EARTHQUAKE

ENGINEERING
HA NDB OOK
New Directions in Civil Engineering
Series Editor
W. F. CHEN
Hawaii University
Published Titles
Advanced Analysis of Steel Frames: Theory, Software, and Applications
W.F. Chen and Shouji Toma
Analysis and Software of Cylindrical Members
W.F. Chen and Shouji Toma
Artificial Intelligence and Expert Systems for Engineers
C.S. Krishnamoorthy and S. Rajeev
Cold Weather Concreting
Boris A. Krylov
Concrete Beams with Openings: Analysis and Design
M.A. Mansur and Kiang-Hwee Tan
Concrete Buildings: Analysis for Safe Construction
W.F. Chen and K.H. Mosallam
Flexural-Torsional Buckling of Structures
N.S. Trahair
Flood Frequency Analysis
Ramachandro A. Rao and Khaled Hamed
Fracture Processes of Concrete
Jan G.M. van Mier
Fracture and Size Effect in Concrete and Other Quasibrittle Materials
Zdenek P. Bazant and Jaime Planas
Introduction to Environmental Geotechnology
Hsai-Yang Fang
Limit Analysis and Concrete Plasticity
M.P. Nielsen
LRFD Steel Design Using Advanced Analysis
W.F. Chen and Seung-Eock Kim
Response Spectrum Method in Seismic Analysis and Design of Structures
Ajaya Kumar Gupta
Simulation-Based Reliability Assessment for Structural Engineers
Pavel Marek, Milan Gustar, and Thalia Anagnos
Stability Design of Steel Frames
W.F. Chen and E.M. Lui
Stability and Ductility of Steel Structures under Cyclic Loading
Yuhshi Fukumoto and George C. Lee
The Finite Strip Method
Y.K. Cheung and L.G. Tham
Theory of Adaptive Structures: Incorporating Intelligence into
Engineered Products
Senol Utku
Unified Theory of Reinforced Concrete
Thomas T.C. Hsu
Water Treatment Processes: Simple Options
S. Vigneswaran and C. Visvanathan

Forthcoming Titles
Earthquake Engineering Handbook
W.F. Chen and Charles Scawthorn
Transportation Systems Planning: Methods and Applications
Konstandinos Goulias
CRC PRESS
Boca Raton London New York Washington, D.C.
EARTHQUAKE
ENGINEERING
Wai-Fah Chen
Charles Scawthorn
EDITED BY
HA NDB OOK

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2003 by CRC Press LLC
Information contained in this work has been obtained from sources believed to be reliable. ICBO

, NCSEA, or their
memberships shall not be responsible for any errors, omissions, or damages arising out of this information. This work is
published with the understanding that ICBO and NCSEA, as copublishers, are supplying information but are not attempting
to render engineering or other professional services. If such services are required, the assistance of an appropriate professional
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No claim to original U.S. Government works
International Standard Book Number 0-8493-0068-1
Library of Congress Card Number 2002073647
Printed in the United States of America 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0
Printed on acid-free paper

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Earthquake engineering handbook / edited by Wai-Fah Chen, Charles Scawthorn.
p. cm.(New directions in civil engineering)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0-8493-0068-1 (alk. paper)
1. Earthquake engineeringHandbooks, manuals, etc. I. Chen, Wai-Fah, 1936- II.
Scawthorn, Charles, III. Series.
TA654.6 .E374 2002
624.1'762dc21 2002073647

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Foreword

The International Conference of Building Ofcials (ICBO) is proud to join CRC Press to co-publish
the

Earthquake Engineering Handbook.

