22
0,61
2,62
0.08
153
3- 1/2
3- 11/16
3/32
3.487
.024
.103
.003
88,57
0,61
2,62
0.08
154
3- 3/4
3- 15/16
3/32
3.737
.028
.103
.003
94,92
0,71
2,62
0.08
155
4- 3/16
3/32
3.987
.028
.103
.003
101,27
0,71
2,62
0.08
156
4- 1/4
4- 7/16
3/32
4.237
.030
.103
.003
107,62
0,76
2,62
0.08
157
4- 1/2
4- 11/16
3/32
4.487
.030
.103
.003
113,97
0,76
2,62
0.08
158
4- 3/4
4- 15/16
3/32
4.737
.030
.103
.003
120,32
0,76
2,62
0.08
159
5- 3/16
3/32
4.987
.035
.103
.003
126,67
0,89
2,62
0.08
160
5- 1/4
5- 7/16
3/32
5.237
.035
.103
.003
133,02
0,89
2,62
0.08
161
5- 1/2
5- 11/16
3/32
5.487
.035
.103
.003
139,37
0,89
2,62
0.08
162
5- 3/4
5- 15/16
3/32
5.737
.035
.103
.003
145,72
0,89
2,62
0.08
163
6- 3/16
3/32
5.987
.035
.103
.003
152,07
0,89
2,62
0.08
164
6- 1/4
6- 7/16
3/32
6.237
.040
.103
.003
158,42
1,02
2,62
0.08
165
6- 1/2
6- 11/16
3/32
6.487
.040
.103
.003
164,77
1,02
2,62
0.08
166
6- 3/4
6- 15/16
3/32
6.737
.040
.103
.003
171,12
1,02
2,62
0.08
167
7- 3/16
3/32
6.987
.040
.103
.003
177,47
1,02
2,62
0.08
168
7- 1/4
7- 7/16
3/32
7.237
.045
.103
.003
183,82
1,14
2,62
0.08
169
7- 1/2
7- 11/16
3/32
7.487
.045
.103
.003
190,17
1,14
2,62
0.08
170
7- 3/4
7- 15/16
3/32
7.737
.045
.103
.003
196,52
1,14
2,62
0.08
171
8- 3/16
3/32
7.987
.045
.103
.003
202,87
1,14
2,62
0.08
172
8- 1/4
8- 7/16
3/32
8.237
.050
.103
.003
209,22
1,27
2,62
0.08
173
8- 1/2
8- 11/16
3/32
8.487
.050
.103
.003
215,57
1,27
2,62
0.08
174
8- 3/4
8- 15/16
3/32
8.737
.050
.103
.003
221,92
1,27
2,62
0.08
175
9- 3/16
3/32
8.987
.050
.103
.003
228,27
1,27
2,62
0.08
176
9- 1/4
9- 7/16
3/32
9.237
.055
.103
.003
234,62
1,40
2,62
0.08
177
9- 1/2
9- 11/16
3/32
9.487
.055
.103
.003
240,97
1,40
2,62
0.08
178
9- 3/4
9- 15/16
3/32
9.737
.055
.103
.003
247,32
1,40
2,62
0.08
201
3/16
7/16
1/8
.171
.055
.139
.004
4,34
0,13
3,53
0.10
202
1/4
1/2
1/8
.234
.005
.139
.004
5,94
0,13
3,53
0.10
203
5/16
9/16
1/8
.296
.005
.139
.004
7,52
0,13
3,53
0.10
204
3/8
5/8
1/8
.359
.005
.139
.004
9,12
0,13
3,53
0.10
205
7/16
11/16
1/8
.421
.005
.139
.004
10,69
0,13
3,53
0.10
206
1/2
3/4
1/8
.484
.005
.139
.004
12,29
0,13
3,53
0.10
207
9/16
13/16
1/8
.546
.007
.139
.004
13,87
0,18
3,53
0.10
Nominal size
(inches)
Actual size
(inches)
Dash
Inside
Outside
Cross-
Inside
No.
diameter
diameter
section
diameter
d2
d1
d1
Actual size
(mm)
Tol.
CS
Tol.
Inside
Tol.
diameter
Cross-
Tol.
section
d2
208
5/8
7/8
1/8
.609
.009
.139
.004
15,47
0,23
3,53
0.10
209
11/16
15/16
1/8
.671
.010
.139
.004
17,04
0,23
3,53
0.10
210
3/4
1/8
.734
.010
.139
.004
18,64
0,25
3,53
0.10
211
13/16
1- 1/16
1/8
.796
.010
.139
.004
20,22
0,25
3,53
0.10
212
7/8
1- 1/8
1/8
.859
.010
.139
.004
21,82
0,25
3,53
0.10
213
15/16
1- 3/16
1/8
.921
.010
.139
.004
23,39
0,25
3,53
0.10
214
1- 1/4
1/8
.984
.010
.139
.004
24,99
0,25
3,53
0.10
215
1- 1/16
1- 5/16
1/8
1.046
.010
.139
.004
26,57
0,25
3,53
0.10
216
1- 1/8
1- 3/8
1/8
1.109
.012
.139
.004
28,17
0,30
3,53
0.10
217
1- 3/16
1- 7/16
1/8
1.171
.012
.139
.004
29,74
0,30
3,53
0.10
218
1- 1/4
1- 1/2
1/8
1.234
.012
.139
.004
31,34
0,30
3,53
0.10
219
1- 5/16
1- 9/16
1/8
1.296
.012
.139
.004
32,92
0,30
3,53
0.10
220
1- 3/8
1- 5/8
1/8
1.359
.012
.139
.004
34,52
0,30
3,53
0.10
221
1- 7/16
1- 11/16
1/8
1.421
.012
.139
.004
36,09
0,30
3,53
0.10
222
1- 1/2
1- 3/4
1/8
1.484
.015
.139
.004
37,69
0,38
3,53
0.10
223
1- 5/8
1- 7/8
1/8
1.609
.015
.139
.004
40,87
0,38
3,53
0.10
224
1- 3/4
1/8
1.734
.015
.139
.004
44,04
0,38
3,53
0.10
225
1- 7/8
2- 1/8
1/8
1.859
.015
.139
.004
47,22
0,46
3,53
0.10
226
2- 1/4
1/8
1.984
.018
.139
.004
50,39
0,46
3,53
0.10
227
2- 1/16
2- 3/8
1/8
2.109
.018
.139
.004
53,57
0,46
3,53
0.10
228
2- 1/4
2- 1/2
1/8
2.234
.020
.139
.004
56,74
0,51
3,53
0.10
229
2- 3/8
2- 5/8
1/8
2.359
.020
.139
.004
59,92
0,51
3,53
0.10
230
2- 1/2
2- 3/4
1/8
2.484
.020
.139
.004
63,09
0,51
3,53
0.10
231
2- 5/8
2- 7/8
1/8
2.609
.020
.139
.004
66,27
0,51
3,53
0.10
232
2- 3/4
1/8
2.734
.024
.139
.004
69,44
0,61
3,53
0.10
233
2- 7/8
3- 1/8
1/8
2.859
.024
.139
.004
72,62
0,61
3,53
0.10
234
3- 1/4
1/8
2.984
.024
.139
.004
75,79
0,61
3,53
0.10
235
3- 1/8
3- 3/8
1/8
3.109
.024
.139
.004
78,97
0,61
3,53
0.10
236
3- 1/4
3- 1/2
1/8
3.234
.024
.139
.004
82,14
0,61
3,53
0.10
237
3- 3/8
3- 5/8
1/8
3.359
.024
.139
.004
85,32
0,61
3,53
0.10
238
3- 1/2
3- 3/4
1/8
3.484
.024
.139
.004
88,49
0,61
3,53
0.10
239
3- 5/8
3- 7/8
1/8
3.609
.024
.139
.004
91,67
0,71
3,53
0.10
240
3- 3/4
1/8
3.734
.028
.139
.004
94,84
0,71
3,53
0.10
241
3- 7/8
4- 1/8
1/8
3.859
.028
.139
.004
98,02
0,71
3,53
0.10
242
4- 1/4
1/8
3.984
.028
.139
.004
101,19
0,71
3,53
0.10
243
4- 1/8
4- 3/8
1/8
4.109
.028
.139
.004
104,37
0,71
3,53
0.10
244
4- 1/4
4- 1/2
1/8
4.234
.030
.139
.004
107,54
0,76
3,53
0.10
155
Nominal size
(inches)
Dash
Inside
Outside
Cross-
Inside
No.
diameter
diameter
section
diameter
d2
d1
d1
156
Actual size
(inches)
Actual size
(mm)
Tol.
CS
Tol.
Inside
Tol.
diameter
Cross-
Tol.
section
d2
245
4- 3/8
4- 5/8
1/8
4.359
.030
.139
.004
110,72
0,76
3,53
0.10
246
4- 1/2
4- 3/4
1/8
4.484
.030
.139
.004
113,89
0,76
3,53
0.10
247
4- 5/8
4- 7/8
1/8
4.609
.030
.139
.004
117,07
0,76
3,53
0.10
248
4- 3/4
1/8
4.734
.030
.139
.004
120,24
0,76
3,53
0.10
249
4- 7/8
5- 1/8
1/8
4.859
.035
.139
.004
123,42
0,89
3,53
0.10
250
5- 1/4
1/8
4.984
.035
.139
.004
126,59
0,89
3,53
0.10
251
5- 1/8
5- 3/8
1/8
5.109
.035
.139
.004
129,77
0,89
3,53
0.10
252
5- 1/4
5- 1/2
1/8
5.234
.035
.139
.004
132,94
0,89
3,53
0.10
253
5- 3/8
5- 5/8
1/8
5.359
.035
.139
.004
136,12
0,89
3,53
0.10
254
5- 1/2
5- 3/4
1/8
5.484
.035
.139
.004
139,29
0,89
3,53
0.10
255
5- 5/8
5- 7/8
1/8
5.609
.035
.139
.004
142,47
0,89
3,53
0.10
256
5- 3/4
1/8
5.734
.035
.139
.004
145,64
0,89
3,53
0.10
257
5- 7/8
6- 1/8
1/8
5.859
.035
.139
.004
148,82
0,89
3,53
0.10
258
6- 1/4
1/8
5.984
.035
.139
.004
151,99
0,89
3,53
0.10
259
6- 1/4
6- 1/2
1/8
6.234
.040
.139
.004
158,34
1,02
3,53
0.10
260
6- 1/2
6- 3/4
1/8
6.484
.040
.139
.004
164,69
1,02
3,53
0.10
261
6- 3/4
1/8
6.734
.040
.139
.004
171,04
1,02
3,53
0.10
262
7- 1/4
1/8
6.984
.040
.139
.004
177,39
1,02
3,53
0.10
263
7- 1/4
7- 1/2
1/8
7.234
.045
.139
.004
183,74
1,14
3,53
0.10
264
7- 1/2
7- 3/4
1/8
7.484
.045
.139
.004
190.09
1,14
3,53
0.10
265
7- 3/4
1/8
7.734
.045
.139
.004
196,44
1,14
3,53
0.10
266
8- 1/4
1/8
7.984
.045
.139
.004
202,79
1,14
3,53
0.10
267
8- 1/4
8- 1/2
1/8
8.234
.050
.139
.004
209,14
1,27
3,53
0.10
268
8- 1/2
8- 3/4
1/8
8.484
.050
.139
.004
215,49
1,27
3,53
0.10
269
8- 3/4
1/8
8.734
.050
.139
.004
221,84
1,27
3,53
0.10
270
9- 1/4
1/8
8.984
.050
.139
.004
228,19
1,27
3,53
0.10
271
9- 1/4
9- 1/2
1/8
9.234
.055
.139
.004
234,54
1,40
3,53
0.10
272
9- 1/2
9- 3/4
1/8
9.484
.055
.139
.004
240,89
1,40
3,53
0.10
273
9- 3/4
10
1/8
9.734
.055
.139
.004
247,24
1,40
3,53
0.10
274
10
10- 1/4
1/8
9.984
.055
.139
.004
253,59
1,40
3,53
0.10
275
10- 1/2
10- 3/4
1/8
10.484
.055
.139
.004
266,29
1,40
3,53
0.10
276
11
11- 1/4
1/8
10.984
.065
.139
.004
278,99
1,65
3,53
0.10
277
11- 1/2
11- 3/4
1/8
11.484
.065
.139
.004
291,69
1,65
3,53
0.10
278
12
12- 1/4
1/8
11.984
.065
.139
.004
304,39
1,65
3,53
0.10
279
13
13- 1/4
1/8
12.984
.065
.139
.004
329,79
1,65
3,53
0.10
280
14
14- 1/4
1/8
13.984
.065
.139
.004
355,19
1,65
3,53
0.10
281
15
15- 1/4
1/8
14.984
.065
.139
.004
380,59
1,65
3,53
0.10
Nominal size
(inches)
Actual size
(inches)
Dash
Inside
Outside
Cross-
Inside
No.
diameter
diameter
section
diameter
d2
d1
d1
Actual size
(mm)
Tol.
CS
Tol.
Inside
Tol.
diameter
Cross-
Tol.
section
d2
282
16
16- 1/4
1/8
15.955
.075
.139
.004
405,26
1,91
3,53
0.10
283
17
17- 1/4
1/8
16.955
.080
.139
.004
430,66
2,03
3,53
0.10
284
18
18- 1/4
1/8
17.955
.085
.139
.004
456,06
2,16
3,53
0.10
309
7/16
13/16
3/16
.412
.005
.210
.005
10,46
0,13
5,33
0.13
310
1/2
7/8
3/16
.475
.005
.210
.005
12,07
0,13
5,33
0.13
311
9/16
15/16
3/16
.537
.007
.210
.005
13,64
0,18
5,33
0.13
312
5/8
3/16
.600
.009
.210
.005
15,24
0,23
5,33
0.13
313
11/16
1- 1/16
3/16
.662
.009
.210
.005
16,81
0,23
5,33
0.13
314
3/4
1- 1/8
3/16
.725
.010
.210
.005
18,42
0,25
5,33
0.13
315
13/16
1- 3/16
3/16
.787
.010
.210
.005
19,99
0,25
5,33
0.13
316
7/8
1- 1/4
3/16
.850
.010
.210
.005
21,59
0,25
5,33
0.13
317
15/16
1- 5/16
3/16
.912
.010
.210
.005
23,16
0,25
5,33
0.13
318
1- 3/8
3/16
.975
.010
.210
.005
24,77
0,25
5,33
0.13
319
1- 1/16
1- 7/16
3/16
1.037
.010
.210
.005
26,34
0,25
5,33
0.13
320
1- 1/8
1- 1/2
3/16
1.100
.012
.210
.005
27,94
0,30
5,33
0.13
321
1- 3/16
1- 9/16
3/16
1.162
.012
.210
.005
29,51
0,30
5,33
0.13
322
1- 1/4
1- 5/8
3/16
1.225
.012
.210
.005
31,12
0,30
5,33
0.13
323
1- 5/16
1- 11/16
3/16
1.287
.012
.210
.005
32,69
0,30
5,33
0.13
324
1- 3/8
1- 3/4
3/16
1.350
.012
.210
.005
34,29
0,30
5,33
0.13
325
1- 1/2
1- 7/8
3/16
1.475
.015
.210
.005
37,47
0,38
5,33
0.13
326
1- 5/8
3/16
1.600
.015
.210
.005
40,64
0,38
5,33
0.13
327
1- 3/4
2- 1/8
3/16
1.725
.015
.210
.005
43,82
0,38
5,33
0.13
328
1- 7/8
2- 1/4
3/16
1.850
.015
.210
.005
46,99
0,38
5,33
0.13
329
2- 3/8
3/16
1.975
.018
.210
.005
50,17
0,46
5,33
0.13
330
2- 1/8
2- 1/2
3/16
2.100
.018
.210
.005
53,34
0,46
5,33
0.13
331
2- 1/4
2- 5/8
3/16
2.225
.018
.210
.005
56,52
0,46
5,33
0.13
332
2- 3/8
2- 3/4
3/16
2.350
.018
.210
.005
59,69
0,46
5,33
0.13
333
2- 1/2
2- 7/8
3/16
2.475
.020
.210
.005
62,87
0,51
5,33
0.13
334
2- 5/8
3/16
2.600
.020
.210
.005
66.04
0.51
5,33
0.13
335
2- 3/4
3- 1/8
3/16
2.725
.020
.210
.005
69,22
0,51
5,33
0.13
336
2- 7/8
3- 1/4
3/16
2.850
.020
.210
.005
72,39
0,51
5,33
0.13
337
3- 3/8
3/16
2.975
.024
.210
.005
75,37
0,61
5,33
0.13
338
3- 1/8
3- 1/2
3/16
3.100
.024
.210
.005
78,74
0,61
5,33
0.13
339
3- 1/4
3- 5/8
3/16
3.225
.024
.210
.005
81,92
0,61
5,33
0.13
340
3- 3/8
3- 3/4
3/16
3.350
.024
.210
.005
85,09
0,61
5,33
0.13
341
3- 1/2
3- 7/8
3/16
3.475
.024
.210
.005
88,27
0,61
5,33
0.13
342
3- 5/8
3/16
3.600
.028
.210
.005
91,44
0,71
5,33
0.13
157
Nominal size
(inches)
Dash
Inside
Outside
Cross-
Inside
No.
diameter
diameter
section
diameter
d2
d1
d1
158
Actual size
(inches)
Actual size
(mm)
Tol.
CS
Tol.
Inside
Tol.
diameter
Cross-
Tol.
section
d2
343
3- 3/4
4- 1/8
3/16
3.725
.028
.210
.005
94,62
0,71
5,33
0.13
344
3- 7/8
4- 1/4
3/16
3.850
.028
.210
.005
97,79
0,71
5,33
0.13
345
4- 3/8
3/16
3.975
.028
.210
.005
100,97
0,71
5,33
0.13
346
4- 1/8
4- 1/2
3/16
4.100
.028
.210
.005
104,14
0,71
5,33
0.13
347
4- 1/4
4- 5/8
3/16
4.225
.030
.210
.005
107,32
0,76
5,33
0.13
348
4- 3/8
4- 3/4
3/16
4.350
.030
.210
.005
110,49
0,76
5,33
0.13
349
4- 1/2
4- 7/8
3/16
4.475
.030
.210
.005
113,67
0,76
5,33
0.13
350
4- 5/8
3/16
4.600
.030
.210
.005
116,84
0,76
5,33
0.13
351
4- 3/4
5- 1/8
3/16
4.725
.030
.210
.005
120,02
0,76
5,33
0.13
352
4- 7/8
5- 1/4
3/16
4.850
.030
.210
.005
123,19
0,76
5,33
0.13
353
5- 3/8
3/16
4.975
.037
.210
.005
126,37
0,94
5,33
0.13
354
5- 1/8
5- 1/2
3/16
5.100
.037
.210
.005
129,54
0,94
5,33
0.13
355
5- 1/4
5- 3/8
3/16
5.225
.037
.210
.005
