INDIAN FINANCIAL SYSTEM

CORE COURSE
V SEMESTER
B Com (FINANCE)
(2011 Admission)
UNIVERSITY OF CALICUT
SCHOOL OF DISTANCE EDUCATION
Calicut university P.O, Malappuram Kerala, India 673 635.
335
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UNIVERSITY OF CALICUT
SCHOOL OF DISTANCE EDUCATION
STUDY MATERIAL
Core Course
V Semester
B Com (FINANCE)
INDIAN FINANCIAL SYSTEM
Prepared by Sri. Praveen M V,
Asst. Professor,
Department of Commerce,
Govt. College, Madappally.
Scrutinized by Dr. K. Venugopalan,
Associate Professor,
Department of Commerce,
Govt. College, Madappally.
Layout: Computer Section, SDE

Reserved
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CONTENTS PAGE
MODULE I FINANCIAL SYSTEM 5
MODULE II MONEY MARKET 18
MODULE III CAPITAL MARKET 38
MODULE IV FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS 74
MODULE V REGULATORY INSTITUTIONS 94
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MODULE I
FINANCIAL SYSTEM
An introduction
The economic development of a nation is reflected by the progress of the
various economic units, broadly classified into corporate sector, government and
household sector. There are areas or people with surplus funds and there are
those with a deficit. A financial system or financial sector functions as an
intermediary and facilitates the flow of funds from the areas of surplus to the
areas of deficit. A Financial System is a composition of various institutions,
markets, regulations and laws, practices, money manager, analysts, transactions
and claims and liabilities.
Financial system comprises of set of subsystems of financial institutions,
financial markets, financial instruments and services which helps in the
formation of capital. It provides a mechanism by which savings are transformed
to investment.
Financial System;
The word "system", in the term "financial system", implies a set of complex
and closely connected or interlinked institutions, agents, practices, markets,
transactions, claims, and liabilities in the economy. The financial system is
concerned about money, credit and finance -the three terms are intimately
related yet are somewhat different from each other. Indian financial system
consists of financial market, financial instruments and financial intermediation.
Meaning of Financial System
A financial system functions as an intermediary between savers and
investors. It facilitates the flow of funds from the areas of surplus to the areas of
deficit. It is concerned about the money, credit and finance. These three parts
are very closely interrelated with each other and depend on each other.
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A financial system may be defined as a set of institutions, instruments and
markets which promotes savings and channels them to their most efficient use. It
consists of individuals (savers), intermediaries, markets and users of savings
(investors).
In the worlds of Van Horne, financial system allocates savings
efficiently in an economy to ultimate users either for investment in real
assets or for consumption.
According to Prasanna Chandra, financial system consists of a variety
of institutions, markets and instruments related in a systematic manner
and provide the principal means by which savings are transformed into
investments.
Thus financial system is a set of complex and closely interlinked financial
institutions, financial markets, financial instruments and services which
facilitate the transfer of funds. Financial institutions mobilise funds from
suppliers and provide these funds to those who demand them. Similarly, the
financial markets are also required for movement of funds from savers to
intermediaries and from intermediaries to investors. In short, financial system is
a mechanism by which savings are transformed into investments.
Functions of Financial System
The financial system of a country performs certain valuable functions for
the economic growth of that country. The main functions of a financial system
may be briefly discussed as below:
1. Saving function: An important function of a financial system is to mobilise
savings and channelize them into productive activities. It is through financial
system the savings are transformed into investments.
2. Liquidity function: The most important function of a financial system is to
provide money and monetary assets for the production of goods and services.
Monetary assets are those assets which can be converted into cash or money
easily without loss of value. All activities in a financial system are related to
liquidity-either provision of liquidity or trading in liquidity.
3. Payment function: The financial system offers a very convenient mode of
payment for goods and services. The cheque system and credit card system are
the easiest methods of payment in the economy. The cost and time of
transactions are considerably reduced.
4. Risk function: The financial markets provide protection against life, health
and income risks. These guarantees are accomplished through the sale of life,
health insurance and property insurance policies.
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5. Information function: A financial system makes available price-related
information. This is a valuable help to those who need to take economic and
financial decisions. Financial markets disseminate information for enabling
participants to develop an informed opinion about investment, disinvestment,
reinvestment or holding a particular asset.
6. Transfer function: A financial system provides a mechanism for the transfer
of the resources across geographic boundaries.
7. Reformatory functions: A financial system undertaking the functions of
developing, introducing innovative financial assets/instruments services and
practices and restructuring the existing assts, services etc, to cater the emerging
needs of borrowers and investors (financial engineering and re engineering).
8. Other functions: It assists in the selection of projects to be financed and
also reviews performance of such projects periodically. It also promotes the
process of capital formation by bringing together the supply of savings and the
demand for investible funds.
Role and Importance of Financial System in Economic Development
1. It links the savers and investors. It helps in mobilizing and allocating the
savings efficiently and effectively. It plays a crucial role in economic development
through saving-investment process. This savings investment process is called
capital formation.
2. It helps to monitor corporate performance.
3. It provides a mechanism for managing uncertainty and controlling risk.
4. It provides a mechanism for the transfer of resources across geographical
boundaries.
5. It offers portfolio adjustment facilities (provided by financial markets and
financial intermediaries).
6. It helps in lowering the transaction costs and increase returns. This will
motivate people to save more.
7. It promotes the process of capital formation.
8. It helps in promoting the process of financial deepening and broadening.
Financial deepening means increasing financial assets as a percentage of GDP
and financial broadening means building an increasing number and variety of
participants and instruments.