Known internationally for its development and publication of the

Uniform Building Code

(UBC), ICBOs reputation as a leader in seismic codes traces its origin back
to 1927 with its release of the nations rst complete model building code. The

Earthquake Engineering
Handbook

is not only timely, reecting the most recent research in earthquake engineering, but also
comprehensive, covering more than 30 topics. Written by a panel of internationally known experts, the

Handbook

provides applications and practical information to help solve real-world problems faced by
civil, structural, geotechnical, and environmental engineers. The

Handbook

also serves as an excellent
resource for researchers and students wishing to extend their knowledge of earthquake engineering.
Editors Wai-Fah Chen, and Charles Scawthorn have done a masterful job of assembling a blue ribbon
panel of authors from both academic and professional engineering communities. The result is a book
that more than lives up to the reputation of the long and outstanding line of engineering handbooks
from CRC Press. The

Earthquake Engineering Handbook

does not just review standard practices, but also
brings readers quickly up to date on new approaches and innovative techniques.
CRC Press and ICBO would like to thank the National Council of Structural Engineers Associations
(NCSEA) for co-sponsoring this

Handbook

. NCSEA was founded for the purpose of improving the level
of standard practice for the structural engineering profession throughout the United States and to
represent the profession on a national level.

Mark A. Johnson

Director of Publications and
Product Development, ICBO

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2003 by CRC Press LLC

Preface

The

Handbook of Earthquake Engineering

is a comprehensive reference and resource work covering the
spectrum of disciplines required for mitigation of earthquake effects and design of earthquake-resistant
structures. It has been written with the practitioner in mind. The focus is on a graduate engineer with
a need for a single reference source to keep abreast of new techniques and practices, as well as review
standard practices.
Earthquake engineering requires rst of all knowledge of the geologic causes of, and expected shaking,
liquefaction, and other effects that result from, a strong earthquake. It also requires a good understanding
of the impacts these natural effects have on humankind, ranging from our buildings and other structures
to the entire built and even social environment. In this regard, earthquakes are an almost unique natural
phenomenon, in that they affect virtually everything within a region even to furnishings within a
building, and underground structures.
To this end, the

Handbook

is divided into ve parts. Initially, Part I reviews the basic problem of
earthquakes from a historical perspective, provides an overview of the framework within which earth-
quake risk is managed and an introduction to dynamics, since earthquakes are most fundamentally a
dynamic process and problem. Part II of the

Handbook

addresses the geoscience aspects, covering geology,
tectonics, liquefaction and tsunamis, focusing especially on earthquake strong ground motion.
Parts III and IV cover the broad spectrum of structures, from buildings built of steel, concrete, wood
and masonry, to special structures such as bridges and equipment, to the variety of infrastructure called

lifelines

that is, the water, power, transportation and other systems and components without which
modern urban society cannot function. Earthquake structural engineering in the last decade has also
seen a burst of new technology intended to

avoid

rather than resist the forces of earthquakes. These
topics, base isolation and structural control, are also included.
Because earthquakes affect not only the built but also the social environment, in all its aspects, Part
V addresses special topics that the earthquake engineer must be cognizant of, if not indeed be expert in.
An important aspect of this is the social and economic impacts of earthquakes, which in recent years
have assumed increasing importance.
We wish to thank all the authors for their contributions and also to acknowledge the support of
CRC Press.

Wai-Fah Chen
Charles Scawthorn

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2003 by CRC Press LLC

Editors

Wai-Fah Chen

is presently Dean of the College of Engineering at the
University of Hawaii. He was a George E. Goodwin Distinguished
Professor of Civil Engineering and Head of the Department of



Struc-
tural Engineering at Purdue University from 1976 to 1999.
He received his B.S. in civil engineering from the National Cheng-
Kung University, Taiwan, in 1959,



M.S. in structural engineering from
Lehigh University, Pennsylvania, in 1963, and Ph.D. in solid mechan-
ics from Brown University, Rhode Island, in 1966. He received the
Distinguished Alumnus Award from the National Cheng-Kung Uni-
versity in 1988 and the Distinguished Engineering Alumnus Medal
from Brown University in 1999.
Dr. Chens research interests cover several areas, including consti-
tutive modeling of engineering materials, soil and concrete plasticity,
structural connections, and structural stability. He is the recipient of
several national engineering awards, including the Raymond Reese
Research Prize and the Shortridge Hardesty Award, both from the
American Society of Civil Engineers, and the T. R. Higgins Lectureship Award from the American Institute
of Steel Construction. In 1995, he was elected to the U.S. National Academy of



