lawphil

Today is Friday, September 14, 2012

1987 CONSTITTION OF T!" #"$%&IC OF T!" $!I&I$$IN"S
$#"'(%&"
)e, the so*erei+, Filipi,o people, implori,+ the aid o- 'lmi+hty .od, i, order to b/ild a
0/st a,d h/ma,e so1iety, a,d establish a .o*er,me,t that shall embody o/r ideals a,d
aspiratio,s, promote the 1ommo, +ood, 1o,ser*e a,d de*elop o/r patrimo,y, a,d se1/re to
o/rsel*es a,d o/r posterity, the blessi,+s o- i,depe,de,1e a,d demo1ra1y /,der the r/le o-
law a,d a re+ime o- tr/th, 0/sti1e, -reedom, lo*e, e2/ality, a,d pea1e, do ordai, a,d
prom/l+ate this Co,stit/tio,3
'#TIC&" I
N'TION'& T"##ITO#4
The ,atio,al territory 1omprises the $hilippi,e ar1hipela+o, with all the isla,ds a,d waters
embra1ed therei,, a,d all other territories o*er whi1h the $hilippi,es has so*erei+,ty or
0/risdi1tio,, 1o,sisti,+ o- its terrestrial, -l/*ial a,d aerial domai,s, i,1l/di,+ its territorial
sea, the seabed, the s/bsoil, the i,s/lar shel*es, a,d other s/bmari,e areas3 The waters
aro/,d, betwee,, a,d 1o,,e1ti,+ the isla,ds o- the ar1hipela+o, re+ardless o- their breadth
a,d dime,sio,s, -orm part o- the i,ter,al waters o- the $hilippi,es3
'#TIC&" II
5"C&'#'TION OF $#INCI$&"S 'N5 ST'T" $O&ICI"S $#INCI$&"S
Se1tio, 13 The $hilippi,es is a demo1rati1 a,d rep/bli1a, State3 So*erei+,ty resides i,
the people a,d all +o*er,me,t a/thority ema,ates -rom them3
Se1tio, 23 The $hilippi,es re,o/,1es war as a, i,str/me,t o- ,atio,al poli1y, adopts the
+e,erally a11epted pri,1iples o- i,ter,atio,al law as part o- the law o- the la,d a,d adheres
to the poli1y o- pea1e, e2/ality, 0/sti1e, -reedom, 1ooperatio,, a,d amity with all ,atio,s3
Se1tio, 63 Ci*ilia, a/thority is, at all times, s/preme o*er the military3 The 'rmed For1es
o- the $hilippi,es is the prote1tor o- the people a,d the State3 Its +oal is to se1/re the
so*erei+,ty o- the State a,d the i,te+rity o- the ,atio,al territory3
Se1tio, 43 The prime d/ty o- the .o*er,me,t is to ser*e a,d prote1t the people3 The
.o*er,me,t may 1all /po, the people to de-e,d the State a,d, i, the -/l-illme,t thereo-, all
1iti7e,s may be re2/ired, /,der 1o,ditio,s pro*ided by law, to re,der perso,al, military or
1i*il ser*i1e3
Se1tio, 83 The mai,te,a,1e o- pea1e a,d order, the prote1tio, o- li-e, liberty, a,d
property, a,d promotio, o- the +e,eral wel-are are esse,tial -or the e,0oyme,t by all the
people o- the blessi,+s o- demo1ra1y3
Se1tio, 93 The separatio, o- Ch/r1h a,d State shall be i,*iolable3
ST'T" $O&ICI"S
Se1tio, 73 The State shall p/rs/e a, i,depe,de,t -orei+, poli1y3 I, its relatio,s with other
states, the paramo/,t 1o,sideratio, shall be ,atio,al so*erei+,ty, territorial i,te+rity,
,atio,al i,terest, a,d the ri+ht to sel-:determi,atio,3
Se1tio, 83 The $hilippi,es, 1o,siste,t with the ,atio,al i,terest, adopts a,d p/rs/es a
poli1y o- -reedom -rom ,/1lear weapo,s i, its territory3
Se1tio, 93 The State shall promote a 0/st a,d dy,ami1 so1ial order that will e,s/re the
prosperity a,d i,depe,de,1e o- the ,atio, a,d -ree the people -rom po*erty thro/+h poli1ies
that pro*ide ade2/ate so1ial ser*i1es, promote -/ll employme,t, a risi,+ sta,dard o- li*i,+,
a,d a, impro*ed 2/ality o- li-e -or all3
Se1tio, 103 The State shall promote so1ial 0/sti1e i, all phases o- ,atio,al de*elopme,t3
Se1tio, 113 The State *al/es the di+,ity o- e*ery h/ma, perso, a,d +/ara,tees -/ll
respe1t -or h/ma, ri+hts3
Se1tio, 123 The State re1o+,i7es the sa,1tity o- -amily li-e a,d shall prote1t a,d
stre,+the, the -amily as a basi1 a/to,omo/s so1ial i,stit/tio,3 It shall e2/ally prote1t the
li-e o- the mother a,d the li-e o- the /,bor, -rom 1o,1eptio,3 The ,at/ral a,d primary ri+ht
a,d d/ty o- pare,ts i, the reari,+ o- the yo/th -or 1i*i1 e--i1ie,1y a,d the de*elopme,t o-
moral 1hara1ter shall re1ei*e the s/pport o- the .o*er,me,t3
Se1tio, 163 The State re1o+,i7es the *ital role o- the yo/th i, ,atio,:b/ildi,+ a,d shall
promote a,d prote1t their physi1al, moral, spirit/al, i,telle1t/al, a,d so1ial well:bei,+3 It
shall i,1/l1ate i, the yo/th patriotism a,d ,atio,alism, a,d e,1o/ra+e their i,*ol*eme,t i,
p/bli1 a,d 1i*i1 a--airs3
Se1tio, 143 The State re1o+,i7es the role o- wome, i, ,atio,:b/ildi,+, a,d shall e,s/re
the -/,dame,tal e2/ality be-ore the law o- wome, a,d me,3
Se1tio, 183 The State shall prote1t a,d promote the ri+ht to health o- the people a,d
i,still health 1o,s1io/s,ess amo,+ them3
Se1tio, 193 The State shall prote1t a,d ad*a,1e the ri+ht o- the people to a bala,1ed a,d
health-/l e1olo+y i, a11ord with the rhythm a,d harmo,y o- ,at/re3
Se1tio, 173 The State shall +i*e priority to ed/1atio,, s1ie,1e a,d te1h,olo+y, arts,
1/lt/re, a,d sports to -oster patriotism a,d ,atio,alism, a11elerate so1ial pro+ress, a,d
promote total h/ma, liberatio, a,d de*elopme,t3
Se1tio, 183 The State a--irms labor as a primary so1ial e1o,omi1 -or1e3 It shall prote1t
the ri+hts o- wor;ers a,d promote their wel-are3
Se1tio, 193 The State shall de*elop a sel-:relia,t a,d i,depe,de,t ,atio,al e1o,omy
e--e1ti*ely 1o,trolled by Filipi,os3
Se1tio, 203 The State re1o+,i7es the i,dispe,sable role o- the pri*ate se1tor, e,1o/ra+es
pri*ate e,terprise, a,d pro*ides i,1e,ti*es to ,eeded i,*estme,ts3
Se1tio, 213 The State shall promote 1omprehe,si*e r/ral de*elopme,t a,d a+raria,
re-orm3
Se1tio, 223 The State re1o+,i7es a,d promotes the ri+hts o- i,di+e,o/s 1/lt/ral
1omm/,ities withi, the -ramewor; o- ,atio,al /,ity a,d de*elopme,t3
Se1tio, 263 The State shall e,1o/ra+e ,o,:+o*er,me,tal, 1omm/,ity:based, or se1toral
or+a,i7atio,s that promote the wel-are o- the ,atio,3
Se1tio, 243 The State re1o+,i7es the *ital role o- 1omm/,i1atio, a,d i,-ormatio, i,
,atio,:b/ildi,+3
Se1tio, 283 The State shall e,s/re the a/to,omy o- lo1al +o*er,me,ts3
Se1tio, 293 The State shall +/ara,tee e2/al a11ess to opport/,ities -or p/bli1 ser*i1e a,d
prohibit politi1al dy,asties as may be de-i,ed by law3
Se1tio, 273 The State shall mai,tai, ho,esty a,d i,te+rity i, the p/bli1 ser*i1e a,d ta;e
positi*e a,d e--e1ti*e meas/res a+ai,st +ra-t a,d 1orr/ptio,3
Se1tio, 283 S/b0e1t to reaso,able 1o,ditio,s pres1ribed by law, the State adopts a,d
impleme,ts a poli1y o- -/ll p/bli1 dis1los/re o- all its tra,sa1tio,s i,*ol*i,+ p/bli1 i,terest3
'#TIC&" III
%I&& OF #I.!TS
1<Se1tio, 13 No perso, shall be depri*ed o- li-e, liberty, or property witho/t d/e pro1ess
o- law, ,or shall a,y perso, be de,ied the e2/al prote1tio, o- the laws3
Se1tio, 23 The ri+ht o- the people to be se1/re i, their perso,s, ho/ses, papers, a,d
e--e1ts a+ai,st /,reaso,able sear1hes a,d sei7/res o- whate*er ,at/re a,d -or a,y p/rpose
shall be i,*iolable, a,d ,o sear1h warra,t or warra,t o- arrest shall iss/e e=1ept /po,
probable 1a/se to be determi,ed perso,ally by the 0/d+e a-ter e=ami,atio, /,der oath or
a--irmatio, o- the 1omplai,a,t a,d the wit,esses he may prod/1e, a,d parti1/larly
des1ribi,+ the pla1e to be sear1hed a,d the perso,s or thi,+s to be sei7ed3
Se1tio, 63
The pri*a1y o- 1omm/,i1atio, a,d 1orrespo,de,1e shall be i,*iolable e=1ept /po,
law-/l order o- the 1o/rt, or whe, p/bli1 sa-ety or order re2/ires otherwise, as pres1ribed by
law3
',y e*ide,1e obtai,ed i, *iolatio, o- this or the pre1edi,+ se1tio, shall be i,admissible
-or a,y p/rpose i, a,y pro1eedi,+3
Se1tio, 43 No law shall be passed abrid+i,+ the -reedom o- spee1h, o- e=pressio,, or o-
the press, or the ri+ht o- the people pea1eably to assemble a,d petitio, the +o*er,me,t -or
redress o- +rie*a,1es3
Se1tio, 83 No law shall be made respe1ti,+ a, establishme,t o- reli+io,, or prohibiti,+
the -ree e=er1ise thereo-3 The -ree e=er1ise a,d e,0oyme,t o- reli+io/s pro-essio, a,d
worship, witho/t dis1rimi,atio, or pre-ere,1e, shall -ore*er be allowed3 No reli+io/s test
shall be re2/ired -or the e=er1ise o- 1i*il or politi1al ri+hts3
Se1tio, 93 The liberty o- abode a,d o- 1ha,+i,+ the same withi, the limits pres1ribed by
law shall ,ot be impaired e=1ept /po, law-/l order o- the 1o/rt3 Neither shall the ri+ht to
tra*el be impaired e=1ept i, the i,terest o- ,atio,al se1/rity, p/bli1 sa-ety, or p/bli1 health,
as may be pro*ided by law3
Se1tio, 73 The ri+ht o- the people to i,-ormatio, o, matters o- p/bli1 1o,1er, shall be
re1o+,i7ed3 '11ess to o--i1ial re1ords, a,d to do1/me,ts a,d papers pertai,i,+ to o--i1ial
a1ts, tra,sa1tio,s, or de1isio,s, as well as to +o*er,me,t resear1h data /sed as basis -or
poli1y de*elopme,t, shall be a--orded the 1iti7e,, s/b0e1t to s/1h limitatio,s as may be
pro*ided by law3
Se1tio, 83 The ri+ht o- the people, i,1l/di,+ those employed i, the p/bli1 a,d pri*ate
se1tors, to -orm /,io,s, asso1iatio,s, or so1ieties -or p/rposes ,ot 1o,trary to law shall ,ot
be abrid+ed3
Se1tio, 93 $ri*ate property shall ,ot be ta;e, -or p/bli1 /se witho/t 0/st 1ompe,satio,3
Se1tio, 103 No law impairi,+ the obli+atio, o- 1o,tra1ts shall be passed3
Se1tio, 113 Free a11ess to the 1o/rts a,d 2/asi:0/di1ial bodies a,d ade2/ate le+al
assista,1e shall ,ot be de,ied to a,y perso, by reaso, o- po*erty3
Se1tio, 123
',y perso, /,der i,*esti+atio, -or the 1ommissio, o- a, o--e,se shall ha*e the ri+ht to
be i,-ormed o- his ri+ht to remai, sile,t a,d to ha*e 1ompete,t a,d i,depe,de,t 1o/,sel
pre-erably o- his ow, 1hoi1e3 I- the perso, 1a,,ot a--ord the ser*i1es o- 1o/,sel, he m/st be
pro*ided with o,e3 These ri+hts 1a,,ot be wai*ed e=1ept i, writi,+ a,d i, the prese,1e o-
1o/,sel3
No tort/re, -or1e, *iole,1e, threat, i,timidatio,, or a,y other mea,s whi1h *itiate the
-ree will shall be /sed a+ai,st him3 Se1ret dete,tio, pla1es, solitary, i,1omm/,i1ado, or
other similar -orms o- dete,tio, are prohibited3
',y 1o,-essio, or admissio, obtai,ed i, *iolatio, o- this or Se1tio, 17 hereo- shall be
i,admissible i, e*ide,1e a+ai,st him3
The law shall pro*ide -or pe,al a,d 1i*il sa,1tio,s -or *iolatio,s o- this Se1tio, as well
as 1ompe,satio, to the rehabilitatio, o- *i1tims o- tort/re or similar pra1ti1es, a,d their
-amilies3
Se1tio, 163 'll perso,s, e=1ept those 1har+ed with o--e,ses p/,ishable by re1l/sio,
perpet/a whe, e*ide,1e o- +/ilt is stro,+, shall, be-ore 1o,*i1tio,, be bailable by s/--i1ie,t
s/reties, or be released o, re1o+,i7a,1e as may be pro*ided by law3 The ri+ht to bail shall
,ot be impaired e*e, whe, the pri*ile+e o- the writ o- habeas 1orp/s is s/spe,ded3
"=1essi*e bail shall ,ot be re2/ired3
Se1tio, 143
No perso, shall be held to a,swer -or a 1rimi,al o--e,se witho/t d/e pro1ess o- law3
I, all 1rimi,al prose1/tio,s, the a11/sed shall be pres/med i,,o1e,t /,til the 1o,trary
is pro*ed, a,d shall e,0oy the ri+ht to be heard by himsel- a,d 1o/,sel, to be i,-ormed o-
the ,at/re a,d 1a/se o- the a11/satio, a+ai,st him, to ha*e a speedy, impartial, a,d p/bli1
trial, to meet the wit,esses -a1e to -a1e, a,d to ha*e 1omp/lsory pro1ess to se1/re the
atte,da,1e o- wit,esses a,d the prod/1tio, o- e*ide,1e i, his behal-3 !owe*er, a-ter
arrai+,me,t, trial may pro1eed ,otwithsta,di,+ the abse,1e o- the a11/sed> $ro*ided, that
he has bee, d/ly ,oti-ied a,d his -ail/re to appear is /,0/sti-iable3
Se1tio, 183 The pri*ile+e o- the writ o- habeas 1orp/s shall ,ot be s/spe,ded e=1ept i,
1ases o- i,*asio, or rebellio,, whe, the p/bli1 sa-ety re2/ires it3
Se1tio, 193 'll perso,s shall ha*e the ri+ht to a speedy dispositio, o- their 1ases be-ore
all 0/di1ial, 2/asi:0/di1ial, or admi,istrati*e bodies3
Se1tio, 173 No perso, shall be 1ompelled to be a wit,ess a+ai,st himsel-3
Se1tio, 183
No perso, shall be detai,ed solely by reaso, o- his politi1al belie-s a,d aspiratio,s3
No i,*ol/,tary ser*it/de i, a,y -orm shall e=ist e=1ept as a p/,ishme,t -or a 1rime
whereo- the party shall ha*e bee, d/ly 1o,*i1ted3
Se1tio, 193
"=1essi*e -i,es shall ,ot be imposed, ,or 1r/el, de+radi,+ or i,h/ma, p/,ishme,t
i,-li1ted3 Neither shall death pe,alty be imposed, /,less, -or 1ompelli,+ reaso,s i,*ol*i,+
hei,o/s 1rimes, the Co,+ress herea-ter pro*ides -or it3 ',y death pe,alty already imposed
shall be red/1ed to re1l/sio, perpet/a3
The employme,t o- physi1al, psy1holo+i1al, or de+radi,+ p/,ishme,t a+ai,st a,y
priso,er or detai,ee or the /se o- s/bsta,dard or i,ade2/ate pe,al -a1ilities /,der
s/bh/ma, 1o,ditio,s shall be dealt with by law3
Se1tio, 203 No perso, shall be impriso,ed -or debt or ,o,:payme,t o- a poll ta=3
Se1tio, 213 No perso, shall be twi1e p/t i, 0eopardy o- p/,ishme,t -or the same o--e,se3
I- a, a1t is p/,ished by a law a,d a, ordi,a,1e, 1o,*i1tio, or a12/ittal /,der either shall
1o,stit/te a bar to a,other prose1/tio, -or the same a1t3
Se1tio, 223 No e= post -a1to law or bill o- attai,der shall be e,a1ted3
ARTICLE IV
CITIZENSHIP
Se1tio, 13 The -ollowi,+ are 1iti7e,s o- the $hilippi,es>
Those who are 1iti7e,s o- the $hilippi,es at the time o- the adoptio, o- this
Co,stit/tio,?
Those whose -athers or mothers are 1iti7e,s o- the $hilippi,es?
Those bor, be-ore @a,/ary 17, 1976, o- Filipi,o mothers, who ele1t $hilippi,e
Citi7e,ship /po, rea1hi,+ the a+e o- ma0ority? a,d
Those who are ,at/rali7ed i, the a11orda,1e with law3
Se1tio, 23 Nat/ral:bor, 1iti7e,s are those who are 1iti7e,s o- the $hilippi,es -rom birth
witho/t ha*i,+ to per-orm a,y a1t to a12/ire or per-e1t their $hilippi,e 1iti7e,ship3 Those
who ele1t $hilippi,e 1iti7e,ship i, a11orda,1e with para+raph A6B, Se1tio, 1 hereo- shall be
deemed ,at/ral:bor, 1iti7e,s3
Se1tio, 63 $hilippi,e 1iti7e,ship may be lost or rea12/ired i, the ma,,er pro*ided by law3
Se1tio, 43 Citi7e,s o- the $hilippi,es who marry alie,s shall retai, their 1iti7e,ship, /,less
by their a1t or omissio, they are deemed, /,der the law to ha*e re,o/,1ed it3
Se1tio, 83 5/al alle+ia,1e o- 1iti7e,s is i,imi1al to the ,atio,al i,terest a,d shall be dealt
with by law3
'#TIC&" C
SFF#'."