In short, a financial system contributes to the acceleration of economic
development. It contributes to growth through technical progress.
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Structure of Indian Financial System
Financial structure refers to shape, components and their order in the
financial system. The Indian financial system can be broadly classified into
formal (organised) financial system and the informal (unorganised) financial
system. The formal financial system comprises of Ministry of Finance, RBI, SEBI
and other regulatory bodies. The informal financial system consists of individual
money lenders, groups of persons operating as funds or associations, partnership
firms consisting of local brokers, pawn brokers, and non-banking financial
intermediaries such as finance, investment and chit fund companies.
The formal financial system comprises financial institutions, financial
markets, financial instruments and financial services. These constituents or
components of Indian financial system may be briefly discussed as below:
I. Financial Institutions
Financial institutions are the participants in a financial market. They are
business organizations dealing in financial resources. They collect resources by
accepting deposits from individuals and institutions and lend them to trade,
industry and others. They buy and sell financial instruments. They generate
financial instruments as well. They deal in financial assets. They accept
deposits, grant loans and invest in securities.
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Financial institutions are the business organizations that act as mobilises
of savings and as purveyors of credit or finance. This means financial
institutions mobilise the savings of savers and give credit or finance to the
investors. They also provide various financial services to the community. They
deal in financial assets such as deposits, loans, securities and so on.
On the basis of the nature of activities, financial institutions may be
classified as: (a) Regulatory and promotional institutions, (b) Banking
institutions, and (c) Non-banking institutions.
1. Regulatory and Promotional Institutions:
Financial institutions, financial markets, financial instruments and
financial services are all regulated by regulators like Ministry of Finance, the
Company Law Board, RBI, SEBI, IRDA, Dept. of Economic Affairs, Department of
Company Affairs etc. The two major Regulatory and Promotional Institutions in
India are Reserve Bank of India (RBI) and Securities Exchange Board of India
(SEBI). Both RBI and SEBI administer, legislate, supervise, monitor, control and
discipline the entire financial system. RBI is the apex of all financial institutions
in India. All financial institutions are under the control of RBI. The financial
markets are under the control of SEBI. Both RBI and SEBI have laid down
several policies, procedures and guidelines. These policies, procedures and
guidelines are changed from time to time so as to set the financial system in the
right direction.
2. Banking Institutions:
Banking institutions mobilise the savings of the people. They provide a
mechanism for the smooth exchange of goods and services. They extend credit
while lending money. They not only supply credit but also create credit. There
are three basic categories of banking institutions. They are commercial banks,
co-operative banks and developmental banks.
3. Non-banking Institutions:
The non-banking financial institutions also mobilize financial resources
directly or indirectly from the people. They lend the financial resources
mobilized. They lend funds but do not create credit. Companies like LIC, GIC,
UTI, Development Financial Institutions, Organisation of Pension and Provident
Funds etc. fall in this category. Non-banking financial institutions can be
categorized as investment companies, housing companies, leasing companies,
hire purchase companies, specialized financial institutions (EXIM Bank etc.)
investment institutions, state level institutions etc.
Financial institutions are financial intermediaries. They intermediate
between savers and investors. They lend money. They also mobilise savings.
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II. Financial Markets
Financial markets are another part or component of financial system.
Efficient financial markets are essential for speedy economic development. The
vibrant financial market enhances the efficiency of capital formation. It
facilitates the flow of savings into investment. Financial markets bridge one set
of financial intermediaries with another set of players. Financial markets are the
backbone of the economy. This is because they provide monetary support for the
growth of the economy. The growth of the financial markets is the barometer of
the growth of a countrys economy.
Financial market deals in financial securities (or financial instruments) and
financial services. Financial markets are the centres or arrangements that
provide facilities for buying and selling of financial claims and services. These
are the markets in which money as well as monetary claims is traded in.
Financial markets exist wherever financial transactions take place. Financial
transactions include issue of equity stock by a company, purchase of bonds in
the secondary market, deposit of money in a bank account, transfer of funds
from a current account to a savings account etc.
The participants in the financial markets are corporations, financial institutions,
individuals and the government. These participants trade in financial products
in these markets. They trade either directly or through brokers and dealers.
In short, financial markets are markets that deal in financial assets and credit
instruments.
Functions of Financial Markets:
The main functions of financial markets are outlined as below:
1. To facilitate creation and allocation of credit and liquidity.
2. To serve as intermediaries for mobilisation of savings.
3. To help in the process of balanced economic growth.
4. To provide financial convenience.
5. To provide information and facilitate transactions at low cost.
6. To cater to the various credits needs of the business organisations.
Classification of Financial Markets:
There are different ways of classifying financial markets. There are mainly five
ways of classifying financial markets.
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1. Classification on the basis of the type of financial claim: On this basis,
financial markets may be classified into debt market and equity market.
Debt market: This is the financial market for fixed claims like debt
instruments.
Equity market: This is the financial market for residual claims, i.e., equity
instruments.
2. Classification on the basis of maturity of claims: On this basis, financial
markets may be classified into money market and capital market.
Money market: A market where short term funds are borrowed and lend is
called money market. It deals in short term monetary assets with a maturity
period of one year or less. Liquid funds as well as highly liquid securities are
traded in the money market. Examples of money market are Treasury bill
market, call money market, commercial bill market etc. The main participants in
this market are banks, financial institutions and government. In short, money
market is a place where the demand for and supply of short term funds are met.
Capital market: Capital market is the market for long term funds. This
market deals in the long term claims, securities and stocks with a maturity
period of more than one year. It is the market from where productive capital is
raised and made available for industrial purposes. The stock market, the
government bond market and derivatives market are examples of capital market.