Engineering. In 1997, he
was awarded Honorary Membership by the American Society of Civil Engineers. In 1998, he was elected
to the Academia Sinica (National Academy of Science) in Taiwan.
A widely respected author, Dr. Chen authored and coauthored more than 20 engineering books and
500 technical papers. His books include several classical works such as

Limit Analysis and Soil Plasticity

(Elsevier, 1975), the two-volume

Theory of Beam-Columns

(McGraw-Hill, 197677),

Plasticity in Rein-
forced Concrete

(McGraw-Hill, 1982), and the two-volume

Constitutive Equations for Engineering Materials

(Elsevier, 1994). He currently serves on the editorial boards of more than 10 technical journals. He has
been listed in more than 20

Whos Who

publications.
Dr. Chen is the editor-in-chief for the popular 1995

Civil Engineering Handbook

, the 1997

Handbook
of Structural Engineering

, and the 1999

Bridge Engineering Handbook

. He currently serves as the consulting
editor for McGraw-Hills

Encyclopedia of Science and Technology.

He has been a longtime member of the Executive Committee of the Structural Stability Research
Council and the Specication Committee of the American Institute of Steel Construction. He has been
a consultant for Exxon Production Research on offshore structures, for Skidmore, Owings, and Merrill
in Chicago on tall steel buildings, and for the World Bank on the Chinese University Development
Projects, among many others.
Dr. Chen has taught at Lehigh University, Purdue University, and the University of Hawaii.

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2003 by CRC Press LLC

Charles Scawthorn

is a Senior Vice President with an international
risk consulting rm. He received his Bachelor of Engineering from
The Cooper Union for the Advancement of Science and Art, New
York; M.S. in structural engineering from Lehigh University, Bethle-
hem, Pennsylvania; and Doctor of Engineering in seismic risk analysis
from Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.
In more than 30 years of practice, Dr. Scawthorn has designed and
analyzed buildings and industrial structures and engaged in planning
projects and research in the United States and internationally. These
projects have included structural design of high-rise buildings, off-
shore platforms, and critical facilities such as LNG plants and data
processing and emergency operating centers. These activities have
progressed from the assessment of individual structure risk to that of
complex systems risk and the development of integrated risk reduc-
tion programs. Dr. Scawthorn has assessed organizational and com-
munity risk due to earthquake and other hazards for the Federal Emergency Management Agency
(FEMA), the Ofce of Emergency Services, and other agencies in the United States, and for national
governments and the World Bank internationally. These projects have ranged from analysis of portfolio
risks for multinational corporations and insurance companies, and regional loss assessments for govern-
ment, to analysis of enterprise-wide risk for multinationals, and design of national insurance programs.
These projects have ranged across the United States, Mid-East, Far East, and Europe.
Under funding from the National Science Foundation, the U.S. Geological Survey, FEMA and the
insurance industry, Dr. Scawthorn has developed innovative approaches for the analysis of res following
earthquakes, optimizing urban land use with respect to natural hazards risk, and seismically reinforcing
low-strength masonry buildings. Much of his decision-oriented and emergency management work on
the spread and mitigation of res following earthquakes has been performed in conjunction with re
departments in California, particularly San Francisco. He has been a principal in the development of
techniques for the rapid assessment of seismic vulnerability, is the original author of the EQEHAZARD

TM

software for seismic risk assessment, and was technical lead on the development of a national Flood Loss
Estimation Model for HAZUS, for the National Institute of Building Sciences and FEMA. Dr. Scawthorn
has investigated natural disasters in the United States, Canada, Mexico, Japan, Turkey, and the former
Soviet Union.
Dr. Scawthorn is a Fellow of the American Society of Civil Engineers and a member of various other
professional organizations. He has served on the Scientic Advisory Committee of the National Center
for Earthquake Engineering Research, received the Applied Technology Councils Award of Excellence
for Extraordinary Achievement in Seismic Evaluation of Buildings, and is on the Editorial Board of

Engineering Structures

and the

Natural Hazards Review

(ASCE). He is the author of over 100 technical
papers as well as a contributor to the McGraw-Hill

Yearbook of Science and Technology

.