Se1tio, 13 S/--ra+e may be e=er1ised by all 1iti7e,s o- the $hilippi,es, ,ot otherwise
dis2/ali-ied by law, who are at least ei+htee, years o- a+e, a,d who shall ha*e resided i,
the $hilippi,es -or at least o,e year a,d i, the pla1e wherei, they propose to *ote, -or at
least si= mo,ths immediately pre1edi,+ the ele1tio,3 No litera1y, property, or other
s/bsta,ti*e re2/ireme,t shall be imposed o, the e=er1ise o- s/--ra+e3
Se1tio, 23 The Co,+ress shall pro*ide a system -or se1/ri,+ the se1re1y a,d sa,1tity o-
the ballot as well as a system -or abse,tee *oti,+ by 2/ali-ied Filipi,os abroad3
The Co,+ress shall also desi+, a pro1ed/re -or the disabled a,d the illiterates to *ote
witho/t the assista,1e o- other perso,s3 ,til the,, they shall be allowed to *ote /,der
e=isti,+ laws a,d s/1h r/les as the Commissio, o, "le1tio,s may prom/l+ate to prote1t the
se1re1y o- the ballot3
'#TIC&" CI
T!" &".IS&'TIC" 5"$'#T("NT
Se1tio, 13 The le+islati*e power shall be *ested i, the Co,+ress o- the $hilippi,es whi1h
shall 1o,sist o- a Se,ate a,d a !o/se o- #eprese,tati*es, e=1ept to the e=te,t reser*ed to
the people by the pro*isio, o, i,itiati*e a,d re-ere,d/m3
Se1tio, 23 The Se,ate shall be 1omposed o- twe,ty:-o/r Se,ators who shall be ele1ted at
lar+e by the 2/ali-ied *oters o- the $hilippi,es, as may be pro*ided by law3
Se1tio, 63 No perso, shall be a Se,ator /,less he is a ,at/ral:bor, 1iti7e, o- the
$hilippi,es a,d, o, the day o- the ele1tio,, is at least thirty:-i*e years o- a+e, able to read
a,d write, a re+istered *oter, a,d a reside,t o- the $hilippi,es -or ,ot less tha, two years
immediately pre1edi,+ the day o- the ele1tio,3
Se1tio, 43 The term o- o--i1e o- the Se,ators shall be si= years a,d shall 1omme,1e,
/,less otherwise pro*ided by law, at ,oo, o, the thirtieth day o- @/,e ,e=t -ollowi,+ their
ele1tio,3 No Se,ator shall ser*e -or more tha, two 1o,se1/ti*e terms3 Col/,tary
re,/,1iatio, o- the o--i1e -or a,y le,+th o- time shall ,ot be 1o,sidered as a, i,terr/ptio, i,
the 1o,ti,/ity o- his ser*i1e -or the -/ll term o- whi1h he was ele1ted3
Se1tio, 83
The !o/se o- #eprese,tati*es shall be 1omposed o- ,ot more tha, two h/,dred a,d
-i-ty members, /,less otherwise -i=ed by law, who shall be ele1ted -rom le+islati*e distri1ts
apportio,ed amo,+ the pro*i,1es, 1ities, a,d the (etropolita, (a,ila area i, a11orda,1e
with the ,/mber o- their respe1ti*e i,habita,ts, a,d o, the basis o- a /,i-orm a,d
pro+ressi*e ratio, a,d those who, as pro*ided by law, shall be ele1ted thro/+h a party:list
system o- re+istered ,atio,al, re+io,al, a,d se1toral parties or or+a,i7atio,s3
The party:list represe,tati*es shall 1o,stit/te twe,ty per 1e,t/m o- the total ,/mber
o- represe,tati*es i,1l/di,+ those /,der the party list3 For three 1o,se1/ti*e terms a-ter the
rati-i1atio, o- this Co,stit/tio,, o,e:hal- o- the seats allo1ated to party:list represe,tati*es
shall be -illed, as pro*ided by law, by sele1tio, or ele1tio, -rom the labor, peasa,t, /rba,
poor, i,di+e,o/s 1/lt/ral 1omm/,ities, wome,, yo/th, a,d s/1h other se1tors as may be
pro*ided by law, e=1ept the reli+io/s se1tor3
"a1h le+islati*e distri1t shall 1omprise, as -ar as pra1ti1able, 1o,ti+/o/s, 1ompa1t, a,d
ad0a1e,t territory3 "a1h 1ity with a pop/latio, o- at least two h/,dred -i-ty tho/sa,d, or
ea1h pro*i,1e, shall ha*e at least o,e represe,tati*e3
)ithi, three years -ollowi,+ the ret/r, o- e*ery 1e,s/s, the Co,+ress shall ma;e a
reapportio,me,t o- le+islati*e distri1ts based o, the sta,dards pro*ided i, this se1tio,3
Se1tio, 93 No perso, shall be a (ember o- the !o/se o- #eprese,tati*es /,less he is a
,at/ral:bor, 1iti7e, o- the $hilippi,es a,d, o, the day o- the ele1tio,, is at least twe,ty:-i*e
years o- a+e, able to read a,d write, a,d, e=1ept the party:list represe,tati*es, a re+istered
*oter i, the distri1t i, whi1h he shall be ele1ted, a,d a reside,t thereo- -or a period o- ,ot
less tha, o,e year immediately pre1edi,+ the day o- the ele1tio,3
Se1tio, 73 The (embers o- the !o/se o- #eprese,tati*es shall be ele1ted -or a term o-
three years whi1h shall be+i,, /,less otherwise pro*ided by law, at ,oo, o, the thirtieth day
o- @/,e ,e=t -ollowi,+ their ele1tio,3 No (ember o- the !o/se o- #eprese,tati*es shall ser*e
-or more tha, three 1o,se1/ti*e terms3 Col/,tary re,/,1iatio, o- the o--i1e -or a,y le,+th o-
time shall ,ot be 1o,sidered as a, i,terr/ptio, i, the 1o,ti,/ity o- his ser*i1e -or the -/ll
term -or whi1h he was ele1ted3
Se1tio, 83 ,less otherwise pro*ided by law, the re+/lar ele1tio, o- the Se,ators a,d the
(embers o- the !o/se o- #eprese,tati*es shall be held o, the se1o,d (o,day o- (ay3
Se1tio, 93 I, 1ase o- *a1a,1y i, the Se,ate or i, the !o/se o- #eprese,tati*es, a spe1ial
ele1tio, may be 1alled to -ill s/1h *a1a,1y i, the ma,,er pres1ribed by law, b/t the Se,ator
or (ember o- the !o/se o- #eprese,tati*es th/s ele1ted shall ser*e o,ly -or the /,e=pired
term3
Se1tio, 103 The salaries o- Se,ators a,d (embers o- the !o/se o- #eprese,tati*es shall
be determi,ed by law3 No i,1rease i, said 1ompe,satio, shall ta;e e--e1t /,til a-ter the
e=piratio, o- the -/ll term o- all the (embers o- the Se,ate a,d the !o/se o-
#eprese,tati*es appro*i,+ s/1h i,1rease3
Se1tio, 113 ' Se,ator or (ember o- the !o/se o- #eprese,tati*es shall, i, all o--e,ses
p/,ishable by ,ot more tha, si= years impriso,me,t, be pri*ile+ed -rom arrest while the
Co,+ress is i, sessio,3 No (ember shall be 2/estio,ed ,or be held liable i, a,y other pla1e
-or a,y spee1h or debate i, the Co,+ress or i, a,y 1ommittee thereo-3
Se1tio, 123 'll (embers o- the Se,ate a,d the !o/se o- #eprese,tati*es shall, /po,
ass/mptio, o- o--i1e, ma;e a -/ll dis1los/re o- their -i,a,1ial a,d b/si,ess i,terests3 They
shall ,oti-y the !o/se 1o,1er,ed o- a pote,tial 1o,-li1t o- i,terest that may arise -rom the
-ili,+ o- a proposed le+islatio, o- whi1h they are a/thors3
Se1tio, 163 No Se,ator or (ember o- the !o/se o- #eprese,tati*es may hold a,y other
o--i1e or employme,t i, the .o*er,me,t, or a,y s/bdi*isio,, a+e,1y, or i,str/me,tality
thereo-, i,1l/di,+ +o*er,me,t:ow,ed or 1o,trolled 1orporatio,s or their s/bsidiaries, d/ri,+
his term witho/t -or-eiti,+ his seat3 Neither shall he be appoi,ted to a,y o--i1e whi1h may
ha*e bee, 1reated or the emol/me,ts thereo- i,1reased d/ri,+ the term -or whi1h he was
ele1ted3
Se1tio, 143 No Se,ator or (ember o- the !o/se o- #eprese,tati*es may perso,ally
appear as 1o/,sel be-ore a,y 1o/rt o- 0/sti1e or be-ore the "le1toral Trib/,als, or 2/asi:
0/di1ial a,d other admi,istrati*e bodies3 Neither shall he, dire1tly or i,dire1tly, be i,terested
-i,a,1ially i, a,y 1o,tra1t with, or i, a,y -ra,1hise or spe1ial pri*ile+e +ra,ted by the
.o*er,me,t, or a,y s/bdi*isio,, a+e,1y, or i,str/me,tality thereo-, i,1l/di,+ a,y
+o*er,me,t:ow,ed or 1o,trolled 1orporatio,, or its s/bsidiary, d/ri,+ his term o- o--i1e3 !e
shall ,ot i,ter*e,e i, a,y matter be-ore a,y o--i1e o- the .o*er,me,t -or his pe1/,iary
be,e-it or where he may be 1alled /po, to a1t o, a11o/,t o- his o--i1e3
Se1tio, 183 The Co,+ress shall 1o,*e,e o,1e e*ery year o, the -o/rth (o,day o- @/ly -or
its re+/lar sessio,, /,less a di--ere,t date is -i=ed by law, a,d shall 1o,ti,/e to be i, sessio,
-or s/1h ,/mber o- days as it may determi,e /,til thirty days be-ore the ope,i,+ o- its ,e=t
re+/lar sessio,, e=1l/si*e o- Sat/rdays, S/,days, a,d le+al holidays3 The $reside,t may 1all
a spe1ial sessio, at a,y time3
Se1tio, 193
The Se,ate shall ele1t its $reside,t a,d the !o/se o- #eprese,tati*es, its Spea;er, by
a ma0ority *ote o- all its respe1ti*e (embers3 "a1h !o/se shall 1hoose s/1h other o--i1ers as
it may deem ,e1essary3
' ma0ority o- ea1h !o/se shall 1o,stit/te a 2/or/m to do b/si,ess, b/t a smaller
,/mber may ad0o/r, -rom day to day a,d may 1ompel the atte,da,1e o- abse,t (embers i,
s/1h ma,,er, a,d /,der s/1h pe,alties, as s/1h !o/se may pro*ide3
"a1h !o/se may determi,e the r/les o- its pro1eedi,+s, p/,ish its (embers -or
disorderly beha*ior, a,d, with the 1o,1/rre,1e o- two:thirds o- all its (embers, s/spe,d or
e=pel a (ember3 ' pe,alty o- s/spe,sio,, whe, imposed, shall ,ot e=1eed si=ty days3
"a1h !o/se shall ;eep a @o/r,al o- its pro1eedi,+s, a,d -rom time to time p/blish the
same, e=1epti,+ s/1h parts as may, i, its 0/d+me,t, a--e1t ,atio,al se1/rity? a,d the yeas
a,d ,ays o, a,y 2/estio, shall, at the re2/est o- o,e:-i-th o- the (embers prese,t, be
e,tered i, the @o/r,al3 "a1h !o/se shall also ;eep a #e1ord o- its pro1eedi,+s3
Neither !o/se d/ri,+ the sessio,s o- the Co,+ress shall, witho/t the 1o,se,t o- the
other, ad0o/r, -or more tha, three days, ,or to a,y other pla1e tha, that i, whi1h the two
!o/ses shall be sitti,+3
Se1tio, 173 The Se,ate a,d the !o/se o- #eprese,tati*es shall ea1h ha*e a, "le1toral
Trib/,al whi1h shall be the sole 0/d+e o- all 1o,tests relati,+ to the ele1tio,, ret/r,s, a,d
2/ali-i1atio,s o- their respe1ti*e (embers3 "a1h "le1toral Trib/,al shall be 1omposed o- ,i,e
(embers, three o- whom shall be @/sti1es o- the S/preme Co/rt to be desi+,ated by the
Chie- @/sti1e, a,d the remai,i,+ si= shall be (embers o- the Se,ate or the !o/se o-
#eprese,tati*es, as the 1ase may be, who shall be 1hose, o, the basis o- proportio,al
represe,tatio, -rom the politi1al parties a,d the parties or or+a,i7atio,s re+istered /,der
the party:list system represe,ted therei,3 The se,ior @/sti1e i, the "le1toral Trib/,al shall
be its Chairma,3
Se1tio, 183 There shall be a Commissio, o, 'ppoi,tme,ts 1o,sisti,+ o- the $reside,t o-
the Se,ate, as e= o--i1io Chairma,, twel*e Se,ators, a,d twel*e (embers o- the !o/se o-
#eprese,tati*es, ele1ted by ea1h !o/se o, the basis o- proportio,al represe,tatio, -rom the
politi1al parties a,d parties or or+a,i7atio,s re+istered /,der the party:list system
represe,ted therei,3 The 1hairma, o- the Commissio, shall ,ot *ote, e=1ept i, 1ase o- a tie3
The Commissio, shall a1t o, all appoi,tme,ts s/bmitted to it withi, thirty sessio, days o-
the Co,+ress -rom their s/bmissio,3 The Commissio, shall r/le by a ma0ority *ote o- all the
(embers3
Se1tio, 193 The "le1toral Trib/,als a,d the Commissio, o, 'ppoi,tme,ts shall be
1o,stit/ted withi, thirty days a-ter the Se,ate a,d the !o/se o- #eprese,tati*es shall ha*e
bee, or+a,i7ed with the ele1tio, o- the $reside,t a,d the Spea;er3 The Commissio, o,
'ppoi,tme,ts shall meet o,ly while the Co,+ress is i, sessio,, at the 1all o- its Chairma, or
a ma0ority o- all its (embers, to dis1har+e s/1h powers a,d -/,1tio,s as are herei,
1o,-erred /po, it3
Se1tio, 203 The re1ords a,d boo;s o- a11o/,ts o- the Co,+ress shall be preser*ed a,d be
ope, to the p/bli1 i, a11orda,1e with law, a,d s/1h boo;s shall be a/dited by the
Commissio, o, '/dit whi1h shall p/blish a,,/ally a, itemi7ed list o- amo/,ts paid to a,d
e=pe,ses -or ea1h (ember3
Se1tio, 213 The Se,ate or the !o/se o- #eprese,tati*es or a,y o- its respe1ti*e
1ommittees may 1o,d/1t i,2/iries i, aid o- le+islatio, i, a11orda,1e with its d/ly p/blished
r/les o- pro1ed/re3 The ri+hts o- perso,s appeari,+ i,, or a--e1ted by, s/1h i,2/iries shall be
respe1ted3
Se1tio, 223 The heads o- departme,ts may, /po, their ow, i,itiati*e, with the 1o,se,t o-
the $reside,t, or /po, the re2/est o- either !o/se, as the r/les o- ea1h !o/se shall pro*ide,
appear be-ore a,d be heard by s/1h !o/se o, a,y matter pertai,i,+ to their departme,ts3
)ritte, 2/estio,s shall be s/bmitted to the $reside,t o- the Se,ate or the Spea;er o- the
!o/se o- #eprese,tati*es at least three days be-ore their s1hed/led appeara,1e3
I,terpellatio,s shall ,ot be limited to writte, 2/estio,s, b/t may 1o*er matters related
thereto3 )he, the se1/rity o- the State or the p/bli1 i,terest so re2/ires a,d the $reside,t
so states i, writi,+, the appeara,1e shall be 1o,d/1ted i, e=e1/ti*e sessio,3
Se1tio, 263
The Co,+ress, by a *ote o- two:thirds o- both !o/ses i, 0oi,t sessio, assembled,
*oti,+ separately, shall ha*e the sole power to de1lare the e=iste,1e o- a state o- war3
I, times o- war or other ,atio,al emer+e,1y, the Co,+ress may, by law, a/thori7e the
$reside,t, -or a limited period a,d s/b0e1t to s/1h restri1tio,s as it may pres1ribe, to
e=er1ise powers ,e1essary a,d proper to 1arry o/t a de1lared ,atio,al poli1y3 ,less soo,er
withdraw, by resol/tio, o- the Co,+ress, s/1h powers shall 1ease /po, the ,e=t
ad0o/r,me,t thereo-3
Se1tio, 243 'll appropriatio,, re*e,/e or tari-- bills, bills a/thori7i,+ i,1rease o- the p/bli1
debt, bills o- lo1al appli1atio,, a,d pri*ate bills, shall ori+i,ate e=1l/si*ely i, the !o/se o-
#eprese,tati*es, b/t the Se,ate may propose or 1o,1/r with ame,dme,ts3
Se1tio, 283
The Co,+ress may ,ot i,1rease the appropriatio,s re1omme,ded by the $reside,t -or
the operatio, o- the .o*er,me,t as spe1i-ied i, the b/d+et3 The -orm, 1o,te,t, a,d ma,,er
o- preparatio, o- the b/d+et shall be pres1ribed by law3
No pro*isio, or e,a1tme,t shall be embra1ed i, the +e,eral appropriatio,s bill /,less
it relates spe1i-i1ally to some parti1/lar appropriatio, therei,3 ',y s/1h pro*isio, or
e,a1tme,t shall be limited i, its operatio, to the appropriatio, to whi1h it relates3
The pro1ed/re i, appro*i,+ appropriatio,s -or the Co,+ress shall stri1tly -ollow the
pro1ed/re -or appro*i,+ appropriatio,s -or other departme,ts a,d a+e,1ies3
' spe1ial appropriatio,s bill shall spe1i-y the p/rpose -or whi1h it is i,te,ded, a,d shall
be s/pported by -/,ds a1t/ally a*ailable as 1erti-ied by the Natio,al Treas/rer, or to be
raised by a 1orrespo,di,+ re*e,/e proposal therei,3
No law shall be passed a/thori7i,+ a,y tra,s-er o- appropriatio,s? howe*er, the
$reside,t, the $reside,t o- the Se,ate, the Spea;er o- the !o/se o- #eprese,tati*es, the
Chie- @/sti1e o- the S/preme Co/rt, a,d the heads o- Co,stit/tio,al Commissio,s may, by
law, be a/thori7ed to a/+me,t a,y item i, the +e,eral appropriatio,s law -or their
respe1ti*e o--i1es -rom sa*i,+s i, other items o- their respe1ti*e appropriatio,s3
5is1retio,ary -/,ds appropriated -or parti1/lar o--i1ials shall be disb/rsed o,ly -or
p/bli1 p/rposes to be s/pported by appropriate *o/1hers a,d s/b0e1t to s/1h +/ideli,es as
may be pres1ribed by law3
I-, by the e,d o- a,y -is1al year, the Co,+ress shall ha*e -ailed to pass the +e,eral
appropriatio,s bill -or the e,s/i,+ -is1al year, the +e,eral appropriatio,s law -or the
pre1edi,+ -is1al year shall be deemed re:e,a1ted a,d shall remai, i, -or1e a,d e--e1t /,til
the +e,eral appropriatio,s bill is passed by the Co,+ress3
Se1tio, 293
"*ery bill passed by the Co,+ress shall embra1e o,ly o,e s/b0e1t whi1h shall be
e=pressed i, the title thereo-3
No bill passed by either !o/se shall be1ome a law /,less it has passed three readi,+s
o, separate days, a,d pri,ted 1opies thereo- i, its -i,al -orm ha*e bee, distrib/ted to its
(embers three days be-ore its passa+e, e=1ept whe, the $reside,t 1erti-ies to the ,e1essity
o- its immediate e,a1tme,t to meet a p/bli1 1alamity or emer+e,1y3 po, the last readi,+
o- a bill, ,o ame,dme,t thereto shall be allowed, a,d the *ote thereo, shall be ta;e,
immediately therea-ter, a,d the yeas a,d ,ays e,tered i, the @o/r,al3
Se1tio, 273
"*ery bill passed by the Co,+ress shall, be-ore it be1omes a law, be prese,ted to the
$reside,t3 I- he appro*es the same he shall si+, it? otherwise, he shall *eto it a,d ret/r, the
same with his ob0e1tio,s to the !o/se where it ori+i,ated, whi1h shall e,ter the ob0e1tio,s
at lar+e i, its @o/r,al a,d pro1eed to re1o,sider it3 I-, a-ter s/1h re1o,sideratio,, two:thirds
o- all the (embers o- s/1h !o/se shall a+ree to pass the bill, it shall be se,t, to+ether with
the ob0e1tio,s, to the other !o/se by whi1h it shall li;ewise be re1o,sidered, a,d i-
appro*ed by two:thirds o- all the (embers o- that !o/se, it shall be1ome a law3 I, all s/1h
1ases, the *otes o- ea1h !o/se shall be determi,ed by yeas or ,ays, a,d the ,ames o- the
(embers *oti,+ -or or a+ai,st shall be e,tered i, its @o/r,al3 The $reside,t shall
1omm/,i1ate his *eto o- a,y bill to the !o/se where it ori+i,ated withi, thirty days a-ter the
date o- re1eipt thereo-, otherwise, it shall be1ome a law as i- he had si+,ed it3
The $reside,t shall ha*e the power to *eto a,y parti1/lar item or items i, a,
appropriatio,, re*e,/e, or tari-- bill, b/t the *eto shall ,ot a--e1t the item or items to whi1h
he does ,ot ob0e1t3
Se1tio, 283
The r/le o- ta=atio, shall be /,i-orm a,d e2/itable3 The Co,+ress shall e*ol*e a
pro+ressi*e system o- ta=atio,3
The Co,+ress may, by law, a/thori7e the $reside,t to -i= withi, spe1i-ied limits, a,d
s/b0e1t to s/1h limitatio,s a,d restri1tio,s as it may impose, tari-- rates, import a,d e=port
2/otas, to,,a+e a,d whar-a+e d/es, a,d other d/ties or imposts withi, the -ramewor; o-
the ,atio,al de*elopme,t pro+ram o- the .o*er,me,t3
Charitable i,stit/tio,s, 1h/r1hes a,d perso,a+es or 1o,*e,ts app/rte,a,t thereto,
mos2/es, ,o,:pro-it 1emeteries, a,d all la,ds, b/ildi,+s, a,d impro*eme,ts, a1t/ally,
dire1tly, a,d e=1l/si*ely /sed -or reli+io/s, 1haritable, or ed/1atio,al p/rposes shall be
e=empt -rom ta=atio,3
No law +ra,ti,+ a,y ta= e=emptio, shall be passed witho/t the 1o,1/rre,1e o- a
ma0ority o- all the (embers o- the Co,+ress3
Se1tio, 293
No mo,ey shall be paid o/t o- the Treas/ry e=1ept i, p/rs/a,1e o- a, appropriatio,
made by law3
No p/bli1 mo,ey or property shall be appropriated, applied, paid, or employed, dire1tly
or i,dire1tly, -or the /se, be,e-it, or s/pport o- a,y se1t, 1h/r1h, de,omi,atio,, se1taria,
i,stit/tio,, or system o- reli+io,, or o- a,y priest, prea1her, mi,ister, other reli+io/s tea1her,
or di+,itary as s/1h, e=1ept whe, s/1h priest, prea1her, mi,ister, or di+,itary is assi+,ed to
the armed -or1es, or to a,y pe,al i,stit/tio,, or +o*er,me,t orpha,a+e or leprosari/m3
'll mo,ey 1olle1ted o, a,y ta= le*ied -or a spe1ial p/rpose shall be treated as a spe1ial
-/,d a,d paid o/t -or s/1h p/rpose o,ly3 I- the p/rpose -or whi1h a spe1ial -/,d was 1reated
has bee, -/l-illed or aba,do,ed, the bala,1e, i- a,y, shall be tra,s-erred to the +e,eral
-/,ds o- the .o*er,me,t3
Se1tio, 603 No law shall be passed i,1reasi,+ the appellate 0/risdi1tio, o- the S/preme
Co/rt as pro*ided i, this Co,stit/tio, witho/t its ad*i1e a,d 1o,1/rre,1e3
Se1tio, 613 No law +ra,ti,+ a title o- royalty or ,obility shall be e,a1ted3
Se1tio, 623 The Co,+ress shall, as early as possible, pro*ide -or a system o- i,itiati*e a,d
re-ere,d/m, a,d the e=1eptio,s there-rom, whereby the people 1a, dire1tly propose a,d
e,a1t laws or appro*e or re0e1t a,y a1t or law or part thereo- passed by the Co,+ress or
lo1al le+islati*e body a-ter the re+istratio, o- a petitio, there-or si+,ed by at least te, per
1e,t/m o- the total ,/mber o- re+istered *oters, o- whi1h e*ery le+islati*e distri1t m/st be
represe,ted by at least three per 1e,t/m o- the re+istered *oters thereo-3
'#TIC&" CII
"D"CTIC" 5"$'#T("NT
Se1tio, 13 The e=e1/ti*e power shall be *ested i, the $reside,t o- the $hilippi,es3
Se1tio, 23 No perso, may be ele1ted $reside,t /,less he is a ,at/ral:bor, 1iti7e, o- the
$hilippi,es, a re+istered *oter, able to read a,d write, at least -orty years o- a+e o, the day
o- the ele1tio,, a,d a reside,t o- the $hilippi,es -or at least te, years immediately pre1edi,+
s/1h ele1tio,3
Se1tio, 63 There shall be a Ci1e:$reside,t who shall ha*e the same 2/ali-i1atio,s a,d
term o- o--i1e a,d be ele1ted with, a,d i, the same ma,,er, as the $reside,t3 !e may be
remo*ed -rom o--i1e i, the same ma,,er as the $reside,t3
The Ci1e:$reside,t may be appoi,ted as a (ember o- the Cabi,et3 S/1h appoi,tme,t
re2/ires ,o 1o,-irmatio,3
Se1tio, 43 The $reside,t a,d the Ci1e:$reside,t shall be ele1ted by dire1t *ote o- the
people -or a term o- si= years whi1h shall be+i, at ,oo, o, the thirtieth day o- @/,e ,e=t