In short, the capital market deals with long term debt and stock.
3. Classification on the basis of seasoning of claim: On this basis, financial
markets are classified into primary market and secondary market.
Primary market: Primary markets are those markets which deal in the new
securities. Therefore, they are also known as new issue markets. These are
markets where securities are issued for the first time. In other words, these are
the markets for the securities issued directly by the companies. The primary
markets mobilise savings and supply fresh or additional capital to business
units. In short, primary market is a market for raising fresh capital in the form
of shares and debentures.
Secondary market: Secondary markets are those markets which deal in
existing securities. Existing securities are those securities that have already
been issued and are already outstanding. Secondary market consists of stock
exchanges. Stock exchanges are self regulatory bodies under the overall
regulatory purview of the Govt. /SEBI.
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4. Classification on the basis of structure or arrangements: On this basis,
financial markets can be classified into organised markets and unorganized
markets.
Organised markets: These are financial markets in which financial
transactions take place within the well established exchanges or in the
systematic and orderly structure.
Unorganised markets: These are financial markets in which financial
transactions take place outside the well established exchange or without
systematic and orderly structure or arrangements.
5. Classification on the basis of timing of delivery: On this basis, financial
markets may be classified into cash/spot market and forward / future market.
Cash / Spot market: This is the market where the buying and selling of
commodities happens or stocks are sold for cash and delivered immediately after
the purchase or sale of commodities or securities.
Forward/Future market: This is the market where participants buy and
sell stocks/commodities, contracts and the delivery of commodities or securities
occurs at a pre-determined time in future.
6. Other types of financial market: Apart from the above, there are some other
types of financial markets. They are foreign exchange market and derivatives
market.
Foreign exchange market: Foreign exchange market is simply defined as a
market in which one countrys currency is traded for another countrys currency.
It is a market for the purchase and sale of foreign currencies.
Derivatives market: The derivatives are most modern financial instruments
in hedging risk. The individuals and firms who wish to avoid or reduce risk can
deal with the others who are willing to accept the risk for a price. A common
place where such transactions take place is called the derivative market. It is a
market in which derivatives are traded. In short, it is a market for derivatives.
The important types of derivatives are forwards, futures, options, swaps, etc.
III. Financial Instruments (Securities)
Financial instruments are the financial assets, securities and claims. They
may be viewed as financial assets and financial liabilities. Financial assets
represent claims for the payment of a sum of money sometime in the future
(repayment of principal) and/or a periodic payment in the form of interest or
dividend. Financial liabilities are the counterparts of financial assets. They
represent promise to pay some portion of prospective income and wealth to
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others. Financial assets and liabilities arise from the basic process of financing.
Some of the financial instruments are tradable/ transferable. Others are non
tradable/non-transferable. Financial assets like deposits with banks, companies
and post offices, insurance policies, NSCs, provident funds and pension funds
are not tradable. Securities (included in financial assets) like equity shares and
debentures, or government securities and bonds are tradable. Hence they are
transferable. In short, financial instruments are instruments through which a
company raises finance.
The financial instruments may be capital market instruments or money
market instruments or hybrid instruments. The financial instruments that are
used for raising capital through the capital market are known as capital market
instruments. These include equity shares, preference shares, warrants,
debentures and bonds. These securities have a maturity period of more than one
year.
The financial instruments that are used for raising and supplying money in
a short period not exceeding one year through money market are called money
market instruments. Examples are treasury bills, commercial paper, call money,
short notice money, certificates of deposits, commercial bills, money market
mutual funds.
Hybrid instruments are those instruments which have both the features of
equity and debenture. Examples are convertible debentures, warrants etc.
Financial instruments may also be classified as cash instruments and
derivative instruments. Cash instruments are financial instruments whose value
is determined directly by markets. Derivative instruments are financial
instruments which derive their value from some other financial instrument or
variable.
Financial instruments can also be classified into primary instruments and
secondary instruments. Primary instruments are instruments that are directly
issued by the ultimate investors to the ultimate savers. For example, shares and
debentures directly issued to the public. Secondary instruments are issued by
the financial intermediaries to the ultimate savers. For example, UTI and mutual
funds issue securities in the form of units to the public.
Characteristics of Financial Instruments
The important characteristics of financial instruments may be outlined as below:
1. Liquidity: Financial instruments provide liquidity. These can be easily and
quickly converted into cash.
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2. Marketing: Financial instruments facilitate easy trading on the market. They
have a ready market.
3. Collateral value: Financial instruments can be pledged for getting loans.
4. Transferability: Financial instruments can be easily transferred from person
to person.
5. Maturity period: The maturity period of financial instruments may be short
term, medium term or long term.
6. Transaction cost: Financial instruments involve buying and selling cost. The
buying and selling costs are called transaction costs. These are lower.
7. Risk: Financial instruments carry risk. This is because there is uncertainty
with regard to payment of principal or interest or dividend as the case may be.
8. Future trading: Financial instruments facilitate future trading so as to cover
risks due to price fluctuations, interest rate fluctuations etc.
IV. Financial Services
The development of a sophisticated and matured financial system in the
country, especially after the early nineties, led to the emergence of a new sector.
This new sector is known as financial services sector. Its objective is to
intermediate and facilitate financial transactions of individuals and institutional
investors. The financial institutions and financial markets help the financial
system through financial instruments. The financial services include all activities
connected with the transformation of savings into investment. Important
financial services include lease financing, hire purchase, instalment payment
systems, merchant banking, factoring, forfaiting etc.