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Contributors

Jorma K. Arros

ABS Consulting
Oakland, California

Donald B. Ballantyne

ABS Consulting
Seattle, Washington

Horst G. Brandes

Department of Civil
Engineering
University of Hawaii
Honolulu, Hawaii

Gilles J. Bureau

Consulting Engineer
Piedmont, California

Kenneth W. Campbell

ABS Consulting and EQECAT, Inc.
Portland, Oregon

Kuo-Chun Chang

Department of Civil Engineering
National Taiwan University
Taiwan, China

Wai-Fah Chen

University of Hawaii
Honolulu, Hawaii

J. Daniel Dolan

Brooks Forest Product Research
Center
Department of Wood Science and
Forest Products
Virginia Polytechnic Institute and
State University
Blacksburg, Virginia

Lian Duan

California Department of
Transportation
Sacramento, California

Eser Durukal

Bogacizi University
Kandilli Observatory
Istanbul, Turkey

Ronald T. Eguchi

ImageCat, Inc.
Long Beach, California

Mustafa Erdik

Bogacizi University
Kandilli Observatory
Istanbul, Turkey

Ronald O. Hamburger

Simpson Gumpertz & Heger, Inc.
San Francisco, California

Susumu Iai

Port and Airport Research
Institute
Yokosuka, Japan

Hirokazu Iemura

Graduate School of Civil
Engineering
Department of Civil Engineering
Systems
Kyoto University
Kyoto, Japan

Gayle S. Johnson

Han-Padron Associates
Oakland, California

James J. Johnson

James J. Johnson and Associates
Alamo, California

Mahmoud Khater

ABS Consulting
Oakland, California

Richard E. Klingner

Department of Civil
Engineering
The University of Texas
Austin, Texas

Howard Kunreuther

Wharton School
University of Pennsylvania
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

David L. McCormick

ABS Consulting
Oakland, California

Y. L. Mo

Department of Civil and
Environmental Engineering
University of Houston
Houston, Texas

Niaz A. Nazir

DeSimone Consulting Engineers
San Francisco, California

Michael J. ORourke

Department of Civil Engineering
Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
Troy, New York

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Keith A. Porter

Civil Engineering Department
California Institute of Technology
Pasadena, California

Mulyo Harris Pradono

Structural Dynamics
Laboratory
Department of Civil Engineering
Systems
Kyoto University
Kyoto, Japan

Richard Roth, Jr.

Consulting Casualty Actuary
Huntington Beach, California

Charles Scawthorn

Consulting Engineer
Berkeley, California

Anschel J. Schiff

Stanford University
Stanford, California

Hope A. Seligson

ABS Consulting
Irvine, California

Guna Selvaduray

Materials Engineering
Department
San Jose State University
San Jose, California

Kimberly I. Shoaf

School of Public Health
University of California at
Los Angeles
Los Angeles, California

Costas Synolakis

Department of Civil Engineering
University of Southern California
Los Angeles, California

Paul C. Thenhaus

ABS Consulting
Evergreen, Colorado

Yeong-Bin Yang

Department of Civil Engineering
National Taiwan University
Taiwan, China

Jong-Dar Yau

Department of Architecture and
Building Technology
Tamkang University
Taiwan, China

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Contents

SECTION I

Fundamentals

1

Earthquakes: A Historical Perspective

Charles Scawthorn

1.1 Introduction

1.2 Review of Historical Earthquakes

2

Earthquake Risk Management: An Overview

Charles Scawthorn

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Overview of Earthquake Risk

2.3 Identifying the Assets at Risk

2.4 Earthquake Hazard

2.5 Earthquake Damage and Loss

2.6 Mitigation Alternatives

2.7 Earthquake Risk Management Decision-Making

2.8 Earthquake Risk Management Program

2.9 Summary

3

Dynamics of Structures

Jorma K. Arros

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Single-Degree-of-Freedom System