-ollowi,+ the day o- the ele1tio, a,d shall e,d at ,oo, o- the same date, si= years
therea-ter3 The $reside,t shall ,ot be eli+ible -or a,y re:ele1tio,3 No perso, who has
s/11eeded as $reside,t a,d has ser*ed as s/1h -or more tha, -o/r years shall be 2/ali-ied
-or ele1tio, to the same o--i1e at a,y time3
No Ci1e:$reside,t shall ser*e -or more tha, two s/11essi*e terms3 Col/,tary re,/,1iatio,
o- the o--i1e -or a,y le,+th o- time shall ,ot be 1o,sidered as a, i,terr/ptio, i, the
1o,ti,/ity o- the ser*i1e -or the -/ll term -or whi1h he was ele1ted3
,less otherwise pro*ided by law, the re+/lar ele1tio, -or $reside,t a,d Ci1e:$reside,t
shall be held o, the se1o,d (o,day o- (ay3
The ret/r,s o- e*ery ele1tio, -or $reside,t a,d Ci1e:$reside,t, d/ly 1erti-ied by the board
o- 1a,*assers o- ea1h pro*i,1e or 1ity, shall be tra,smitted to the Co,+ress, dire1ted to the
$reside,t o- the Se,ate3 po, re1eipt o- the 1erti-i1ates o- 1a,*ass, the $reside,t o- the
Se,ate shall, ,ot later tha, thirty days a-ter the day o- the ele1tio,, ope, all the 1erti-i1ates
i, the prese,1e o- the Se,ate a,d the !o/se o- #eprese,tati*es i, 0oi,t p/bli1 sessio,, a,d
the Co,+ress, /po, determi,atio, o- the a/the,ti1ity a,d d/e e=e1/tio, thereo- i, the
ma,,er pro*ided by law, 1a,*ass the *otes3
The perso, ha*i,+ the hi+hest ,/mber o- *otes shall be pro1laimed ele1ted, b/t i, 1ase
two or more shall ha*e a, e2/al a,d hi+hest ,/mber o- *otes, o,e o- them shall -orthwith
be 1hose, by the *ote o- a ma0ority o- all the (embers o- both !o/ses o- the Co,+ress,
*oti,+ separately3
The Co,+ress shall prom/l+ate its r/les -or the 1a,*assi,+ o- the 1erti-i1ates3
The S/preme Co/rt, sitti,+ e, ba,1, shall be the sole 0/d+e o- all 1o,tests relati,+ to the
ele1tio,, ret/r,s, a,d 2/ali-i1atio,s o- the $reside,t or Ci1e:$reside,t, a,d may prom/l+ate
its r/les -or the p/rpose3
Se1tio, 83 %e-ore they e,ter o, the e=e1/tio, o- their o--i1e, the $reside,t, the Ci1e:
$reside,t, or the '1ti,+ $reside,t shall ta;e the -ollowi,+ oath or a--irmatio,>
EI do solem,ly swear Aor a--irmB that I will -aith-/lly a,d 1o,s1ie,tio/sly -/l-ill my
d/ties as $reside,t Aor Ci1e:$reside,t or '1ti,+ $reside,tB o- the $hilippi,es, preser*e a,d
de-e,d its Co,stit/tio,, e=e1/te its laws, do 0/sti1e to e*ery ma,, a,d 1o,se1rate mysel- to
the ser*i1e o- the Natio,3 So help me .od3E AI, 1ase o- a--irmatio,, last se,te,1e will be
omitted3B
Se1tio, 93 The $reside,t shall ha*e a, o--i1ial reside,1e3 The salaries o- the $reside,t a,d
Ci1e:$reside,t shall be determi,ed by law a,d shall ,ot be de1reased d/ri,+ their te,/re3
No i,1rease i, said 1ompe,satio, shall ta;e e--e1t /,til a-ter the e=piratio, o- the term o-
the i,1/mbe,t d/ri,+ whi1h s/1h i,1rease was appro*ed3 They shall ,ot re1ei*e d/ri,+ their
te,/re a,y other emol/me,t -rom the .o*er,me,t or a,y other so/r1e3
Se1tio, 73 The $reside,t:ele1t a,d the Ci1e $reside,t:ele1t shall ass/me o--i1e at the
be+i,,i,+ o- their terms3
I- the $reside,t:ele1t -ails to 2/ali-y, the Ci1e $reside,t:ele1t shall a1t as $reside,t /,til
the $reside,t:ele1t shall ha*e 2/ali-ied3
I- a $reside,t shall ,ot ha*e bee, 1hose,, the Ci1e $reside,t:ele1t shall a1t as $reside,t
/,til a $reside,t shall ha*e bee, 1hose, a,d 2/ali-ied3
I- at the be+i,,i,+ o- the term o- the $reside,t, the $reside,t:ele1t shall ha*e died or
shall ha*e be1ome perma,e,tly disabled, the Ci1e $reside,t:ele1t shall be1ome $reside,t3
)here ,o $reside,t a,d Ci1e:$reside,t shall ha*e bee, 1hose, or shall ha*e 2/ali-ied, or
where both shall ha*e died or be1ome perma,e,tly disabled, the $reside,t o- the Se,ate or,
i, 1ase o- his i,ability, the Spea;er o- the !o/se o- #eprese,tati*es, shall a1t as $reside,t
/,til a $reside,t or a Ci1e:$reside,t shall ha*e bee, 1hose, a,d 2/ali-ied3
The Co,+ress shall, by law, pro*ide -or the ma,,er i, whi1h o,e who is to a1t as
$reside,t shall be sele1ted /,til a $reside,t or a Ci1e:$reside,t shall ha*e 2/ali-ied, i, 1ase
o- death, perma,e,t disability, or i,ability o- the o--i1ials me,tio,ed i, the ,e=t pre1edi,+
para+raph3
Se1tio, 83 I, 1ase o- death, perma,e,t disability, remo*al -rom o--i1e, or resi+,atio, o-
the $reside,t, the Ci1e:$reside,t shall be1ome the $reside,t to ser*e the /,e=pired term3 I,
1ase o- death, perma,e,t disability, remo*al -rom o--i1e, or resi+,atio, o- both the $reside,t
a,d Ci1e:$reside,t, the $reside,t o- the Se,ate or, i, 1ase o- his i,ability, the Spea;er o- the
!o/se o- #eprese,tati*es, shall the, a1t as $reside,t /,til the $reside,t or Ci1e:$reside,t
shall ha*e bee, ele1ted a,d 2/ali-ied3
The Co,+ress shall, by law, pro*ide who shall ser*e as $reside,t i, 1ase o- death,
perma,e,t disability, or resi+,atio, o- the '1ti,+ $reside,t3 !e shall ser*e /,til the
$reside,t or the Ci1e:$reside,t shall ha*e bee, ele1ted a,d 2/ali-ied, a,d be s/b0e1t to the
same restri1tio,s o- powers a,d dis2/ali-i1atio,s as the '1ti,+ $reside,t3
Se1tio, 93 )he,e*er there is a *a1a,1y i, the O--i1e o- the Ci1e:$reside,t d/ri,+ the
term -or whi1h he was ele1ted, the $reside,t shall ,omi,ate a Ci1e:$reside,t -rom amo,+
the (embers o- the Se,ate a,d the !o/se o- #eprese,tati*es who shall ass/me o--i1e /po,
1o,-irmatio, by a ma0ority *ote o- all the (embers o- both !o/ses o- the Co,+ress, *oti,+
separately3
Se1tio, 103 The Co,+ress shall, at te, oF1lo1; i, the mor,i,+ o- the third day a-ter the
*a1a,1y i, the o--i1es o- the $reside,t a,d Ci1e:$reside,t o11/rs, 1o,*e,e i, a11orda,1e
with its r/les witho/t ,eed o- a 1all a,d withi, se*e, days, e,a1t a law 1alli,+ -or a spe1ial
ele1tio, to ele1t a $reside,t a,d a Ci1e:$reside,t to be held ,ot earlier tha, -orty:-i*e days
,or later tha, si=ty days -rom the time o- s/1h 1all3 The bill 1alli,+ s/1h spe1ial ele1tio, shall
be deemed 1erti-ied /,der para+raph 2, Se1tio, 29, 'rti1le C1 o- this Co,stit/tio, a,d shall
be1ome law /po, its appro*al o, third readi,+ by the Co,+ress3 'ppropriatio,s -or the
spe1ial ele1tio, shall be 1har+ed a+ai,st a,y 1/rre,t appropriatio,s a,d shall be e=empt
-rom the re2/ireme,ts o- para+raph 4, Se1tio, 28, 'rti1le C1 o- this Co,stit/tio,3 The
1o,*e,i,+ o- the Co,+ress 1a,,ot be s/spe,ded ,or the spe1ial ele1tio, postpo,ed3 No
spe1ial ele1tio, shall be 1alled i- the *a1a,1y o11/rs withi, ei+htee, mo,ths be-ore the date
o- the ,e=t preside,tial ele1tio,3
Se1tio, 113 )he,e*er the $reside,t tra,smits to the $reside,t o- the Se,ate a,d the
Spea;er o- the !o/se o- #eprese,tati*es his writte, de1laratio, that he is /,able to
dis1har+e the powers a,d d/ties o- his o--i1e, a,d /,til he tra,smits to them a writte,
de1laratio, to the 1o,trary, s/1h powers a,d d/ties shall be dis1har+ed by the Ci1e:
$reside,t as '1ti,+ $reside,t3
)he,e*er a ma0ority o- all the (embers o- the Cabi,et tra,smit to the $reside,t o- the
Se,ate a,d to the Spea;er o- the !o/se o- #eprese,tati*es their writte, de1laratio, that the
$reside,t is /,able to dis1har+e the powers a,d d/ties o- his o--i1e, the Ci1e:$reside,t shall
immediately ass/me the powers a,d d/ties o- the o--i1e as '1ti,+ $reside,t3
Therea-ter, whe, the $reside,t tra,smits to the $reside,t o- the Se,ate a,d to the
Spea;er o- the !o/se o- #eprese,tati*es his writte, de1laratio, that ,o i,ability e=ists, he
shall reass/me the powers a,d d/ties o- his o--i1e3 (ea,while, sho/ld a ma0ority o- all the
(embers o- the Cabi,et tra,smit withi, -i*e days to the $reside,t o- the Se,ate a,d to the
Spea;er o- the !o/se o- #eprese,tati*es, their writte, de1laratio, that the $reside,t is
/,able to dis1har+e the powers a,d d/ties o- his o--i1e, the Co,+ress shall de1ide the iss/e3
For that p/rpose, the Co,+ress shall 1o,*e,e, i- it is ,ot i, sessio,, withi, -orty:ei+ht ho/rs,
i, a11orda,1e with its r/les a,d witho/t ,eed o- 1all3
I- the Co,+ress, withi, te, days a-ter re1eipt o- the last writte, de1laratio,, or, i- ,ot i,
sessio,, withi, twel*e days a-ter it is re2/ired to assemble, determi,es by a two:thirds *ote
o- both !o/ses, *oti,+ separately, that the $reside,t is /,able to dis1har+e the powers a,d
d/ties o- his o--i1e, the Ci1e:$reside,t shall a1t as $reside,t? otherwise, the $reside,t shall
1o,ti,/e e=er1isi,+ the powers a,d d/ties o- his o--i1e3
Se1tio, 123 I, 1ase o- serio/s ill,ess o- the $reside,t, the p/bli1 shall be i,-ormed o- the
state o- his health3 The members o- the Cabi,et i, 1har+e o- ,atio,al se1/rity a,d -orei+,
relatio,s a,d the Chie- o- Sta-- o- the 'rmed For1es o- the $hilippi,es, shall ,ot be de,ied
a11ess to the $reside,t d/ri,+ s/1h ill,ess3
Se1tio, 163 The $reside,t, Ci1e:$reside,t, the (embers o- the Cabi,et, a,d their dep/ties
or assista,ts shall ,ot, /,less otherwise pro*ided i, this Co,stit/tio,, hold a,y other o--i1e
or employme,t d/ri,+ their te,/re3 They shall ,ot, d/ri,+ said te,/re, dire1tly or i,dire1tly,
pra1ti1e a,y other pro-essio,, parti1ipate i, a,y b/si,ess, or be -i,a,1ially i,terested i, a,y
1o,tra1t with, or i, a,y -ra,1hise, or spe1ial pri*ile+e +ra,ted by the .o*er,me,t or a,y
s/bdi*isio,, a+e,1y, or i,str/me,tality thereo-, i,1l/di,+ +o*er,me,t:ow,ed or 1o,trolled
1orporatio,s or their s/bsidiaries3 They shall stri1tly a*oid 1o,-li1t o- i,terest i, the 1o,d/1t
o- their o--i1e3
The spo/se a,d relati*es by 1o,sa,+/i,ity or a--i,ity withi, the -o/rth 1i*il de+ree o- the
$reside,t shall ,ot, d/ri,+ his te,/re, be appoi,ted as (embers o- the Co,stit/tio,al
Commissio,s, or the O--i1e o- the Omb/dsma,, or as Se1retaries, ,derse1retaries,
1hairme, or heads o- b/rea/s or o--i1es, i,1l/di,+ +o*er,me,t:ow,ed or 1o,trolled
1orporatio,s a,d their s/bsidiaries3
Se1tio, 143 'ppoi,tme,ts e=te,ded by a, '1ti,+ $reside,t shall remai, e--e1ti*e, /,less
re*o;ed by the ele1ted $reside,t, withi, ,i,ety days -rom his ass/mptio, or reass/mptio,
o- o--i1e3
Se1tio, 183 Two mo,ths immediately be-ore the ,e=t preside,tial ele1tio,s a,d /p to the
e,d o- his term, a $reside,t or '1ti,+ $reside,t shall ,ot ma;e appoi,tme,ts, e=1ept
temporary appoi,tme,ts to e=e1/ti*e positio,s whe, 1o,ti,/ed *a1a,1ies therei, will
pre0/di1e p/bli1 ser*i1e or e,da,+er p/bli1 sa-ety3
Se1tio, 193 The $reside,t shall ,omi,ate a,d, with the 1o,se,t o- the Commissio, o,
'ppoi,tme,ts, appoi,t the heads o- the e=e1/ti*e departme,ts, ambassadors, other p/bli1
mi,isters a,d 1o,s/ls, or o--i1ers o- the armed -or1es -rom the ra,; o- 1olo,el or ,a*al
1aptai,, a,d other o--i1ers whose appoi,tme,ts are *ested i, him i, this Co,stit/tio,3 !e
shall also appoi,t all other o--i1ers o- the .o*er,me,t whose appoi,tme,ts are ,ot
otherwise pro*ided -or by law, a,d those whom he may be a/thori7ed by law to appoi,t3
The Co,+ress may, by law, *est the appoi,tme,t o- other o--i1ers lower i, ra,; i, the
$reside,t alo,e, i, the 1o/rts, or i, the heads o- departme,ts, a+e,1ies, 1ommissio,s, or
boards3
The $reside,t shall ha*e the power to ma;e appoi,tme,ts d/ri,+ the re1ess o- the
Co,+ress, whether *ol/,tary or 1omp/lsory, b/t s/1h appoi,tme,ts shall be e--e1ti*e o,ly
/,til disappro*ed by the Commissio, o, 'ppoi,tme,ts or /,til the ,e=t ad0o/r,me,t o- the
Co,+ress3
Se1tio, 173 The $reside,t shall ha*e 1o,trol o- all the e=e1/ti*e departme,ts, b/rea/s,
a,d o--i1es3 !e shall e,s/re that the laws be -aith-/lly e=e1/ted3
Se1tio, 183 The $reside,t shall be the Comma,der:i,:Chie- o- all armed -or1es o- the
$hilippi,es a,d whe,e*er it be1omes ,e1essary, he may 1all o/t s/1h armed -or1es to
pre*e,t or s/ppress lawless *iole,1e, i,*asio, or rebellio,3 I, 1ase o- i,*asio, or rebellio,,
whe, the p/bli1 sa-ety re2/ires it, he may, -or a period ,ot e=1eedi,+ si=ty days, s/spe,d
the pri*ile+e o- the writ o- habeas 1orp/s or pla1e the $hilippi,es or a,y part thereo- /,der
martial law3 )ithi, -orty:ei+ht ho/rs -rom the pro1lamatio, o- martial law or the s/spe,sio,
o- the pri*ile+e o- the writ o- habeas 1orp/s, the $reside,t shall s/bmit a report i, perso, or
i, writi,+ to the Co,+ress3 The Co,+ress, *oti,+ 0oi,tly, by a *ote o- at least a ma0ority o-
all its (embers i, re+/lar or spe1ial sessio,, may re*o;e s/1h pro1lamatio, or s/spe,sio,,
whi1h re*o1atio, shall ,ot be set aside by the $reside,t3 po, the i,itiati*e o- the $reside,t,
the Co,+ress may, i, the same ma,,er, e=te,d s/1h pro1lamatio, or s/spe,sio, -or a
period to be determi,ed by the Co,+ress, i- the i,*asio, or rebellio, shall persist a,d p/bli1
sa-ety re2/ires it3
The Co,+ress, i- ,ot i, sessio,, shall, withi, twe,ty:-o/r ho/rs -ollowi,+ s/1h
pro1lamatio, or s/spe,sio,, 1o,*e,e i, a11orda,1e with its r/les witho/t ,eed o- a 1all3
The S/preme Co/rt may re*iew, i, a, appropriate pro1eedi,+ -iled by a,y 1iti7e,, the
s/--i1ie,1y o- the -a1t/al basis o- the pro1lamatio, o- martial law or the s/spe,sio, o- the
pri*ile+e o- the writ or the e=te,sio, thereo-, a,d m/st prom/l+ate its de1isio, thereo,
withi, thirty days -rom its -ili,+3
' state o- martial law does ,ot s/spe,d the operatio, o- the Co,stit/tio,, ,or s/ppla,t
the -/,1tio,i,+ o- the 1i*il 1o/rts or le+islati*e assemblies, ,or a/thori7e the 1o,-erme,t o-
0/risdi1tio, o, military 1o/rts a,d a+e,1ies o*er 1i*ilia,s where 1i*il 1o/rts are able to
-/,1tio,, ,or a/tomati1ally s/spe,d the pri*ile+e o- the writ3
The s/spe,sio, o- the pri*ile+e o- the writ shall apply o,ly to perso,s 0/di1ially 1har+ed
-or rebellio, or o--e,ses i,here,t i, or dire1tly 1o,,e1ted with i,*asio,3
5/ri,+ the s/spe,sio, o- the pri*ile+e o- the writ, a,y perso, th/s arrested or detai,ed
shall be 0/di1ially 1har+ed withi, three days, otherwise he shall be released3
Se1tio, 193 "=1ept i, 1ases o- impea1hme,t, or as otherwise pro*ided i, this
Co,stit/tio,, the $reside,t may +ra,t reprie*es, 1omm/tatio,s, a,d pardo,s, a,d remit
-i,es a,d -or-eit/res, a-ter 1o,*i1tio, by -i,al 0/d+me,t3
!e shall also ha*e the power to +ra,t am,esty with the 1o,1/rre,1e o- a ma0ority o- all
the (embers o- the Co,+ress3
Se1tio, 203 The $reside,t may 1o,tra1t or +/ara,tee -orei+, loa,s o, behal- o- the
#ep/bli1 o- the $hilippi,es with the prior 1o,1/rre,1e o- the (o,etary %oard, a,d s/b0e1t to
s/1h limitatio,s as may be pro*ided by law3 The (o,etary %oard shall, withi, thirty days
-rom the e,d o- e*ery 2/arter o- the 1ale,dar year, s/bmit to the Co,+ress a 1omplete
report o- its de1isio, o, appli1atio,s -or loa,s to be 1o,tra1ted or +/ara,teed by the
.o*er,me,t or +o*er,me,t:ow,ed a,d 1o,trolled 1orporatio,s whi1h wo/ld ha*e the e--e1t
o- i,1reasi,+ the -orei+, debt, a,d 1o,tai,i,+ other matters as may be pro*ided by law3
Se1tio, 213 No treaty or i,ter,atio,al a+reeme,t shall be *alid a,d e--e1ti*e /,less
1o,1/rred i, by at least two:thirds o- all the (embers o- the Se,ate3
Se1tio, 223 The $reside,t shall s/bmit to the Co,+ress, withi, thirty days -rom the
ope,i,+ o- e*ery re+/lar sessio, as the basis o- the +e,eral appropriatio,s bill, a b/d+et o-
e=pe,dit/res a,d so/r1es o- -i,a,1i,+, i,1l/di,+ re1eipts -rom e=isti,+ a,d proposed
re*e,/e meas/res3
Se1tio, 263 The $reside,t shall address the Co,+ress at the ope,i,+ o- its re+/lar
sessio,3 !e may also appear be-ore it at a,y other time3
'#TIC&" CIII
@5ICI'& 5"$'#T("NT
Se1tio, 13 The 0/di1ial power shall be *ested i, o,e S/preme Co/rt a,d i, s/1h lower
1o/rts as may be established by law3
@/di1ial power i,1l/des the d/ty o- the 1o/rts o- 0/sti1e to settle a1t/al 1o,tro*ersies
i,*ol*i,+ ri+hts whi1h are le+ally dema,dable a,d e,-or1eable, a,d to determi,e whether or
,ot there has bee, a +ra*e ab/se o- dis1retio, amo/,ti,+ to la1; or e=1ess o- 0/risdi1tio, o,
the part o- a,y bra,1h or i,str/me,tality o- the .o*er,me,t3
Se1tio, 23 The Co,+ress shall ha*e the power to de-i,e, pres1ribe, a,d apportio, the
0/risdi1tio, o- the *ario/s 1o/rts b/t may ,ot depri*e the S/preme Co/rt o- its 0/risdi1tio,
o*er 1ases e,/merated i, Se1tio, 8 hereo-3
No law shall be passed reor+a,i7i,+ the @/di1iary whe, it /,dermi,es the se1/rity o-
te,/re o- its (embers3
Se1tio, 63 The @/di1iary shall e,0oy -is1al a/to,omy3 'ppropriatio,s -or the @/di1iary may
,ot be red/1ed by the le+islat/re below the amo/,t appropriated -or the pre*io/s year a,d,
a-ter appro*al, shall be a/tomati1ally a,d re+/larly released3
Se1tio, 43
The S/preme Co/rt shall be 1omposed o- a Chie- @/sti1e a,d -o/rtee, 'sso1iate
@/sti1es3 It may sit e, ba,1 or i, its dis1retio,, i, di*isio, o- three, -i*e, or se*e, (embers3
',y *a1a,1y shall be -illed withi, ,i,ety days -rom the o11/rre,1e thereo-3
'll 1ases i,*ol*i,+ the 1o,stit/tio,ality o- a treaty, i,ter,atio,al or e=e1/ti*e
a+reeme,t, or law, whi1h shall be heard by the S/preme Co/rt e, ba,1, a,d all other 1ases
whi1h /,der the #/les o- Co/rt are re2/ired to be heard e, ba,1, i,1l/di,+ those i,*ol*i,+
the 1o,stit/tio,ality, appli1atio,, or operatio, o- preside,tial de1rees, pro1lamatio,s, orders,
i,str/1tio,s, ordi,a,1es, a,d other re+/latio,s, shall be de1ided with the 1o,1/rre,1e o- a
ma0ority o- the (embers who a1t/ally too; part i, the deliberatio,s o, the iss/es i, the
1ase a,d *oted thereo,3
Cases or matters heard by a di*isio, shall be de1ided or resol*ed with the 1o,1/rre,1e
o- a ma0ority o- the (embers who a1t/ally too; part i, the deliberatio,s o, the iss/es i, the
1ase a,d *oted thereo,, a,d i, ,o 1ase witho/t the 1o,1/rre,1e o- at least three o- s/1h
(embers3 )he, the re2/ired ,/mber is ,ot obtai,ed, the 1ase shall be de1ided e, ba,1>
$ro*ided, that ,o do1tri,e or pri,1iple o- law laid dow, by the 1o/rt i, a de1isio, re,dered
e, ba,1 or i, di*isio, may be modi-ied or re*ersed e=1ept by the 1o/rt sitti,+ e, ba,13
Se1tio, 83 The S/preme Co/rt shall ha*e the -ollowi,+ powers>
"=er1ise ori+i,al 0/risdi1tio, o*er 1ases a--e1ti,+ ambassadors, other p/bli1 mi,isters
a,d 1o,s/ls, a,d o*er petitio,s -or 1ertiorari, prohibitio,, ma,dam/s, 2/o warra,to, a,d
habeas 1orp/s3
#e*iew, re*ise, re*erse, modi-y, or a--irm o, appeal or 1ertiorari, as the law or the
#/les o- Co/rt may pro*ide, -i,al 0/d+me,ts a,d orders o- lower 1o/rts i,>
'll 1ases i, whi1h the 1o,stit/tio,ality or *alidity o- a,y treaty, i,ter,atio,al or
e=e1/ti*e a+reeme,t, law, preside,tial de1ree, pro1lamatio,, order, i,str/1tio,, ordi,a,1e,
or re+/latio, is i, 2/estio,3
'll 1ases i,*ol*i,+ the le+ality o- a,y ta=, impost, assessme,t, or toll, or a,y
pe,alty imposed i, relatio, thereto3
'll 1ases i, whi1h the 0/risdi1tio, o- a,y lower 1o/rt is i, iss/e3
'll 1rimi,al 1ases i, whi1h the pe,alty imposed is re1l/sio, perpet/a or hi+her3
'll 1ases i, whi1h o,ly a, error or 2/estio, o- law is i,*ol*ed3
'ssi+, temporarily 0/d+es o- lower 1o/rts to other statio,s as p/bli1 i,terest may
re2/ire3 S/1h temporary assi+,me,t shall ,ot e=1eed si= mo,ths witho/t the 1o,se,t o- the
0/d+e 1o,1er,ed3
Order a 1ha,+e o- *e,/e or pla1e o- trial to a*oid a mis1arria+e o- 0/sti1e3
$rom/l+ate r/les 1o,1er,i,+ the prote1tio, a,d e,-or1eme,t o- 1o,stit/tio,al ri+hts,
pleadi,+, pra1ti1e, a,d pro1ed/re i, all 1o/rts, the admissio, to the pra1ti1e o- law, the
i,te+rated bar, a,d le+al assista,1e to the /,der:pri*ile+ed3 S/1h r/les shall pro*ide a
simpli-ied a,d i,e=pe,si*e pro1ed/re -or the speedy dispositio, o- 1ases, shall be /,i-orm
-or all 1o/rts o- the same +rade, a,d shall ,ot dimi,ish, i,1rease, or modi-y s/bsta,ti*e
ri+hts3 #/les o- pro1ed/re o- spe1ial 1o/rts a,d 2/asi:0/di1ial bodies shall remai, e--e1ti*e
/,less disappro*ed by the S/preme Co/rt3
'ppoi,t all o--i1ials a,d employees o- the @/di1iary i, a11orda,1e with the Ci*il Ser*i1e
&aw3
Se1tio, 93 The S/preme Co/rt shall ha*e admi,istrati*e s/per*isio, o*er all 1o/rts a,d
the perso,,el thereo-3
Se1tio, 73
No perso, shall be appoi,ted (ember o- the S/preme Co/rt or a,y lower 1olle+iate
1o/rt /,less he is a ,at/ral:bor, 1iti7e, o- the $hilippi,es3 ' (ember o- the S/preme Co/rt
m/st be at least -orty years o- a+e, a,d m/st ha*e bee, -or -i-tee, years or more, a 0/d+e