Growth and Development of Indian Financial System
At the time of independence in 1947, there was no strong financial
institutional mechanism in the country. The industrial sector had no access to
the savings of the community. The capital market was primitive and shy. The
private and unorganised sector played an important role in the provision of
liquidity. On the whole, there were chaos and confusions in the financial system.
After independence, the government adopted mixed economic system. A
scheme of planned economic development was evolved in 1951 with a view to
achieve the broad economic and social objective. The government started
creating new financial institutions to supply finance both for agricultural and
industrial development. It also progressively started nationalizing some
important financial institutions so that the flow of finance might be in the right
direction. The following developments took place in the Indian financial system:
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1. Nationalisation of financial institutions: RBI, the leader of the financial
system, was established as a private institution in 1935. It was nationalized in
1949. This was followed by the nationalisation of the Imperial bank of India.
One of the important mile stone in the economic growth of India was the
nationalisation of 245 life insurance Corporation in 1956. As a result, Life
Insurance Corporation of India came into existence on 1
st
September, 1956.
Another important development was the nationalisation of 14 major commercial
banks in 1969. In 1980, 6 more banks were nationalized. Another landmark
was the nationalisation of general insurance business and setting up of General
Insurance Corporation in 1972.
2. Establishment of Development Banks: Another landmark in the history of
development of Indian financial system is the establishment of new financial
institutions to supply institutional credit to industries. In 1949, RBI undertook a
detailed study to find out the need for specialized institutions. The first
development bank was established in 1948. That was Industrial Finance
Corporation of India (IFCI). In 1951, Parliament passed State Financial
Corporation Act. Under this Act, State Governments could establish financial
corporations for their respective regions. The Industrial Credit and Investment
Corporation of India (ICICI) were set up in 1955. It was supported by
Government of India, World Bank etc. The UTI was established in 1964 as a
public sector institution to collect the savings of the people and make them
available for productive ventures. The Industrial Development Bank of India
(IDBI) was established on 1
st
July 1964 as a wholly owned subsidiary of the RBI.
On February 16, 1976, the IDBI was delinked from RBI. It became an
independent financial institution. It co-ordinates the activities of all other
financial institutions. In 1971, the IDBI and LIC jointly set up the Industrial
Reconstruction Corporation of India with the main objective of reconstruction
and rehabilitation of sick industrial undertakings. The IRCI was converted into a
statutory corporation in March 1985 and renamed as Industrial Reconstruction
Bank of India. Now its new name is Industrial Investment Bank of India (IIBI).
In 1982, the Export-Import Bank of India (EXIM Bank) was set up to provide
financial assistance to exporters and importers. On April 2, 1990 the Small
Industries Development Bank of India (SIDBI) was set up as a wholly owned
subsidiary of IDBI. The SIDBI has taken over the responsibility of administrating
the Small Industries Development Fund and the National Equity Fund.
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3. Establishment of Institution for Agricultural Development: In 1963, the
RBI set up the Agricultural Refinance and Development Corporation (ARDC) to
provide refinance support to banks to finance major development projects, minor
irrigation, farm mechanization, land development etc. In order to meet credit
needs of agriculture and rural sector, National Bank for Agriculture and Rural
Development (NABARD) was set up in 1982. The main objective of the
establishment of NABARD is to extend short term, medium term and long term
finance to agriculture and allied activities.
4. Establishment of institution for housing finance: The National Housing
Bank (NHB) has been set up in July 1988 as an apex institution to mobilise
resources for the housing sector and to promote housing finance institutions.
5. Establishment of Stock Holding Corporation of India (SHCIL): In 1987,
another institution, namely, Stock Holding Corporation of India Ltd. was set up
to strengthen the stock and capital markets in India. Its main objective is to
provide quick share transfer facilities, clearing services, support services etc. to
investors.
6. Establishment of mutual funds and venture capital institutions: Mutual
funds refer to the funds raised by financial service companies by pooling the
savings of the public and investing them in a diversified portfolio. They provide
investment avenues for small investors who cannot participate in the equities of
big companies.
Venture capital is a long term risk capital to finance high technology
projects. The IDBI venture capital fund was set up in 1986. The ICICI and the
UTI have jointly set up the Technology Development and Information Company of
India Ltd. in 1988 to provide venture capital.
7. New Economic Policy of 1991: Indian financial system has undergone
massive changes since the announcement of new economic policy in 1991.
Liberalisation, Privatisation and Globalisation has transformed Indian economy
from closed to open economy. The corporate industrial sector also has
undergone changes due to delicensing of industries, financial sector reforms,
capital markets reforms, disinvestment in public sector undertakings etc.
Since 1990s, Government control over financial institutions has diluted in
a phased manner. Public or development financial institutions have been
converted into companies, allowing them to issue equity/bonds to the public.
Government has allowed private sector to enter into banking and insurance
sector. Foreign companies were also allowed to enter into insurance sector in India.
Weaknesses of Indian Financial System
Even though Indian financial system is more developed today, it suffers
from certain weaknesses. These may be briefly stated below:
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1. Lack of co-ordination among financial institutions: There are a large
number of financial intermediaries. Most of the financial institutions are owned
by the government. At the same time, the government is also the controlling
authority of these institutions. As there is multiplicity of institutions in the
Indian financial system, there is lack of co-ordination in the working of these
institutions.
2. Dominance of development banks in industrial finance: The industrial
financing in India today is largely through the financial institutions set up by the
government. They get most of their funds from their sponsors. They act as
distributive agencies only. Hence, they fail to mobilise the savings of the public.
