QIS COLLEGE OFENGINERING&TECHNOLOGY

Department of computer science & engineering

GRID COMPUTING

Submitted by,
B.MAHESWARA PRASAD
III/IV CSE
cse05533@yahoo.co.in
ph: 99666 40958

U.AJAY KUMAR
III/IV CSE
uajaykumar@yahoo.co.in
ph: 99662 87395
 ABSTRACT
GRID COMPUTING
Grid computing, emerging as a new paradigm for next-generation computing,
enables the sharing, selection and aggregation of geographically distributed
heterogeneous resources for solving large scale problems in science, engineering,
and commerce. The resources in the grid are heterogeneous and geographically
distributed. Availability, usage and cost policies vary depending on the particular
user, time, priorities and goals. It enables the regulation of supply and demand for
resource; provides and incentive for resource owners who participate in the grid;
and motivates the users to trade of between deadline, budget, and the required
level of quantity – of –service. A grid is a collection of mechanics, sometimes
referred to as “nodes”, “resources”, “members”, “donors”, “clients”, “host”,
“engines” and many other such terms. They all contribute any combination of
resources to the grid as a whole. Some resources may be used by all users of the
grid while others may have specific restrictions.

Overview

 What is grid?

 Grid infrastructure requirements.

 Types of grid

 Grid components and services

 Applications
  Grid computing standards

 Security

 Future trends

 Conclusion

GRID COMPUTING
What is a Grid?

Advances in computer technology, including ever more powerful hardware and

increasingly sophisticated software, have made it possible to apply computers to solving
a wide range of complex problems in the fields of science, engineering, and business.
There are still any numbers of problems that are beyond the capabilities of the current
generation of supercomputers, however. Furthermore, the nature of these problems often
requires access to resources not often found on a single computer. Grid computing
provides one type of solution to these issues.

The original purpose behind Grid computing was to link together supercomputers
spread across wide distances, but the aims have since moved beyond this scope. The term
Grid was coined as an analogy with the power grid, supplying consistent, dependable,
and transparent access to an electrical supply. Grid computing is intended to provide an
equally consistent, dependable, and transparent collection of computing resources.

A Grid comprises a network of resources, each of which operates autonomously

under local, control, but which collaborate and communicate with each other. In this
respect, a Grid differs from other architectures, such as a cluster where distributed
resources are typically owned and managed by a centralized resource management and
scheduling system (all users of a cluster connect through a centralized system that
allocates resources to tasks).

Grids can be constructed using entire clusters as nodes in the Grid, together with
other localized low-level middleware systems. Grids can additionally make use of other
distributed paradigms; the Globus OGSI* (Open Grid Services Infrastructure) is based on
Web services.
Grid Infrastructure Requirements
A key precept of the Grid paradigm is that Grids should be transparent and
seamless. Users: Applications and services should be able to view the Grid as a single
virtual computer. Grid architectures are based on resource brokers, resolves, and other
pieces of Grid middleware that perform resource discovery, scheduling, and processing
of jobs.
In order to maintain the seamless nature of a Grid, any architecture must consider a
number of issues, including the following:

 The need to respect the local autonomy of the various administrative domains that
comprise the Grid. The systems linked together will be managed by local
administrators who must be allowed to implement their own security policies and
protect their own resources as they see fit.

 The different computing resources will inevitably span a variety of heterogeneous

hardware.

 An appreciation of the dynamic nature of the Grid. Computers may join or leave
the Grid at any time. The architecture implemented by the Grid must be scalable,
supporting anything from a small number of nodes to thousands of computers,
without imposing an overhead that degrades performance. .

 The importance of resilience. In any network, the chances of a single node failing
increases as more and more nodes are added to the system. In a network involving
many thousands of computers, it is likely that at least some computers will be
offline. The Grid must be able to adapt dynamically, maintaining an up-to-date
catalog of available resources.
  A Grid-must is non-intrusive to applications, services, and users not making use
of it. There should be no observable degradation in service to local users
accessing a computer that is also part of a Grid. This goal can be accomplished by
careful scheduling of Grid tasks, and by ensuring that those tasks execute at a
suitably low priority.

Types of Grid
Many grid implementations are oriented towards supplying specific types of resources.
Grids can be categorized according to these resources. The most common types of grid
are

 Computational Grids: It provides resources for executing tasks, using

spare cpu cycles on networked computers. Grid tasks are often scheduled
to run as background tasks, to be performed when no higher priority local
jobs are being executed.

 Data grids: It provides secure access to, and management of, large
distributed data sets. A data grid typically implements replication and
catalogue services, giving the illusion that the entire data set is actually
held on a single piece of data storage. The data is usually processed using
a computational grid.