3.3 Multidegree-of-Freedom Systems

SECTION II

Geoscience Aspects

4

Earthquakes: Seismogenesis, Measurement, and Distribution

Charles Scawthorn

4.1 Introduction

4.2 Causes of Earthquakes and Faulting

4.3 Measurement of Earthquakes

4.4 Global Distribution of Earthquakes

4.5 Characterization of Seismicity

5

Engineering Models of Strong Ground Motion

Kenneth W. Campbell
5.1 Introduction
5.2 The Attenuation Relation
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5.3 Model Parameters
5.4 Statistical Methods
5.5 Theoretical Methods
5.6 Engineering Models
5.7 Engineering Evaluation
6 Simulation Modeling of Strong Ground Motion Mustafa Erdik and Eser Durukal
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Earthquake Source Models
6.3 Time Domain Characteristics of Strong Ground Motion
6.4 Frequency Domain Characteristics of Strong Ground Motion
6.5 Radiation Pattern and Directivity
6.6 Simulation of Strong Ground Motion
7 Geotechnical and Foundation Aspects Horst G. Brandes
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Seismic Hazards
7.3 Strong Ground Motion
7.4 Dynamic Soil Behavior
7.5 Liquefaction
7.6 Seismic Analysis of Slopes and Dams
7.7 Earthquake-Resistant Design of Retaining Walls
7.8 Soil Remediation Techniques for Mitigation of Seismic Hazards
8 Seismic Hazard Analysis Paul C. Thenhaus and Kenneth W. Campbell
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Methodology
8.3 Constituent Models of the Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Methodology
8.4 Definition of Seismic Sources
8.5 Earthquake Frequency Assessments
8.6 Maximum Magnitude Assessments
8.7 Ground Motion Attenuation Relationships
8.8 Accounting for Uncertainties
8.9 Typical Engineering Products of PSHA
8.10 PSHA Disaggregation
8.11 PSHA Case Study
8.12 The Owen Fracture ZoneMurray Ridge Complex
8.13 Makran Subduction Zone
8.14 Southwestern India and Southern Pakistan
8.15 Southeastern Arabian Peninsula and Northern Arabian Sea
8.16 Ground Motion Models
8.17 Soil Amplification Factors
8.18 Results
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8.19 Conclusions
8.20 PSHA Computer Codes
9 Tsunami and Seiche Costas Synolakis
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Tsunamis vs. Wind Waves
9.3 Tectonic Tsunami Sources
9.4 Initial Waves Generated by Submarine Landslides
9.5 Exact Solutions of the Shallow-Water (SW) Equations
9.6 Numerical Solutions for Calculating Tsunami Inundation
9.7 Harbor and Basin Oscillations
9.8 Tsunami Forces
9.9 Producing Inundation Maps
10 SoilStructure Interaction James J. Johnson
10.1 SoilStructure Interaction: Statement of the Problem
10.2 Specification of the Free-Field Ground Motion
10.3 Modeling of the Soil
10.4 SoilStructure Interaction Analysis
10.5 SoilStructure Interaction Response
SECTION III Structural Aspects
11 Building Code Provisions for Seismic Resistance Ronald O. Hamburger
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Historical Development
11.3 2000 NEHRP Recommended Provisions
11.4 Performance-Based Design Codes
12 Seismic Design of Steel Structures Ronald O. Hamburger and Niaz A. Nazir
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Historic Development and Performance of Steel Structures
12.3 Steel Making and Steel Material
12.4 Structural Systems
12.5 Unbraced Frames
Appendix A: Design Procedure for a Typical Reduced Beam Section-Type Connection
13 Reinforced Concrete Structures Y. L. Mo
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Basic Concepts
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13.3 Seismic Behavior
13.4 Analytical Models
13.5 Seismic Design
13.6 Seismic Retrofit
14 Precast and Tilt-Up Buildings Charles Scawthorn and David L. McCormick