132,72
0,94
5,33
0.13
356
5- 3/8
5- 3/4
3/16
5.350
.037
.210
.005
135,89
0,94
5,33
0.13
357
5- 1/2
5- 7/8
3/16
5.475
.037
.210
.005
139,07
0,94
5,33
0.13
358
5- 5/8
3/16
5.600
.037
.210
.005
142,24
0,94
5,33
0.13
359
5- 3/4
6- 1/8
3/16
5.725
.037
.210
.005
145,42
0,94
5,33
0.13
360
5- 7/8
6- 1/4
3/16
5.850
.037
.210
.005
148,59
0,94
5,33
0.13
361
6- 3/8
3/16
5.975
.037
.210
.005
151,77
0,94
5,33
0.13
362
6- 1/4
6- 5/8
3/16
6.225
.040
.210
.005
158,12
1,02
5,33
0.13
363
6- 1/2
6- 7/8
3/16
6.475
.040
.210
.005
164,47
1,02
5,33
0.13
364
6- 3/4
7- 1/8
3/16
6.725
.040
.210
.005
170,82
1,02
5,33
0.13
365
7- 3/8
3/16
6.975
.040
.210
.005
177,17
1,02
5,33
0.13
366
7- 1/4
7- 5/8
3/16
7.225
.045
.210
.005
183,52
1,14
5,33
0.13
367
7- 1/2
7- 7/8
3/16
7.475
.045
.210
.005
189,87
1,14
5,33
0.13
368
7- 3/4
8- 1/8
3/16
7.725
.045
.210
.005
196,22
1,14
5,33
0.13
369
8- 3/8
3/16
7.925
.045
.210
.005
202,57
1,14
5,33
0.13
370
8- 1/4
8- 5/8
3/16
8.225
.050
.210
.005
208,92
1,27
5,33
0.13
371
8- 1/2
8- 7/8
3/16
8.475
.050
.210
.005
215,27
1,27
5,33
0.13
372
8- 3/4
9- 1/8
3/16
8.725
.050
.210
.005
221,62
1,27
5,33
0.13
373
9- 3/8
3/16
8.975
.050
.210
.005
227,97
1,27
5,33
0.13
374
9- 1/4
9- 5/8
3/16
9.225
.055
.210
.005
234,32
1,40
5,33
0.13
375
9- 1/2
9- 7/8
3/16
9.475
.055
.210
.005
240,67
1,40
5,33
0.13
376
9- 3/4
10- 1/8
3/16
9.725
.055
.210
.005
247,02
1,40
5,33
0.13
377
10
10- 3/8
3/16
9.975
.055
.210
.005
253,37
1,40
5,33
0.13
378
10- 1/2
10- 7/8
3/16
10.475
.060
.210
.005
266,07
1,52
5,33
0.13
379
11
11- 3/8
3/16
10.975
.060
.210
.005
278,77
1,52
5,33
0.13
Nominal size
(inches)
Actual size
(inches)
Dash
Inside
Outside
Cross-
Inside
No.
diameter
diameter
section
diameter
d2
d1
d1
Actual size
(mm)
Tol.
CS
Tol.
Inside
Tol.
diameter
Cross-
Tol.
section
d2
380
11- 1/2
11- 7/8
3/16
11.475
.065
.210
.005
291,47
1,65
5,33
0.13
381
12
12- 3/8
3/16
11.975
.065
.210
.005
304,17
1,65
5,33
0.13
382
13
13- 3/8
3/16
12.975
.065
.210
.005
329,57
1,65
5,33
0.13
383
14
14- 3/8
3/16
13.975
.070
.210
.005
354,97
1,78
5,33
0.13
384
15
15- 3/8
3/16
14.975
.070
.210
.005
380,37
1,78
5,33
0.13
385
16
16- 3/8
3/16
15.955
.075
.210
.005
405,26
1,91
5,33
0.13
386
17
17- 3/8
3/16
16.955
.080
.210
.005
430,66
2,03
5,33
0.13
387
18
18- 3/8
3/16
17.955
.085
.210
.005
456,06
2,16
5,33
0.13
388
19
19- 3/8
3/16
18.955
.090
.210
.005
481,41
2,29
5,33
0.13
389
20
20- 3/8
3/16
19.955
.095
.210
.005
506,81
2,41
5,33
0.13
390
21
21- 3/8
3/16
20.955
.095
.210
.005
532,21
2,41
5,33
0.13
391
22
22- 3/8
3/16
21.955
.100
.210
.005
557,61
2,54
5,33
0.13
392
23
23- 3/8
3/16
22.940
.105
.210
.005
582,68
2,67
5,33
0.13
393
24
24- 3/8
3/16
23.940
.110
.210
.005
608,08
2,79
5,33
0.13
394
25
25- 3/8
3/16
24.940
.115
.210
.005
633,48
2,92
5,33
0.13
395
26
26- 3/8
3/16
25.940
.120
.210
.005
658,88
3,05
5,33
0.13
425
4- 1/2
1/4
4.475
.033
.275
.006
113,67
0,84
6,99
0.15
426
4- 5/8
5- 1/8
1/4
4.600
.033
.275
.006
116,84
0,84
6,99
0.15
427
4- 3/4
5- 1/4
1/4
4.725
.033
.275
.006
120,02
0,84
6,99
0.15
428
4- 7/8
5- 3/8
1/4
4.850
.033
.275
.006
123,19
0,84
6,99
0.15
429
5- 1/2
1/4
4.975
.037
.275
.006
126,37
0,94
6,99
0.15
430
5- 1/8
5- 5/8
1/4
5.100
.037
.275
.006
129,54
0,94
6,99
0.15
431
5- 1/4
5- 3/4
1/4
5.225
.037
.275
.006
132,72
0,94
6,99
0.15
432
5- 3/8
5- 7/8
1/4
5.350
.037
.275
.006
135,89
0,94
6,99
0.15
433
5- 1/2
1/4
5.475
.037
.275
.006
139,07
0,94
6,99
0.15
434
5- 5/8
6- 1/8
1/4
5.600
.037
.275
.006
142,24
0,94
6,99
0.15
435
5- 3/4
6- 1/4
1/4
5.725
.037
.275
.006
145,42
0,94
6,99
0.15
436
5- 7/8
6- 3/8
1/4
5.850
.037
.275
.006
148,59
0,94
6,99
0.15
437
6- 1/2
1/4
5.975
.037
.275
.006
151,77
0,94
6,99
0.15
438
6- 1/4
6- 3/4
1/4
6.225
.040
.275
.006
158,12
1,02
6,99
0.15
439
6- 1/2
1/4
6.475
.040
.275
.006
164,47
1,02
6,99
0.15
440
6- 3/4
7- 1/4
1/4
6.725
.040
.275
.006
170,82
1,02
6,99
0.15
441
7- 1/2
1/4
6.975
.040
.275
.006
177,17
1,02
6,99
0.15
442
7- 1/4
7- 3/4
1/4
7.225
.045
.275
.006
183,52
1,14
6,99
0.15
443
7- 1/2
1/4
7.475
.045
.275
.006
189,87
1,14
6,99
0.15
444
7- 3/4
8- 1/4
1/4
7.725
.045
.275
.006
196,22
1,14
6,99
0.15
445
8- 1/2
1/4
7.975
.045
.275
.006
202,57
1,14
6,99
0.15
159
Nominal size
(inches)
Actual size
(inches)
Dash
Inside
Outside
Cross-
Inside
No.
diameter
diameter
section
diameter
d2
d1
d1
Actual size
(mm)
Tol.
CS
Tol.
Inside
Tol.
diameter
Cross-
Tol.
section
d2
446
8- 1/2
1/4
8.475
.055
.275
.006
215,27
1,40
6,99
0.15
447
9- 1/2
1/4
8.975
.055
.275
.006
227,97
1,40
6,99
0.15
448
9- 1/2
10
1/4
9.475
.055
.275
.006
240,67
1,40
6,99
0.15
449
10
10- 1/2
1/4
9.975
.055
.275
.006
253,37
1,40
6,99
0.15
450
10- 1/2
11
1/4
10.475
.060
.275
.006
266,07
1,52
6,99
0.15
451
11
11- 1/2
1/4
10.975
.060
.275
.006
278,77
1,52
6,99
0.15
452
11- 1/2
12
1/4
11.475
.060
.275
.006
291,47
1,52
6,99
0.15
453
12
12- 1/2
1/4
11.975
.060
.275
.006
304,17
1,52
6,99
0.15
454
12- 1/2
13
1/4
12.475
.060
.275
.006
316,87
1,52
6,99
0.15
455
13
13- 1/2
1/4
12.975
.060
.275
.006
329,57
1,52
6,99
0.15
456
13- 1/2
14
1/4
13.475
.070
.275
.006
342,27
1,78
6,99
0.15
457
14
14- 1/2
1/4
13.975
.070
.275
.006
354,97
1,78
6,99
0.15
458
14- 1/2
15
1/4
14.475
.070
.275
.006
367,67
1,78
6,99
0.15
459
15
15- 1/2
1/4
14.975
.070
.275
.006
380,37
1,78
6,99
0.15
460
15- 1/2
16
1/4
15.475
.070
.275
.006
393,07
1,78
6,99
0.15
461
16
16- 1/2
1/4
15.955
.075
.275
.006
405,26
1,91
6,99
0.15
462
16- 1/2
17
1/4
16.455
.075
.275
.006
417,96
1,91
6,99
0.15
463
17
17- 1/2
1/4
16.955
.080
.275
.006
430,66
2,03
6,99
0.15
464
17- 1/2
18
1/4
17.455
.085
.275
.006
443,36
2,16
6,99
0.15
465
18
18- 1/2
1/4
17.955
.085
.275
.006
456,06
2,16
6,99
0.15
466
18- 1/2
19
1/4
18.455
.085
.275
.006
468,76
2,16
6,99
0.15
467
19
19- 1/2
1/4
18.955
.090
.275
.006
481,46
2,29
6,99
0.15
468
19- 1/2
20
1/4
19.455
.090
.275
.006
494,16
2,29
6,99
0.15
469
20
20- 1/2
1/4
19.955
.095
.275
.006
506,86
2,41
6,99
0.15
470
21
21- 1/2
1/4
20.955
.095
.275
.006
532,26
2,41
6,99
0.15
471
22
22- 1/2
1/4
21.955
.100
.275
.006
557,66
2,54
6,99
0.15
472
23
23- 1/2
1/4
22.940
.105
.275
.006
582,68
2,67
6,99
0.15
473
24
24- 1/2
1/4
23.940
.110
.275
.006
608,08
2,79
6,99
0.15
474
25
25- 1/2
1/4
24.940
.115
.275
.006
633,48
2,92
6,99
0.15
475
26
26- 1/2
1/4
25.940
.120
.275
.006
658,88
3,05
6,99
0.15
160
Nominal size
(inches)
Actual size
(inches)
Dash
Inside
Outside
Cross-
Inside
No.
diameter
diameter
section
diameter
d2
d1
d1
Actual size
(mm)
Tol.
CS
Tol.
Inside
Tol.
diameter
Cross-
Tol.
section
d2
901
.185
.005
.056
.003
4,70
0,13
1,42
0.08
902
.239
.005
.064
.003
6,07
0,13
1,63
0.08
903
.301
.005
.064
.003
7,65
0,13
1,63
0.08
904
.351
.005
.072
.003
8,92
0,13
1,83
0.08
905
.414
.005
.072
.003
10,52
0,13
1,83
0.08
906
.468
.005
.078
.003
11,89
0,13
1,98
0.08
907
.530
.007
.082
.003
13,46
0,18
2,08
0.08
908
.644
.009
.087
.003
16,36
0,23
2,21
0.08
909
.706
.009
.097
.003
17,93
0,23
2,46
0.08
910
.755
.009
.097
.003
19,18
0,23
2,46
0.08
911
.863
.009
.116
.004
21,92
0,23
2,95
0.10
912
.924
.009
.116
.004
23,47
0,23
2,95
0.10
913
.986
.010
.116
.004
25,04
0,26
2,95
0.10
914
1.047
.010
.116
.004
26,59
0,26
2,95
0.10
916
1.171
.010
.116
.004
29,74
0,26
2,95
0.10
918
1.355
.012
.116
.004
34,42
0,30
2,95
0.10
920
1.475
.014
.118
.004
37,47
0,36
3,00
0.10
924
1.720
.014
.118
.004
43,69
0,36
3,00
0.10
928
2.090
.018
.118
.004
53,09
0,46
3,00
0.10
932
2.337
.018
.118
.004
59,36
0,46
3,00
0.10
161
7.3 ISO 3601-1 / DIN 3771
1.8
12.5
12.8
2.24
13.2
2.5
14
2.8
14.5
3.15
15
3.55
15.5
3.75
16
17
4.5
18
4.75
19
4.87
20
20.6
5.15
23.6
5.3
24.3
5.6
25
25.8
6.3
26.5
6.7
27.3
6.9
28
7.1
29
7.5
30
31.5
8.5
32.5
8.75
33.5
34.5
9.5
35.5
9.75
36.5
10
37.5
10.6
38.7
11.2
40
11.6
41.2
11.8
42.5
12.1
43.7
Table 7-3: ISO 3601-1 / DIN 3771
7 +/-0.15
5.3 +/-0.13
2.65 +/-0.09
1.8 +/-0.08
7 +/-0.15
3.55 +/-0.1
d2
(mm)
d1
(mm)
5.3 +/-0.13
2.65 +/-0.09
1.8 +/-0.08
162
3.55 +/-0.1
d2
(mm)
d1
(mm)
d1
(mm)
3.55 +/-0.1
5.3 +/-0.13
7 +/-0.15
118
122
47.5
125
48.7
128
50
132
51.5
136
53
140
54.5
142.5
56
145
58
147.5
60
150
61.5
152.5
63
155
65
157.5
67
160
69
162.5
71
165
73
167.5
75
170
77.5
172.5
80
175
82.5
177.5
85
180
87.5
182.5
90
185
92.5
187.5
95
190
97.5
195
100
200
103
203
106
206
109
212
112
218
115
224
7 +/-0.15
1.8 +/-0.08
5.3 +/-0.13
45
46.2
1.8 +/-0.08
3.55 +/-0.1
d2
(mm)
2.65 +/-0.09
d2
(mm)
Table 7-3: ISO 3601-1 / DIN 3771 (Continued)
2.65 +/-0.09
d1
(mm)
163
375
230
379
236
383
239
387
243
391
250
395
254
400
258
406
261
412
265
418
268
425
272
429
276
433
280
437
283
443
286
450
290
456
295
462
300
466
303
470
307
475
311
479
315
483
320
487
325
493
330
500
335
508
340
515
345
523
350
530
355
538
360
545
365
553
370
560
7 +/-0.15
5.3 +/-0.13
3.55 +/-0.1
2.65 +/-0.09
7 +/-0.15
227
1.8 +/-0.08
5.3 +/-0.13
3.55 +/-0.1
2.65 +/-0.09
1.8 +/-0.08
164
d2
(mm)
d1
(mm)
d2
(mm)
d1
(mm)
7 +/-0.15
5.3 +/-0.13
2.65 +/-0.09
1.8 +/-0.08
3.55 +/-0.1
d2
(mm)
d1
(mm)
570
580
590
600
608
615
623
630
640
650
660
670
165
7.4 SMS 1586
166
d1 x d2 (mm)
d1 x d2 (mm)
d1 x d2 (mm)
3,1 x 1,6
24,2 x 3,0
104,1 x 5,7
4,1 x 1,6
26,2 x 3,0
109,1 x 5,7
5,1 x 1,6
29,2 x 3,0
114,3 x 5,7
6,1 x 1,6
32,2 x 3,0
119,3 x 5,7
7,1 x 1,6
34,2 x 3,0
124,3 x 5,7
8,1 x 1,6
36,2 x 3,0
129,3 x 5,7
9,1 x 1,6
39,2 x 3,0
134,3 x 5,7
10,1 x 1,6
42,2 x 3,0
139,3 x 5,7
11,1 x 1,6
44,2 x 3,0
144,3 x 5,7
12,1 x 1,6
49,5 x 3,0
149,3 x 5,7
13,1 x 1,6
54,5 x 3,0
154,3 x 5,7
14,1 x 1,6
59,5 x 3,0
159,3 x 5,7
15,1 x 1,6
64,5 x 3,0
164,3 x 5,7
16,1 x 1,6
69,5 x 3,0
169,3 x 5,7
17,1 x 1,6
74,5 x 3,0
174,3 x 5,7
18,1 x 1,6
79,5 x 3,0
179,3 x 5,7
19,1 x 1,6
84,5 x 3,0
184,3 x 5,7
22,1 x 1,6
89,5 x 3,0
189,3 x 5,7
25,1 x 1,6
94,5 x 3,0
194,3 x 5,7
27,1 x 1,6
99,5 x 3,0
199,3 x 5,7
29,1 x 1,6
104,5 x 3,0
209,3 x 5,7
32,1 x 1,6
109,5 x 3,0
219,3 x 5,7
35,1 x 1,6
114,5 x 3,0
229,3 x 5,7
37,1 x 1,6
119,5 x 3,0
239,3 x 5,7
3,3 x 2,4
124,5 x 3,0
249,3 x 5,7
4,3 x 2,4
129,5 x 3,0
259,3 x 5,7
5,3 x 2,4
134,5 x 3,0
269,3 x 5,7
6,3 x 2,4
139,5 x 3,0
279,3 x 5,7
7,3 x 2,4
144,5 x 3,0
289,3 x 5,7
8,3 x 2,4
44,2 x 5,7
299,3 x 5,7
9,3 x 2,4
49,2 x 5,7
319,3 x 5,7
10,3 x 2,4
54,2 x 5,7
339,3 x 5,7
11,3 x 2,4
59,2 x 5,7
359,3 x 5,7
12,3 x 2,4
64,2 x 5,7
379,3 x 5,7
13,3 x 2,4
69,2 x 5,7
399,3 x 5,7
14,3 x 2,4
74,2 x 5,7
419,3 x 5,7
15,3 x 2,4
79,2 x 5,7
439,3 x 5,7
16,3 x 2,4
84,1 x 5,7
459,3 x 5,7
17,3 x 2,4
89,1 x 5,7
479,3 x 5,7
19,2 x 3,0
94,1 x 5,7
499,3 x 5,7
22,2 x 3,0
99,1 x 5,7
144,1 x 8,4
Table 7-4: SMS 1586
d1 x d2 (mm)
d1 x d2 (mm)
d1 x d2 (mm)
149,1 x 8,4
179,1 x 8,4
219,1 x 8,4
154,1 x 8,4
184,1 x 8,4
229,1 x 8,4
159,1 x 8,4
189,1 x 8,4
239,1 x 8,4
164,1 x 8,4
194,1 x 8,4
249,1 x 8,4
169,1 x 8,4
199,1 x 8,4
174,1 x 8,4
209,1 x 8,4
Table 7-4: SMS 1586 (Continued)
7.5 Metric sizes
d2 (mm)
d1 Range (mm)
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
5
5.5
6
6.5
1-1500
7
7.5
8
8.5
9
9.5
10
12
14
16
18
20
Table 7-5: Metric sizes