 Application grids: It extends the notions of computational and data grids

to provide transparent access to remote libraries and applications. In many
instances, they can be implemented using web services acting as facades
for remote services in conjunction with UDDI (universal description,
 discovery, integration), proving location transparency.

Other types of grid are available, knowledge grids, for ex., provide services
that use information to help solve particular problems using specific
algorithms.

Grid components and services

A grid must be designed to provide services that hide the underlying differences
between the computers in the network and present a single, unified view of the entire
scheme:

 Communications: A grid can comprise a variety of network technologies of

varying quality, and it can implement many different protocols. The
communications infra structure provides by a grid must be robust enough to
handle and resolve communications failures between nodes, and it must support
protocols that can transmit much diverse type of data in a reliable manner.

 Authentication and Authorization: In any networked environment,

security is a complex issue. With grids, that complexity is particularly acute .grid
security must interoperate with local security systems.
 Naming services and location Transparency: Resources must be
identifiable and locatable. A single uniform name space that spans entire grid is
essential.a grid- wide directory service such as grid index information services
(GI IS) can combine views from multiple local catalogues, usually based on
standard protocols such as LDAP (light weight directory access protocol).
 Distributed File System: Distributed applications executing on a Grid need
access to data held in files that may be spread across a large number of computers.
A distributed file system provides a single view of the data storage available
throughout the Grid and makes the physical location of files transparent to
 applications accessing those files.

 Resource Management: Different network applications can have varying

network flows, incorporating periods of high and low latency. A Grid must
provide a sufficient quality of service to cater to these differing rates and to ensure
resource availability whenever possible.

 Fault Tolerance: It is vital that Grids provide tools for monitoring,

maintaining, and reconfiguring resources. These tools can be used to implement
transparent failover in the event that a particular resource becomes unavailable.

E
1a. Req
Registr
of data
The facilities of a Grid should be .easily accessible to users and administrators. It
is common, therefore, to provide graphical interfaces that allow users to submit jobs and
monitor tasks as they are executed by the Grid. The Internet supplies an ideal framework
for providing access to remote services, due to the connectivity available and the portable
nature of the interfaces that can be generated.
Major grid projects

Applications

Applications developed to take advantage of a Grid can be built using Grid-enabled

tools and technologies. A Grid should provide the interfaces, libraries, utilities, and
programming APIs to support the development effort required. Common tools and
libraries for building Grid applications include High Performance C++ (HPC++) and the
Message Passing Interface (MPI).

 Consist of user applications

 Can be constructed by services defined at any layer
Grid Computing Standards

The Globus Toolkit* has emerged as the-de facto standard for grid middleware. The
Globus Alliance conducts research and development to create fundamental technologies
behind the Grid, which lets people share computing power, databases, and other on-line
tools securely across corporate, institutional, and geographic boundaries without
sacrificing local autonomy. Globus has protocols to handle grid resource management.
These are:
 Grid Resource Management Protocol (GRAM)
 Information Services: Monitoring and Discovery Service (MDS)
 Data Movement and management: Global Access to Secondary Storage (GASS)
 Grid FTP
Grid standards:
Security
Develop
Without proper security it is always possible for sophisticated individuals to feed
bogus data to grid computing efforts.
• Since grid computing involves the running of code on remote computers and
major efforts in grid computing like OSGA are open source, the code is well
d functionality,

documented and may be reverse engineered to take over computers.

• Errant data must be detected and ignored and the validity of the code being run
must be maintained.
• The controlling computer can simply reevaluate the data fitness and data can be
sent via SSL to make reverse engineering more difficult.
ardization

Modification of the database and denial of service attacks could be more

problematic. These can be addressed by password protecting the relevant web pages and
by limiting access to the machines used by the author of the vo task and her vo
collaborators. Generally unauthorized reading of the data is of little concern, as much of
it will be published in the open literature.

Future trends Web se

Technologies based on the World Wide Web and Web services can be used to
provide the foundation services of a Grid, which additional Grid-specific tools and
protocols can then exploit.
• Access to any resources, for anyone, anywhere, anytime, from any platform –
portal (super) computing.
• Application access to resources from the wall socket!
• Colaboratories for distributed teams.
• Monitoring and steering applications through wireless devices (PDAs etc.).

Conclusion
Grid computing technology has the potential to alleviate processing capacity and
cost barriers. A grid can solve problems that can't be approached without an enormous
computing power.

• A Grid is architecture for integrating networks of standard computers and

specialized hardware into a large virtual computer with the resources
required to handle highly complex calculations.

• A Grid can make resources of an unprecedented size available, while

providing terrific economy of scale.

• Grid technologies being developed provide an infrastructure that makes

the location, hardware type, and operating system of computers
participating in a Grid transparent.