o- a lower 1o/rt or e,+a+ed i, the pra1ti1e o- law i, the $hilippi,es3
The Co,+ress shall pres1ribe the 2/ali-i1atio,s o- 0/d+es o- lower 1o/rts, b/t ,o perso,
may be appoi,ted 0/d+e thereo- /,less he is a 1iti7e, o- the $hilippi,es a,d a member o-
the $hilippi,e %ar3
' (ember o- the @/di1iary m/st be a perso, o- pro*e, 1ompete,1e, i,te+rity, probity,
a,d i,depe,de,1e3
Se1tio, 83
' @/di1ial a,d %ar Co/,1il is hereby 1reated /,der the s/per*isio, o- the S/preme
Co/rt 1omposed o- the Chie- @/sti1e as e= o--i1io Chairma,, the Se1retary o- @/sti1e, a,d a
represe,tati*e o- the Co,+ress as e= o--i1io (embers, a represe,tati*e o- the I,te+rated
%ar, a pro-essor o- law, a retired (ember o- the S/preme Co/rt, a,d a represe,tati*e o- the
pri*ate se1tor3
The re+/lar members o- the Co/,1il shall be appoi,ted by the $reside,t -or a term o-
-o/r years with the 1o,se,t o- the Commissio, o, 'ppoi,tme,ts3 O- the (embers -irst
appoi,ted, the represe,tati*e o- the I,te+rated %ar shall ser*e -or -o/r years, the pro-essor
o- law -or three years, the retired @/sti1e -or two years, a,d the represe,tati*e o- the
pri*ate se1tor -or o,e year3
The Cler; o- the S/preme Co/rt shall be the Se1retary e= o--i1io o- the Co/,1il a,d
shall ;eep a re1ord o- its pro1eedi,+s3
The re+/lar (embers o- the Co/,1il shall re1ei*e s/1h emol/me,ts as may be
determi,ed by the S/preme Co/rt3 The S/preme Co/rt shall pro*ide i, its a,,/al b/d+et
the appropriatio,s -or the Co/,1il3
The Co/,1il shall ha*e the pri,1ipal -/,1tio, o- re1omme,di,+ appoi,tees to the
0/di1iary3 It may e=er1ise s/1h other -/,1tio,s a,d d/ties as the S/preme Co/rt may assi+,
to it3
Se1tio, 93 The (embers o- the S/preme Co/rt a,d 0/d+es o- lower 1o/rts shall be
appoi,ted by the $reside,t -rom a list o- at least three ,omi,ees pre-erred by the @/di1ial
a,d %ar Co/,1il -or e*ery *a1a,1y3 S/1h appoi,tme,ts ,eed ,o 1o,-irmatio,3
For the lower 1o/rts, the $reside,t shall iss/ed the appoi,tme,t withi, ,i,ety days -rom
the s/bmissio, o- the list3
Se1tio, 103 The salary o- the Chie- @/sti1e a,d o- the 'sso1iate @/sti1es o- the S/preme
Co/rt, a,d o- 0/d+es o- lower 1o/rts shall be -i=ed by law3 5/ri,+ the 1o,ti,/a,1e i, o--i1e,
their salary shall ,ot be de1reased3
Se1tio, 113 The (embers o- the S/preme Co/rt a,d 0/d+es o- the lower 1o/rt shall hold
o--i1e d/ri,+ +ood beha*ior /,til they rea1h the a+e o- se*e,ty years or be1ome
i,1apa1itated to dis1har+e the d/ties o- their o--i1e3 The S/preme Co/rt e, ba,1 shall ha*e
the power to dis1ipli,e 0/d+es o- lower 1o/rts, or order their dismissal by a *ote o- ma0ority
o- the (embers who a1t/ally too; part i, the deliberatio,s o, the iss/es i, the 1ase a,d
*oted i, thereo,3
Se1tio, 123 The (embers o- the S/preme Co/rt a,d o- other 1o/rts established by law
shall ,ot be desi+,ated to a,y a+e,1y per-ormi,+ 2/asi:0/di1ial or admi,istrati*e -/,1tio,3
Se1tio, 163 The 1o,1l/sio,s o- the S/preme Co/rt i, a,y 1ase s/bmitted to it -or the
de1isio, e, ba,1 or i, di*isio, shall be rea1hed i, 1o,s/ltatio, be-ore the 1ase the 1ase
assi+,ed to a (ember -or the writi,+ o- the opi,io, o- the Co/rt3 ' 1erti-i1atio, to this e--e1t
si+,ed by the Chie- @/sti1e shall be iss/ed a,d a 1opy thereo- atta1hed to the re1ord o- the
1ase a,d ser*ed /po, the parties3 ',y (ember who too; ,o part, or disse,ted, or abstai,ed
-rom a de1isio, or resol/tio, m/st state the reaso, there-or3 The same re2/ireme,ts shall
be obser*ed by all lower 1olle+iate 1o/rt3
Se1tio, 143 No de1isio, shall be re,dered by a,y 1o/rt witho/t e=pressi,+ therei, 1learly
a,d disti,1tly the -a1ts a,d the law o, whi1h it is based3
No petitio, -or re*iew or motio, -or re1o,sideratio, o- a de1isio, o- the 1o/rt shall be
re-/sed d/e 1o/rse or de,ied witho/t stati,+ the le+al basis there-or3
Se1tio, 183
'll 1ases or matters -iled a-ter the e--e1ti*ity o- this Co,stit/tio, m/st be de1ided or
resol*ed withi, twe,ty:-o/r mo,ths -rom date o- s/bmissio, -or the S/preme Co/rt, a,d,
/,less red/1ed by the S/preme Co/rt, twel*e mo,ths -or all lower 1olle+iate 1o/rts, a,d
three mo,ths -or all other lower 1o/rts3
' 1ase or matter shall be deemed s/bmitted -or de1isio, or resol/tio, /po, the -ili,+
o- the last pleadi,+, brie-, or memora,d/m re2/ired by the #/les o- Co/rt or by the 1o/rt
itsel-3
po, the e=piratio, o- the 1orrespo,di,+ period, a 1erti-i1atio, to this e--e1t si+,ed by
the Chie- @/sti1e or the presidi,+ 0/d+e shall -orthwith be iss/ed a,d a 1opy thereo-
atta1hed to the re1ord o- the 1ase or matter, a,d ser*ed /po, the parties3 The 1erti-i1atio,
shall state why a de1isio, or resol/tio, has ,ot bee, re,dered or iss/ed withi, said period3
5espite the e=piratio, o- the appli1able ma,datory period, the 1o/rt, witho/t pre0/di1e
to s/1h respo,sibility as may ha*e bee, i,1/rred i, 1o,se2/e,1e thereo-, shall de1ide or
resol*e the 1ase or matter s/bmitted thereto -or determi,atio,, witho/t -/rther delay3
Se1tio, 193 The S/preme Co/rt shall, withi, thirty days -rom the ope,i,+ o- ea1h re+/lar
sessio, o- the Co,+ress, s/bmit to the $reside,t a,d the Co,+ress a, a,,/al report o, the
operatio,s a,d a1ti*ities o- the @/di1iary3
'#TIC&" ID
CONSTITTION'& CO((ISSION
'3 CO((ON $#OCISIONS
Se1tio, 13 The Co,stit/tio,al Commissio,s, whi1h shall be i,depe,de,t, are the Ci*il
Ser*i1e Commissio,, the Commissio, o, "le1tio,s, a,d the Commissio, o, '/dit3
Se1tio, 23 No member o- a Co,stit/tio,al Commissio, shall, d/ri,+ his te,/re, hold a,y
other o--i1e or employme,t3 Neither shall he e,+a+e i, the pra1ti1e o- a,y pro-essio, or i,
the a1ti*e ma,a+eme,t or 1o,trol o- a,y b/si,ess whi1h, i, a,y way, may be a--e1ted by
the -/,1tio,s o- his o--i1e, ,or shall he be -i,a,1ially i,terested, dire1tly or i,dire1tly, i, a,y
1o,tra1t with, or i, a,y -ra,1hise or pri*ile+e +ra,ted by the .o*er,me,t, a,y o- its
s/bdi*isio,s, a+e,1ies, or i,str/me,talities, i,1l/di,+ +o*er,me,t:ow,ed or 1o,trolled
1orporatio,s or their s/bsidiaries3
Se1tio, 63 The salary o- the Chairma, a,d the Commissio,ers shall be -i=ed by law a,d
shall ,ot be de1reased d/ri,+ their te,/re3
Se1tio, 43 The Co,stit/tio,al Commissio,s shall appoi,t their o--i1ials a,d employees i,
a11orda,1e with law3
Se1tio, 83 The Commissio, shall e,0oy -is1al a/to,omy3 Their appro*ed a,,/al
appropriatio,s shall be a/tomati1ally a,d re+/larly released3
Se1tio, 93 "a1h Commissio, e, ba,1 may prom/l+ate its ow, r/les 1o,1er,i,+ pleadi,+s
a,d pra1ti1e be-ore it or be-ore a,y o- its o--i1es3 S/1h r/les, howe*er, shall ,ot dimi,ish,
i,1rease, or modi-y s/bsta,ti*e ri+hts3
Se1tio, 73 "a1h Commissio, shall de1ide by a ma0ority *ote o- all its (embers, a,y 1ase
or matter bro/+ht be-ore it withi, si=ty days -rom the date o- its s/bmissio, -or de1isio, or
resol/tio,3 ' 1ase or matter is deemed s/bmitted -or de1isio, or resol/tio, /po, the -ili,+ o-
the last pleadi,+, brie-, or memora,d/m re2/ired by the r/les o- the Commissio, or by the
Commissio, itsel-3 ,less otherwise pro*ided by this Co,stit/tio, or by law, a,y de1isio,,
order, or r/li,+ o- ea1h Commissio, may be bro/+ht to the S/preme Co/rt o, 1ertiorari by
the a++rie*ed party withi, thirty days -rom re1eipt o- a 1opy thereo-3
Se1tio, 83 "a1h Commissio, shall per-orm s/1h other -/,1tio,s as may be pro*ided by
law3
%3 T!" CICI& S"#CIC" CO((ISSION
Se1tio, 13
The 1i*il ser*i1e shall be admi,istered by the Ci*il Ser*i1e Commissio, 1omposed o- a
Chairma, a,d two Commissio,ers who shall be ,at/ral:bor, 1iti7e,s o- the $hilippi,es a,d,
at the time o- their appoi,tme,t, at least thirty:-i*e years o- a+e, with pro*e, 1apa1ity -or
p/bli1 admi,istratio,, a,d m/st ,ot ha*e bee, 1a,didates -or a,y ele1ti*e positio, i, the
ele1tio,s immediately pre1edi,+ their appoi,tme,t3
The Chairma, a,d the Commissio,ers shall be appoi,ted by the $reside,t with the
1o,se,t o- the Commissio, o, 'ppoi,tme,ts -or a term o- se*e, years witho/t
reappoi,tme,t3 O- those -irst appoi,ted, the Chairma, shall hold o--i1e -or se*e, years, a
Commissio,er -or -i*e years, a,d a,other Commissio,er -or three years, witho/t
reappoi,tme,t3 'ppoi,tme,t to a,y *a1a,1y shall be o,ly -or the /,e=pired term o- the
prede1essor3 I, ,o 1ase shall a,y (ember be appoi,ted or desi+,ated i, a temporary or
a1ti,+ 1apa1ity3
Se1tio, 23
The 1i*il ser*i1e embra1es all bra,1hes, s/bdi*isio,s, i,str/me,talities, a,d a+e,1ies
o- the .o*er,me,t, i,1l/di,+ +o*er,me,t:ow,ed or 1o,trolled 1orporatio,s with ori+i,al
1harters3
'ppoi,tme,ts i, the 1i*il ser*i1e shall be made o,ly a11ordi,+ to merit a,d -it,ess to
be determi,ed, as -ar as pra1ti1able, a,d, e=1ept to positio,s whi1h are poli1y:determi,i,+,
primarily 1o,-ide,tial, or hi+hly te1h,i1al, by 1ompetiti*e e=ami,atio,3
No o--i1er or employee o- the 1i*il ser*i1e shall be remo*ed or s/spe,ded e=1ept -or
1a/se pro*ided by law3
No o--i1er or employee i, the 1i*il ser*i1e shall e,+a+e, dire1tly or i,dire1tly, i, a,y
ele1tio,eeri,+ or partisa, politi1al 1ampai+,3
The ri+ht to sel-:or+a,i7atio, shall ,ot be de,ied to +o*er,me,t employees3
Temporary employees o- the .o*er,me,t shall be +i*e, s/1h prote1tio, as may be
pro*ided by law3
Se1tio, 63 The Ci*il Ser*i1e Commissio,, as the 1e,tral perso,,el a+e,1y o- the
.o*er,me,t, shall establish a 1areer ser*i1e a,d adopt meas/res to promote morale,
e--i1ie,1y, i,te+rity, respo,si*e,ess, pro+ressi*e,ess, a,d 1o/rtesy i, the 1i*il ser*i1e3 It
shall stre,+the, the merit a,d rewards system, i,te+rate all h/ma, reso/r1es de*elopme,t
pro+rams -or all le*els a,d ra,;s, a,d i,stit/tio,ali7e a ma,a+eme,t 1limate 1o,d/1i*e to
p/bli1 a11o/,tability3 It shall s/bmit to the $reside,t a,d the Co,+ress a, a,,/al report o,
its perso,,el pro+rams3
Se1tio, 43 'll p/bli1 o--i1ers a,d employees shall ta;e a, oath or a--irmatio, to /phold
a,d de-e,d this Co,stit/tio,3
Se1tio, 83 The Co,+ress shall pro*ide -or the sta,dardi7atio, o- 1ompe,satio, o-
+o*er,me,t o--i1ials a,d employees, i,1l/di,+ those i, +o*er,me,t:ow,ed or 1o,trolled
1orporatio,s with ori+i,al 1harters, ta;i,+ i,to a11o/,t the ,at/re o- the respo,sibilities
pertai,i,+ to, a,d the 2/ali-i1atio,s re2/ired -or, their positio,s3
Se1tio, 93 No 1a,didate who has lost i, a,y ele1tio,, shall withi, o,e year a-ter s/1h
ele1tio,, be appoi,ted to a,y o--i1e i, the .o*er,me,t or a,y .o*er,me,t:ow,ed or
1o,trolled 1orporatio,s or i, a,y o- their s/bsidiaries3
Se1tio, 73 No ele1ti*e o--i1ial shall be eli+ible -or appoi,tme,t or desi+,atio, i, a,y
1apa1ity to a,y p/bli1 o--i1e or positio, d/ri,+ his te,/re3
,less otherwise allowed by law or by the primary -/,1tio,s o- his positio,, ,o appoi,ti*e
o--i1ial shall hold a,y other o--i1e or employme,t i, the .o*er,me,t or a,y s/bdi*isio,,
a+e,1y or i,str/me,tality thereo-, i,1l/di,+ .o*er,me,t:ow,ed or 1o,trolled 1orporatio,s
or their s/bsidiaries3
Se1tio, 83 No ele1ti*e or appoi,ti*e p/bli1 o--i1er or employee shall re1ei*e additio,al,
do/ble, or i,dire1t 1ompe,satio,, /,less spe1i-i1ally a/thori7ed by law, ,or a11ept witho/t
the 1o,se,t o- the Co,+ress, a,y prese,t, emol/me,t, o--i1e, or title o- a,y ;i,d -rom a,y
-orei+, +o*er,me,t3
$e,sio,s or +rat/ities shall ,ot be 1o,sidered as additio,al, do/ble, or i,dire1t
1ompe,satio,3
C3 T!" CO((ISSION ON "&"CTIONS
Se1tio, 13
There shall be a Commissio, o, "le1tio,s 1omposed o- a Chairma, a,d si=
Commissio,ers who shall be ,at/ral:bor, 1iti7e,s o- the $hilippi,es a,d, at the time o- their
appoi,tme,t, at least thirty:-i*e years o- a+e, holders o- a 1olle+e de+ree, a,d m/st ,ot
ha*e bee, 1a,didates -or a,y ele1ti*e positio,s i, the immediately pre1edi,+ ele1tio,s3
!owe*er, a ma0ority thereo-, i,1l/di,+ the Chairma,, shall be members o- the $hilippi,e %ar
who ha*e bee, e,+a+ed i, the pra1ti1e o- law -or at least te, years3
The Chairma, a,d the Commissio,ers shall be appoi,ted by the $reside,t with the
1o,se,t o- the Commissio, o, 'ppoi,tme,ts -or a term o- se*e, years witho/t
reappoi,tme,t3 O- those -irst appoi,ted, three (embers shall hold o--i1e -or se*e, years,
two (embers -or -i*e years, a,d the last (embers -or three years, witho/t reappoi,tme,t3
'ppoi,tme,t to a,y *a1a,1y shall be o,ly -or the /,e=pired term o- the prede1essor3 I, ,o
1ase shall a,y (ember be appoi,ted or desi+,ated i, a temporary or a1ti,+ 1apa1ity3
Se1tio, 23 The Commissio, o, "le1tio,s shall e=er1ise the -ollowi,+ powers a,d
-/,1tio,s>
",-or1e a,d admi,ister all laws a,d re+/latio,s relati*e to the 1o,d/1t o- a, ele1tio,,
plebis1ite, i,itiati*e, re-ere,d/m, a,d re1all3
"=er1ise e=1l/si*e ori+i,al 0/risdi1tio, o*er all 1o,tests relati,+ to the ele1tio,s,
ret/r,s, a,d 2/ali-i1atio,s o- all ele1ti*e re+io,al, pro*i,1ial, a,d 1ity o--i1ials, a,d appellate
0/risdi1tio, o*er all 1o,tests i,*ol*i,+ ele1ti*e m/,i1ipal o--i1ials de1ided by trial 1o/rts o-
+e,eral 0/risdi1tio,, or i,*ol*i,+ ele1ti*e bara,+ay o--i1ials de1ided by trial 1o/rts o- limited
0/risdi1tio,3
5e1isio,s, -i,al orders, or r/li,+s o- the Commissio, o, ele1tio, 1o,tests i,*ol*i,+
ele1ti*e m/,i1ipal a,d bara,+ay o--i1es shall be -i,al, e=e1/tory, a,d ,ot appealable3
5e1ide, e=1ept those i,*ol*i,+ the ri+ht to *ote, all 2/estio,s a--e1ti,+ ele1tio,s,
i,1l/di,+ determi,atio, o- the ,/mber a,d lo1atio, o- polli,+ pla1es, appoi,tme,t o-
ele1tio, o--i1ials a,d i,spe1tors, a,d re+istratio, o- *oters3
5ep/ti7e, with the 1o,1/rre,1e o- the $reside,t, law e,-or1eme,t a+e,1ies a,d
i,str/me,talities o- the .o*er,me,t, i,1l/di,+ the 'rmed For1es o- the $hilippi,es, -or the
e=1l/si*e p/rpose o- e,s/ri,+ -ree, orderly, ho,est, pea1e-/l, a,d 1redible ele1tio,s3
#e+ister, a-ter s/--i1ie,t p/bli1atio,, politi1al parties, or+a,i7atio,s, or 1oalitio,s whi1h,
i, additio, to other re2/ireme,ts, m/st prese,t their plat-orm or pro+ram o- +o*er,me,t?
a,d a11redit 1iti7e,sF arms o- the Commissio, o, "le1tio,s3 #eli+io/s de,omi,atio,s a,d
se1ts shall ,ot be re+istered3 Those whi1h see; to a1hie*e their +oals thro/+h *iole,1e or
/,law-/l mea,s, or re-/se to /phold a,d adhere to this Co,stit/tio,, or whi1h are s/pported
by a,y -orei+, +o*er,me,t shall li;ewise be re-/sed re+istratio,3
Fi,a,1ial 1o,trib/tio,s -rom -orei+, +o*er,me,ts a,d their a+e,1ies to politi1al
parties, or+a,i7atio,s, 1oalitio,s, or 1a,didates related to ele1tio,s, 1o,stit/te i,ter-ere,1e
i, ,atio,al a--airs, a,d, whe, a11epted, shall be a, additio,al +ro/,d -or the 1a,1ellatio, o-
their re+istratio, with the Commissio,, i, additio, to other pe,alties that may be pres1ribed
by law3
File, /po, a *eri-ied 1omplai,t, or o, its ow, i,itiati*e, petitio,s i, 1o/rt -or i,1l/sio,
or e=1l/sio, o- *oters? i,*esti+ate a,d, where appropriate, prose1/te 1ases o- *iolatio,s o-
ele1tio, laws, i,1l/di,+ a1ts or omissio,s 1o,stit/ti,+ ele1tio, -ra/ds, o--e,ses, a,d
malpra1ti1es3
#e1omme,d to the Co,+ress e--e1ti*e meas/res to mi,imi7e ele1tio, spe,di,+,
i,1l/di,+ limitatio, o- pla1es where propa+a,da materials shall be posted, a,d to pre*e,t
a,d pe,ali7e all -orms o- ele1tio, -ra/ds, o--e,ses, malpra1ti1es, a,d ,/isa,1e 1a,dida1ies3
#e1omme,d to the $reside,t the remo*al o- a,y o--i1er or employee it has dep/ti7ed,
or the impositio, o- a,y other dis1ipli,ary a1tio,, -or *iolatio, or disre+ard o-, or
disobedie,1e to, its dire1ti*e, order, or de1isio,3
S/bmit to the $reside,t a,d the Co,+ress, a 1omprehe,si*e report o, the 1o,d/1t o-
ea1h ele1tio,, plebis1ite, i,itiati*e, re-ere,d/m, or re1all3
Se1tio, 63 The Commissio, o, "le1tio,s may sit e, ba,1 or i, two di*isio,s, a,d shall
prom/l+ate its r/les o- pro1ed/re i, order to e=pedite dispositio, o- ele1tio, 1ases, i,1l/di,+
pre: pro1lamatio, 1o,tro*ersies3 'll s/1h ele1tio, 1ases shall be heard a,d de1ided i,
di*isio,, pro*ided that motio,s -or re1o,sideratio, o- de1isio,s shall be de1ided by the
Commissio, e, ba,13
Se1tio, 43 The Commissio, may, d/ri,+ the ele1tio, period, s/per*ise or re+/late the
e,0oyme,t or /tili7atio, o- all -ra,1hises or permits -or the operatio, o- tra,sportatio, a,d
other p/bli1 /tilities, media o- 1omm/,i1atio, or i,-ormatio,, all +ra,ts, spe1ial pri*ile+es,
or 1o,1essio,s +ra,ted by the .o*er,me,t or a,y s/bdi*isio,, a+e,1y, or i,str/me,tality
thereo-, i,1l/di,+ a,y +o*er,me,t:ow,ed or 1o,trolled 1orporatio, or its s/bsidiary3 S/1h
s/per*isio, or re+/latio, shall aim to e,s/re e2/al opport/,ity, time, a,d spa1e ,a,d the
ri+ht to reply, i,1l/di,+ reaso,able, e2/al rates there-or, -or p/bli1 i,-ormatio, 1ampai+,s
a,d -or/ms amo,+ 1a,didates i, 1o,,e1tio, with the ob0e1ti*e o- holdi,+ -ree, orderly,
ho,est, pea1e-/l, a,d 1redible ele1tio,s3
Se1tio, 83 No pardo,, am,esty, parole, or s/spe,sio, o- se,te,1e -or *iolatio, o- ele1tio,
laws, r/les, a,d re+/latio,s shall be +ra,ted by the $reside,t witho/t the -a*orable
re1omme,datio, o- the Commissio,3
Se1tio, 93 ' -ree a,d ope, party system shall be allowed to e*ol*e a11ordi,+ to the -ree
1hoi1e o- the people, s/b0e1t to the pro*isio,s o- this 'rti1le3
Se1tio, 73 No *otes 1ast i, -a*or o- a politi1al party, or+a,i7atio,, or 1oalitio, shall be
*alid, e=1ept -or those re+istered /,der the party:list system as pro*ided i, this
Co,stit/tio,3
Se1tio, 83 $oliti1al parties, or or+a,i7atio,s or 1oalitio,s re+istered /,der the party:list
system, shall ,ot be represe,ted i, the *otersF re+istratio, boards, boards o- ele1tio,
i,spe1tors, boards o- 1a,*assers, or other similar bodies3 !owe*er, they shall be e,titled to
appoi,t poll wat1hers i, a11orda,1e with law3
Se1tio, 93 ,less otherwise -i=ed by the Commissio, i, spe1ial 1ases, the ele1tio, period
shall 1omme,1e ,i,ety days be-ore the day o- ele1tio, a,d shall e,d thirty days therea-ter3
Se1tio, 103 %o,a -ide 1a,didates -or a,y p/bli1 o--i1e shall be -ree -rom a,y -orm o-
harassme,t a,d dis1rimi,atio,3
Se1tio, 113 F/,ds 1erti-ied by the Commissio, as ,e1essary to de-ray the e=pe,ses -or
holdi,+ re+/lar a,d spe1ial ele1tio,s, plebis1ites, i,itiati*es, re-ere,da, a,d re1alls, shall be
pro*ided i, the re+/lar or spe1ial appropriatio,s a,d, o,1e appro*ed, shall be released
a/tomati1ally /po, 1erti-i1atio, by the Chairma, o- the Commissio,
53 T!" CO((ISSION ON '5IT
Se1tio, 13
There shall be a Commissio, o, '/dit 1omposed o- a Chairma, a,d two
Commissio,ers, who shall be ,at/ral:bor, 1iti7e,s o- the $hilippi,es a,d, at the time o- their
appoi,tme,t, at least thirty:-i*e years o- a+e, Certi-ied $/bli1 '11o/,ta,ts with ,ot less tha,
te, years o- a/diti,+ e=perie,1e, or members o- the $hilippi,e %ar who ha*e bee, e,+a+ed
i, the pra1ti1e o- law -or at least te, years, a,d m/st ,ot ha*e bee, 1a,didates -or a,y
ele1ti*e positio, i, the ele1tio,s immediately pre1edi,+ their appoi,tme,t3 't ,o time shall
all (embers o- the Commissio, belo,+ to the same pro-essio,3
The Chairma, a,d the Commissio,ers shall be appoi,ted by the $reside,t with the
1o,se,t o- the Commissio, o, 'ppoi,tme,ts -or a term o- se*e, years witho/t
reappoi,tme,t3 O- those -irst appoi,ted, the Chairma, shall hold o--i1e -or se*e, years, o,e
Commissio,er -or -i*e years, a,d the other Commissio,er -or three years, witho/t
reappoi,tme,t3 'ppoi,tme,t to a,y *a1a,1y shall be o,ly -or the /,e=pired portio, o- the
term o- the prede1essor3 I, ,o 1ase shall a,y (ember be appoi,ted or desi+,ated i, a
temporary or a1ti,+ 1apa1ity3
Se1tio, 23
The Commissio, o, '/dit shall ha*e the power, a/thority, a,d d/ty to e=ami,e, a/dit,
a,d settle all a11o/,ts pertai,i,+ to the re*e,/e a,d re1eipts o-, a,d e=pe,dit/res or /ses
o- -/,ds a,d property, ow,ed or held i, tr/st by, or pertai,i,+ to, the .o*er,me,t, or a,y o-
its s/bdi*isio,s, a+e,1ies, or i,str/me,talities, i,1l/di,+ +o*er,me,t:ow,ed or 1o,trolled
1orporatio,s with ori+i,al 1harters, a,d o, a post: a/dit basis>
1o,stit/tio,al bodies, 1ommissio,s a,d o--i1es that ha*e bee, +ra,ted -is1al
a/to,omy /,der this Co,stit/tio,?
a/to,omo/s state 1olle+es a,d /,i*ersities?