Tools of the most common sizes are available. Due to different shrinkage factors of various materials it can
be possible that the existing tools are not suited to meet the dimensional requirements. Special dimensions
are available on request. Please contact our office for further details.
167
O-Ring quality acceptance criteria
O-Rings may be subject to tests concerning:
The physical-mechanical properties
The dimensional-quality properties
The physical-mechanical characteristics are practically the same as described in section 4.3,
Main properties of elastomers.
As far as the dimensional-quality characteristics are concerned, reference is made to the sizes
of the O-Ring and the condition of the surface.
Our standard procedure covers:
Testing of the hardness
Measurement of the sizes
Control of the surface
These criteria are described in the ISO standard 3601-1.
8.1 Inside diameters (d1), cross-section (d2) and tolerances (ISO 3601-1)
The O-Ring is defined by the internal diameter d1 and the cross-section d2 as shown in the figure below:
Figure 8-1: O-Ring

168
In our O-Ring production the tolerances given in the ISO 3601-1 standard for the control of the O-Rings
are used.
The tables of these tolerances can be found below.
CROSS-SECTION d2 (mm)
TOLERANCES (mm)
d2 1.80
0.08
1.80 < d2 2.65
0.09
2.65 < d2 3.55
0.1
3.55 < d2 5.30
0.13
5.30 < d2 7.00
0.15
7.00 < d2 8.00
0.18
8.00 < d2 10.00
0.21
10.00 < d2 12.00
0.25
d2 > 12.00
ON REQUEST
Table 8-1: Tolerances for O-Ring cross-sections based on ISO 3601-1
170
INSIDE DIAMETER d1 (mm)
TOLERANCES (mm)
d1 2.80
0.13
2.80 < d1 4.00
0.14
4.00 < d1 5.30
0.15
5.30 < d1 7.10
0.16
7.10 < d1 8.50
0.17
8.50 < d1 9.75
0.18
9.75 < d1 10.60
0.19
10.60 < d1 11.80
0.2
11.80 < d1 13.20
0.21
13.20 < d1 15.00
0.22
15.00 < d1 16.00
0.23
16.00 < d1 17.00
0.24
17.00 < d1 19.00
0.25
19.00 < d1 20.60
0.26
20.60 < d1 21.20
0.27
21.20 < d1 22.40
0.28
22.40 < d1 23.60
0.29
23.60 < d1 25.00
0.3
25.00 < d1 26.50
0.31
26.50 < d1 28.00
0.32
28.00 < d1 29.00
0.33
29.00 < d1 30.00
0.34
30.00 < d1 31.50
0.35
Table 8-2: Tolerances for O-Ring inside diameters based on ISO 3601-1
TOLERANCES (mm)
31.50 < d1 33.50
0.36
33.50 < d1 34.50
0.37
34.50 < d1 36.50
0.38
36.50 < d1 37.50
0.36
37.50 < d1 38.70
0.39
38.70 < d1 40.00
0.41
40.00 < d1 41.20
0.42
41.20 < d1 42.50
0.43
42.50 < d1 45.00
0.44
45.00 < d1 46.20
0.45
46.20 < d1 47.50
0.46
47.50 < d1 48.70
0.47
48.70 < d1 50.00
0.48
50.00 < d1 51.50
0.49
51.50 < d1 53.00
0.5
53.00 < d1 54.50
0.51
54.50 < d1 56.00
0.52
56.00 < d1 58.00
0.54
58.00 < d1 60.00
0.55
60.00 < d1 61.50
0.56
61.50 < d1 63.00
0.57
63.00 < d1 65.00
0.58
65.00 < d1 67.00
0.6
67.00 < d1 69.00
0.61
69.00 < d1 71.00
0.63
71.00 < d1 73.00
0.64
73.00 < d1 75.00
0.65
75.00 < d1 77.50
0.67
77.50 < d1 80.00
0.69
80.00 < d1 82.50
0.71
82.50 < d1 85.00
0.72
85.00 < d1 87.50
0.74
87.50 < d1 90.00
0.76
90.00 < d1 92.50
0.77
92.50 < d1 95.00
0.79
95.00 < d1 97.50
0.81
97.50 < d1 100.00
0.82
100.00 < d1 103.00
0.85
103.00 < d1 106.00
0.87
106.00 < d1 109.00
0.89
109.00 < d1 112.00
0.91
112.00 < d1 115.00
0.93
115.00 < d1 118.00
0.95
Table 8-2: Tolerances for O-Ring inside diameters based on ISO 3601-1 (Continued)
171
172
TOLERANCES (mm)
118.00 < d1 122.00
0.97
122.00 < d1 125.00
0.99
125.00 < d1 128.00
1.01
128.00 < d1 132.00
1.04
132.00 < d1 136.00
1.07
136.00 < d1 140.00
1.09
140.00 < d1 142.50
1.11
142.50 < d1 145.00
1.13
145.00 < d1 147.50
1.14
147.50 < d1 150.00
1.16
150.00 < d1 152.50
1.18
152.50 < d1 155.00
1.19
155.00 < d1 157.50
1.21
157.50 < d1 160.00
1.23
160.00 < d1 162.50
1.24
162.50 < d1 165.00
1.26
165.00 < d1 167.50
1.28
167.50 < d1 170.00
1.29
170.00 < d1 172.50
1.31
172.50 < d1 175.00
1.33
175.00 < d1 177.50
1.34
177.50 < d1 180.00
1.36
180.00 < d1 182.50
1.38
182.50 < d1 185.00
1.39
185.00 < d1 187.50
1.41
187.50 < d1 190.00
1.43
190.00 < d1 195.00
1.46
195.00 < d1 200.00
1.49
200.00 < d1 203.00
1.51
203.00 < d1 206.00
1.53
206.00 < d1 212.00
1.57
212.00 < d1 218.00
1.61
218.00 < d1 224.00
1.65
224.00 < d1 227.00
1.67
227.00 < d1 230.00
1.69
230.00 < d1 236.00
1.73
236.00 < d1 239.00
1.75
239.00 < d1 243.00
1.77
243.00 < d1 250.00
1.82
250.00 < d1 254.00
1.84
254.00 < d1 258.00
1.87
258.00 < d1 261.00
1.89
261.00 < d1 265.00
1.91
TOLERANCES (mm)
265.00 < d1 268.00
1.92
268.00 < d1 272.00
1.96
272.00 < d1 276.00
1.98
276.00 < d1 280.00
2.01
280.00 < d1 283.00
2.03
283.00 < d1 286.00
2.05
286.00 < d1 290.00
2.08
290.00 < d1 295.00
2.11
295.00 < d1 300.00
2.14
300.00 < d1 303.00
2.16
303.00 < d1 307.00
2.19
307.00 < d1 311.00
2.21
311.00 < d1 315.00
2.24
315.00 < d1 320.00
2.27
320.00 < d1 325.00
2.3
325.00 < d1 330.00
2.33
330.00 < d1 335.00
2.36
335.00 < d1 340.00
2.4
340.00 < d1 345.00
2.43
345.00 < d1 350.00
2.46
350.00 < d1 355.00
2.49
355.00 < d1 360.00
2.52
360.00 < d1 365.00
2.56
365.00 < d1 370.00
2.59
370.00 < d1 375.00
2.62
375.00 < d1 379.00
2.64
379.00 < d1 383.00
2.67
383.00 < d1 387.00
2.7
387.00 < d1 391.00
2.72
391.00 < d1 395.00
2.75
395.00 < d1 400.00
2.78
400.00 < d1 406.00
2.82
406.00 < d1 412.00
2.85
412.00 < d1 418.00
2.89
418.00 < d1 425.00
2.93
425.00 < d1 429.00
2.96
429.00 < d1 433.00
2.99
433.00 < d1 437.00
3.01
437.00 < d1 443.00
3.05
443.00 < d1 450.00
3.09
450.00 < d1 456.00
3.13
456.00 < d1 462.00
3.17
462.00 < d1 466.00
3.19
173
TOLERANCES (mm)
466.00 < d1 470.00
3.22
470.00 < d1 475.00
3.25
475.00 < d1 479.00
3.28
479.00 < d1 483.00
3.3
483.00 < d1 487.00
3.33
487.00 < d1 493.00
3.36
493.00 < d1 500.00
3.41
500.00 < d1 508.00
3.46
508.00 < d1 515.00
3.5
515.00 < d1 523.00
3.55
523.00 < d1 530.00
3.6
530.00 < d1 538.00
3.65
538.00 < d1 545.00
3.69
545.00 < d1 553.00
3.74
553.00 < d1 560.00
3.78
560.00 < d1 570.00
3.85
570.00 < d1 580.00
3.91
580.00 < d1 590.00
3.97
590.00 < d1 600.00
4.03
600.00 < d1 608.00
4.08
608.00 < d1 615.00
4.12
615.00 < d1 623.00
4.17
623.00 < d1 630.00
4.22
630.00 < d1 640.00
4.28
640.00 < d1 650.00
4.34
650.00 < d1 660.00
4.4
660.00 < d1 670.00
4.47
d1 > 670.00
approximately 0,7%
174
8.2 Control of the surface (ISO 3601-3)