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Precast and Tilt-Up Buildings
14.3 Performance of Precast and Tilt-Up Buildings in Earthquakes
14.4 Code Provisions for Precast and Tilt-Up Buildings
14.5 Seismic Evaluation and Rehabilitation of Tilt-Up Buildings
15 Wood Structures J. Daniel Dolan
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Wood As a Material
15.3 Seismic Performance of Wood Buildings
15.4 Design Considerations
15.5 Resistance Determination
15.6 Diaphragms
15.7 Shear Walls
15.8 Connections
16 Seismic Behavior, Design, and Retrotting of Masonry Richard E. Klingner
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Masonry in the United States
16.3 Performance of Masonry in U.S. Earthquakes
16.4 Fundamental Basis for Seismic Design of Masonry in the United States
16.5 Masonry Design Codes Used in the United States
16.6 Analysis Approaches for Modern U.S. Masonry
16.7 Seismic Retrofitting of Historical Masonry in the United States
17 Base Isolation Yeong-Bin Yang, Kuo-Chun Chang, and Jong-Dar Yau
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Philosophy behind Seismic Isolation Systems
17.3 Basic Requirements of Seismic Isolation Systems
17.4 Design Criteria for Isolation Devices
17.5 Design of High Damping Rubber Bearings
17.6 Design of Lead Rubber Bearings
17.7 Design of Friction Pendulum Systems
17.8 Design Examples
17.9 Concluding Remarks
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18 Bridges Lian Duan and Wai-Fah Chen
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Earthquake Damages to Bridges
18.3 Seismic Design Philosophies
18.4 Seismic Conceptual Design
18.5 Seismic Performance Criteria
18.6 Seismic Design Approaches
18.7 Seismic Analysis and Modeling
18.8 Seismic Detailing Requirements
19 Structural Control Hirokazu Iemura and Mulyo Harris Pradono
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Structural Control Concepts
19.3 Structural Control Hardware and Software
19.4 Examples of the Application of Semiactive Control
19.5 Concluding Remarks
20 Equipment and Systems Gayle S. Johnson
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Importance of Equipment Seismic Functionality
20.3 Historical Performance
20.4 Design Practices
20.5 Code Provisions
20.6 Assessment of Existing Facilities
20.7 Nonstructural Damage
21 Seismic Vulnerability Keith A. Porter
21.1 Introduction
21.2 Method 1: Statistical Approach
21.3 Method 2: Expert Opinion
21.4 Analytical Methods: General
21.5 Validation of Vulnerability Functions
21.6 Catalog of Vulnerability Functions
21.7 Uses of Vulnerability Functions
21.8 Closing Remarks
SECTION IV Infrastructure Aspects
22 Lifeline Seismic Risk Ronald T. Eguchi
22.1 Introduction
22.2 Brief History of Lifeline Earthquake Engineering in the United States
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22.3 Nonlinearity of Earthquakes
22.4 Indirect Economic Losses
22.5 Cost-Effective Mitigation Strategies
22.6 Federal and Industry Lifeline Initiatives
22.7 Lifeline Seismic Risk
23 Buried Pipelines Michael J. ORourke
23.1 Introduction
23.2 Pipeline Performance in Past Earthquakes
23.3 PGD Hazard Quantification
23.4 Wave Propagation Hazard Quantification
23.5 Pipe Failure Modes and Failure Criterion
23.6 Pipeline Response to Faulting
23.7 Pipeline Response to Longitudinal PGD
23.8 Pipeline Response to Transverse PGD
23.9 Pipeline Response to Wave Propagation
23.10 Countermeasures to Mitigate Seismic Damage
24 Water and Wastewater Systems Donald B. Ballantyne
24.1 Introduction
24.2 Performance Objectives
24.3 Analysis Overview
24.4 Hazards
24.5 Pipe Vulnerability and Damage Algorithms
24.6 System Component Vulnerability
24.7 System Assessment
24.8 Mitigation Alternatives