other +o*er,me,t:ow,ed or 1o,trolled 1orporatio,s a,d their s/bsidiaries? a,d
s/1h ,o,:+o*er,me,tal e,tities re1ei*i,+ s/bsidy or e2/ity, dire1tly or i,dire1tly,
-rom or thro/+h the .o*er,me,t, whi1h are re2/ired by law or the +ra,ti,+ i,stit/tio, to
s/bmit to s/1h a/dit as a 1o,ditio, o- s/bsidy or e2/ity3 !owe*er, where the i,ter,al 1o,trol
system o- the a/dited a+e,1ies is i,ade2/ate, the Commissio, may adopt s/1h meas/res,
i,1l/di,+ temporary or spe1ial pre:a/dit, as are ,e1essary a,d appropriate to 1orre1t the
de-i1ie,1ies3 It shall ;eep the +e,eral a11o/,ts o- the .o*er,me,t a,d, -or s/1h period as
may be pro*ided by law, preser*e the *o/1hers a,d other s/pporti,+ papers pertai,i,+
thereto3
The Commissio, shall ha*e e=1l/si*e a/thority, s/b0e1t to the limitatio,s i, this 'rti1le,
to de-i,e the s1ope o- its a/dit a,d e=ami,atio,, establish the te1h,i2/es a,d methods
re2/ired there-or, a,d prom/l+ate a11o/,ti,+ a,d a/diti,+ r/les a,d re+/latio,s, i,1l/di,+
those -or the pre*e,tio, a,d disallowa,1e o- irre+/lar, /,,e1essary, e=1essi*e, e=tra*a+a,t,
or /,1o,s1io,able e=pe,dit/res or /ses o- +o*er,me,t -/,ds a,d properties3
Se1tio, 63 No law shall be passed e=empti,+ a,y e,tity o- the .o*er,me,t or its
s/bsidiaries i, a,y +/ise whate*er, or a,y i,*estme,t o- p/bli1 -/,ds, -rom the 0/risdi1tio,
o- the Commissio, o, '/dit3
Se1tio, 43 The Commissio, shall s/bmit to the $reside,t a,d the Co,+ress, withi, the
time -i=ed by law, a, a,,/al report 1o*eri,+ the -i,a,1ial 1o,ditio, a,d operatio, o- the
.o*er,me,t, its s/bdi*isio,s, a+e,1ies, a,d i,str/me,talities, i,1l/di,+ +o*er,me,t:ow,ed
or 1o,trolled 1orporatio,s, a,d ,o,:+o*er,me,tal e,tities s/b0e1t to its a/dit, a,d
re1omme,d meas/res ,e1essary to impro*e their e--e1ti*e,ess a,d e--i1ie,1y3 It shall
s/bmit s/1h other reports as may be re2/ired by law3
'#TIC&" D
&OC'& .OC"#N("NT
."N"#'& $#OCISIONS
Se1tio, 13 The territorial a,d politi1al s/bdi*isio,s o- the #ep/bli1 o- the $hilippi,es are
the pro*i,1es, 1ities, m/,i1ipalities, a,d bara,+ays3 There shall be a/to,omo/s re+io,s i,
(/slim (i,da,ao a,d the Cordilleras as herei,a-ter pro*ided3
Se1tio, 23 The territorial a,d politi1al s/bdi*isio,s shall e,0oy lo1al a/to,omy3
Se1tio, 63 The Co,+ress shall e,a1t a lo1al +o*er,me,t 1ode whi1h shall pro*ide -or a
more respo,si*e a,d a11o/,table lo1al +o*er,me,t str/1t/re i,stit/ted thro/+h a system o-
de1e,trali7atio, with e--e1ti*e me1ha,isms o- re1all, i,itiati*e, a,d re-ere,d/m, allo1ate
amo,+ the di--ere,t lo1al +o*er,me,t /,its their powers, respo,sibilities, a,d reso/r1es,
a,d pro*ide -or the 2/ali-i1atio,s, ele1tio,, appoi,tme,t a,d remo*al, term, salaries, powers
a,d -/,1tio,s a,d d/ties o- lo1al o--i1ials, a,d all other matters relati,+ to the or+a,i7atio,
a,d operatio, o- the lo1al /,its3
Se1tio, 43 The $reside,t o- the $hilippi,es shall e=er1ise +e,eral s/per*isio, o*er lo1al
+o*er,me,ts3 $ro*i,1es with respe1t to 1ompo,e,t 1ities a,d m/,i1ipalities, a,d 1ities a,d
m/,i1ipalities with respe1t to 1ompo,e,t bara,+ays, shall e,s/re that the a1ts o- their
1ompo,e,t /,its are withi, the s1ope o- their pres1ribed powers a,d -/,1tio,s3
Se1tio, 83 "a1h lo1al +o*er,me,t /,it shall ha*e the power to 1reate its ow, so/r1es o-
re*e,/es a,d to le*y ta=es, -ees a,d 1har+es s/b0e1t to s/1h +/ideli,es a,d limitatio,s as
the Co,+ress may pro*ide, 1o,siste,t with the basi1 poli1y o- lo1al a/to,omy3 S/1h ta=es,
-ees, a,d 1har+es shall a11r/e e=1l/si*ely to the lo1al +o*er,me,ts3
Se1tio, 93 &o1al +o*er,me,t /,its shall ha*e a 0/st share, as determi,ed by law, i, the
,atio,al ta=es whi1h shall be a/tomati1ally released to them3
Se1tio, 73 &o1al +o*er,me,ts shall be e,titled to a, e2/itable share i, the pro1eeds o-
the /tili7atio, a,d de*elopme,t o- the ,atio,al wealth withi, their respe1ti*e areas, i, the
ma,,er pro*ided by law, i,1l/di,+ shari,+ the same with the i,habita,ts by way o- dire1t
be,e-its3
Se1tio, 83 The term o- o--i1e o- ele1ti*e lo1al o--i1ials, e=1ept bara,+ay o--i1ials, whi1h
shall be determi,ed by law, shall be three years a,d ,o s/1h o--i1ial shall ser*e -or more
tha, three 1o,se1/ti*e terms3 Col/,tary re,/,1iatio, o- the o--i1e -or a,y le,+th o- time
shall ,ot be 1o,sidered as a, i,terr/ptio, i, the 1o,ti,/ity o- his ser*i1e -or the -/ll term -or
whi1h he was ele1ted3
Se1tio, 93 &e+islati*e bodies o- lo1al +o*er,me,ts shall ha*e se1toral represe,tatio, as
may be pres1ribed by law3
Se1tio, 103 No pro*i,1e, 1ity, m/,i1ipality, or bara,+ay may be 1reated, di*ided, mer+ed,
abolished, or its bo/,dary s/bsta,tially altered, e=1ept i, a11orda,1e with the 1riteria
established i, the lo1al +o*er,me,t 1ode a,d s/b0e1t to appro*al by a ma0ority o- the *otes
1ast i, a plebis1ite i, the politi1al /,its dire1tly a--e1ted3
Se1tio, 113 The Co,+ress may, by law, 1reate spe1ial metropolita, politi1al s/bdi*isio,s,
s/b0e1t to a plebis1ite as set -orth i, Se1tio, 10 hereo-3 The 1ompo,e,t 1ities a,d
m/,i1ipalities shall retai, their basi1 a/to,omy a,d shall be e,titled to their ow, lo1al
e=e1/ti*e a,d le+islati*e assemblies3 The 0/risdi1tio, o- the metropolita, a/thority that will
thereby be 1reated shall be limited to basi1 ser*i1es re2/iri,+ 1oordi,atio,3
Se1tio, 123 Cities that are hi+hly /rba,i7ed, as determi,ed by law, a,d 1ompo,e,t 1ities
whose 1harters prohibit their *oters -rom *oti,+ -or pro*i,1ial ele1ti*e o--i1ials, shall be
i,depe,de,t o- the pro*i,1e3 The *oters o- 1ompo,e,t 1ities withi, a pro*i,1e, whose
1harters 1o,tai, ,o s/1h prohibitio,, shall ,ot be depri*ed o- their ri+ht to *ote -or ele1ti*e
pro*i,1ial o--i1ials3
Se1tio, 163 &o1al +o*er,me,t /,its may +ro/p themsel*es, 1o,solidate or 1oordi,ate
their e--orts, ser*i1es, a,d reso/r1es -or p/rposes 1ommo,ly be,e-i1ial to them i,
a11orda,1e with law3
Se1tio, 143 The $reside,t shall pro*ide -or re+io,al de*elopme,t 1o/,1ils or other similar
bodies 1omposed o- lo1al +o*er,me,t o--i1ials, re+io,al heads o- departme,ts a,d other
+o*er,me,t o--i1es, a,d represe,tati*es -rom ,o,:+o*er,me,tal or+a,i7atio,s withi, the
re+io,s -or p/rposes o- admi,istrati*e de1e,trali7atio, to stre,+the, the a/to,omy o- the
/,its therei, a,d to a11elerate the e1o,omi1 a,d so1ial +rowth a,d de*elopme,t o- the /,its
i, the re+io,3
'TONO(OS #".IONS
Se1tio, 183 There shall be 1reated a/to,omo/s re+io,s i, (/slim (i,da,ao a,d i, the
Cordilleras 1o,sisti,+ o- pro*i,1es, 1ities, m/,i1ipalities, a,d +eo+raphi1al areas shari,+
1ommo, a,d disti,1ti*e histori1al a,d 1/lt/ral herita+e, e1o,omi1 a,d so1ial str/1t/res, a,d
other rele*a,t 1hara1teristi1s withi, the -ramewor; o- this Co,stit/tio, a,d the ,atio,al
so*erei+,ty as well as territorial i,te+rity o- the #ep/bli1 o- the $hilippi,es3
Se1tio, 193 The $reside,t shall e=er1ise +e,eral s/per*isio, o*er a/to,omo/s re+io,s to
e,s/re that laws are -aith-/lly e=e1/ted3
Se1tio, 173 'll powers, -/,1tio,s, a,d respo,sibilities ,ot +ra,ted by this Co,stit/tio, or
by law to the a/to,omo/s re+io,s shall be *ested i, the Natio,al .o*er,me,t3
Se1tio, 183 The Co,+ress shall e,a1t a, or+a,i1 a1t -or ea1h a/to,omo/s re+io, with the
assista,1e a,d parti1ipatio, o- the re+io,al 1o,s/ltati*e 1ommissio, 1omposed o-
represe,tati*es appoi,ted by the $reside,t -rom a list o- ,omi,ees -rom m/lti:se1toral
bodies3 The or+a,i1 a1t shall de-i,e the basi1 str/1t/re o- +o*er,me,t -or the re+io,
1o,sisti,+ o- the e=e1/ti*e departme,t a,d le+islati*e assembly, both o- whi1h shall be
ele1ti*e a,d represe,tati*e o- the 1o,stit/e,t politi1al /,its3 The or+a,i1 a1ts shall li;ewise
pro*ide -or spe1ial 1o/rts with perso,al, -amily, a,d property law 0/risdi1tio, 1o,siste,t with
the pro*isio,s o- this Co,stit/tio, a,d ,atio,al laws3
The 1reatio, o- the a/to,omo/s re+io, shall be e--e1ti*e whe, appro*ed by ma0ority o-
the *otes 1ast by the 1o,stit/e,t /,its i, a plebis1ite 1alled -or the p/rpose, pro*ided that
o,ly pro*i,1es, 1ities, a,d +eo+raphi1 areas *oti,+ -a*orably i, s/1h plebis1ite shall be
i,1l/ded i, the a/to,omo/s re+io,3
Se1tio, 193 The -irst Co,+ress ele1ted /,der this Co,stit/tio, shall, withi, ei+htee,
mo,ths -rom the time o- or+a,i7atio, o- both !o/ses, pass the or+a,i1 a1ts -or the
a/to,omo/s re+io,s i, (/slim (i,da,ao a,d the Cordilleras3
Se1tio, 203 )ithi, its territorial 0/risdi1tio, a,d s/b0e1t to the pro*isio,s o- this
Co,stit/tio, a,d ,atio,al laws, the or+a,i1 a1t o- a/to,omo/s re+io,s shall pro*ide -or
le+islati*e powers o*er>
'dmi,istrati*e or+a,i7atio,?
Creatio, o- so/r1es o- re*e,/es?
',1estral domai, a,d ,at/ral reso/r1es?
$erso,al, -amily, a,d property relatio,s?
#e+io,al /rba, a,d r/ral pla,,i,+ de*elopme,t?
"1o,omi1, so1ial, a,d to/rism de*elopme,t?
"d/1atio,al poli1ies?
$reser*atio, a,d de*elopme,t o- the 1/lt/ral herita+e? a,d
S/1h other matters as may be a/thori7ed by law -or the promotio, o- the +e,eral
wel-are o- the people o- the re+io,3
Se1tio, 213 The preser*atio, o- pea1e a,d order withi, the re+io,s shall be the
respo,sibility o- the lo1al poli1e a+e,1ies whi1h shall be or+a,i7ed, mai,tai,ed, s/per*ised,
a,d /tili7ed i, a11orda,1e with appli1able laws3 The de-e,se a,d se1/rity o- the re+io,s shall
be the respo,sibility o- the Natio,al .o*er,me,t3
'#TIC&" DI
'CCONT'%I&IT4 OF $%&IC OFFIC"#S
Se1tio, 13 $/bli1 o--i1e is a p/bli1 tr/st3 $/bli1 o--i1ers a,d employees m/st, at all times,
be a11o/,table to the people, ser*e them with /tmost respo,sibility, i,te+rity, loyalty, a,d
e--i1ie,1y? a1t with patriotism a,d 0/sti1e, a,d lead modest li*es3
Se1tio, 23 The $reside,t, the Ci1e:$reside,t, the (embers o- the S/preme Co/rt, the
(embers o- the Co,stit/tio,al Commissio,s, a,d the Omb/dsma, may be remo*ed -rom
o--i1e o, impea1hme,t -or, a,d 1o,*i1tio, o-, 1/lpable *iolatio, o- the Co,stit/tio,, treaso,,
bribery, +ra-t a,d 1orr/ptio,, other hi+h 1rimes, or betrayal o- p/bli1 tr/st3 'll other p/bli1
o--i1ers a,d employees may be remo*ed -rom o--i1e as pro*ided by law, b/t ,ot by
impea1hme,t3
Se1tio, 63
The !o/se o- #eprese,tati*es shall ha*e the e=1l/si*e power to i,itiate all 1ases o-
impea1hme,t3
' *eri-ied 1omplai,t -or impea1hme,t may be -iled by a,y (ember o- the !o/se o-
#eprese,tati*es or by a,y 1iti7e, /po, a resol/tio, or e,dorseme,t by a,y (ember thereo-,
whi1h shall be i,1l/ded i, the Order o- %/si,ess withi, te, sessio, days, a,d re-erred to the
proper Committee withi, three sessio, days therea-ter3 The Committee, a-ter heari,+, a,d
by a ma0ority *ote o- all its (embers, shall s/bmit its report to the !o/se withi, si=ty
sessio, days -rom s/1h re-erral, to+ether with the 1orrespo,di,+ resol/tio,3 The resol/tio,
shall be 1ale,dared -or 1o,sideratio, by the !o/se withi, te, sessio, days -rom re1eipt
thereo-3
' *ote o- at least o,e:third o- all the (embers o- the !o/se shall be ,e1essary either
to a--irm a -a*orable resol/tio, with the 'rti1les o- Impea1hme,t o- the Committee, or
o*erride its 1o,trary resol/tio,3 The *ote o- ea1h (ember shall be re1orded3
I, 1ase the *eri-ied 1omplai,t or resol/tio, o- impea1hme,t is -iled by at least o,e:
third o- all the (embers o- the !o/se, the same shall 1o,stit/te the 'rti1les o-
Impea1hme,t, a,d trial by the Se,ate shall -orthwith pro1eed3
No impea1hme,t pro1eedi,+s shall be i,itiated a+ai,st the same o--i1ial more tha,
o,1e withi, a period o- o,e year3
The Se,ate shall ha*e the sole power to try a,d de1ide all 1ases o- impea1hme,t3
)he, sitti,+ -or that p/rpose, the Se,ators shall be o, oath or a--irmatio,3 )he, the
$reside,t o- the $hilippi,es is o, trial, the Chie- @/sti1e o- the S/preme Co/rt shall preside,
b/t shall ,ot *ote3 No perso, shall be 1o,*i1ted witho/t the 1o,1/rre,1e o- two:thirds o- all
the (embers o- the Se,ate3
@/d+me,t i, 1ases o- impea1hme,t shall ,ot e=te,d -/rther tha, remo*al -rom o--i1e
a,d dis2/ali-i1atio, to hold a,y o--i1e /,der the #ep/bli1 o- the $hilippi,es, b/t the party
1o,*i1ted shall ,e*ertheless be liable a,d s/b0e1t to prose1/tio,, trial, a,d p/,ishme,t,
a11ordi,+ to law3
The Co,+ress shall prom/l+ate its r/les o, impea1hme,t to e--e1ti*ely 1arry o/t the
p/rpose o- this se1tio,3
Se1tio, 43 The prese,t a,ti:+ra-t 1o/rt ;,ow, as the Sa,di+a,baya, shall 1o,ti,/e to
-/,1tio, a,d e=er1ise its 0/risdi1tio, as ,ow or herea-ter may be pro*ided by law3
Se1tio, 83 There is hereby 1reated the i,depe,de,t O--i1e o- the Omb/dsma,, 1omposed
o- the Omb/dsma, to be ;,ow, as Ta,odbaya,, o,e o*erall 5ep/ty a,d at least o,e 5ep/ty
ea1h -or &/7o,, Cisayas, a,d (i,da,ao3 ' separate 5ep/ty -or the military establishme,t
may li;ewise be appoi,ted3
Se1tio, 93 The o--i1ials a,d employees o- the O--i1e o- the Omb/dsma,, other tha, the
5ep/ties, shall be appoi,ted by the Omb/dsma,, a11ordi,+ to the Ci*il Ser*i1e &aw3
Se1tio, 73 The e=isti,+ Ta,odbaya, shall herea-ter be ;,ow, as the O--i1e o- the Spe1ial
$rose1/tor3 It shall 1o,ti,/e to -/,1tio, a,d e=er1ise its powers as ,ow or herea-ter may be
pro*ided by law, e=1ept those 1o,-erred o, the O--i1e o- the Omb/dsma, 1reated /,der this
Co,stit/tio,3
Se1tio, 83 The Omb/dsma, a,d his 5ep/ties shall be ,at/ral:bor, 1iti7e,s o- the
$hilippi,es, a,d at the time o- their appoi,tme,t, at least -orty years old, o- re1o+,i7ed
probity a,d i,depe,de,1e, a,d members o- the $hilippi,e %ar, a,d m/st ,ot ha*e bee,
1a,didates -or a,y ele1ti*e o--i1e i, the immediately pre1edi,+ ele1tio,3 The Omb/dsma,
m/st ha*e, -or te, years or more, bee, a 0/d+e or e,+a+ed i, the pra1ti1e o- law i, the
$hilippi,es3
5/ri,+ their te,/re, they shall be s/b0e1t to the same dis2/ali-i1atio,s a,d prohibitio,s
as pro*ided -or i, Se1tio, 2 o- 'rti1le 1D:' o- this Co,stit/tio,3
Se1tio, 93 The Omb/dsma, a,d his 5ep/ties shall be appoi,ted by the $reside,t -rom a
list o- at least si= ,omi,ees prepared by the @/di1ial a,d %ar Co/,1il, a,d -rom a list o- three
,omi,ees -or e*ery *a1a,1y therea-ter3 S/1h appoi,tme,ts shall re2/ire ,o 1o,-irmatio,3 'll
*a1a,1ies shall be -illed withi, three mo,ths a-ter they o11/r3
Se1tio, 103 The Omb/dsma, a,d his 5ep/ties shall ha*e the ra,; o- Chairma, a,d
(embers, respe1ti*ely, o- the Co,stit/tio,al Commissio,s, a,d they shall re1ei*e the same
salary whi1h shall ,ot be de1reased d/ri,+ their term o- o--i1e3
Se1tio, 113 The Omb/dsma, a,d his 5ep/ties shall ser*e -or a term o- se*e, years
witho/t reappoi,tme,t3 They shall ,ot be 2/ali-ied to r/, -or a,y o--i1e i, the ele1tio,
immediately s/11eedi,+ their 1essatio, -rom o--i1e3
Se1tio, 123 The Omb/dsma, a,d his 5ep/ties, as prote1tors o- the people, shall a1t
promptly o, 1omplai,ts -iled i, a,y -orm or ma,,er a+ai,st p/bli1 o--i1ials or employees o-
the .o*er,me,t, or a,y s/bdi*isio,, a+e,1y or i,str/me,tality thereo-, i,1l/di,+
+o*er,me,t:ow,ed or 1o,trolled 1orporatio,s, a,d shall, i, appropriate 1ases, ,oti-y the
1omplai,a,ts o- the a1tio, ta;e, a,d the res/lt thereo-3
Se1tio, 163 The O--i1e o- the Omb/dsma, shall ha*e the -ollowi,+ powers, -/,1tio,s, a,d
d/ties>
I,*esti+ate o, its ow,, or o, 1omplai,t by a,y perso,, a,y a1t or omissio, o- a,y
p/bli1 o--i1ial, employee, o--i1e or a+e,1y, whe, s/1h a1t or omissio, appears to be ille+al,
/,0/st, improper, or i,e--i1ie,t3
5ire1t, /po, 1omplai,t or at its ow, i,sta,1e, a,y p/bli1 o--i1ial or employee o- the
.o*er,me,t, or a,y s/bdi*isio,, a+e,1y or i,str/me,tality thereo-, as well as o- a,y
+o*er,me,t:ow,ed or 1o,trolled 1orporatio, with ori+i,al 1harter, to per-orm a,d e=pedite
a,y a1t or d/ty re2/ired by law, or to stop, pre*e,t, a,d 1orre1t a,y ab/se or impropriety i,
the per-orma,1e o- d/ties3
5ire1t the o--i1er 1o,1er,ed to ta;e appropriate a1tio, a+ai,st a p/bli1 o--i1ial or
employee at -a/lt, a,d re1omme,d his remo*al, s/spe,sio,, demotio,, -i,e, 1e,s/re, or
prose1/tio,, a,d e,s/re 1omplia,1e therewith3
5ire1t the o--i1er 1o,1er,ed, i, a,y appropriate 1ase, a,d s/b0e1t to s/1h limitatio,s
as may be pro*ided by law, to -/r,ish it with 1opies o- do1/me,ts relati,+ to 1o,tra1ts or
tra,sa1tio,s e,tered i,to by his o--i1e i,*ol*i,+ the disb/rseme,t or /se o- p/bli1 -/,ds or
properties, a,d report a,y irre+/larity to the Commissio, o, '/dit -or appropriate a1tio,3
#e2/est a,y +o*er,me,t a+e,1y -or assista,1e a,d i,-ormatio, ,e1essary i, the
dis1har+e o- its respo,sibilities, a,d to e=ami,e, i- ,e1essary, perti,e,t re1ords a,d
do1/me,ts3
$/bli1i7e matters 1o*ered by its i,*esti+atio, whe, 1ir1/msta,1es so warra,t a,d with
d/e pr/de,1e3
5etermi,e the 1a/ses o- i,e--i1ie,1y, red tape, misma,a+eme,t, -ra/d, a,d 1orr/ptio,
i, the .o*er,me,t a,d ma;e re1omme,datio,s -or their elimi,atio, a,d the obser*a,1e o-
hi+h sta,dards o- ethi1s a,d e--i1ie,1y3
$rom/l+ate its r/les o- pro1ed/re a,d e=er1ise s/1h other powers or per-orm s/1h
-/,1tio,s or d/ties as may be pro*ided by law3
Se1tio, 143 The O--i1e o- the Omb/dsma, shall e,0oy -is1al a/to,omy3 Its appro*ed
a,,/al appropriatio,s shall be a/tomati1ally a,d re+/larly released3
Se1tio, 183 The ri+ht o- the State to re1o*er properties /,law-/lly a12/ired by p/bli1
o--i1ials or employees, -rom them or -rom their ,omi,ees or tra,s-erees, shall ,ot be barred
by pres1riptio,, la1hes, or estoppel3
Se1tio, 193 No loa,, +/ara,ty, or other -orm o- -i,a,1ial a11ommodatio, -or a,y b/si,ess
p/rpose may be +ra,ted, dire1tly or i,dire1tly, by a,y +o*er,me,t:ow,ed or 1o,trolled ba,;
or -i,a,1ial i,stit/tio, to the $reside,t, the Ci1e:$reside,t, the (embers o- the Cabi,et, the
Co,+ress, the S/preme Co/rt, a,d the Co,stit/tio,al Commissio,s, the Omb/dsma,, or to
a,y -irm or e,tity i, whi1h they ha*e 1o,trolli,+ i,terest, d/ri,+ their te,/re3
Se1tio, 173 ' p/bli1 o--i1er or employee shall, /po, ass/mptio, o- o--i1e a,d as o-te,
therea-ter as may be re2/ired by law, s/bmit a de1laratio, /,der oath o- his assets,
liabilities, a,d ,et worth3 I, the 1ase o- the $reside,t, the Ci1e:$reside,t, the (embers o-
the Cabi,et, the Co,+ress, the S/preme Co/rt, the Co,stit/tio,al Commissio,s a,d other
1o,stit/tio,al o--i1es, a,d o--i1ers o- the armed -or1es with +e,eral or -la+ ra,;, the
de1laratio, shall be dis1losed to the p/bli1 i, the ma,,er pro*ided by law3
Se1tio, 183 $/bli1 o--i1ers a,d employees owe the State a,d this Co,stit/tio, alle+ia,1e
at all times a,d a,y p/bli1 o--i1er or employee who see;s to 1ha,+e his 1iti7e,ship or
a12/ire the stat/s o- a, immi+ra,t o- a,other 1o/,try d/ri,+ his te,/re shall be dealt with
by law3
'#TIC&" DII
N'TION'& "CONO(4 'N5 $'T#I(ON4
Se1tio, 13 The +oals o- the ,atio,al e1o,omy are a more e2/itable distrib/tio, o-
opport/,ities, i,1ome, a,d wealth? a s/stai,ed i,1rease i, the amo/,t o- +oods a,d
ser*i1es prod/1ed by the ,atio, -or the be,e-it o- the people? a,d a, e=pa,di,+ prod/1ti*ity
as the ;ey to raisi,+ the 2/ality o- li-e -or all, espe1ially the /,derpri*ile+ed3
The State shall promote i,d/striali7atio, a,d -/ll employme,t based o, so/,d a+ri1/lt/ral
de*elopme,t a,d a+raria, re-orm, thro/+h i,d/stries that ma;e -/ll o- e--i1ie,t /se o-
h/ma, a,d ,at/ral reso/r1es, a,d whi1h are 1ompetiti*e i, both domesti1 a,d -orei+,
mar;ets3 !owe*er, the State shall prote1t Filipi,o e,terprises a+ai,st /,-air -orei+,
1ompetitio, a,d trade pra1ti1es3
I, the p/rs/it o- these +oals, all se1tors o- the e1o,omy a,d all re+io, s o- the 1o/,try
shall be +i*e, optim/m opport/,ity to de*elop3 $ri*ate e,terprises, i,1l/di,+ 1orporatio,s,
1ooperati*es, a,d similar 1olle1ti*e or+a,i7atio,s, shall be e,1o/ra+ed to broade, the base
o- their ow,ership3