The standard acceptance criteria for surface defects are described in the ISO standard 3601-3 grade N,
which is also being used as the standard in our production facilities.
The types of faults are:
Off-set, flash, backrind, excessive trimming, flow marks and non-fills and indentations.
The permitted dimensions of these defects are shown in the table below.
Type of defects based on
Schematic
ISO 3601-3
illustration
Dim
Cross-section d2 (mm)
Offset
Flash
> 0.8
> 2.25
> 3.15
> 4.50
> 6.30
2.25
3.15
4.50
6.30
8.40
0.08
0.10
0.13
0.15
0.15
0.1
0.12
0.14
0.16
0.18
0.1
0.12
0.14
0.16
0.18
When flash can be differentiated, it shall not exceed 0.07 mm.
0.18
0.27
0.36
0.53
0.7
0.08
0.08
0.1
0.1
0.13
Trimming is allowed provided the dimension n is not reduced
Max. accaptable limits based on ISO 3601-3 Grade N
x
y
Backrind
g
u
Area of excessive trimming

c
below the minimum diameter d2 for the O-Ring.
Flow marks (Radial orientation
not permitted)
1.5
1.5
6.5
6.5
6.5
0.08
0.08
0.08
0.08
0.08
0.6
0.8
1.3
1.7
0.08
0.08
0.1
0.1
0.13
Non-fills and indentations
w
w
Table 8-3: Permitted dimensions for surface defects