This stands in the way of growth of an efficient financial system in the country.
3. Inactive and erratic capital market: In India, the corporate customers are
able to raise finance through development banks. So, they need not go to capital
market. Moreover, they do not resort to capital market because it is erratic and
inactive. Investors too prefer investments in physical assets to investments in
financial assets.
4. Unhealthy financial practices: The dominance of development banks has
developed unhealthy financial practices among corporate customers. The
development banks provide most of the funds in the form of term loans. So there
is a predominance of debt in the financial structure of corporate enterprises.
This predominance of debt capital has made the capital structure of the
borrowing enterprises uneven and lopsided. When these enterprises face
financial crisis, the financial institutions permit a greater use of debt than is
warranted. This will make matters worse.
5. Monopolistic market structures: In India some financial institutions are so
large that they have created a monopolistic market structures in the financial
system. For instance, the entire life insurance business is in the hands of LIC.
The weakness of this large structure is that it could lead to inefficiency in their
working or mismanagement. Ultimately, it would retard the development of the
financial system of the country itself.
6. Other factors: Apart from the above, there are some other factors which put
obstacles to the growth of Indian financial system. Examples are:
a. Banks and Financial Institutions have high level of NPA.
b. Government burdened with high level of domestic debt.
c. Cooperative banks are labelled with scams.
d. Investors confidence reduced in the public sector undertaking etc.,
e. Financial illiteracy.
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MODULE II
MONEY MARKET
Financial Market deals in financial instruments (securities) and financial
services. Financial markets are classified into two, namely, money market and
capital market. Meaning of Money Market
Money market is a segment of financial market. It is a market for short
term funds. It deals with all transactions in short term securities. These
transactions have a maturity period of one year or less. Examples are bills of
exchange, treasury bills etc. These short term instruments can be converted into
money at low transaction cost and without much loss. Thus, money market is a
market for short term financial securities that are equal to money.
According to Crowther, Money market is a collective name given to various
firms and institutions that deal in the various grades of near money.
Money market is not a place. It is an activity. It includes all organizations
and institutions that deal in short term financial instruments. However,
sometimes geographical names are given to the money market according to the
location, e.g. Mumbai Money Market.
Characteristics of Money Market
The following are the characteristics of money market:
1. It is a market for short term financial assets that are close substitutes of
money.
2. It is basically an over the phone market.
3. It is a wholesale market for short term debt instruments.
4. It is not a single market but a collection of markets for several instruments.
5. It facilitates effective implementation of monetary policy of a central bank of a
country.
6. Transactions are made without the help of brokers.
7. It establishes the link between the RBI and banks.
8. The players in the money market are RBI, commercial banks, and companies.
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Functions of Money Market
Money market performs the following functions:
1. Facilitating adjustment of liquidity position of commercial banks, business
undertakings and other non-banking financial institutions.
2. Enabling the central bank to influence and regulate liquidity in the economy
through its intervention in the market.
3. Providing a reasonable access to users of short term funds to meet their
requirements quickly at reasonable costs.
4. Providing short term funds to govt. institutions.
5. Enabling businessmen to invest their temporary surplus funds for short
period.
6. Facilitating flow of funds to the most important uses.
7. Serving as a coordinator between borrowers and lender of short term funds.
8. Helping in promoting liquidity and safety of financial assets.
Importance of Money Market
A well developed money market is essential for the development of a
country. It supplies short term funds adequately and quickly to trade and
industry. A developed money market helps the smooth functioning of the
financial system in any economy in the following ways:
1. Development of trade and industry: Money market is an important source of
finance to trade and industry. Money market finances the working capital
requirements of trade and industry through bills, commercial papers etc. It
influences the availability of finance both in the national and international trade.
2. Development of capital market: Availability funds in the money market and
interest rates in the money market will influence the resource mobilisation and
interest rate in the capital market. Hence, the development of capital market
depends upon the existence of a developed money market. Money market is also
necessary for the development of foreign exchange market and derivatives
market.
3. Helpful to commercial banks: Money market helps commercial banks for
investing their surplus funds in easily realisable assets. The banks get back the
funds quickly in times of need. This facility is provided by money market.
Further, the money market enables commercial banks to meet the statutory
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requirements of CRR and SLR. In short, money market provides a stable source
of funds in addition to deposits.
4. Helpful to central bank: Money market helps the central bank of a country to
effectively implement its monetary policy. Money market helps the central bank
in making the monetary control effective through indirect methods (repos and
open market operations). In short, a well developed money market helps in the
effective functioning of a central bank.
5. Formulation of suitable monetary policy: Conditions prevailing in a money
market serve as a true indicator of the monetary state of an economy. Hence it
serves as a guide to the Govt. in formulating and revising the monetary policy. In
short, the Govt. can formulate the monetary policy after taking into consideration
the conditions in the money market.
6. Helpful to Government: A developed money market helps the Govt. to raise
short term funds through the Treasury bill floated in the market. In the absence
of a developed money market, the Govt. would be forced to issue more currency
notes or borrow from the central bank. This will raise the money supply over and
above the needs of the economy. Hence the general price level will go up
(inflationary trend in the economy). In short, money market is a device to the
Govt. to balance its cash inflows and outflows.
Thus, a well developed money market is essential for economic growth and
stability.
Characteristics of a Developed Money Market
In every country some types of money market exists. Some of them are
highly developed while others are not well developed. A well developed and
efficient money market is necessary for the development of any economy. The
following are the characteristics or prerequisites of a developed and efficient
money market:
1. Highly developed commercial banking system: Commercial banks are the
nerve centre of the whole short term funds. They serve as a vital link between the
central bank and the various segments of the money market. When the
commercial banking system is developed or organized, the money market will be
developed.