Se1tio, 23 'll la,ds o- the p/bli1 domai,, waters, mi,erals, 1oal, petrole/m, a,d other
mi,eral oils, all -or1es o- pote,tial e,er+y, -isheries, -orests or timber, wildli-e, -lora a,d
-a/,a, a,d other ,at/ral reso/r1es are ow,ed by the State3 )ith the e=1eptio, o-
a+ri1/lt/ral la,ds, all other ,at/ral reso/r1es shall ,ot be alie,ated3 The e=ploratio,,
de*elopme,t, a,d /tili7atio, o- ,at/ral reso/r1es shall be /,der the -/ll 1o,trol a,d
s/per*isio, o- the State3 The State may dire1tly /,derta;e s/1h a1ti*ities, or it may e,ter
i,to 1o:prod/1tio,, 0oi,t *e,t/re, or prod/1tio,:shari,+ a+reeme,ts with Filipi,o 1iti7e,s, or
1orporatio,s or asso1iatio,s at least 90 per 1e,t/m o- whose 1apital is ow,ed by s/1h
1iti7e,s3 S/1h a+reeme,ts may be -or a period ,ot e=1eedi,+ twe,ty:-i*e years, re,ewable
-or ,ot more tha, twe,ty:-i*e years, a,d /,der s/1h terms a,d 1o,ditio,s as may pro*ided
by law3 I, 1ases o- water ri+hts -or irri+atio,, water s/pply, -isheries, or i,d/strial /ses other
tha, the de*elopme,t o- waterpower, be,e-i1ial /se may be the meas/re a,d limit o- the
+ra,t3
The State shall prote1t the ,atio,s mari,e wealth i, its ar1hipela+i1 waters, territorial
sea, a,d e=1l/si*e e1o,omi1 7o,e, a,d reser*e its /se a,d e,0oyme,t e=1l/si*ely to Filipi,o
1iti7e,s3
The Co,+ress may, by law, allow small:s1ale /tili7atio, o- ,at/ral reso/r1es by Filipi,o
1iti7e,s, as well as 1ooperati*e -ish -armi,+, with priority to s/bsiste,1e -isherme, a,d -ish
wor;ers i, ri*ers, la;es, bays, a,d la+oo,s3
The $reside,t may e,ter i,to a+reeme,ts with -orei+,:ow,ed 1orporatio,s i,*ol*i,+
either te1h,i1al or -i,a,1ial assista,1e -or lar+e:s1ale e=ploratio,, de*elopme,t, a,d
/tili7atio, o- mi,erals, petrole/m, a,d other mi,eral oils a11ordi,+ to the +e,eral terms a,d
1o,ditio,s pro*ided by law, based o, real 1o,trib/tio,s to the e1o,omi1 +rowth a,d +e,eral
wel-are o- the 1o/,try3 I, s/1h a+reeme,ts, the State shall promote the de*elopme,t a,d
/se o- lo1al s1ie,ti-i1 a,d te1h,i1al reso/r1es3
The $reside,t shall ,oti-y the Co,+ress o- e*ery 1o,tra1t e,tered i,to i, a11orda,1e with
this pro*isio,, withi, thirty days -rom its e=e1/tio,3
Se1tio, 63 &a,ds o- the p/bli1 domai, are 1lassi-ied i,to a+ri1/lt/ral, -orest or timber,
mi,eral la,ds a,d ,atio,al par;s3 '+ri1/lt/ral la,ds o- the p/bli1 domai, may be -/rther
1lassi-ied by law a11ordi,+ to the /ses to whi1h they may be de*oted3 'lie,able la,ds o- the
p/bli1 domai, shall be limited to a+ri1/lt/ral la,ds3 $ri*ate 1orporatio,s or asso1iatio,s may
,ot hold s/1h alie,able la,ds o- the p/bli1 domai, e=1ept by lease, -or a period ,ot
e=1eedi,+ twe,ty:-i*e years, re,ewable -or ,ot more tha, twe,ty:-i*e years, a,d ,ot to
e=1eed o,e tho/sa,d he1tares i, area3 Citi7e,s o- the $hilippi,es may lease ,ot more tha,
-i*e h/,dred he1tares, or a12/ire ,ot more tha, twel*e he1tares thereo-, by p/r1hase,
homestead, or +ra,t3
Ta;i,+ i,to a11o/,t the re2/ireme,ts o- 1o,ser*atio,, e1olo+y, a,d de*elopme,t, a,d
s/b0e1t to the re2/ireme,ts o- a+raria, re-orm, the Co,+ress shall determi,e, by law, the
si7e o- la,ds o- the p/bli1 domai, whi1h may be a12/ired, de*eloped, held, or leased a,d
the 1o,ditio,s there-or3
Se1tio, 43 The Co,+ress shall, as soo, as possible, determi,e, by law, the spe1i-i1 limits
o- -orest la,ds a,d ,atio,al par;s, mar;i,+ 1learly their bo/,daries o, the +ro/,d3
Therea-ter, s/1h -orest la,ds a,d ,atio,al par;s shall be 1o,ser*ed a,d may ,ot be
i,1reased ,or dimi,ished, e=1ept by law3 The Co,+ress shall pro*ide -or s/1h period as it
may determi,e, meas/res to prohibit lo++i,+ i, e,da,+ered -orests a,d watershed areas3
Se1tio, 83 The State, s/b0e1t to the pro*isio,s o- this Co,stit/tio, a,d ,atio,al
de*elopme,t poli1ies a,d pro+rams, shall prote1t the ri+hts o- i,di+e,o/s 1/lt/ral
1omm/,ities to their a,1estral la,ds to e,s/re their e1o,omi1, so1ial, a,d 1/lt/ral well:
bei,+3
The Co,+ress may pro*ide -or the appli1ability o- 1/stomary laws +o*er,i,+ property
ri+hts or relatio,s i, determi,i,+ the ow,ership a,d e=te,t o- a,1estral domai,3
Se1tio, 93 The /se o- property bears a so1ial -/,1tio,, a,d all e1o,omi1 a+e,ts shall
1o,trib/te to the 1ommo, +ood3 I,di*id/als a,d pri*ate +ro/ps, i,1l/di,+ 1orporatio,s,
1ooperati*es, a,d similar 1olle1ti*e or+a,i7atio,s, shall ha*e the ri+ht to ow,, establish, a,d
operate e1o,omi1 e,terprises, s/b0e1t to the d/ty o- the State to promote distrib/ti*e
0/sti1e a,d to i,ter*e,e whe, the 1ommo, +ood so dema,ds3
Se1tio, 73 Sa*e i, 1ases o- hereditary s/11essio,, ,o pri*ate la,ds shall be tra,s-erred or
1o,*eyed e=1ept to i,di*id/als, 1orporatio,s, or asso1iatio,s 2/ali-ied to a12/ire or hold
la,ds o- the p/bli1 domai,3
Se1tio, 83 Notwithsta,di,+ the pro*isio,s o- Se1tio, 7 o- this 'rti1le, a ,at/ral:bor,
1iti7e, o- the $hilippi,es who has lost his $hilippi,e 1iti7e,ship may be a tra,s-eree o-
pri*ate la,ds, s/b0e1t to limitatio,s pro*ided by law3
Se1tio, 93 The Co,+ress may establish a, i,depe,de,t e1o,omi1 a,d pla,,i,+ a+e,1y
headed by the $reside,t, whi1h shall, a-ter 1o,s/ltatio,s with the appropriate p/bli1
a+e,1ies, *ario/s pri*ate se1tors, a,d lo1al +o*er,me,t /,its, re1omme,d to Co,+ress, a,d
impleme,t 1o,ti,/i,+ i,te+rated a,d 1oordi,ated pro+rams a,d poli1ies -or ,atio,al
de*elopme,t3
,til the Co,+ress pro*ides otherwise, the Natio,al "1o,omi1 a,d 5e*elopme,t '/thority
shall -/,1tio, as the i,depe,de,t pla,,i,+ a+e,1y o- the +o*er,me,t3
Se1tio, 103 The Co,+ress shall, /po, re1omme,datio, o- the e1o,omi1 a,d pla,,i,+
a+e,1y, whe, the ,atio,al i,terest di1tates, reser*e to 1iti7e,s o- the $hilippi,es or to
1orporatio,s or asso1iatio,s at least si=ty per 1e,t/m o- whose 1apital is ow,ed by s/1h
1iti7e,s, or s/1h hi+her per1e,ta+e as Co,+ress may pres1ribe, 1ertai, areas o-
i,*estme,ts3 The Co,+ress shall e,a1t meas/res that will e,1o/ra+e the -ormatio, a,d
operatio, o- e,terprises whose 1apital is wholly ow,ed by Filipi,os3
I, the +ra,t o- ri+hts, pri*ile+es, a,d 1o,1essio,s 1o*eri,+ the ,atio,al e1o,omy a,d
patrimo,y, the State shall +i*e pre-ere,1e to 2/ali-ied Filipi,os3
The State shall re+/late a,d e=er1ise a/thority o*er -orei+, i,*estme,ts withi, its
,atio,al 0/risdi1tio, a,d i, a11orda,1e with its ,atio,al +oals a,d priorities3
Se1tio, 113 No -ra,1hise, 1erti-i1ate, or a,y other -orm o- a/thori7atio, -or the operatio,
o- a p/bli1 /tility shall be +ra,ted e=1ept to 1iti7e,s o- the $hilippi,es or to 1orporatio,s or
asso1iatio,s or+a,i7ed /,der the laws o- the $hilippi,es, at least si=ty per 1e,t/m o- whose
1apital is ow,ed by s/1h 1iti7e,s? ,or shall s/1h -ra,1hise, 1erti-i1ate, or a/thori7atio, be
e=1l/si*e i, 1hara1ter or -or a lo,+er period tha, -i-ty years3 Neither shall a,y s/1h -ra,1hise
or ri+ht be +ra,ted e=1ept /,der the 1o,ditio, that it shall be s/b0e1t to ame,dme,t,
alteratio,, or repeal by the Co,+ress whe, the 1ommo, +ood so re2/ires3 The State shall
e,1o/ra+e e2/ity parti1ipatio, i, p/bli1 /tilities by the +e,eral p/bli13 The parti1ipatio, o-
-orei+, i,*estors i, the +o*er,i,+ body o- a,y p/bli1 /tility e,terprise shall be limited to
their proportio,ate share i, its 1apital, a,d all the e=e1/ti*e a,d ma,a+i,+ o--i1ers o- s/1h
1orporatio, or asso1iatio, m/st be 1iti7e,s o- the $hilippi,es3
Se1tio, 123 The State shall promote the pre-ere,tial /se o- Filipi,o labor, domesti1
materials a,d lo1ally prod/1ed +oods, a,d adopt meas/res that help ma;e them
1ompetiti*e3
Se1tio, 163 The State shall p/rs/e a trade poli1y that ser*es the +e,eral wel-are a,d
/tili7es all -orms a,d arra,+eme,ts o- e=1ha,+e o, the basis o- e2/ality a,d re1ipro1ity3
Se1tio, 143 The s/stai,ed de*elopme,t o- a reser*oir o- ,atio,al tale,ts 1o,sisti,+ o-
Filipi,o s1ie,tists, e,trepre,e/rs, pro-essio,als, ma,a+ers, hi+h:le*el te1h,i1al ma,power
a,d s;illed wor;ers a,d 1ra-tsme, i, all -ields shall be promoted by the State3 The State
shall e,1o/ra+e appropriate te1h,olo+y a,d re+/late its tra,s-er -or the ,atio,al be,e-it3
The pra1ti1e o- all pro-essio,s i, the $hilippi,es shall be limited to Filipi,o 1iti7e,s, sa*e i,
1ases pres1ribed by law3
Se1tio, 183 The Co,+ress shall 1reate a, a+e,1y to promote the *iability a,d +rowth o-
1ooperati*es as i,str/me,ts -or so1ial 0/sti1e a,d e1o,omi1 de*elopme,t3
Se1tio, 193 The Co,+ress shall ,ot, e=1ept by +e,eral law, pro*ide -or the -ormatio,,
or+a,i7atio,, or re+/latio, o- pri*ate 1orporatio,s3 .o*er,me,t:ow,ed or 1o,trolled
1orporatio,s may be 1reated or established by spe1ial 1harters i, the i,terest o- the
1ommo, +ood a,d s/b0e1t to the test o- e1o,omi1 *iability3
Se1tio, 173 I, times o- ,atio,al emer+e,1y, whe, the p/bli1 i,terest so re2/ires, the
State may, d/ri,+ the emer+e,1y a,d /,der reaso,able terms pres1ribed by it, temporarily
ta;e o*er or dire1t the operatio, o- a,y pri*ately:ow,ed p/bli1 /tility or b/si,ess a--e1ted
with p/bli1 i,terest3
Se1tio, 183 The State may, i, the i,terest o- ,atio,al wel-are or de-e,se, establish a,d
operate *ital i,d/stries a,d, /po, payme,t o- 0/st 1ompe,satio,, tra,s-er to p/bli1
ow,ership /tilities a,d other pri*ate e,terprises to be operated by the .o*er,me,t3
Se1tio, 193 The State shall re+/late or prohibit mo,opolies whe, the p/bli1 i,terest so
re2/ires3 No 1ombi,atio,s i, restrai,t o- trade or /,-air 1ompetitio, shall be allowed3
Se1tio, 203 The Co,+ress shall establish a, i,depe,de,t 1e,tral mo,etary a/thority, the
members o- whose +o*er,i,+ board m/st be ,at/ral:bor, Filipi,o 1iti7e,s, o- ;,ow, probity,
i,te+rity, a,d patriotism, the ma0ority o- whom shall 1ome -rom the pri*ate se1tor3 They
shall also be s/b0e1t to s/1h other 2/ali-i1atio,s a,d disabilities as may be pres1ribed by
law3 The a/thority shall pro*ide poli1y dire1tio, i, the areas o- mo,ey, ba,;i,+, a,d 1redit3
It shall ha*e s/per*isio, o*er the operatio,s o- ba,;s a,d e=er1ise s/1h re+/latory powers
as may be pro*ided by law o*er the operatio,s o- -i,a,1e 1ompa,ies a,d other i,stit/tio,s
per-ormi,+ similar -/,1tio,s3
,til the Co,+ress otherwise pro*ides, the Ce,tral %a,; o- the $hilippi,es operati,+
/,der e=isti,+ laws, shall -/,1tio, as the 1e,tral mo,etary a/thority3
Se1tio, 213 Forei+, loa,s may o,ly be i,1/rred i, a11orda,1e with law a,d the re+/latio,
o- the mo,etary a/thority3 I,-ormatio, o, -orei+, loa,s obtai,ed or +/ara,teed by the
.o*er,me,t shall be made a*ailable to the p/bli13
Se1tio, 223 '1ts whi1h 1ir1/m*e,t or ,e+ate a,y o- the pro*isio,s o- this 'rti1le shall be
1o,sidered i,imi1al to the ,atio,al i,terest a,d s/b0e1t to 1rimi,al a,d 1i*il sa,1tio,s, as
may be pro*ided by law3
'#TIC&" DIII
SOCI'& @STIC" 'N5 !('N #I.!TS
Se1tio, 13 The Co,+ress shall +i*e hi+hest priority to the e,a1tme,t o- meas/res that
prote1t a,d e,ha,1e the ri+ht o- all the people to h/ma, di+,ity, red/1e so1ial, e1o,omi1,
a,d politi1al i,e2/alities, a,d remo*e 1/lt/ral i,e2/ities by e2/itably di--/si,+ wealth a,d
politi1al power -or the 1ommo, +ood3
To this e,d, the State shall re+/late the a12/isitio,, ow,ership, /se, a,d dispositio, o-
property a,d its i,1reme,ts3
Se1tio, 23 The promotio, o- so1ial 0/sti1e shall i,1l/de the 1ommitme,t to 1reate
e1o,omi1 opport/,ities based o, -reedom o- i,itiati*e a,d sel-:relia,1e3
&'%O#
Se1tio, 63 The State shall a--ord -/ll prote1tio, to labor, lo1al a,d o*erseas, or+a,i7ed
a,d /,or+a,i7ed, a,d promote -/ll employme,t a,d e2/ality o- employme,t opport/,ities
-or all3
It shall +/ara,tee the ri+hts o- all wor;ers to sel-:or+a,i7atio,, 1olle1ti*e bar+ai,i,+ a,d
,e+otiatio,s, a,d pea1e-/l 1o,1erted a1ti*ities, i,1l/di,+ the ri+ht to stri;e i, a11orda,1e
with law3 They shall be e,titled to se1/rity o- te,/re, h/ma,e 1o,ditio,s o- wor;, a,d a
li*i,+ wa+e3 They shall also parti1ipate i, poli1y a,d de1isio,:ma;i,+ pro1esses a--e1ti,+
their ri+hts a,d be,e-its as may be pro*ided by law3
The State shall promote the pri,1iple o- shared respo,sibility betwee, wor;ers a,d
employers a,d the pre-ere,tial /se o- *ol/,tary modes i, settli,+ disp/tes, i,1l/di,+
1o,1iliatio,, a,d shall e,-or1e their m/t/al 1omplia,1e therewith to -oster i,d/strial pea1e3
The State shall re+/late the relatio,s betwee, wor;ers a,d employers, re1o+,i7i,+ the
ri+ht o- labor to its 0/st share i, the -r/its o- prod/1tio, a,d the ri+ht o- e,terprises to
reaso,able ret/r,s to i,*estme,ts, a,d to e=pa,sio, a,d +rowth3
'.#'#I'N 'N5 N'T#'& #"SO#C"S #"FO#(
Se1tio, 43 The State shall, by law, /,derta;e a, a+raria, re-orm pro+ram -o/,ded o, the
ri+ht o- -armers a,d re+/lar -armwor;ers who are la,dless, to ow, dire1tly or 1olle1ti*ely
the la,ds they till or, i, the 1ase o- other -armwor;ers, to re1ei*e a 0/st share o- the -r/its
thereo-3 To this e,d, the State shall e,1o/ra+e a,d /,derta;e the 0/st distrib/tio, o- all
a+ri1/lt/ral la,ds, s/b0e1t to s/1h priorities a,d reaso,able rete,tio, limits as the Co,+ress
may pres1ribe, ta;i,+ i,to a11o/,t e1olo+i1al, de*elopme,tal, or e2/ity 1o,sideratio,s, a,d
s/b0e1t to the payme,t o- 0/st 1ompe,satio,3 I, determi,i,+ rete,tio, limits, the State shall
respe1t the ri+ht o- small la,dow,ers3 The State shall -/rther pro*ide i,1e,ti*es -or
*ol/,tary la,d:shari,+3
Se1tio, 83 The State shall re1o+,i7e the ri+ht o- -armers, -armwor;ers, a,d la,dow,ers,
as well as 1ooperati*es, a,d other i,depe,de,t -armersF or+a,i7atio,s to parti1ipate i, the
pla,,i,+, or+a,i7atio,, a,d ma,a+eme,t o- the pro+ram, a,d shall pro*ide s/pport to
a+ri1/lt/re thro/+h appropriate te1h,olo+y a,d resear1h, a,d ade2/ate -i,a,1ial,
prod/1tio,, mar;eti,+, a,d other s/pport ser*i1es3
Se1tio, 93 The State shall apply the pri,1iples o- a+raria, re-orm or stewardship,
whe,e*er appli1able i, a11orda,1e with law, i, the dispositio, or /tili7atio, o- other ,at/ral
reso/r1es, i,1l/di,+ la,ds o- the p/bli1 domai, /,der lease or 1o,1essio, s/itable to
a+ri1/lt/re, s/b0e1t to prior ri+hts, homestead ri+hts o- small settlers, a,d the ri+hts o-
i,di+e,o/s 1omm/,ities to their a,1estral la,ds3 The State may resettle la,dless -armers
a,d -armwor;ers i, its ow, a+ri1/lt/ral estates whi1h shall be distrib/ted to them i, the
ma,,er pro*ided by law3
Se1tio, 73 The State shall prote1t the ri+hts o- s/bsiste,1e -isherme,, espe1ially o- lo1al
1omm/,ities, to the pre-ere,tial /se o- the 1omm/,al mari,e a,d -ishi,+ reso/r1es, both
i,la,d a,d o--shore3 It shall pro*ide s/pport to s/1h -isherme, thro/+h appropriate
te1h,olo+y a,d resear1h, ade2/ate -i,a,1ial, prod/1tio,, a,d mar;eti,+ assista,1e, a,d
other ser*i1es3 The State shall also prote1t, de*elop, a,d 1o,ser*e s/1h reso/r1es3 The
prote1tio, shall e=te,d to o--shore -ishi,+ +ro/,ds o- s/bsiste,1e -isherme, a+ai,st -orei+,
i,tr/sio,3 Fishwor;ers shall re1ei*e a 0/st share -rom their labor i, the /tili7atio, o- mari,e
a,d -ishi,+ reso/r1es3
Se1tio, 83 The State shall pro*ide i,1e,ti*es to la,dow,ers to i,*est the pro1eeds o- the
a+raria, re-orm pro+ram to promote i,d/striali7atio,, employme,t 1reatio,, a,d
pri*ati7atio, o- p/bli1 se1tor e,terprises3 Fi,a,1ial i,str/me,ts /sed as payme,t -or their
la,ds shall be ho,ored as e2/ity i, e,terprises o- their 1hoi1e3
#%'N &'N5 #"FO#( 'N5 !OSIN.
Se1tio, 93 The State shall, by law, a,d -or the 1ommo, +ood, /,derta;e, i, 1ooperatio,
with the pri*ate se1tor, a 1o,ti,/i,+ pro+ram o- /rba, la,d re-orm a,d ho/si,+ whi1h will
ma;e a*ailable at a--ordable 1ost, de1e,t ho/si,+ a,d basi1 ser*i1es to /,der:pri*ile+ed a,d
homeless 1iti7e,s i, /rba, 1e,ters a,d resettleme,t areas3 It shall also promote ade2/ate
employme,t opport/,ities to s/1h 1iti7e,s3 I, the impleme,tatio, o- s/1h pro+ram the State
shall respe1t the ri+hts o- small property ow,ers3
Se1tio, 103 rba, or r/ral poor dwellers shall ,ot be e*i1ted ,or their dwelli,+
demolished, e=1ept i, a11orda,1e with law a,d i, a 0/st a,d h/ma,e ma,,er3
No resettleme,t o- /rba, or r/ral dwellers shall be /,derta;e, witho/t ade2/ate
1o,s/ltatio, with them a,d the 1omm/,ities where they are to be relo1ated3
!"'&T!
Se1tio, 113 The State shall adopt a, i,te+rated a,d 1omprehe,si*e approa1h to health
de*elopme,t whi1h shall e,dea*or to ma;e esse,tial +oods, health a,d other so1ial ser*i1es
a*ailable to all the people at a--ordable 1ost3 There shall be priority -or the ,eeds o- the
/,der:pri*ile+ed, si1;, elderly, disabled, wome,, a,d 1hildre,3 The State shall e,dea*or to
pro*ide -ree medi1al 1are to pa/pers3
Se1tio, 123 The State shall establish a,d mai,tai, a, e--e1ti*e -ood a,d dr/+ re+/latory
system a,d /,derta;e appropriate health, ma,power de*elopme,t, a,d resear1h,
respo,si*e to the 1o/,tryFs health ,eeds a,d problems3
Se1tio, 163 The State shall establish a spe1ial a+e,1y -or disabled perso, -or their
rehabilitatio,, sel-:de*elopme,t, a,d sel-:relia,1e, a,d their i,te+ratio, i,to the mai,stream
o- so1iety3
)O("N
Se1tio, 143 The State shall prote1t wor;i,+ wome, by pro*idi,+ sa-e a,d health-/l
wor;i,+ 1o,ditio,s, ta;i,+ i,to a11o/,t their mater,al -/,1tio,s, a,d s/1h -a1ilities a,d
opport/,ities that will e,ha,1e their wel-are a,d e,able them to reali7e their -/ll pote,tial i,
the ser*i1e o- the ,atio,3
#O&" 'N5 #I.!TS OF $"O$&"FS O#.'NIG'TIONS
Se1tio, 183 The State shall respe1t the role o- i,depe,de,t peopleFs or+a,i7atio,s to
e,able the people to p/rs/e a,d prote1t, withi, the demo1rati1 -ramewor;, their le+itimate
a,d 1olle1ti*e i,terests a,d aspiratio,s thro/+h pea1e-/l a,d law-/l mea,s3
$eopleFs or+a,i7atio,s are bo,a -ide asso1iatio,s o- 1iti7e,s with demo,strated 1apa1ity
to promote the p/bli1 i,terest a,d with ide,ti-iable leadership, membership, a,d str/1t/re3
Se1tio, 193 The ri+ht o- the people a,d their or+a,i7atio,s to e--e1ti*e a,d reaso,able
parti1ipatio, at all le*els o- so1ial, politi1al, a,d e1o,omi1 de1isio,:ma;i,+ shall ,ot be
abrid+ed3 The State shall, by law, -a1ilitate the establishme,t o- ade2/ate 1o,s/ltatio,
me1ha,isms3
!('N #I.!TS
Se1tio, 173
There is hereby 1reated a, i,depe,de,t o--i1e 1alled the Commissio, o, !/ma,
#i+hts3
The Commissio, shall be 1omposed o- a Chairma, a,d -o/r (embers who m/st be
,at/ral:bor, 1iti7e,s o- the $hilippi,es a,d a ma0ority o- whom shall be members o- the %ar3
The term o- o--i1e a,d other 2/ali-i1atio,s a,d disabilities o- the (embers o- the
Commissio, shall be pro*ided by law3
,til this Commissio, is 1o,stit/ted, the e=isti,+ $reside,tial Committee o, !/ma,
#i+hts shall 1o,ti,/e to e=er1ise its prese,t -/,1tio,s a,d powers3
The appro*ed a,,/al appropriatio,s o- the Commissio, shall be a/tomati1ally a,d
re+/larly released3
Se1tio, 183 The Commissio, o, !/ma, #i+hts shall ha*e the -ollowi,+ powers a,d
-/,1tio,s>
I,*esti+ate, o, its ow, or o, 1omplai,t by a,y party, all -orms o- h/ma, ri+hts
*iolatio,s i,*ol*i,+ 1i*il a,d politi1al ri+hts?
'dopt its operatio,al +/ideli,es a,d r/les o- pro1ed/re, a,d 1ite -or 1o,tempt -or
*iolatio,s thereo- i, a11orda,1e with the #/les o- Co/rt?
$ro*ide appropriate le+al meas/res -or the prote1tio, o- h/ma, ri+hts o- all perso,s
withi, the $hilippi,es, as well as Filipi,os residi,+ abroad, a,d pro*ide -or pre*e,ti*e
meas/res a,d le+al aid ser*i1es to the /,der:pri*ile+ed whose h/ma, ri+hts ha*e bee,
*iolated or ,eed prote1tio,?
"=er1ise *isitorial powers o*er 0ails, priso,s, or dete,tio, -a1ilities?
"stablish a 1o,ti,/i,+ pro+ram o- resear1h, ed/1atio,, a,d i,-ormatio, to e,ha,1e
respe1t -or the prima1y o- h/ma, ri+hts?
#e1omme,d to Co,+ress e--e1ti*e meas/res to promote h/ma, ri+hts a,d to pro*ide
-or 1ompe,satio, to *i1tims o- *iolatio,s o- h/ma, ri+hts, or their -amilies?