Having established which defects are permitted and to what degree, it is important to establish firstly the
sample quantity to be tested and secondly within which maximum quantities the supply can be considered
acceptable. The reference standard for this is the ISO 2859 part 1.
The standard control is carried out on the basis of a simple sampling plan with AQL 1.0 level II.
175
The sample size code letter is chosen from the table below.
LOT OF BATCH SIZE
SPECIAL INSPECTION LEVELS
S-1
S-2
S-3
S-4
II
III
2 TO 8
9 TO 15
16 TO 25
26 TO 50
51 TO 90
91 TO 150
151 TO 280
281 TO 500
501 TO 1200
1201 TO 3200
3201 TO 10 000
M
N
10 001 TO 35 000
35 001 TO 150 000
150 001 TO 500 000
500 001 AND OVER
Table 8-4: Sample size code letters
176
GENERAL INSPECTION LEVELS
13
20
32
50
80
125
200
315
500
800
1250
2000
SIZE CODE LETTER
SAMPLE
SAMPLE SIZE
1 2
2 3
1 2
3 4
2 3
1 2
5 6
3 4
2 3
1 2
0 1
Ac-Re
0,10
7 8
5 6
3 4
2 3
1 2
0 1
Ac-Re
0,15
0,65
21 22
21 22
21 22
21 22
6,5
21 22
21 22
15
21 22
25
10 11
7 8
5 6
3 4
2 3
1 2
Ac-Re
21 22
21 22
10 11 14 15
7 8
5 6
3 4
2 3
1 2
Ac-Re
10 11 14 15
7 8
5 6
3 4
2 3
1 2
Ac-Re
10
10 11 14 15
7 8
5 6
3 4
2 3
1 2
0 1
Ac-Re
10 11 14 15
7 8
5 6
3 4
2 3
1 2
0 1
Ac-Re
4,0
10 11 14 15
7 8
5 6
3 4
2 3
1 2
0 1
Ac-Re
2,5
10 11 14 15
7 8
5 6
3 4
2 3
1 2
0 1
Ac-Re
1,5
10 11 14 15
7 8
5 6
3 4
2 3
1 2
0 1
Ac-Re
1,0
10 11 14 15
7 8
5 6
3 4
2 3
1 2
0 1
Ac-Re
10 11 14 15
7 8
5 6
3 4
2 3
1 2
0 1
Ac-Re
10 11 14 15
7 8
5 6
3 4
2 3
1 2
0 1
Ac-Re
0,40
ACCEPTABLE QUALITY LEVELS (NORMAL INSPECTION)

0,25
40
65
14 15
21 22
100
21 22
150
21 22
ACCEPTANCE NUMBER
REJECTION NUMBER
Re
USE FIRST SAMPLING PLAN ABOVE ARROW
250
650
Ac-Re
1000
30 31 44 45
21 22 30 31
Ac-Re
30 31 44 45
21 22
30 31 44 45
21 22
30 31 44 45
21 22
Ac-Re
400
10 11 14 15
Ac-Re
10 11 14 15
7 8
Ac-Re
10 11 14 15
7 8
5 6
Ac-Re
10 11 14 15
7 8
5 6
3 4
Ac-Re
10 11 14 15
7 8
5 6
3 4
2 3
Ac-Re
USE FIRST SAMPLING PLAN BELOW ARROW. IF SAMPLE SIZE EQUALS, OR EXCEEDS, LOT OF BATCH SIZE, CARRY OUT 100% INSPECTION
0 1
0 1
Ac
0 1
0 1
0 1
Ac-Re
Ac-Re Ac-Re
Ac-Re
Ac-Re
0,015 0,025 0,040 0,065
0,010
In combination with the selected acceptable quality level the quantity for acceptance or rejection
is shown in the following table.
Table 8-5: Sample sizes
Our production plants are certified in accordance with the international standards ISO 9001, QS 9000
and TS 16949. For specific quality criteria according to customer requirements please contact our office.
177
O-Ring failure analysis
The failure of an O-Ring in service can usually be attributed to a combination of causes. It is important to
maximize sealing life and reliability by reducing the probability of seal failure by good design practices,
proper compound selection testing and training of personnel. There are several factors that can lead to
O-Ring failure. A summary of the most common failures is listed below.
Compression set
Figure 9-1: Failure due to compression set

This failure is most common to both static and dynamic sealing applications.
This type of failure produces flat surfaces on the sides of the O-Ring that were compressed.
Sources of compression set failure:
The elastomer used has poor compression set resistance
The elastomer used has limited resistance to heat
The O-Ring swells in the groove due to fluid incompatibility
The O-Ring has too much squeeze in the groove
Suggested solutions:
178
Use a higher quality, low compression set material
Check the compatibility of the O-Ring material with the fluid
Select a material resistant to the heat produced during operation
Double check the groove dimensions for proper squeeze
Extrusion and nibbling
Figure 9-2: Failure due to extrusion and nibbling

Extrusion and nibbling are primarily found in dynamic applications. They may also be found in static
applications subject to high pressure pulsing.
A ridge, nibbles and small missing pieces of the material along either the inner diameter or outer
diameter resulting from the down-stream side of the O-Ring will be found.
Sources of extrusion and nibbling:
Excessive system pressures
Too much clearance between mating parts
Material too soft
O-Ring body too large for the groove
Improperly machined groove
Decrease or regulate system pressure
Select a harder material
Refit mating parts
Determine correct O-Ring cross-section
Add Back-Up rings
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Spiral damage
Figure 9-3: Failure due to spiral damage

This failure can be found on long stroke hydraulic piston seals. The surface of the O-Ring appears to
have been twisted and shows deep spiral cuts, usually at a 45 angle.
Sources of spiral damage:
Side loads causing excessive clearance
Eccentric components
Inadequate lubrication
Material too soft
Moving speed too slow
Uneven surface finishes
180
Decrease the clearances between components
Check for roundness of fitting parts
Machine surfaces to suitable finishes
Provide lubrication
Select a harder material
Use Back-Up rings
Abrasion
Figure 9-4: Failure due to abrasion

This failure is most common in dynamic applications, like reciprocating and rotary shafts. This type
of failure produces a flattened surface on the side of the O-Ring body subjected to the movement.
Sources of abrasion:
The metal surfaces are too rough and are abrasive to the O-Ring
The metal surfaces are too smooth, causing inadequate lubrication
No lubrication in the design
Operating temperatures are too high
The system fluid is contaminated with abrasive particles
Change surface finishes recommended
Provide adequate lubrication
Use a material suitable for higher temperatures
Eliminate any source of contamination
Select a more abrasion resistant O-Ring material
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Heat hardening and oxidation
Figure 9-5: Failure due to heat hardening and oxidation

This failure can be visible in both static and dynamic O-Rings. A flattened area will appear on the dynamic
surface. Sometimes cracked, hardened and pitted areas can be seen throughout the entire surface.
Sources of heat hardening and oxidation:
Temperatures are higher than recommended for the material
Elastomers becoming dry and parts of the material evaporating
Oxidation
Lower the operating temperatures of the system
Select O-Ring material suited for higher temperatures
Weathering or ozone cracking
182
Figure 9-6: Failure due to weathering or ozone cracking

This failure is caused by exposure of either static or dynamic sealing O-Ring to weather, pollutions and
UV light. This failure shows many small cracks perpendicular to the direction of stress.
Source of weathering or ozone cracking:
Ozone attack of the polymer chains, causing cracks on the outside surface
Suggested solution:
Select ozone resistant materials
Explosive decompression
Figure 9-7: Failure due to explosive decompression

Explosive decompression causes random ruptures, blisters, crater-like pores and small slits, which have
originated within the O-Ring body.
Sources of explosive decompression:
Gases permeating the O-Ring material under high pressure conditions
Rapid decompression of those gases
Micro-explosions occurring as decompression occurs
Increase time for decompression
Slow system cycles down
Use a harder material (to 90 Shore A)
Select a smaller O-Ring cross-section
Select a decompression resistant material

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Installation
Figure 9-8: Failure due to installation

When this failure occurs short nicks or scratches or peeling on the surface of the O-Ring can be noticed.
Sources of installation failure:
The use of sharp edged tools
Sharp corners on the O-Ring groove
Sharp threads that the O-Ring passes over
No lead-in chamfer
O-Ring not properly lubricated
O-Ring twisted or trapped during installation
184
Break all sharp edges on metal components
Provide a 20 lead-in chamfer
Lubricate the O-Ring during installation
Cover all threads with masking tape
Space Shuttle Challenger Disaster

The Space Shuttle Challenger Disaster took place when Challenger, a Space Shuttle operated by NASA,
broke apart 73 seconds into its flight leading to the deaths of its seven crew members. The spacecraft
disintegrated over the Atlantic Ocean, off the coast of central Florida, United States on January 28, 1986.
Disintegration of the shuttle stack began 73 seconds into its flight after an O-Ring seal in its right solid rocket
booster (SRB) failed at lift-off.
185
Figure 9-9: Space Shuttle Challenger Disaster
10
Language of rubber
10.1 Introduction
Rubber is no longer the exotic and mysterious material it used to be when the Spanish explorers first
brought back bouncy balls from the jungles of the New World. Everyone in the modern world has played
with rubber bands, driven on rubber tires, sprayed water from a rubber hose, sat in a car with rubber
seals around the doors and windows and even has their underwear held up by elastic waistbands made
from rubber thread. We may be unaware of the rubber seals and hoses that are essential to the working
of our cars and planes, the specialized rubber tubes that milk our cows and the thousands of other
applications of rubber that support the ease and convenience of modern life, but they surround us all
the time. Many people are aware that there is more than one kind of rubber, and some even understand
that different kinds of rubber have very different properties, just as different kinds of metals do. However,
the great bulk of the substantial body of concepts and practices that apply to rubber, which we generally
refer to as Rubber Technology, is not common knowledge. In this introduction we will present the basics
of Rubber Technology in a reasonably simplified and not overly technical way, so as to provide a basis
of understanding to those not initiated in the field.
10.2 A little bit of chemistry

Everything material is made up of the tiny building blocks of matter we call atoms and a combination of
more atoms forms a molecule. A very basic molecule that is universally known is the water molecule,
which is made up of one oxygen atom in combination with two hydrogen atoms. Chemists describe
molecules in a form of shorthand, in which water is known as H2O. Other well-known molecule is
atmospheric oxygen, which is O2. Millions of kinds of molecules are known, ranging from the simple
ones like oxygen to extremely complicated molecules with many dozens of atoms of assorted types in
them. Sometimes a given kind of atom can link up to others of its own kind in many ways. Carbon atoms
have this capacity and there are more kinds of molecules containing carbon atoms than all the other
kinds of molecules. Carbon atoms in combination with hydrogen atoms make up a very extensive series
of molecules called hydrocarbons, the first four of which are shown below.
CH4
methane
C2H6
ethane
Figure 10-1: Hydrocarbons

186
C3H8
propane
C4H10
butane
The kind of formula that only has the atoms and their numbers, like C2H6, does not say anything about
how the atoms really connect with each other. For that, a chemist will use a structural formula, which
for ethane looks like this:
Figure 10-2: Ethane

The short solid lines between the atoms show where chemical bonds exist, so we can see that there
are six single bonds between the carbon atoms and the hydrogen atoms and one single bond between
the two carbon atoms. However, also other kinds of chemical bonds exist, such as double bonds and
even triple bonds. In a slightly different molecule, ethylene, there is a double bond between the carbons,
so the molecules structure becomes:
Figure 10-3: Ethylene

Ethylene is also a gas like ethane, but double bonds are more reactive than single bonds, so the
ethylene will take part in various chemical reactions for which ethane is more or less inert.
10.3 Polymerization
The reaction that is important for this chapter is a chain reaction in which ethylene molecules start
hooking up to each other and continue to do so, eventually forming a very long molecule.
What happens is that by some means (heat, a catalyst of some sort) one ethylene molecule breaks down
slightly only to change into a highly reactive forms known as free radicals. The first free radical molecule
attacks another ethylene molecule and hooks onto one side of it, and then it is no longer a free radical;
but at the same time the other side of the second molecule turns into a new free radical, which goes on
to attack another nearby ethylene molecule. This process goes on and on, until something stops it or until
there are no more reactive ethylene molecules left. The simplified diagram on the next page outlines the
process.
187
Figure 10-4: Polymerization