2. Presence of a central bank: In a developed money market, there is always a
central bank. The central bank is necessary for direction and control of money
market. Central bank absorbs surplus cash during off-seasons and provides
additional funds in busy seasons. This is done through open market operations.
Being the bankers bank, central bank keeps the reserves of commercial banks
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and provides them financial accommodation in times of need. If the central bank
cannot influence the money market it means the money market is not developed.
In short, without the support of a central bank a money market cannot function.
3. Existence of sub markets: Money market is a group of various sub markets.
Each sub market deals in instruments of varied maturities. There should be large
number of submarkets. The larger the number of sub markets, the broader and
more developed will be the structure of money market. Besides, the sub market
must be interrelated and integrated with each other. If there is no co-ordination
and integration among them, different interest rates will prevail in the sub
markets.
4. Availability of credit instruments: The continuous availability of readily
acceptable negotiable securities (near money assets) is necessary for the
existence of a developed money market. In addition to variety of instruments or
securities, there should be a number of dealers (participants) in the money
market to transact in these securities. It is the dealers in securities who actually
infuse life into the money market.
5. Existence of secondary market: There should be active secondary market in
these credit instruments. The success of money market always depends on the
secondary market. If the secondary market develops, then there will be active
trading of the instruments.
6. Availability of ample resources: There must be availability of sufficient funds
to finance transactions in the sub markets. These funds may come from within
the country and outside the country. Under developed money markets do not
have ample funds. Thus availability of sufficient funds is essential for the smooth
and efficient functioning of the money market.
7. Demand and supply of funds: Money market should have a large demand
and supply of funds. This depends upon the number of participants and also the
Govt. policies in encouraging the investments in various sectors and monetary
policy of RBI.
8. Other factors: There are some other factors that also contribute to the
development of a money market. These factors include industrial development,
volume of international trade, political stability, trade cycles, foreign investment,
price stabilisation etc.
Components / Constituents / Composition of Money Market (Structure of
Money Market)
Money market consists of a number of sub markets. All submarkets
collectively constitute the money market. Each sub market deals in a particular
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financial instrument. The main components or constituents or sub markets of
money markets are as follows:
1. Call money market
2. Commercial bill market
3. Treasury bill markets
4. Certificates of deposits market
5. Commercial paper market
6. Acceptance market
7. Collateral loan market
I. Call Money Market
Call money is required mostly by banks. Commercial banks borrow money
without collateral from other banks to maintain a minimum cash balance known
as cash reserve ratio (CRR). This interbank borrowing has led to the development
of the call money market.
Call money market is the market for very short period loans. If money is
lent for a day, it is called call money. If money is lent for a period of more than
one day and upto 14 days is called short notice money. Thus call money market
refers to a market where the maturity of loans varies between 1 day to 14 days.
In the call money market, surplus funds of financial institutions, and banks are
traded. There is no demand for collateral security against call money.
In India call money markets are mainly located in big industrial and
commercial centres like Mumbai, Kolkata, Chennai, Delhi and Ahmadabad.
Participants or Players in the Call Money Market
1. Scheduled commercial banks and RBI
2. Non-Scheduled commercial banks
3. Co-operative banks
4. Foreign banks
5. Discount and Finance House of India
6. Primary dealers
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The above players are permitted to operate both as lenders and borrowers.
(1) LIC (2) UTI (3) GIC (4) IDBI (5) NABARD (6) Specific mutual funds, etc.
The above participants are permitted to operate as lenders
2. Commercial Bill Market
Commercial bill market is another segment of money market. It is a market
in which commercial bills (short term) are bought and sold. Commercial bills are
important instruments. They are widely used in both domestic and foreign trade
to discharge the business obligations (or to settle business obligations).
Discounting is the main process in this market. Hence commercial bill market is
also known as discount market.
There are specialized institutions known as discount houses for
discounting commercial bills accepted by reputed acceptance houses. RBI has
permitted the financial institutions, mutual funds, commercial banks and co-
operative banks to enter in the commercial bill market.
3. Treasury Bills Market
Treasury bill market is a market which deals in treasury bills. In this
market, treasury bills are bought and sold. Treasury bill is an important
instrument of short term borrowing by the Govt. These are the promissory notes
or a kind of finance bill issued by the Govt. for a fixed period not extending
beyond one year. Treasury bill is used by the Govt. to raise short term funds for
meeting temporary Govt. deficits. Thus it represents short term borrowings of the
Govt.
Advantages or Importance of Treasure Bill Market
Advantages to the Issuer / Govt.
1. The Govt. can raise short term funds for meeting temporary budget deficit.
2. The Govt. can absorb excess liquidity in the economy through the issue of T-
bills in the market.
3. It does not lead to inflationary pressure.
Advantages for the Purchaser/ Investor
1. It is a ready market for purchasers or investors.
2. It is a safety instrument to invest.
3. Treasury bills are eligible securities for SLR requirement.
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4. The market provides hedging facility.
4. Certificates of Deposits Market
CD market is a market which deals in CDs. CDs are short term deposit
instruments to raise large sums of money. These are short term deposits which
are transferable from one party to another. Banks and financial institutions are
major issuers of CD. These are short term negotiable instruments.
Advantages of CD Market
1. It enables the depositors to earn higher return on their short term surplus.
2. The market provides maximum liquidity.
3. The bank can raise money in times of need. This will improve their lending
capacity.