(o,itor the $hilippi,e .o*er,me,tFs 1omplia,1e with i,ter,atio,al treaty obli+atio,s
o, h/ma, ri+hts?
.ra,t imm/,ity -rom prose1/tio, to a,y perso, whose testimo,y or whose possessio,
o- do1/me,ts or other e*ide,1e is ,e1essary or 1o,*e,ie,t to determi,e the tr/th i, a,y
i,*esti+atio, 1o,d/1ted by it or /,der its a/thority?
#e2/est the assista,1e o- a,y departme,t, b/rea/, o--i1e, or a+e,1y i, the
per-orma,1e o- its -/,1tio,s?
'ppoi,t its o--i1ers a,d employees i, a11orda,1e with law? a,d
$er-orm s/1h other d/ties a,d -/,1tio,s as may be pro*ided by law3
Se1tio, 193 The Co,+ress may pro*ide -or other 1ases o- *iolatio,s o- h/ma, ri+hts that
sho/ld -all withi, the a/thority o- the Commissio,, ta;i,+ i,to a11o/,t its re1omme,datio,s3
'#TIC&" DIC
"5C'TION, SCI"NC" 'N5 T"C!NO&O.4, '#TS, C&T#" 'N5 S$O#TS
"5C'TION
Se1tio, 13 The State shall prote1t a,d promote the ri+ht o- all 1iti7e,s to 2/ality
ed/1atio, at all le*els, a,d shall ta;e appropriate steps to ma;e s/1h ed/1atio, a11essible
to all3
Se1tio, 23 The State shall>
"stablish, mai,tai,, a,d s/pport a 1omplete, ade2/ate, a,d i,te+rated system o-
ed/1atio, rele*a,t to the ,eeds o- the people a,d so1iety?
"stablish a,d mai,tai,, a system o- -ree p/bli1 ed/1atio, i, the eleme,tary a,d hi+h
s1hool le*els3 )itho/t limiti,+ the ,at/ral ri+hts o- pare,ts to rear their 1hildre,, eleme,tary
ed/1atio, is 1omp/lsory -or all 1hildre, o- s1hool a+e?
"stablish a,d mai,tai, a system o- s1holarship +ra,ts, st/de,t loa, pro+rams,
s/bsidies, a,d other i,1e,ti*es whi1h shall be a*ailable to deser*i,+ st/de,ts i, both p/bli1
a,d pri*ate s1hools, espe1ially to the /,der:pri*ile+ed?
",1o/ra+e ,o,:-ormal, i,-ormal, a,d i,di+e,o/s lear,i,+ systems, as well as sel-:
lear,i,+, i,depe,de,t, a,d o/t:o-:s1hool st/dy pro+rams parti1/larly those that respo,d to
1omm/,ity ,eeds? a,d
$ro*ide ad/lt 1iti7e,s, the disabled, a,d o/t:o-:s1hool yo/th with trai,i,+ i, 1i*i1s,
*o1atio,al e--i1ie,1y, a,d other s;ills3
Se1tio, 63
'll ed/1atio,al i,stit/tio,s shall i,1l/de the st/dy o- the Co,stit/tio, as part o- the
1/rri1/la3
They shall i,1/l1ate patriotism a,d ,atio,alism, -oster lo*e o- h/ma,ity, respe1t -or
h/ma, ri+hts, appre1iatio, o- the role o- ,atio,al heroes i, the histori1al de*elopme,t o- the
1o/,try, tea1h the ri+hts a,d d/ties o- 1iti7e,ship, stre,+the, ethi1al a,d spirit/al *al/es,
de*elop moral 1hara1ter a,d perso,al dis1ipli,e, e,1o/ra+e 1riti1al a,d 1reati*e thi,;i,+,
broade, s1ie,ti-i1 a,d te1h,olo+i1al ;,owled+e, a,d promote *o1atio,al e--i1ie,1y3
't the optio, e=pressed i, writi,+ by the pare,ts or +/ardia,s, reli+io, shall be
allowed to be ta/+ht to their 1hildre, or wards i, p/bli1 eleme,tary a,d hi+h s1hools withi,
the re+/lar 1lass ho/rs by i,str/1tors desi+,ated or appro*ed by the reli+io/s a/thorities o-
the reli+io, to whi1h the 1hildre, or wards belo,+, witho/t additio,al 1ost to the
.o*er,me,t3
Se1tio, 43
The State re1o+,i7es the 1ompleme,tary roles o- p/bli1 a,d pri*ate i,stit/tio,s i, the
ed/1atio,al system a,d shall e=er1ise reaso,able s/per*isio, a,d re+/latio, o- all
ed/1atio,al i,stit/tio,s3
"d/1atio,al i,stit/tio,s, other tha, those established by reli+io/s +ro/ps a,d missio,
boards, shall be ow,ed solely by 1iti7e,s o- the $hilippi,es or 1orporatio,s or asso1iatio,s at
least si=ty per 1e,t/m o- the 1apital o- whi1h is ow,ed by s/1h 1iti7e,s3 The Co,+ress may,
howe*er, re2/ire i,1reased Filipi,o e2/ity parti1ipatio, i, all ed/1atio,al i,stit/tio,s3 The
1o,trol a,d admi,istratio, o- ed/1atio,al i,stit/tio,s shall be *ested i, 1iti7e,s o- the
$hilippi,es3
No ed/1atio,al i,stit/tio, shall be established e=1l/si*ely -or alie,s a,d ,o +ro/p o-
alie,s shall 1omprise more tha, o,e:third o- the e,rollme,t i, a,y s1hool3 The pro*isio,s o-
this s/b se1tio, shall ,ot apply to s1hools established -or -orei+, diplomati1 perso,,el a,d
their depe,de,ts a,d, /,less otherwise pro*ided by law, -or other -orei+, temporary
reside,ts3
'll re*e,/es a,d assets o- ,o,:sto1;, ,o,:pro-it ed/1atio,al i,stit/tio,s /sed a1t/ally,
dire1tly, a,d e=1l/si*ely -or ed/1atio,al p/rposes shall be e=empt -rom ta=es a,d d/ties3
po, the dissol/tio, or 1essatio, o- the 1orporate e=iste,1e o- s/1h i,stit/tio,s, their assets
shall be disposed o- i, the ma,,er pro*ided by law3
$roprietary ed/1atio,al i,stit/tio,s, i,1l/di,+ those 1ooperati*ely ow,ed, may li;ewise
be e,titled to s/1h e=emptio,s, s/b0e1t to the limitatio,s pro*ided by law, i,1l/di,+
restri1tio,s o, di*ide,ds a,d pro*isio,s -or rei,*estme,t3
S/b0e1t to 1o,ditio,s pres1ribed by law, all +ra,ts, e,dowme,ts, do,atio,s, or
1o,trib/tio,s /sed a1t/ally, dire1tly, a,d e=1l/si*ely -or ed/1atio,al p/rposes shall be
e=empt -rom ta=3
Se1tio, 83
the State shall ta;e i,to a11o/,t re+io,al a,d se1toral ,eeds a,d 1o,ditio,s a,d shall
e,1o/ra+e lo1al pla,,i,+ i, the de*elopme,t o- ed/1atio,al poli1ies a,d pro+rams3
'1ademi1 -reedom shall be e,0oyed i, all i,stit/tio,s o- hi+her lear,i,+3
"*ery 1iti7e, has a ri+ht to sele1t a pro-essio, or 1o/rse o- st/dy, s/b0e1t to -air,
reaso,able, a,d e2/itable admissio, a,d a1ademi1 re2/ireme,ts3
The State shall e,ha,1e the ri+ht o- tea1hers to pro-essio,al ad*a,1eme,t3 No,:
tea1hi,+ a1ademi1 a,d ,o,:a1ademi1 perso,,el shall e,0oy the prote1tio, o- the State3
The State shall assi+, the hi+hest b/d+etary priority to ed/1atio, a,d e,s/re that
tea1hi,+ will attra1t a,d retai, its ri+ht-/l share o- the best a*ailable tale,ts thro/+h
ade2/ate rem/,eratio, a,d other mea,s o- 0ob satis-a1tio, a,d -/l-illme,t3
&'N.'."
Se1tio, 93 The ,atio,al la,+/a+e o- the $hilippi,es is Filipi,o3 's it e*ol*es, it shall be
-/rther de*eloped a,d e,ri1hed o, the basis o- e=isti,+ $hilippi,e a,d other la,+/a+es3
S/b0e1t to pro*isio,s o- law a,d as the Co,+ress may deem appropriate, the .o*er,me,t
shall ta;e steps to i,itiate a,d s/stai, the /se o- Filipi,o as a medi/m o- o--i1ial
1omm/,i1atio, a,d as la,+/a+e o- i,str/1tio, i, the ed/1atio,al system3
Se1tio, 73 For p/rposes o- 1omm/,i1atio, a,d i,str/1tio,, the o--i1ial la,+/a+es o- the
$hilippi,es are Filipi,o a,d, /,til otherwise pro*ided by law, ",+lish3
The re+io,al la,+/a+es are the a/=iliary o--i1ial la,+/a+es i, the re+io,s a,d shall ser*e
as a/=iliary media o- i,str/1tio, therei,3
Spa,ish a,d 'rabi1 shall be promoted o, a *ol/,tary a,d optio,al basis3
Se1tio, 83 This Co,stit/tio, shall be prom/l+ated i, Filipi,o a,d ",+lish a,d shall be
tra,slated i,to ma0or re+io,al la,+/a+es, 'rabi1, a,d Spa,ish3
Se1tio, 93 The Co,+ress shall establish a ,atio,al la,+/a+e 1ommissio, 1omposed o-
represe,tati*es o- *ario/s re+io,s a,d dis1ipli,es whi1h shall /,derta;e, 1oordi,ate, a,d
promote resear1hes -or the de*elopme,t, propa+atio,, a,d preser*atio, o- Filipi,o a,d
other la,+/a+es3
SCI"NC" 'N5 T"C!NO&O.4
Se1tio, 103 S1ie,1e a,d te1h,olo+y are esse,tial -or ,atio,al de*elopme,t a,d pro+ress3
The State shall +i*e priority to resear1h a,d de*elopme,t, i,*e,tio,, i,,o*atio,, a,d their
/tili7atio,? a,d to s1ie,1e a,d te1h,olo+y ed/1atio,, trai,i,+, a,d ser*i1es3 It shall s/pport
i,di+e,o/s, appropriate, a,d sel-:relia,t s1ie,ti-i1 a,d te1h,olo+i1al 1apabilities, a,d their
appli1atio, to the 1o/,tryFs prod/1ti*e systems a,d ,atio,al li-e3
Se1tio, 113 The Co,+ress may pro*ide -or i,1e,ti*es, i,1l/di,+ ta= ded/1tio,s, to
e,1o/ra+e pri*ate parti1ipatio, i, pro+rams o- basi1 a,d applied s1ie,ti-i1 resear1h3
S1holarships, +ra,ts:i,:aid, or other -orms o- i,1e,ti*es shall be pro*ided to deser*i,+
s1ie,1e st/de,ts, resear1hers, s1ie,tists, i,*e,tors, te1h,olo+ists, a,d spe1ially +i-ted
1iti7e,s3
Se1tio, 123 The State shall re+/late the tra,s-er a,d promote the adaptatio, o-
te1h,olo+y -rom all so/r1es -or the ,atio,al be,e-it3 It shall e,1o/ra+e the widest
parti1ipatio, o- pri*ate +ro/ps, lo1al +o*er,me,ts, a,d 1omm/,ity:based or+a,i7atio,s i,
the +e,eratio, a,d /tili7atio, o- s1ie,1e a,d te1h,olo+y3
Se1tio, 163 The State shall prote1t a,d se1/re the e=1l/si*e ri+hts o- s1ie,tists,
i,*e,tors, artists, a,d other +i-ted 1iti7e,s to their i,telle1t/al property a,d 1reatio,s,
parti1/larly whe, be,e-i1ial to the people, -or s/1h period as may be pro*ided by law3
'#TS 'N5 C&T#"
Se1tio, 143 The State shall -oster the preser*atio,, e,ri1hme,t, a,d dy,ami1 e*ol/tio, o-
a Filipi,o ,atio,al 1/lt/re based o, the pri,1iple o- /,ity i, di*ersity i, a 1limate o- -ree
artisti1 a,d i,telle1t/al e=pressio,3
Se1tio, 183 'rts a,d letters shall e,0oy the patro,a+e o- the State3 The State shall
1o,ser*e, promote, a,d pop/lari7e the ,atio,Fs histori1al a,d 1/lt/ral herita+e a,d
reso/r1es, as well as artisti1 1reatio,s3
Se1tio, 193 'll the 1o/,tryFs artisti1 a,d histori1 wealth 1o,stit/tes the 1/lt/ral treas/re
o- the ,atio, a,d shall be /,der the prote1tio, o- the State whi1h may re+/late its
dispositio,3
Se1tio, 173 The State shall re1o+,i7e, respe1t, a,d prote1t the ri+hts o- i,di+e,o/s
1/lt/ral 1omm/,ities to preser*e a,d de*elop their 1/lt/res, traditio,s, a,d i,stit/tio,s3 It
shall 1o,sider these ri+hts i, the -orm/latio, o- ,atio,al pla,s a,d poli1ies3
Se1tio, 183
The State shall e,s/re e2/al a11ess to 1/lt/ral opport/,ities thro/+h the ed/1atio,al
system, p/bli1 or pri*ate 1/lt/ral e,tities, s1holarships, +ra,ts a,d other i,1e,ti*es, a,d
1omm/,ity 1/lt/ral 1e,ters, a,d other p/bli1 *e,/es3
The State shall e,1o/ra+e a,d s/pport resear1hes a,d st/dies o, the arts a,d 1/lt/re3
S$O#TS
Se1tio, 193
The State shall promote physi1al ed/1atio, a,d e,1o/ra+e sports pro+rams, lea+/e
1ompetitio,s, a,d amate/r sports, i,1l/di,+ trai,i,+ -or i,ter,atio,al 1ompetitio,s, to -oster
sel-:dis1ipli,e, teamwor;, a,d e=1elle,1e -or the de*elopme,t o- a healthy a,d alert
1iti7e,ry3
'll ed/1atio,al i,stit/tio,s shall /,derta;e re+/lar sports a1ti*ities thro/+ho/t the
1o/,try i, 1ooperatio, with athleti1 1l/bs a,d other se1tors3
'#TIC&" DC
T!" F'(I&4
Se1tio, 13 The State re1o+,i7es the Filipi,o -amily as the -o/,datio, o- the ,atio,3
'11ordi,+ly, it shall stre,+the, its solidarity a,d a1ti*ely promote its total de*elopme,t3
Se1tio, 23 (arria+e, as a, i,*iolable so1ial i,stit/tio,, is the -o/,datio, o- the -amily a,d
shall be prote1ted by the State3
Se1tio, 63 The State shall de-e,d>
The ri+ht o- spo/ses to -o/,d a -amily i, a11orda,1e with their reli+io/s 1o,*i1tio,s
a,d the dema,ds o- respo,sible pare,thood?
The ri+ht o- 1hildre, to assista,1e, i,1l/di,+ proper 1are a,d ,/tritio,, a,d spe1ial
prote1tio, -rom all -orms o- ,e+le1t, ab/se, 1r/elty, e=ploitatio, a,d other 1o,ditio,s
pre0/di1ial to their de*elopme,t?
The ri+ht o- the -amily to a -amily li*i,+ wa+e a,d i,1ome? a,d
The ri+ht o- -amilies or -amily asso1iatio,s to parti1ipate i, the pla,,i,+ a,d
impleme,tatio, o- poli1ies a,d pro+rams that a--e1t them3
Se1tio, 43 The -amily has the d/ty to 1are -or its elderly members b/t the State may also
do so thro/+h 0/st pro+rams o- so1ial se1/rity3
'#TIC&" DCI
."N"#'& $#OCISIONS
Se1tio, 13 The -la+ o- the $hilippi,es shall be red, white, a,d bl/e, with a s/, a,d three
stars, as 1o,se1rated a,d ho,ored by the people a,d re1o+,i7ed by law3
Se1tio, 23 The Co,+ress may, by law, adopt a ,ew ,ame -or the 1o/,try, a ,atio,al
a,them, or a ,atio,al seal, whi1h shall all be tr/ly re-le1ti*e a,d symboli1 o- the ideals,
history, a,d traditio,s o- the people3 S/1h law shall ta;e e--e1t o,ly /po, its rati-i1atio, by
the people i, a ,atio,al re-ere,d/m3
Se1tio, 63 The State may ,ot be s/ed witho/t its 1o,se,t3
Se1tio, 43 The 'rmed For1es o- the $hilippi,es shall be 1omposed o- a 1iti7e, armed -or1e
whi1h shall /,der+o military trai,i,+ a,d ser*e as may be pro*ided by law3 It shall ;eep a
re+/lar -or1e ,e1essary -or the se1/rity o- the State3
Se1tio, 83
'll members o- the armed -or1es shall ta;e a, oath or a--irmatio, to /phold a,d
de-e,d this Co,stit/tio,3
The State shall stre,+the, the patrioti1 spirit a,d ,atio,alist 1o,s1io/s,ess o- the
military, a,d respe1t -or peopleFs ri+hts i, the per-orma,1e o- their d/ty3
$ro-essio,alism i, the armed -or1es a,d ade2/ate rem/,eratio, a,d be,e-its o- its
members shall be a prime 1o,1er, o- the State3 The armed -or1es shall be i,s/lated -rom
partisa, politi1s3 No member o- the military shall e,+a+e, dire1tly or i,dire1tly, i, a,y
partisa, politi1al a1ti*ity, e=1ept to *ote3
No member o- the armed -or1es i, the a1ti*e ser*i1e shall, at a,y time, be appoi,ted
or desi+,ated i, a,y 1apa1ity to a 1i*ilia, positio, i, the .o*er,me,t, i,1l/di,+
+o*er,me,t:ow,ed or 1o,trolled 1orporatio,s or a,y o- their s/bsidiaries3
&aws o, retireme,t o- military o--i1ers shall ,ot allow e=te,sio, o- their ser*i1e3
The o--i1ers a,d me, o- the re+/lar -or1e o- the armed -or1es shall be re1r/ited
proportio,ately -rom all pro*i,1es a,d 1ities as -ar as pra1ti1able3
The to/r o- d/ty o- the Chie- o- Sta-- o- the armed -or1es shall ,ot e=1eed three years3
!owe*er, i, times o- war or other ,atio,al emer+e,1y de1lared by the Co,+ress, the
$reside,t may e=te,d s/1h to/r o- d/ty3
Se1tio, 93 The State shall establish a,d mai,tai, o,e poli1e -or1e, whi1h shall be ,atio,al
i, s1ope a,d 1i*ilia, i, 1hara1ter, to be admi,istered a,d 1o,trolled by a ,atio,al poli1e
1ommissio,3 The a/thority o- lo1al e=e1/ti*es o*er the poli1e /,its i, their 0/risdi1tio, shall
be pro*ided by law3
Se1tio, 73 The State shall pro*ide immediate a,d ade2/ate 1are, be,e-its, a,d other
-orms o- assista,1e to war *etera,s a,d *etera,s o- military 1ampai+,s, their s/r*i*i,+
spo/ses a,d orpha,s3 F/,ds shall be pro*ided there-or a,d d/e 1o,sideratio, shall be +i*e,
them i, the dispositio, o- a+ri1/lt/ral la,ds o- the p/bli1 domai, a,d, i, appropriate 1ases,
i, the /tili7atio, o- ,at/ral reso/r1es3
Se1tio, 83 The State shall, -rom time to time, re*iew to i,1rease the pe,sio,s a,d other
be,e-its d/e to retirees o- both the +o*er,me,t a,d the pri*ate se1tors3
Se1tio, 93 The State shall prote1t 1o,s/mers -rom trade malpra1ti1es a,d -rom
s/bsta,dard or ha7ardo/s prod/1ts3
Se1tio, 103 The State shall pro*ide the poli1y e,*iro,me,t -or the -/ll de*elopme,t o-
Filipi,o 1apability a,d the emer+e,1e o- 1omm/,i1atio, str/1t/res s/itable to the ,eeds a,d
aspiratio,s o- the ,atio, a,d the bala,1ed -low o- i,-ormatio, i,to, o/t o-, a,d a1ross the
1o/,try, i, a11orda,1e with a poli1y that respe1ts the -reedom o- spee1h a,d o- the press3
Se1tio, 113
The ow,ership a,d ma,a+eme,t o- mass media shall be limited to 1iti7e,s o- the
$hilippi,es, or to 1orporatio,s, 1ooperati*es or asso1iatio,s, wholly:ow,ed a,d ma,a+ed by
s/1h 1iti7e,s3
The Co,+ress shall re+/late or prohibit mo,opolies i, 1ommer1ial mass media whe,
the p/bli1 i,terest so re2/ires3 No 1ombi,atio,s i, restrai,t o- trade or /,-air 1ompetitio,
therei, shall be allowed3
The ad*ertisi,+ i,d/stry is impressed with p/bli1 i,terest, a,d shall be re+/lated by
law -or the prote1tio, o- 1o,s/mers a,d the promotio, o- the +e,eral wel-are3
O,ly Filipi,o 1iti7e,s or 1orporatio,s or asso1iatio,s at least se*e,ty per 1e,t/m o- the
1apital o- whi1h is ow,ed by s/1h 1iti7e,s shall be allowed to e,+a+e i, the ad*ertisi,+
i,d/stry3
The parti1ipatio, o- -orei+, i,*estors i, the +o*er,i,+ body o- e,tities i, s/1h i,d/stry
shall be limited to their proportio,ate share i, the 1apital thereo-, a,d all the e=e1/ti*e a,d
ma,a+i,+ o--i1ers o- s/1h e,tities m/st be 1iti7e,s o- the $hilippi,es3
Se1tio, 123 The Co,+ress may 1reate a 1o,s/ltati*e body to ad*ise the $reside,t o,
poli1ies a--e1ti,+ i,di+e,o/s 1/lt/ral 1omm/,ities, the ma0ority o- the members o- whi1h
shall 1ome -rom s/1h 1omm/,ities3
'#TIC&" DCII
'("N5("NTS O# #"CISIONS
Se1tio, 13 ',y ame,dme,t to, or re*isio, o-, this Co,stit/tio, may be proposed by>
The Co,+ress, /po, a *ote o- three:-o/rths o- all its (embers? or
' 1o,stit/tio,al 1o,*e,tio,3
Se1tio, 23 'me,dme,ts to this Co,stit/tio, may li;ewise be dire1tly proposed by the
people thro/+h i,itiati*e /po, a petitio, o- at least twel*e per 1e,t/m o- the total ,/mber o-
re+istered *oters, o- whi1h e*ery le+islati*e distri1t m/st be represe,ted by at least three
per 1e,t/m o- the re+istered *oters therei,3 No ame,dme,t /,der this se1tio, shall be
a/thori7ed withi, -i*e years -ollowi,+ the rati-i1atio, o- this Co,stit/tio, ,or o-te,er tha,
o,1e e*ery -i*e years therea-ter3
The Co,+ress shall pro*ide -or the impleme,tatio, o- the e=er1ise o- this ri+ht3
Se1tio, 63 The Co,+ress may, by a *ote o- two:thirds o- all its (embers, 1all a
1o,stit/tio,al 1o,*e,tio,, or by a ma0ority *ote o- all its (embers, s/bmit to the ele1torate
the 2/estio, o- 1alli,+ s/1h a 1o,*e,tio,3
Se1tio, 43',y ame,dme,t to, or re*isio, o-, this Co,stit/tio, /,der Se1tio, 1 hereo- shall
be *alid whe, rati-ied by a ma0ority o- the *otes 1ast i, a plebis1ite whi1h shall be held ,ot
earlier tha, si=ty days ,or later tha, ,i,ety days a-ter the appro*al o- s/1h ame,dme,t or
re*isio,3
',y ame,dme,t /,der Se1tio, 2 hereo- shall be *alid whe, rati-ied by a ma0ority o- the
*otes 1ast i, a plebis1ite whi1h shall be held ,ot earlier tha, si=ty days ,or later tha, ,i,ety
days a-ter the 1erti-i1atio, by the Commissio, o, "le1tio,s o- the s/--i1ie,1y o- the petitio,3
'#TIC&" DCIII
T#'NSITO#4 $#OCISIONS
Se1tio, 13 The -irst ele1tio,s o- (embers o- the Co,+ress /,der this Co,stit/tio, shall be
held o, the se1o,d (o,day o- (ay, 19873
The -irst lo1al ele1tio,s shall be held o, a date to be determi,ed by the $reside,t, whi1h
may be sim/lta,eo/s with the ele1tio, o- the (embers o- the Co,+ress3 It shall i,1l/de the
ele1tio, o- all (embers o- the 1ity or m/,i1ipal 1o/,1ils i, the (etropolita, (a,ila area3