This kind of reaction is called polymerization, leading to the creation of very long molecules containing
thousands of atoms in a repeating pattern. Think of the individual ethylene molecules as single pieces of
chain links, and the polymerization is what converts all the individual links into an actual long chain.
The end result of this reaction is making a polymer, in this case polyethylene, which is made from the
original small molecules (called monomers). The chemist would represent the polymer as the figure shown
below.
Figure 10-5: Polyethylene

The chain is a repeating pattern of links which are shown inside the parentheses, and the n outside the
parentheses indicates that there are many links in the chain. As the chain of atoms grows in length, the
properties of the resulting molecule start to differ in some ways from those of the monomer from which it
188
was formed. Depending on how the polymerization reaction is run, n can be a low number, 25 for
example, and the material then has the consistency of grease. As the number of units in the chain goes
up, the properties of the polymer change. With n of 75 it would be a polyethylene wax and when n is a very
high number, 5000 or more, the material is then a high-density polyethylene plastic. Many kinds of molecules
can take part in polymerization reactions. All plastics are polymeric materials, and polyethylene, polypropylene,
polystyrene and polyvinyl chloride (PVC) are common industrial plastics. These materials are firm to the touch
and will only bend to a limited degree before they break or permanently deform.
10.4 From polymerization to synthetic rubber

What makes rubber different from plastics and all other kinds of materials is the fact that it will undergo
major deformation and recover essentially unchanged. Technically this is called having high elasticity
and the alternate name for rubber is elastomer, which is a shortened term for elastic polymer.
Elastomers are polymers that can be made into a form that stretches to at least double its length and yet
when released returns to almost its original length in a very short period of time.
The explanation of why some polymers are plastics and some are elastomers involves more advanced
insight in Polymer Science, which is beyond this introduction.
What is important is that numerous kinds of polymers are elastomers and together they form a family
of materials, in much the same way as the many kinds of metals also form a family of materials.
So polymers are basically very long molecules made up from some kind of repeating unit (or units,
since it is possible to have more than one reactive monomer used in the polymerization reaction, like
making up a chain from a number of steel links and brass links). The chemical characteristics of the
monomer will naturally affect the final characteristics of the polymer; for instance a chemical that is like the
monomer and mixes with it readily tends to act like a solvent for the polymer made from that monomer.
Petroleum oils are usually made up of hydrocarbon molecules and elastomers that are made from
hydrocarbon monomers will swell substantially in such oils.
Natural Rubber, which is obtained primarily from the latex of a tree originally discovered in Brazil,
is polyisoprene, the structure of which is shown below.
Figure 10-6: Molecular diagram of Natural Rubber

This is a simple hydrocarbon polymer and consequently, Natural Rubber is severely affected by most oils.
Other common types of hydrocarbon elastomers are Butadiene Rubber, Styrene-Butadiene Rubber, and
Ethylene-Propylene-Diene Rubber and they are also subject to considerable swelling and softening by oils.
189
If the polymer is modified from a hydrocarbon structure to something a little different, its properties
will change accordingly. Neoprene was one of the early synthetic elastomers and it is much more
resistant to oils (in 1931, DuPont started to manufacture neoprene). The reason is that even though its
structure is extremely similar to polyisoprene, it has one very important difference, which can be seen
in the molecular diagram.
Figure 10-7: Molecular diagram of Neoprene

What was a small group of one carbon and three hydrogen atoms (CH3, a methyl group) on the
isoprene unit has been replaced by a single chlorine atom. The presence of the chlorine atom,
which is very different from carbon and hydrogen atoms, makes the molecule polar; that is, there is
an uneven distribution of positive and negative charges across the atoms.
Since the polymer is no longer a simple hydrocarbon and has become polar, nonpolar hydrocarbon
oils are no longer compatible with it and Neoprene has a substantial degree of oil resistance.
Other polymers that were constructed to be oil resistant include Nitrile Rubber, Hypalon, Polyacrylates,
and Urethane types.
The chemistry of the chain units has other effects as well. In the polyisoprene molecule there is still a
double bond between the two central carbons and double bonds are chemically reactive. This is useful
for the purpose of vulcanization, but has a downside. The double bonds are susceptible to attacks by
oxygen and ozone and over time the rubber will undergo substantial deterioration as a result. EthylenePropylene-Diene Rubber does not have any double bonds after vulcanization, and therefore ages much
better than Natural Rubber and is almost impervious to attack from ozone.
Many properties of the polymer depend on the monomers characteristics; for instance, how the polymer
chain is affected by temperature. One kind of elastomer will be useable for long periods at 120C,
but will stiffen and lose its rubbery character at -10C; another type of elastomer will be fully flexible
at -40C, but break down in a few days at 120C.
190
Other structural characteristics of the polymer, unrelated to monomer chemistry, also have important
effects. How long the polymer chains are and whether they are all simple straight chains or have some
side chains coming off the main length of the long molecule, is also important. The longer the chains,
the more easily they are intertwined and tangled, which makes the polymer more viscous, more difficult
to mix and make flow. Side chains, often referred to as branching, also contribute to viscosity.
Viscosity characteristics are much more important to the behaviour of rubber while it is being processed
than they are to its final properties as a finished article. Processing can include many steps, which fall
roughly into four groups: Mixing, Forming, Curing and Finishing. While the end user or engineer will
concentrate on the final properties of the rubber article, the rubber technologist will be just as concerned
about how well the material will process. It is all too possible to develop an elastomeric material that is
just barely useable in the laboratory to make test specimens, but will cause total disaster in any attempt
to use it in the factory to really make a final product.
10.5 Introduction to compounding

Many polymeric articles are largely made up of the polymer itself, with only a small fraction of other
ingredients. For instance, plastic parts often consist for 90-95% of the polymer, with just some colouring
and protective chemicals added. However, that is seldom the case for rubber articles. It is possible to
make a rubber compound mostly of polymer, such as baby bottle nipples, which used to be over 90%
Natural Rubber, with just one or two chemicals added to help processing and others to vulcanize the
polymer. However, most of the time the polymer is mixed with numerous other ingredients which all
play different roles in giving the final material desirable properties. There are usually six to twenty
ingredients in typical rubber compounds and the polymer generally makes up for 50 to 60% of the total
weight of the mixture. Any particular mixture of elastomeric polymer and other ingredients is referred
to as a compound and the actual proportions of all the ingredients are called a recipe or a formula or
a formulation. For some polymers there are an enormous number of possible ingredients, each of which
can be used across a range of final concentrations, so that the number of actual formulations that a
rubber technologist could draw up is infinite. For other specialty polymers considerably fewer ingredients
are useable, but the total of possible recipes is still huge.
191
A rubber compound is the term applied to a mixture of polymers and other ingredients, to produce a usable
rubber material. There are three facets of compound development that the formulating chemist faces:
Final physical and chemical properties
Processing properties
Cost
Depending on how demanding the application is for the rubber article, point one may be quite difficult
or not difficult at all. If the product is a cheap automotive floor mat, there is no challenge, but if it is
a specialized oil well pipe seal, which will be used miles down into the earth at boiling hot temperatures
and high pressure for months on end and in the presence of some very corrosive chemicals, then it is
quite a different story.
The second point may also have to encounter a number of difficulties. Moulding a simple shape that
does not require tight dimensional tolerances, such as a hockey puck, can be done with a compound that
does not flow well and is very sensitive to temperature. Making a large number of tiny parts of a
complicated shape all at once in a single mould using an injection process, so that the rubber has to
flow long distances in small, hot passages before coming to rest in its final shape, can be quite
challenging. Very slight differences in the compounds viscosity or sensitivity to temperature will
immediately affect the process, almost invariably in a very undesirable fashion.
Last in the list is cost, yet in some parts of the industry cost is the overriding consideration. The compounder is
then restricted, sometimes very seriously, in the choice of ingredients for the formula; this often drives him/her
to attempt maximum use of inexpensive ingredients (like ground limestone) and minimal use of more
costly ingredients (such as protective additives or even the polymer itself). Even for quality products there is
frequently some pricing pressure in a competitive market, so while cost may not be primary concern, it is still a
major focal point for the compounder.
10.6 Vulcanization
Chewing gum is made from an elastic polymer and so is rubber band, but obviously they do not act in
the same way. The chewing gum does not have a particular shape of its own, but can be deformed and
even pulled apart without using too much force; it is sticky and dissolves in many solvents. The rubber
192
band does have a stable shape, although it can be made to deform: from that shape; however, it takes
a good deal more force to stretch the rubber band than it does to pull apart an equal amount of chewing
gum. Moreover, the rubber band will recover its own shape as soon as the force stretching is removed.
The band is not sticky and although it swells up considerably in gasoline, it does not dissolve.
Why this sharp contrast in properties? Because the chewing gum is not vulcanized and the rubber band is.
At room temperature an elastic polymer that has not been vulcanized is a mass of long, tangled
polymer chains that are still free to slide past each other. Technically, the polymer is not a solid, it is a
very viscous liquid and liquids do not have shape and can be made to flow.
But if somehow that mass of tangled polymer chains undergoes many individual chemical reactions,
each of which permanently ties two points on neighbouring chains to each other, everything changes.
These ties between adjacent chains are called cross-links and as soon as there is even one cross-link
for every several hundred units along the polymer chain, the chains can no longer slide freely past each
other. They become like a bundle of pieces of string that has had just a few knots tied between the
different bits of string. The bundle cannot be pulled apart into two or more smaller bundles anymore,
at least not without breaking some strands or the knots that join them.
This process known as vulcanization is the creation of chemical cross-links between the elastomer chains.
The cross-links transform the mass of polymer chains from a high viscosity liquid to a real solid, with a
definite shape and greatly increased resistance to being deformed. This is a chemical reaction between the
polymer and some kind of vulcanizing agent (also called a curative or curing agent in the industry),
which requires exposure to a high temperature for a period of time. The resulting cross-links also prevent
the polymer from dissolving into solution when exposed to some chemically similar solvent.
(But the solvent molecules still like the polymer chains, so they slide between them and are absorbed like
water into a sponge, which is why rubbers like Viton materials will swell up when put into a solvent of acetone.
Since there are significant differences in the chemistry of different kinds of elastomers, they do not all
undergo exactly the same kind of vulcanization reactions, but their polymer chains can be cross-linked
in one way or the other. The best known kind of vulcanizations uses sulphur molecules (S8), which,
when heated, react with Natural Rubber to make little bridges of sulphur atoms between the parts of
two chains where the double bonds used to be. In modern times chemists have synthesized numerous
molecules that contain some sulphur atoms and also react either to work with plain sulphur molecules
to make the vulcanization reaction proceed faster, or in some cases can produce cross-links in elastomers
even if no sulphur molecules are present. Several other elastomer types are also cross-linked using
sulphur and sulphur derivatives.
There are other kinds of vulcanizing chemicals, some of which can be used in several kinds of elastomers,
for instance peroxides; while other chemicals are extremely specific to a single kind of elastomer, such as the
combination of platinum catalyst and silane molecules that cross-link only certain types of silicone rubber.
When more than one kind or combination of curatives can be used to make cross-links for a given elastomer,
the final properties of the rubber usually change with the variations in the vulcanizing system. These changes
can often be quite significant.
193
Moreover, the variations in cure system will almost always change the processing of the rubber.
On the one hand, if the vulcanization reaction is made to proceed faster, the time needed to complete
the reaction is shortened, which makes the process more efficient from the viewpoint of the manufacturer;
on the other hand, if the reaction starts too soon or proceeds too quickly, the compound will not flow
well enough to properly form the desired shape of the final product and the product will be defective.
Thus the relationship between the cure system and the processing characteristics and the materials final
properties can become complex, especially when there is some intricacy as far as geometry is concerned
or when aspects of the process start to play a role.
If the combination of temperature and time to which the compound is exposed does not really allow the
transfer of enough heat energy into the rubber to quite complete the cross-linking reaction, the elastomer
can still look and feel fairly normal. However, then it is actually in a condition known as marginal cure or
undercure and some of its properties will be deficient. Failure to achieve the proper state of cure leads to
poor functioning and/or shortened life of rubber products, therefor calculating the right vulcanizing
conditions and monitoring them to ensure good cure are important functions in Rubber Technology.
195
10.7 Properties of rubber