4. The market provides an opportunity for banks to invest surplus funds.
5. The transaction cost of CDs is lower.
5. Commercial Paper Market
Commercial Paper Market is another segment of money market. It is a
market which deals in commercial papers. Commercial papers are unsecured
short term promissory notes issued by reputed, well established and big
companies having high credit rating. These are issued at a discount. Commercial
papers can now be issued by primary dealers and all India financial institutions.
They can be issued to (or purchased by) individuals, banks, companies and other
registered Indian corporate bodies. (Investors in CP)
Role of RBI in the Commercial Paper Market
The Working Group on Money Market (Vaghul Committee) in 1987
suggested the introduction of the commercial Paper (CP) in India. As per the
recommendation of the committee, the RBI introduced commercial papers in
January 1990. The Committee suggested the following:
(a) CP should be issued to investors directly or through bankers.
(b) The CP issuing company must have a net worth of not less then Rs. 5
crores.
(c) The issuing companys shares must be listed in the stock exchange.
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(d) The minimum amount of issue should be Rs. 1 crore and the minimum
denomination of Rs. 5 lakhs
(e) The CPs issuing cost should not exceed 1% of the amount raised.
(f) RBI is the sole authority to decide the size of issue and timing of issue.
(g) The instrument should not be subject to stamp duty at the time of issue
and there should not be any tax deduction at source.
(h) The interest on CP shall be a market determined.
(i) The issuing companies should get certification of credit rating for every six
months and A grading enterprises may be permitted to enter the market.
6. Acceptance Market
Acceptance Market is another component of money market. It is a market
for bankers acceptance. The acceptance arises on account of both home and
foreign trade. Bankers acceptance is a draft drawn by a business firm upon a
bank and accepted by that bank. It is required to pay to the order of a particular
party or to the bearer, a certain specific amount at a specific date in future. It is
commonly used to settle payments in international trade. Thus acceptance
market is a market where the bankers acceptances are easily sold and
discounted.
7. Collateral Loan Market
Collateral loan market is another important sector of the money market.
The collateral loan market is a market which deals with collateral loans.
Collateral means anything pledged as security for repayment of a loan. Thus
collateral loans are loans backed by collateral securities such as stock, bonds
etc. The collateral loans are given for a few months. The collateral security is
returned to the borrower when the loan is repaid. When the borrower is not able
to repay the loan, the collateral becomes the property of the lender. The
borrowers are generally the dealers in stocks and shares.
Money Market Instruments
Money market is involved in buying and selling of short term instruments.
It is through these instruments, the players or participants borrow and lend
money in the money market. There are various instruments available in the
money market. The important money market instruments are:-
1. Call and short notice money
2. Commercial bills
3. Treasury bills
4. Certificate of deposits
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5. Commercial papers
6. Repurchase agreements
7. Money market mutual funds.
8. ADR/GDR
These instruments are issued for short period. These are interest bearing
securities. These instruments may be discussed in detail in the following pages.
1. Call and Short Notice Money
These are short term loans. Their maturity varies between one day to
fourteen days. If money is borrowed or lent for a day it is called call money or
overnight money. When money is borrowed or lent for more than a day and up to
fourteen days, it is called short notice money.
Surplus funds of the commercial banks and other institutions are usually
given as call money. Banks are the borrowers as well as the lenders for the call
money. Banks borrow call funds for a short period to meet the cash reserve ratio
(CRR) requirements. Banks repay the call fund back once the requirements have
been met. The interest rate paid on call loans is known as the call rate. It is a
highly volatile rate. It varies from day to day, hour to hour, and sometimes even
minute to minute. Features of Call and Short Notice Money
1. These are highly liquid.
2. The interest (call rate) is highly volatile.
3. These are repayable on demand.
4. Money is borrowed or lent for a very short period.
5. There is no collateral security demanded against these loans. This means they
are unsecured.
6. The risk involved is high.
2. Commercial Bills
When goods are sold on credit, the seller draws a bill of exchange on the
buyer for the amount due. The buyer accepts it immediately. This means he
agrees to pay the amount mentioned therein after a certain specified date. After
accepting the bill, the buyer returns it to the seller. This bill is called trade bill.
The seller may either retain the bill till maturity or due date or get it discounted
from some banker and get immediate cash. When trade bills are accepted by
commercial banks, they are called commercial bills. The bank discounts this bill
by deducting a certain amount (discount) and balance is paid.
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A bill of exchange contains a written order from the creditor (seller) to the
debtor (buyer) to pay a certain sum, to a certain person after a certain period.
According to Negotiable instruments Act, 1881, a bill of exchange is an
instrument in writing containing an unconditional order, signed by the maker,
directing a certain person to pay a certain sum of money only to, or to the order
of a certain person or to the bearer of the instrument.
Features of Commercial Bills
1. These are negotiable instruments.
2. These are generally issued for 30 days to 120 days. Thus these are short term
credit instruments.
3. These are self liquidating instruments with low risk.
4. These can be discounted with a bank. When a bill is discounted with a bank,
the holder gets immediate cash. This means bank provides credit to the
customers. The credit is repayable on maturity of the bill. In case of need for
funds, the bank can rediscount the bill in the money market and get ready
money.
5. These are used for settling payments in the domestic as well as foreign trade.
6. The creditor who draws the bill is called drawer and the debtor who accepts
the bill is called drawee.
Types of Bills
Many types of bills are in circulation in a bill market. They may be broadly
classified as follows:
1. Demand Bills and Time Bills :- Demand bill is payable on demand. It is
payable immediately on presentation or at sight to the drawing. Demand bill is
also known as sight bill. Time bill is payable at a specified future date. Time
bill is also known as usance bill.