Se1tio, 23 The Se,ators, (embers o- the !o/se o- #eprese,tati*es, a,d the lo1al o--i1ials
-irst ele1ted /,der this Co,stit/tio, shall ser*e /,til ,oo, o- @/,e 60, 19923
O- the Se,ators ele1ted i, the ele1tio,s i, 1992, the -irst twel*e obtai,i,+ the hi+hest
,/mber o- *otes shall ser*e -or si= years a,d the remai,i,+ twel*e -or three years3
Se1tio, 63 'll e=isti,+ laws, de1rees, e=e1/ti*e orders, pro1lamatio,s, letters o-
i,str/1tio,s, a,d other e=e1/ti*e iss/a,1es ,ot i,1o,siste,t with this Co,stit/tio, shall
remai, operati*e /,til ame,ded, repealed, or re*o;ed3
Se1tio, 43 'll e=isti,+ treaties or i,ter,atio,al a+reeme,ts whi1h ha*e ,ot bee, rati-ied
shall ,ot be re,ewed or e=te,ded witho/t the 1o,1/rre,1e o- at least two:thirds o- all the
(embers o- the Se,ate3
Se1tio, 83 The si=:year term o- the i,1/mbe,t $reside,t a,d Ci1e:$reside,t ele1ted i, the
Febr/ary 7, 1989 ele1tio, is, -or p/rposes o- sy,1hro,i7atio, o- ele1tio,s, hereby e=te,ded
to ,oo, o- @/,e 60, 19923
The -irst re+/lar ele1tio,s -or the $reside,t a,d Ci1e:$reside,t /,der this Co,stit/tio,
shall be held o, the se1o,d (o,day o- (ay, 19923
Se1tio, 93 The i,1/mbe,t $reside,t shall 1o,ti,/e to e=er1ise le+islati*e powers /,til the
-irst Co,+ress is 1o,*e,ed3
Se1tio, 73 ,til a law is passed, the $reside,t may -ill by appoi,tme,t -rom a list o-
,omi,ees by the respe1ti*e se1tors, the seats reser*ed -or se1toral represe,tatio, i,
para+raph A2B, Se1tio, 8 o- 'rti1le C1 o- this Co,stit/tio,3
Se1tio, 83 ,til otherwise pro*ided by the Co,+ress, the $reside,t may 1o,stit/te the
(etropolita, (a,ila '/thority to be 1omposed o- the heads o- all lo1al +o*er,me,t /,its
1omprisi,+ the (etropolita, (a,ila area3
Se1tio, 93 ' s/b:pro*i,1e shall 1o,ti,/e to e=ist a,d operate /,til it is 1o,*erted i,to a
re+/lar pro*i,1e or /,til its 1ompo,e,t m/,i1ipalities are re*erted to the mother pro*i,1e3
Se1tio, 103 'll 1o/rts e=isti,+ at the time o- the rati-i1atio, o- this Co,stit/tio, shall
1o,ti,/e to e=er1ise their 0/risdi1tio,, /,til otherwise pro*ided by law3 The pro*isio,s o- the
e=isti,+ #/les o- Co/rt, 0/di1iary a1ts, a,d pro1ed/ral laws ,ot i,1o,siste,t with this
Co,stit/tio, shall remai, operati*e /,less ame,ded or repealed by the S/preme Co/rt or
the Co,+ress3
Se1tio, 113 The i,1/mbe,t (embers o- the @/di1iary shall 1o,ti,/e i, o--i1e /,til they
rea1h the a+e o- se*e,ty years or be1ome i,1apa1itated to dis1har+e the d/ties o- their
o--i1e or are remo*ed -or 1a/se3
Se1tio, 123 The S/preme Co/rt shall, withi, o,e year a-ter the rati-i1atio, o- this
Co,stit/tio,, adopt a systemati1 pla, to e=pedite the de1isio, or resol/tio, o- 1ases or
matters pe,di,+ i, the S/preme Co/rt or the lower 1o/rts prior to the e--e1ti*ity o- this
Co,stit/tio,3 ' similar pla, shall be adopted -or all spe1ial 1o/rts a,d 2/asi:0/di1ial bodies3
Se1tio, 163 The le+al e--e1t o- the lapse, be-ore the rati-i1atio, o- this Co,stit/tio,, o- the
appli1able period -or the de1isio, or resol/tio, o- the 1ases or matters s/bmitted -or
ad0/di1atio, by the 1o/rts, shall be determi,ed by the S/preme Co/rt as soo, as
pra1ti1able3
Se1tio, 143 The pro*isio,s o- para+raphs A6B a,d A4B, Se1tio, 18 o- 'rti1le CIII o- this
Co,stit/tio, shall apply to 1ases or matters -iled be-ore the rati-i1atio, o- this Co,stit/tio,,
whe, the appli1able period lapses a-ter s/1h rati-i1atio,3
Se1tio, 183 The i,1/mbe,t (embers o- the Ci*il Ser*i1e Commissio,, the Commissio, o,
"le1tio,s, a,d the Commissio, o, '/dit shall 1o,ti,/e i, o--i1e -or o,e year a-ter the
rati-i1atio, o- this Co,stit/tio,, /,less they are soo,er remo*ed -or 1a/se or be1ome
i,1apa1itated to dis1har+e the d/ties o- their o--i1e or appoi,ted to a ,ew term there/,der3
I, ,o 1ase shall a,y (ember ser*e lo,+er tha, se*e, years i,1l/di,+ ser*i1e be-ore the
rati-i1atio, o- this Co,stit/tio,3
Se1tio, 193 Career 1i*il ser*i1e employees separated -rom the ser*i1e ,ot -or 1a/se b/t
as a res/lt o- the reor+a,i7atio, p/rs/a,t to $ro1lamatio, No3 6 dated (ar1h 28, 1989 a,d
the reor+a,i7atio, -ollowi,+ the rati-i1atio, o- this Co,stit/tio, shall be e,titled to
appropriate separatio, pay a,d to retireme,t a,d other be,e-its a11r/i,+ to them /,der the
laws o- +e,eral appli1atio, i, -or1e at the time o- their separatio,3 I, lie/ thereo-, at the
optio, o- the employees, they may be 1o,sidered -or employme,t i, the .o*er,me,t or i,
a,y o- its s/bdi*isio,s, i,str/me,talities, or a+e,1ies, i,1l/di,+ +o*er,me,t:ow,ed or
1o,trolled 1orporatio,s a,d their s/bsidiaries3 This pro*isio, also applies to 1areer o--i1ers
whose resi+,atio,, te,dered i, li,e with the e=isti,+ poli1y, had bee, a11epted3
Se1tio, 173 ,til the Co,+ress pro*ides otherwise, the $reside,t shall re1ei*e a, a,,/al
salary o- three h/,dred tho/sa,d pesos? the Ci1e:$reside,t, the $reside,t o- the Se,ate,
the Spea;er o- the !o/se o- #eprese,tati*es, a,d the Chie- @/sti1e o- the S/preme Co/rt,
two h/,dred -orty tho/sa,d pesos ea1h? the Se,ators, the (embers o- the !o/se o-
#eprese,tati*es, the 'sso1iate @/sti1es o- the S/preme Co/rt, a,d the Chairme, o- the
Co,stit/tio,al Commissio,s, two h/,dred -o/r tho/sa,d pesos ea1h? a,d the (embers o-
the Co,stit/tio,al Commissio,s, o,e h/,dred ei+hty tho/sa,d pesos ea1h3
Se1tio, 183 't the earliest possible time, the .o*er,me,t shall i,1rease the salary s1ales
o- the other o--i1ials a,d employees o- the Natio,al .o*er,me,t3
Se1tio, 193 'll properties, re1ords, e2/ipme,t, b/ildi,+s, -a1ilities, a,d other assets o-
a,y o--i1e or body abolished or reor+a,i7ed /,der $ro1lamatio, No3 6 dated (ar1h 28, 1989
or this Co,stit/tio, shall be tra,s-erred to the o--i1e or body to whi1h its powers, -/,1tio,s,
a,d respo,sibilities s/bsta,tially pertai,3
Se1tio, 203 The -irst Co,+ress shall +i*e priority to the determi,atio, o- the period -or
the -/ll impleme,tatio, o- -ree p/bli1 se1o,dary ed/1atio,3
Se1tio, 213 The Co,+ress shall pro*ide e--i1a1io/s pro1ed/res a,d ade2/ate remedies -or
the re*ersio, to the State o- all la,ds o- the p/bli1 domai, a,d real ri+hts 1o,,e1ted
therewith whi1h were a12/ired i, *iolatio, o- the Co,stit/tio, or the p/bli1 la,d laws, or
thro/+h 1orr/pt pra1ti1es3 No tra,s-er or dispositio, o- s/1h la,ds or real ri+hts shall be
allowed /,til a-ter the lapse o- o,e year -rom the rati-i1atio, o- this Co,stit/tio,3
Se1tio, 223 't the earliest possible time, the .o*er,me,t shall e=propriate idle or
aba,do,ed a+ri1/lt/ral la,ds as may be de-i,ed by law, -or distrib/tio, to the be,e-i1iaries
o- the a+raria, re-orm pro+ram3
Se1tio, 263 'd*ertisi,+ e,tities a--e1ted by para+raph A2B, Se1tio, 11 o- 'rti1le DC1 o-
this Co,stit/tio, shall ha*e -i*e years -rom its rati-i1atio, to 1omply o, a +rad/ated a,d
proportio,ate basis with the mi,im/m Filipi,o ow,ership re2/ireme,t therei,3
Se1tio, 243 $ri*ate armies a,d other armed +ro/ps ,ot re1o+,i7ed by d/ly 1o,stit/ted
a/thority shall be disma,tled3 'll paramilitary -or1es i,1l/di,+ Ci*ilia, !ome 5e-e,se For1es
,ot 1o,siste,t with the 1iti7e, armed -or1e established i, this Co,stit/tio,, shall be
dissol*ed or, where appropriate, 1o,*erted i,to the re+/lar -or1e3
Se1tio, 283 '-ter the e=piratio, i, 1991 o- the '+reeme,t betwee, the #ep/bli1 o- the
$hilippi,es a,d the ,ited States o- 'meri1a 1o,1er,i,+ military bases, -orei+, military
bases, troops, or -a1ilities shall ,ot be allowed i, the $hilippi,es e=1ept /,der a treaty d/ly
1o,1/rred i, by the Se,ate a,d, whe, the Co,+ress so re2/ires, rati-ied by a ma0ority o- the
*otes 1ast by the people i, a ,atio,al re-ere,d/m held -or that p/rpose, a,d re1o+,i7ed as a
treaty by the other 1o,tra1ti,+ State3
Se1tio, 293 The a/thority to iss/e se2/estratio, or -ree7e orders /,der $ro1lamatio, No3
6 dated (ar1h 28, 1989 i, relatio, to the re1o*ery o- ill:+otte, wealth shall remai,
operati*e -or ,ot more tha, ei+htee, mo,ths a-ter the rati-i1atio, o- this Co,stit/tio,3
!owe*er, i, the ,atio,al i,terest, as 1erti-ied by the $reside,t, the Co,+ress may e=te,d
s/1h period3
' se2/estratio, or -ree7e order shall be iss/ed o,ly /po, showi,+ o- a prima -a1ie 1ase3
The order a,d the list o- the se2/estered or -ro7e, properties shall -orthwith be re+istered
with the proper 1o/rt3 For orders iss/ed be-ore the rati-i1atio, o- this Co,stit/tio,, the
1orrespo,di,+ 0/di1ial a1tio, or pro1eedi,+ shall be -iled withi, si= mo,ths -rom its
rati-i1atio,3 For those iss/ed a-ter s/1h rati-i1atio,, the 0/di1ial a1tio, or pro1eedi,+ shall be
1omme,1ed withi, si= mo,ths -rom the iss/a,1e thereo-3
The se2/estratio, or -ree7e order is deemed a/tomati1ally li-ted i- ,o 0/di1ial a1tio, or
pro1eedi,+ is 1omme,1ed as herei, pro*ided3
Se1tio, 273 This Co,stit/tio, shall ta;e e--e1t immediately /po, its rati-i1atio, by a
ma0ority o- the *otes 1ast i, a plebis1ite held -or the p/rpose a,d shall s/persede all
pre*io/s Co,stit/tio,s3
The -ore+oi,+ proposed Co,stit/tio, o- the #ep/bli1 o- the $hilippi,es was appro*ed by
the Co,stit/tio,al Commissio, o- 1989 o, the twel-th day o- O1tober, Ni,etee, h/,dred a,d
ei+hty:si=, a,d a11ordi,+ly si+,ed o, the -i-tee,th day o- O1tober, Ni,etee, h/,dred a,d
ei+hty:si= at the $le,ary !all, Natio,al .o*er,me,t Ce,ter, H/e7o, City, by the
Commissio,ers whose si+,at/res are here/,der a--i=ed3
'dopted>
$reside,t > Ce1ilia (/,o7 $alma
Ci1e:$reside,t
> 'mbrosio %3 $adilla
Floor &eader > Napoleo, .3 #ama
'ssista,t Floor &eaders > 'hmad 5omo1ao 'lo,to
> @ose 53 Caldero,
4/s/- #3 'b/ba;ar Feli1itas S3 '2/i,o
'dol-o S3 '71/,a Teodoro C3 %a1a,i
@ose F3 S3 %e,+7o,, @r3 $o,1ia,o &3 %e,,a+e,
@oa2/i, .3 %er,as Flora,+el #osario %raid
Crispi,o (3 de Castro @ose C3 Colay1o
#oberto #3 Co,1ep1io, !ilario .3 5a*ide, @r3
Ci1e,te %3 Fo7 "dm/,do .3 .ar1ia
@ose &/is (arti, C3 .as1o, Sera-i, C3C3 ./i,+o,a
'lberto (3 I3 @amir @ose %3 &a/rel, @r3
"/lo+io #3 &er/m #e+alado "3 (aambo,+
Christia, S3 (o,sod Teod/lo C3 Nati*idad
(a3 Teresa F3 Nie*a @ose N3 Nolledo
%las F3 Ople (i,da &/7 (3 H/esada
Flore,7 53 #e+alado #/sti1o F3 de los #eyes, @r3
Cirilo '3 #i+os Fra,1is1o '3 #odri+o
#i1ardo @3 #om/lo 5e1oroso #3 #osales
#e,e C3 Sarmie,to @ose "3 S/are7
&ore,7o (3 S/m/lo,+ @aime S3 &3 Tadeo
Christi,e O3 Ta, .re+orio @3 Ti,+so,
"-rai, %3 Tre,as &/+/m &3 ;a
)il-rido C3 Cilla1orta %er,ardo (3 Cille+as
'ttested by >
Flerida #/th $3 #omero
Se1retary:.e,eral
O#5IN'NC"
'$$O#TIONIN. T!" S"'TS OF T!" !OS" OF #"$#"S"NT'TIC"S
OF T!" CON.#"SS OF T!" $!I&I$$IN"S TO T!" 5IFF"#"NT &".IS&'TIC" 5IST#ICTS
IN $#OCINC"S 'N5 CITI"S 'N5 T!" ("T#O$O&IT'N ('NI&' '#"'
Se1tio, 13 For p/rposes o- the ele1tio, o- (embers o- the !o/se o- #eprese,tati*es o- the
First Co,+ress o- the $hilippi,es /,der the Co,stit/tio, proposed by the 1989 Co,stit/tio,al
Commissio, a,d s/bse2/e,t ele1tio,s, a,d /,til otherwise pro*ided by law, the (embers
thereo- shall be ele1ted -rom le+islati*e distri1ts apportio,ed amo,+ the pro*i,1es, 1ities,
a,d the (etropolita, (a,ila 'rea as -ollows>
(etropolita, (a,ila 'rea
('NI&', si= A9B :
First 5istri1t> %ara,+ays Nos31:149,
N:City %o/,dary betwee, (a,ila a,d Caloo1a,?
" : From "stero de S/,o+ 'po+ +oi,+ So/th to "stero de Citas /p to the brid+e
spa,,i,+ @/a, &/,a Street, eastward to Tay/ma, Street /p to the #ailroad Tra1;s alo,+
5a+/pa, Street,the,1e so/thward to Claro (3 #e1to '*e,/e?
S" : From poi,t Claro (3 #e1to '*e,/e e=te,di,+ westward to (a,ila %ay?
) : (a,ila %ay ,orthward to City bo/,dary betwee, (a,ila a,d Caloo1a,3
Se1o,d 5istri1t> %ara,+ays Nos3 147:297,
N : City bo/,dary betwee, (a,ila a,d Caloo1a,?
" : From e,d o- #i7al '*e,/e "=te,sio, e=te,di,+ so/thward to #ailroad Tra1;s at
',tipolo Street? -rom 1or,er ',tipolo Street a,d #i7al '*e,/e o, so/ther, side o- #ailroad
Tra1;s e=te,di,+ westward to "stero de Sa, &a7aro, so/thward alo,+ "stero de Sa, &a7aro
/p to 1or,er o- C3 (3 #e1to '*e,/e westward to brid+e spa,,i,+ Claro (3 #e1to at "stero de
la #ei,a?
) : "stero de la #ei,a to "stero de Citas to "stero S/,o+ 'po+ to City bo/,dary
betwee, (a,ila a,d Caloo1a,?
Third 5istri1t> %ara,+ays Nos3 298:694,
N : City bo/,dary betwee, (a,ila a,d Caloo1a,?
" : '3 %o,i-a1io Street e=te,di,+ so/thward to 5imasala,+, to ',da:l/1ia, Claro (3
#e1to '*e,/e eastward to "stero de Sa, (i+/el e,di,+ at $asi+ #i*er?
S : (o/th o- "stero de Sa, (i+/el at $asi+ #i*er, westward to 5el $a, %rid+e,
the,1e to 5el $a, Street?
) : 5el $a, Street ,orthward /p to Claro (3 #e1to "=te,sio, to "stero de Sa,
&a7aro, ,orthward to ',tipolo Street, eastward to #i7al '*e,/e "=te,sio,, ,orthward to
bo/,dary betwee, (a,ila a,d Caloo1a,?
Fo/rth 5istri1t> %ara,+ays Nos3 698 : 889,
S) : "stero de Sa, (i+/el /p to (e,diola %rid+e, the,1e to C3 (3 #e1to '*e,/e to
H/e7o, %o/le*ard?
) : H/e7o, %o/le*ard, ',dal/1ia, 5imasala,+ /p to bo/,dary betwee, (a,ila a,d
H/e7o, City?
N" : City bo/,dary betwee, (a,ila a,d H/e7o, City /p to #amo, (a+saysay
%o/le*ard? S" : #amo, (a+saysay %o/le*ard /p to C3 (apa Street?
S : #amo, (a+saysay %o/le*ard /p to poi,t "stero de Sa, (i+/el where #amo,
(a+saysay %o/le*ard spa,s "stero de Sa, (i+/el?
Fi-th 5istri1t> %ara,+ays Nos3 949:828,
N : (o/th o- $asi+ #i*er i,la,d to poi,t $a7 (3 ./a,7o, Street e=te,di,+ to "stero
de $a,da1a,?
N" : "stero de $a,da1a, /p to $edro .il Street to Te0ero, Street /p to bo/,dary o-
(a,ila a,d (a;ati?
S" : City bo/,dary betwee, (a,ila a,d (a;ati /p to "stero de Tripa de .alli,a?
S : City bo/,dary betwee, $asay a,d (a,ila dow, to #o=as %o/le*ard /p to ed+e
o- re1laimed areas westward to (a,ila %ay?
) : (a,ila %ay /p to mo/th o- $asi+ #i*er,
Si=th 5istri1t> %ara,+ays Nos3 887:948? a,d 829:908
N : Starti,+ -rom poi,t whi1h is mo/th o- "stero de Sa, (i+/el +oi,+ eastward to
(e,diola %rid+e, -ollowi,+ li,e alo,+ "stero de Sa, (i+/el /p to poi,t where #amo,
(a+saysay %o/le*ard eastward to City bo/,dary betwee, (a,ila a,d H/e7o, Cityl?
N" : City bo/,dary /p to poi,t 1ity bo/,dary o- (a,ila, Sa, @/a, a,d H/e7o, City?
" : (a,ila:Sa, @/a,:(a,dal/yo,+:(a;ati bo/,daries /p to Te0ero, Street?
S" : Te0ero, Street to $edro .il Street /p to brid+e spa,,i,+ "stero de $a,da1a,?
S) J ) : "stero de $a,da1a, +oi,+ ,orthward to $a7 (3 ./a,7o, Street, the,
,orthward o, $a7 (3 ./a7o, Street /p to $asi+ #i*er to mo/th o- "stero de Sa, (i+/el o,
$asi+ #i*er3
H"GON CIT4, -o/r A4B
First 5istri1t >
%ara,+ays 5el (o,te,
$alto;,
%/,+ad,
Sa, ',to,io,
Iatip/,a,,
Cetera,s Cilla+e,
Talaya,,
5amaya,,
(ariblo,
$araiso,
Sta3 Cr/7,
Nayo,+ Ia,l/ra,,
$hilam,
)est Tria,+le,
N3S3 'mora,to,
Sa, Isidro &abrador,
Sta3 Teresita,
Sal*a1io,,
(aharli;a,
St3 $eter,
&o/rdes,
Sto3 5omi,+o,
Sie,,a,
Sa, @ose,
(a,resa,
$a+:ibi+ sa Nayo,,
%ali,+asa,
(asambo,+,
5amar,
%ahay Toro,
St3 Cristo,
#amo, (a+saysay,
$ro0e1t 9,
Casra, 'li1ia,
a,d %a+o,+ $a+:asa?
Se1o,d 5istri1t>
%ara,+ays Fair*iew,
New "ra,
!oly Spirit,
%atasa, !ills,
Commo,wealth,
$ayatas,
%a+o,+ Sila,+a,,
Sa/yo,
Talipapa,
%a+ba+,
Sa, %artolome,
Sta3 &/1ia,
./lod,
No*ali1hes $roper,
Sa, '+/sti,,
Na+;aisa,+ Nayo,,
Sta3 (o,i1a,
Iali+ayaha,,
$aso,+ $/ti;,
'polo,io Samso,,
,a,+ Si+aw,
Ta,da,+ Sora,
$aso,+ Tamo,
C/liat,
%aesa,
Capri,
%al/mbato, a,d
Sa,+a,daa,>
Third 5istri1t >
%ara,+ays "3 #odri+/e7,
Sila,+a,,
H/iri,o 6:',
5/ya,:5/ya,,
H/iri,o 6:%,
'miha,,
So1orro,
Sa, #o2/e,
(a,+a,
Gobel 5io2/i,o,
Ta+/mpay,
'+/i,aldo, "s1opa 1,
"s1opa 2,
"s1opa 6,
"s1opa 4,
)est Iamias,
"ast Iamias,
H/iri,o 2 ',
H/riri,o 2 %,
H/iri,o 2 C,
+o,+ Norte,
%a+/mbaya,, &ibis,
Cilla (aria Clara,
(asa+a,a,
(ila+rosa,
(arila+,
%a+/mbaya,,
&oyola !ei+hts,
$a,sol, a,d
(ata,da,+ %alara?
Fo/rth 5istri1t>
%ara,+ays %a+o,+ &ip/,a,,
Ia/,lara,,
Sa, (arti,,
Imma1/late Co,1ep1io,,
So/th Tria,+le,
Sa1red !eart,
&a+i,+ !a,da,
$ali+saha,,
Obrero,
#o=as, Iam/,i,+,
Ia,l/ra,,
Iam/,i,+ Sila,+a,,
Tatalo,,
5o, (a,/el,
5o,a @ose-a,
Sa, Isidro,
5o,a '/rora,
Sa,to Ni,o,
Sa,tol,
5o,a Imelda,
Iristo,+ !ari,
Ial/s/+a,,
5amaya,+ &a+i,
(aria,a,
Cale,1ia,
!orseshoe,
$i,a+;aisaha,,
Sa, Ci1e,te,
3$3 Camp/s,
Ir/s Na &i+as,
Ce,tral,
Old Capital Site,
3$3 Cilla+e,
Tea1herFs "ast,
Tea1herFs )est,
Si;at/,a,
(alaya,
$i,aha,, a,d
%oto1a,
C'&OOC'N CIT4, two A2B :
First 5istri1t > 70 %ara,+ays?
'll o- Caloo1a, North "5S'?
Se1o,d 5istri1t> 118 %ara,+ays?
'll o- Caloo1a, So/th "5S'3
$'S'4 CIT4, o,e A1B
('&'%ON a,d N'COT'S, o,e A1B
S'N @'N a,d ('N5'&4ON., o,e A1B
('#IIIN', o,e A1B
('I'TI, o,e A1B
$'SI., o,e A1B $'#'N'H", o,e A1B
&'S $IN'S a,d (NTIN.&$', o,e A1B
$'T"#OS a,d T'.I., o,e A1B
C'&"NG"&', o,e A1B
("(%"#S OF T!" CONSTITTION'& CO((ISSION KCON CO(L
)!IC! 5#'FT"5 T!"
1987 CONSTITTION OF T!" $!I&I$$IN"S
$reside,t > Ce1ilia (/,o7 $alma
Ci1e:$reside,t
> 'mbrosio %3 $adilla
Floor &eader > Napoleo, .3 #ama
'ssista,t Floor &eaders > 'hmad 5omo1ao 'lo,to
> @ose 53 Caldero,
4/s/- #3 'b/ba;ar Feli1itas S3 '2/i,o
'dol-o S3 '71/,a Teodoro C3 %a1a,i
@ose F3 S3 %e,+7o,, @r3 $o,1ia,o &3 %e,,a+e,
@oa2/i, .3 %er,as Flora,+el #osario %raid
Crispi,o (3 de Castro @ose C3 Colay1o
#oberto #3 Co,1ep1io, !ilario .3 5a*ide, @r3
Ci1e,te %3 Fo7 "dm/,do .3 .ar1ia
@ose &/is (arti, C3 .as1o, Sera-i, C3C3 ./i,+o,a
'lberto (3 I3 @amir @ose %3 &a/rel, @r3
"/lo+io #3 &er/m #e+alado "3 (aambo,+
Christia, S3 (o,sod Teod/lo C3 Nati*idad
(a3 Teresa F3 Nie*a @ose N3 Nolledo
%las F3 Ople (i,da &/7 (3 H/esada
Flore,7 53 #e+alado #/sti1o F3 de los #eyes, @r3
Cirilo '3 #i+os Fra,1is1o '3 #odri+o
#i1ardo @3 #om/lo 5e1oroso #3 #osales
#e,e C3 Sarmie,to @ose "3 S/are7
&ore,7o (3 S/m/lo,+ @aime S3 &3 Tadeo
Christi,e O3 Ta, .re+orio @3 Ti,+so,
"-rai, %3 Tre,as &/+/m &3 ;a
)il-rido C3 Cilla1orta %er,ardo (3 Cille+as
'ttested by >
Flerida #/th $3 #omero
Se1retary:.e,eral
The &awphil $ro0e1t : 'rella,o &aw Fo/,datio,