A materials scientist or engineer always characterizes materials by a collection of properties, often
properties that have to do with the ability of the material to fulfil some purpose. For example a metallurgist
will want to know the hardness of steel (on something known as a Rockwell scale), its tensile strength and
perhaps something about its fatigue life. These can all be useful in predicting how well the particular
alloy will work in some application, or how the engineer should design the metal part using that alloy
so that it will function as desired.
Elastomers are more complex materials than metals and can be tested in many different ways to evaluate
many properties, some of which may relate to actual function but many of which do not. Like metals,
rubber compounds can be tested for hardness and tensile strength. The most used hardness scale is the
Shore A durometer scale. Its dial reads from 0 to 100, but it is most meaningful from about 20 to
perhaps 95 durometer. A rubber band is usually on the soft end, at about 30 points of the scale, while a hard
boot heel will read approximately 75 durometer. The durometer rating does not provide informa-tion only on
how hard the rubber surface is, but also correlates roughly with how stiff the rubber is, that is, how much
force is needed to deform it. Naturally, one of the key properties of any rubber compound is its ability to
stretch or elongate. In the standard tensile test the point at which the specimen breaks is measured and
compared to the starting length of one section of the specimen. The increase in length at the breaking
point is converted to a percentage change and reported as the ultimate elongation (UE) or elongation at
break (EB) or often just as the elongation. Some compounds will stretch over 800% some hard compounds
stretch only 125-200%, but many typical rubber compounds have elongations between 250-500%.
Elastomers are much more sensitive to the environment in general than metals, so scientists and engineers
are very interested in judging the comparative resistance of compounds to various environmental factors.
These include heat, cold, oxygen, ozone, oils, solvents, weathering and simple ageing. In addition, a rubber
part subjected to some constant load or deformation (like a mount that supports a piece of equipment or an
O-Ring that is compressed) will gradually react to the situation which is called stress relaxation. This means
the rubber will slowly assume a changed shape related to the load it has been subjected to and in many
functions that means the rubber part will not perform as well as it did when new.
Therefore an assortment of tests exists dealing with environmental resistance and stress relaxation
characteristics of rubber compounds. They often involve first performing routine tests such as tensile strength
and hardness on standard test specimens. Then another set of test specimens from the same lot is exposed to
whatever environmental conditions are of interest, such as soaking in oil, at a selected combination of time
196
and temperature. The temperature is normally raised in order to accelerate the environmental attack on the
rubber and allow for the use of reasonably short test time, such as 22, 70, or 168 hours. Normally the rubber
undergoes some degree of change due to the test conditions.
After the environmental exposure of the test specimens, they are then subjected to the same routine test
as the unexposed specimens. The change in properties from original material to the conditioned material
is then calculated. For instance, after an oil soak test the hardness decreases by several points, the tensile
strength also decreases by a certain percentage, and there is also an increase in the volume of the rubber
section due to absorption of the fluid. After heat ageing in air, many compounds will increase in hardness,
decrease in elongation, and lose a percentage of their original weight.
There are also many tests that do not compare original and conditioned specimens, such as tear strength
tests, flex tests and low temperature brittleness tests, just to name a few.
Among the more commonly measured test properties for elastomers, described in official publications of
the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM), are included:
Durometer hardness
Tensile Strength
Elongation
100% and/or 300% Modulus
Tear Strength
Abrasion Resistance
Fluid Resistance
Low Temperature Tolerance
Ozone Resistance
Flex Life
Compression Set Resistance

(relates to stress relaxation)
It is important to understand that generally speaking all these tests results are meaningful only as a basis for
comparing different rubber compounds. That is, observing that after a heat ageing test at 125C for 70 hours a
compound goes from an original elongation of 500% down to 250% does not enable anyone to calculate how
many years a radiator hose made of the compound will function under the hood of some car or truck.
However, if a second compound intended for the same type of hose goes from 450% elongation to 350%
elongation in the same test, it is very logical to conclude that the heat tolerance of the second compound is
better than that of the first and that therefore hoses made from it will last longer, all other things being equal.
This is not to say that laboratory tests are never useful in making judgments about how suitable a compound
is for some application. When a test has definite relevance to the expected conditions of use and functionality
of the rubber product, it can certainly provide significant insight into the likely success or failure of the
compound for that function. Various specialized tests, often developed through lengthy programmes and
correlation studies with field experience, are known to be good indicators of real time functionality for some
rubber products. However, most of the time simple, easy, and inexpen-sive laboratory tests do not permit any
sort of life prediction, other than to say that failure to meet the test requirements strongly implies the
compound will not function in the particular application. (If the compound fails a flex test at some low
temperature, it will probably not be useful at that tempera-ture or lower.)
197
Another significant point is that properties of rubber compounds are subject to an appreciable degree of
normal scatter. If the exactly same formula were mixed and tested in ten different laboratories, the elongations observed might average 400%, yet the range of individual laboratory results could easily range
from 340 to 460%. This would not demonstrate that anyone had done anything wrong, or that any one
batch was truly better than any other. If a detailed comparison has to be made between compounds,
then at least some basic statistics have to be gathered from more than one set of samples.
198
11

In order for rubber seals to maintain their characteristics, the environment in which they are stored is of
vital importance. Seals that are treated properly remain unaltered for long periods of time, although it is
advisable not to exceed the following limits:
NBR (Nitrile, Buna-N)
4 years
FKM (Viton)
10 years
VMQ, FMVQ (Silicone)
10 years
EPDM, EPM
6 years
CR (Neoprene)
4 years
Ideal storage conditions

Heat
Storage temperature from +10C to +23C.
The products must not be stored close to sources of heat.
Humidity
Humidity and steam must be avoided. The optimum relative humidity of the air ranges from 65% to 75%.
Oxygen
The seals should be stored in hermetically sealed bags and, if possible, in their original unopened bags.
Ozone
Equipment that lets off ozone such as electronic motors, electronic equipment, installations that produce
sparks, halogen lighting, etc. should not be placed in the storage area.
Contact
During storage care should be taken that the O-Rings do not come into contact with solvents, fuels,
lubricants (oils and greases), chemical substances, acids, etc. Furthermore, prolonged contact with brass,
copper and not stainless steel is also harmful.
199
Cleaning
If necessary, the O-Rings should be cleaned with water and soap without using organic solvents such as
petrol, benzene, turpentine, etc., and blunt objects or sandpaper should not be used.
Further precautions
Do not stretch, bend or hang the O-Rings. Do not subject them to permanent weights.
12
Glossary
A
Abrasion The wearing away of a surface in service by
mechanical action such as rubbing, scraping or erosion.
Abrasion Resistance The ability of a rubber compound to
resist mechanical wear.
Absorption The physical mechanism by which one substance
attracts and takes up another substance (liquid, gas, or vapor)
into its interior.
Accelerator A substance which hastens the vulcanization of
an elastomer causing it to take place in a shorter time or at
a lower temperature.
Acid Resistant Withstands the action of acids.
Adsorption The physical mechanism by which one substance
attracts another substance (either solid, liquid, gas,
or vapor) to its surface and through molecular forces
causes the incident substance to adhere thereon.
Ageing To undergo changes in physical properties with age or
lapse of time.
Antioxidant An organic substance which inhibits or retards
oxidation.
Atmospheric Cracking Cracks produced in surface of rubber
articles by exposure to atmospheric conditions.
Axial Directed along, or parallel to, an axis. In case of a seal ring,
the axial direction is perpendicular to the plane of the seal, and
would be described as the "up and down" direction if the seal
ring were to be placed flat upon a desktop.
B
Back-Up Ring (anti-extrusion device) a ring of relatively
hard and tough material placed in the gland between the
O-Ring and groove side walls, to prevent extrusion of the
O-Ring.
BackUp Washer A washer made from certain material that will
200
add strength or support when installed next to the seal. This

prevents the seal from being pinched and evenly distributes
the load.
Bleeding Migration to the surface of plasticizers, waxes, or
similar materials to form a film or beads.
Bore A hole in a component which permits the passage of a shaft.
Break A separation or discontinuity in any part of an article.

Break-Out Force to inaugurate sliding. Expressed in the
same terms as friction. An excessive break-out value is taken
as an indication of the development of adhesion.
Brittleness: Tendency to crack when deformed.
Buna-N Same as nitrile rubber.
Butyl A copolymer of isobutylene with small amounts of isoprene.
C
Cavity The features of a mould which are directly responsible
for forming the final shape of a moulded part. Mould cavities
are formed from two or more mating components of a mold.
Coefficient of Thermal Expansion: Average expansion per
degree over a stated temperature range expressed as a
fraction of initial dimension. May be linear or volumetric.
Cold Flexibility Flexibility following exposure to a predetermined
low temperature for a predetermined time.
Cold Resistant Able to withstand the effects of cold or low
temperatures without loss of serviceability.
Compound A term applied to a mixture of polymers and
other ingredients, to produce a usable rubber material.
Compression Modulus The ratio of the compressive stress
to the resulting compressive strain (the latter expressed as
a fraction of the original height or thickness in the direction
of the force). Compression modulus may be either
static or dynamic.
Compression Set The amount by which a rubber specimen
fails to return to original shape after release of compressive load.
Copolymer A polymer consisting of two different monomers
chemically combined.
Corrosion (Packing) Corrosion of rigid member (usually
metal) where it contacts packing. The actual corroding
agent is fluid medium trapped in the interface.
Cracking A sharp break or fissure in the surface.
Generally due to excessive strain.
Cross-linking Agents A chemical or chemicals that bond together
the polymer chains of a rubber together during the molding process.
Cross-Section A seal as viewed if cut at right angles to the mold
parting line showing internal structure.
201
Cross-Sectional Reduction (of a Seal) The reduction in thickness

of a seal's cross-section as a result of material displacement
caused by a stretch applied to the seal. (See also Necking)
Cross-Sectional Compression, Percent (of a Seal)
The deformation placed on a rubber part to affect a seal.
It is expressed as a percentage of the seal's original (undeformed)
cross-section. (See also Squeeze)
Crush Bead A deformable feature, normally taking the form of
a continuous, small, hemispherical radius, on an insert which is
used to help control which surfaces of the part will be covered
by rubber during the moulding process. During the moulding
process as the mould closes on the insert, the crush bead is
deformed, creating a tight seal which confines rubber to the
desired area of the part.
Crush Ring See Crush Bead
Cure See Vulcanization.
Cylinder Chamber in which piston, plunger, ram, rod, or
shaft is driven by or against the system fluid.
D
Diffusion The mixing of two or more substances (solids,
liquids, gases, or combinations thereof) due to the intermingling
motion of their individual molecules. Gases
diffuse more readily than liquids; similarly, liquids diffuse
more readily than solids.
Durometer (a) An instrument for measuring the hardness of
rubber. Measures the resistance to the penetration of an
indenter point into the surface of rubber.
(b) Numerical scale of rubber hardness.
Dynamic An application in which the seal is subject to
movement, or moving parts contact the seal.
Dynamic Seal A seal required to prevent leakage past parts
which are in relative motion.
202
E
Elasticity The property of an article which tends to return it
to its original shape after deformation.
Elastomer Any synthetic or natural material with resilience
or memory sufficient to return to its original shape after
major or minor distortion.
Elongation Generally means ultimate elongation or percent