24.9 Summary and Conclusions
25 Electrical Power Systems Anschel J. Schiff
25.1 Introduction
25.2 Historical Response of Electrical Power Systems to Earthquakes
25.3 Code Provision, Standards and Guidelines for Electrical Systems
25.4 Earthquake Preparedness
25.5 Earthquake Hazard and System Vulnerability Evaluation
25.6 Earthquake Preparedness Disaster-Response Planning
25.7 Earthquake Preparedness Earthquake Mitigation
25.8 Earthquake Preparedness Mitigation
25.9 Closing Remarks
26 Dams and Appurtenant Facilities Gilles J. Bureau
26.1 Introduction
26.2 Dams and Earthquakes
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26.3 Seismic Vulnerability of Existing Dams
26.4 Seismic Evaluation of Dams
26.5 Seismic Upgrade of Existing Dams
26.6 Seismic Design of New Dams
26.7 Seismic Instrumentation of Dams
27 Port Structures Susumu Iai
27.1 Introduction
27.2 Seismic Response of Port Structures
27.3 Current Seismic Provisions for Port Structures
27.4 Seismic Performance-Based Design
27.5 Seismic Performance Evaluation and Analysis
27.6 Methods for Analysis of Retaining/Earth Structures
27.7 Analysis Methods for Open Pile/Frame Structures
SECTION V Special Topics
28 Human Impacts of Earthquakes Hope A. Seligson and Kimberley I. Shoaf
28.1 Introduction
28.2 Casualties in Historic Earthquakes
28.3 A Standardized Earthquake Injury Classification Scheme
28.4 Casualty Estimation Methodology
28.5 Casualty Mitigation and Prevention
28.6 Public Health Impacts
28.7 Shelter Requirements
28.8 Closing Remarks
29 Fire Following Earthquakes Charles Scawthorn
29.1 Introduction
29.2 Fires following Selected Earthquakes
29.3 Analysis
29.4 Mitigation
29.5 Conclusion
30 Hazardous Materials: Earthquake-Caused Incidents
and Mitigation Approaches Guna Selvaduray
30.1 Introduction and Significance of Earthquake-Caused Hazardous Materials Incidents
30.2 The Loma Prieta Earthquake
30.3 The Northridge Earthquake
30.4 The Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake
30.5 Earthquake-Caused HAZMAT Incidents at Educational Institutions and Laboratories
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30.6 Damage and Corrective Actions at Japanese Petroleum Facilities
30.7 Lessons Learned
30.8 Mitigation Approaches
30.9 Problem Areas That Must Be Addressed
30.10 Conclusions
31 Loss Estimation Mahmoud Khater, Charles Scawthorn and James J. Johnson
31.1 Introduction and Overview
31.2 Why Do We Need Loss Estimation?
31.3 History of Loss Estimation
31.4 Loss Modeling
31.5 The Hazard Module
31.6 Seismic Vulnerability Models
31.7 Damage and Loss Estimation
31.8 HAZUS Earthquake Loss Estimation Software
31.9 Applications of Loss Estimation
32 Insurance and Financial Risk Transfer Charles Scawthorn, Howard Kunreuther,
and Richard Roth, Jr.
32.1 Introduction
32.2 Insurance and the Insurance Industry
32.3 Earthquake Insurance
32.4 Earthquake Insurance Risk Assessment
32.5 Government Earthquake Insurance Pools
32.6 Alternative Risk Transfer
32.7 Summary
33 Emergency Planning Charles Scawthorn
33.1 Introduction
33.2 Planning for Emergencies
33.3 Writing the Emergency Plan
33.4 The Emergency Operations Center (EOC)
33.5 Training and Maintenance of the Emergency Plan
33.6 Summary: Developing an Emergency Plan
Appendix A
Appendix B
34 Developing an Earthquake Mitigation Program Charles Scawthorn
34.1 Introduction
34.2 Overview of an Earthquake Mitigation Program
34.3 Phase 0: Pre-Program Activities
34.4 Phase 1: Assessing the Problem
34.5 Phase 2: Developing the Program
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2003 by CRC Press LLC
34.6 Phase 3: Implementing the Program
34.7 Maintaining the Program
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2003 by CRC Press LLC