increase in original length of a specimen when it breaks.
Extrusion Distortion or flow, under pressure, of portion of
seal into clearance between mating metal parts.
F
Face Seal A seal between two flat surfaces.
Filler Chemically inert, finely divided material added to the
elastomer to aid it in processing and improve its physical
properties, i.e., abrasion resistance and strength giving
it varying degrees of hardness.
Fixed Dimension Any dimension assigned to a feature
of a moulded part which is formed from a part of the mold
which is machined into a single mold cavity component.
Fixed dimensions, since there are fewer variables affecting
the formation of the part's feature, typically have smaller
associated tolerances than closure dimensions.
Flash Excess rubber left around rubber part after moulding
due to space between mating mould surfaces; removed by
trimming.
Flex Resistance The relative ability of a rubber article to
withstand dynamic bending stresses.
Fluid A liquid or a gas.
Friction Resistance to motion due to the contact of surfaces.
Friction (Breakout) Friction developed during initial or
starting motion.
Friction (Running) Constant friction developed during
operation of a dynamic O-Ring.
G
Groove Cavity into which O-Ring is installed. Includes the
groove and mating surface of second part which together
confine the O-Ring.
Groove Depth The groove depth is the distance from
the sealing surface to the seal groove surface. The groove depth
determines how much the seal is compressed and therefore how
much cross-sectional compression (squeeze) is applied to the seal.
203
H
Hardness Resistance to a distorting force. Measured by the
relative resistance of the material to an indenter point of
any one of a number of standard hardness testing instruments.
Hardness Shore A The rubber durometer hardness as measured
on a Shore A gauge. Higher numbers indicate
harder material. 35 Shore A durometer reading is considered
soft. 90 is considered hard.
Homogeneous (a) General - a material of uniform composition
throughout. (b) In seals - a rubber seal without fabric
or metal reinforcement.
I
I.D. (Inner Diameter) The innermost (smallest diameter) surface
of a circular object, such as a bore or a round seal. The term I.D.
is frequently used to indicate both the circumferential surface
itself as well as the measured diameter of that surface.
I.R.H.D. (International Rubber Hardness Degrees)
A system of characterizing an elastomer by its resistance to
penetration of a known geometry indenter by a known force.
The microtechnique is reproducible on irregular as well as flat
surfaces and on cross-sections as small as 1mm in thickness (.04").
Measurements taken using the IRHD scale are similar, but not
identical, to those obtained using the Shore A scale.
Injection Moulding A moulding method in which a rubber or
plastic material is heated and forced under pressure into the
mould cavity.
Insert A term referring to a metal or plastic component, placed
("inserted") into a mould cavity prior to the start of the moulding
cycle, to which rubber or plastic is chemically and/or physically
bonded during the moulding process.
J
204
Joule Effect A phenomenon characteristic of rubber where

rubber which is in tension, when heated, contracts rather than
expands. This effect only occurs when rubber is subject to
strain while being heated - unstrained rubber will expand as
it is heated (like most materials). This effect has serious
consequences for the design of a high speed, rotary shaft seal
using a Quad-Ring (or O-Ring).
In order to function correctly, in a free state the seal inside

diameter must be larger than the outside diameter of the shaft.
The seal groove is then designed in such a way that when the
Quad-Ring is placed in the groove, it is compressed onto the shaft.
This prevents the frictional heat and the resulting contraction of
the seal due to the Joule Effect frominitiating a cycle (frictional
heat causes contraction, causing more friction, generating more
heat, leading to more contraction, etc.) causing rapid seal failure.
L
Leakage Rate The rate at which a fluid (either gas or liquid)
passes a barrier. Total Leakage Rate includes the amounts
that diffuse or permeate through the material of the barrier
as well as the amount that escapes around it.
Life Test A laboratory procedure used to determine the
amount and duration of resistance of an article to a specific
set of destructive forces or conditions.
Linear Expansion Expansion in any one linear dimension
or the average of all linear dimensions.
Low Temperature Flexibility The ability of a rubber
product to be flexed, bent or bowed at low temperatures
without cracking.
M
Memory Tendency of a material to return to original shape
after deformation.
Microhardness A measurement of rubber hardness for
specimens below .25 inches (6.35mm) in thickness.
Microhardness, like Shore A durometer, is also a measurement
of indentation.
Modulus Tensile stress at a specified elongation.
(Usually 100% elongation for elastomers).
Modulus of Elasticity One of the several measurements
of stiffness or resistance to deformation, but often incorrectly
used to indicate specifically static tension modulus.
N
Nitrile (Buna-N) The most commonly used elastomer for
O-Rings because of its resistance to petroleum fluids, good
physical properties and useful temperature range.
205
O
Oil Resistant Ability of a vulcanized rubber to resist the
swelling and deteriorating effects of various type oils.
Oil Swell The change in volume of a rubber article due to
absorption of oil or other fluid.
O-Ring A torus; a circle of material with round cross-section
which effects a seal through squeeze and pressure.
O-Ring Seal The combination of a gland and an O-Ring
providing a fluid-tight closure. (Some designs may permit
momentary or minimum leakage.)
Moving (Dynamic) O-Ring seal in which there is relative
motion between some gland parts and the O-Ring oscillating,
reciprocating, or rotary motion.
Non-moving (Static) O-Ring seal in which there is no
relative motion between any part of the gland and the O-Ring
(distortion from fluid pressure or swell from fluid
immersion is excluded).
Ozone Resistance Ability to withstand the deteriorating
effect of ozone (which usually causes cracking).
Oxidation The reaction of oxygen on a rubber product,
usually detected by a change in the appearance or feel
of the surface or by a change in physical properties.
P
Permeability The rate at which a liquid or gas under pressure
passes through a solid material by diffusion and solution.
In rubber terminology, it is the rate of gas flow expressed
in atmospheric cubic centimeters per second through an
elastomeric material one centimeter square and one centimeter
thick (atm cc/cm/cm sec).
Piston Seal A bore seal in which the seal is mounted in a
groove machined into a piston. The term piston seal usually
implies an application involving linear reciprocating motion.
206
Polymer A material formed by the joining together of many

(poly) individual units (mer) of one or more monomers;
synonymous with elastomer.
Porosity Quality or state of being porous.
Post Cure The second step in the vulcanization process for
the more exotic elastomers. Provides stabilization of parts
and drives off decomposition products resulting from the
vulcanization process.
R
Radial Directed along a radius. With a seal ring, the radial
direction is in the plane of the seal, and would be parallel to
the desktop were the seal ring to be placed flat upon a desktop.
The radial direction is perpendicular to the seal axis.
Reciprocating Seal A seal used in a linear motion application
which experiences a repeated reversal of direction of travel.
Reinforcing Agent An ingredient added to a rubber formulation
which enhances the materials mechanical properties.
Carbon black is a common reinforcing agent used in rubber.
Resilient Capable of returning to original size and shape
after deformation.
Rod See Shaft
Rod Seal A sealing system, usually in a radial orientation, in
which the primary sealing surface is between the I.D. of a seal
ring and the O.D. of a shaft.
Rotary seal A seal such as an O-Ring or a Quad-Ring seal,
exposed on either the I.D. or O.D. sealing surface to a rotating
component (e.g. shaft seals). Minnesota Rubber defines a
rotating seal as a "rotary" seal if the rotational surface speed
is greater than 20 feet/min.
Rubber Same as elastomer.
Rubber, Natural Raw or crude rubber obtained from plant sources.
Rubber, Synthetic Manufactured or man-made elastomers.
S
Seal Any device used to prevent the passage of a fluid
(gas or liquid).
Sealing Surface Any location where a seal and a mating
surface come in contact with the intention of forming a barrier
to prevent the passage of some type of medium, such as a fluid
or a gas. This term is often used interchangeably with the more
specific term Primary Sealing Surface.
Service Operating conditions to be met.
Shaft Reciprocating or rotating member usually within cylinder;
not in contact with walls.
Shelf-Aging The change in a materials properties which
occurs in storage after some time.
Shore A Hardness See Hardness and Durometer.
Shrinkage Decreased volume of seal, usually caused by
extraction of soluble constituents by fluids followed by airdrying.
207
Silicone Rubber Elastomer that retains good properties

through extra wide temperature range.
Size, Actual Actual dimensions of the O-Ring or other seal,
including tolerance limits.
Size, Nominal Approximate size of part in fractional dimensions.
May also indicate the actual size of the groove
into which a nominal size seal fits.
Size Number Number assigned to indicate inside and cross
section diameters of an O-Ring. Sizes established in SAE
standard AS 568A have been adopted by the military and
industry.
Specific Gravity The ratio of the weight of a given substance
to the weight of an equal volume of water at a specified
temperature.
Squeeze Cross-section diametral compression of O-Ring
between surface of the groove bottom and surface of other
mating metal part in the gland assembly.
Static Seal Part designed to seal between parts having no
relative motion. See Gasket.
Strain Deflection due to a force.
Stress Force per unit of original cross-section area.
Stress Relaxation Decreasing stress with constant strain over
a given time interval (viscoelastic response).
Sun Checking Surface cracks, checks or crazing caused by
exposure to direct or indirect sunlight.
Surface Finish A term usually used in reference to the roughness
parameter of a surface's texture, generally expressed in units of
microinches (in) or micrometers (m).
Swell Increased volume of a specimen caused by immersion
into a fluid (usually a liquid).
T
Tear Resistance Resistance to growth of a cut or nick when
208
tension is applied to the cut specimen commonly expressed

as pounds per inch thickness.
Tensile Strength The extension force per cross-sectional area
required to fracture a material specimen.
Temperature Range Maximum and minimum temperature
limits within which a seal compound will function in a
given application.
Tensile Strength Force in pounds per square inch required to

cause the rupture of a specimen of a rubber material.
Terpolymer A polymer consisting of three different, chemically
combined monomers.
Thermal Effects Deterioration at higher temperatures.
Thermal Expansion Expansion caused by increase in temperature.
May be linear or volumetric.
U
Ultimate Elongation See Elongation.
V
Viscosity The property of fluids and plastic solids by which
Enables them to resist an instantaneous change of shape, i.e.,
resistance to flow.
Volume Change A change in the volume of a seal as a result
of immersion into a fluid expressed as a percentage of the
original volume.
Volume Swell Increase in physical size caused by the swelling
action of a liquid.
Vulcanization A thermo-setting reaction involving the use of
heat and pressure, resulting in greatly increased strength
and elasticity of rubber-like materials.
Vulcanizing Agent A material which produces vulcanization
of an elastomer.
W
Weathering The detrimental effect upon an elastomer
or plastic after outdoor exposure.
Width Seal cross-section or thickness.
209
Notes
Contact
NewDealSeals
Manufacturer and Worldwide Supplier
High Performance O-Rings and Seals
Energiestraat 2 | 1749 DN Warmenhuizen | the Netherlands

P.O.Box 30 | 1749 ZG Warmenhuizen | the Netherlands
T +31 226 362 233 | F +31 226 362 239
E office@newdealseals.com | www.newdealseals.com
Publication | NewDealSeals, 2008 The Netherlands

Research & redaction | NewDealSeals (Ed de Graaf)
Design | www.idkliniek.nl
Printing | Print Factory, Broek op Langedijk

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O-Ring | Technical Handbook

Manufacturer and Worldwide Supplier

Quick guide for O-Ring selection

O-Ring groove design

Standard O-Ring dimensions

O-Ring quality acceptance criteria

O-Ring failure analysis

Storage of rubber seals

radial and axial installation

Naval construction - Specializing in Marine Diesel Engines

Domestic engineering - Specializing in Domestic Heating equipment

Quick guide for O-Ring selection

2.1 Select the elastomer

Max working temperature (C)

Change of volume in oil (%)

Figure 2-1: Elastomer heat resistance / oil resistance

hydraulic and lubricating oils

Hydraulic oils, Vegetable oils,

Animal fats, Acetylene, Alcohols,

animal and vegetable oils

Water, Air, Fuels.

(LPG gases, butane, propane,

Table 2-1: Main characteristics NBR N70N00L

high temperature to oils, fats

mineral and vegetable oils

(fuel, butane, propane, natural

glycol based brake fluids,

Table 2-2: Main characteristics FKM V70N00E

oil and fuel resistant components

(fuel, butane, propane,

Table 2-3: Main characteristics HNBR H70N00C

hot water and steam

brake fluid components

glycol based brake fluids

hot water applications

cleaning agents, soda and potassium alkalis

Table 2-4: Main characteristics EPDM E70N00L

engine and transmission oil

animal and vegetable oils

medical and food industry.

moderate water resistance

for extremely high or low tempera-

diluted salt solutions

ture range, air, oxygen, dry heat,

ozone, hot water to 150C, and

excellent ozone, weather and

glycol based brake fluids

Table 2-5: Main characteristics VMQ S70R00E

hydraulic fluids oils

superior material, chemical

resistance equal to PTFE.

very expensive material

Table 2-6: Main characteristics FFKM X70N00T

2.2 Select the hardness

Back-Up rings necessary

Figure 2-2: Hardness/pressure table

2.3 Select the O-Ring dimensions