2. Clean Bills and Documentary Bills: When bills have to be accompanied by
documents of title to goods such as railway receipts, bill of lading etc. the bills
are called documentary bills. When bills are drawn without accompanying any
document, they are called clean bills. In such a case, documents will be
directly sent to the drawee.
3. Inland and Foreign Bills :- Inland bills are bills drawn upon a person resident
in India and are payable in India. Foreign bills are bills drawn outside India
and they may be payable either in India or outside India.
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4. Accommodation Bills and Supply Bills :- In case of accommodation bills, two
parties draw bills on each other purely for the purpose of mutual financial
accommodation. These bills are then discounted with the bankers and the
proceeds are shared among themselves. On the due dates, the parties make
payment to the bank. Accommodation bills are also known as wind bills or
kite bills. Supply bills are those drawn by suppliers or contactors on the
Govt. departments for the goods supplied to them. These bills are not
considered as negotiable instruments.
3. Treasury Bills
Treasury bills are short term instruments issued by RBI on behalf of Govt.
These are short term credit instruments for a period ranging from 91 to 364.
These are negotiable instruments. Hence, these are freely transferable. These are
issued at a discount. These are repaid at par on maturity. These are considered
as safe investment.
Thus treasury bills are credit instruments used by the Govt. to raise short
term funds to meet the budgetary deficit. Treasury bills are popularly called T-
bills.
The difference between the amount paid by the tenderer at the time of
purchase (which is less than the face value), and the amount received on
maturity represents the interest amount on T-bills and is known as the discount.
Features of T-Bills
1. They are negotiable securities.
2. They are highly liquid.
3. There is no default risk (risk free). This is because they are issued by the
Govt.
4. They have an assured yield.
5. The cost of issue is very low. It does not involve stamp fee.
6. These are available for a minimum amount of Rs. 25000 and in multiples
thereof.
Types of T-Bills
There are two categories of T-Bills. They are:
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1. Ordinary or Regular T-Bills: These are issued to the public, banks and other
institutions to raise money for meeting the short term financial needs of the Govt.
These are freely marketable. These can be bought and sold at any time.
2. Ad hoc T-Bills: These are issued in favour of the RBI only. They are not sold
through tender or auction. They are purchased by the RBI on tap. The RBI is
authorised to issue currency notes against there.
On the basis of periodicity T-bills may be classified into four. They are as
follows :
1. 91-Day T-Bills
2. 14-Day T-Bills
3. 182-Day T-Bills: - These were introduced in November 1986 to provide short
term investment opportunities to financial institutions and others.
4. 364-Day T-Bills
4. Certificate of Deposits (CDs)
With a view to give investors greater flexibility in the development of their
short term surplus funds, RBI permitted banks to issue Certificate of Deposit.
CDs were introduced in June 1989. CD is a certificate in the form of promissory
note issued by banks against the short term deposits of companies and
institutions, received by the bank. Simply stated, it is a time deposit of specific
maturity and is easily transferable. It is a document of title to a time deposit. It is
issued as a bearer instrument and is negotiable in the market. It is payable on a
fixed date. It has a maturity period ranging from three to twelve months. It is
issued at a discount rate varying between 13% to 18%. The discount rate is
determined by the issuing bank and the market. All scheduled banks except
Regional Rural Banks and scheduled co-operative banks are eligible to issue CDs
to the extent of 7% of deposits. It can be issued to individuals, corporations,
companies, trusts, funds and associations.
CDs are issued by banks during period of tight liquidity, at relatively high
interest rate. Banks rely on this source when the deposit growth is low but credit
demand is high. They can be issued to individuals, companies, trusts, funds,
associates, and others.
The main difference between fixed deposit and CD is that CDs are easily
transferable from one party to another, whereas FDs are non-transferable.
Features of CDs
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1. These are unsecured promissory notes issued by banks or financial
institutions.
2. These are short term deposits of specific maturity similar to fixed deposits.
3. These are negotiable (freely transferable by endorsement and delivery)
4. These are generally risk free.
5. The rate of interest is higher than that on T-bill or time deposits
6. These are issued at discount
7. These are repayable on fixed date.
8. These require stamp duty.
Guidelines for Issue of CDs
CDs are negotiable money market instruments. These are issued against
deposits in banks or financial institutions for a specified time period. RBI has
issued several guidelines regarding the issue of CDs. The following are the RBI
guidelines:
1. CDs can be issued by scheduled commercial banks (excluding RRBs and Local
Area Banks) and select all-India financial institutions.
2. Minimum of a CD should be Rs. 1 lakh i.e., the minimum deposit that could
be accepted from a single subscriber should not be less than Rs. 1 lakh and in
the multiples of Rs. 1 lakh thereafter.
3. CDs can be issued to individuals, corporations, companies, trusts, funds, and
associations. NRIs may also subscribe to CDs, but only on a repatriable basis.
4. The maturity period of CDs issued by banks should not be less than 7 days
and not more than one year. Financial institutions can issue CDs for a period not
less than one year and not exceeding 3 years from the date of issue.
5. CDs may be issued at a discount on face value. Bankers/Fls are also allowed
to issue CDs on a floating rate basis provided that the rate is objective,
transparent and market based.
6. Banks have to maintain the appropriate CRR and SLR requirements, on the
issue price of CDs.
7. Physical CDs are freely transferable by endorsement and delivery. Dematted
CDs can be transferred as per the procedure applicable to other demat securities.
There is no lock in period for CDs.
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8. Bank/Fls cannot grant loans against CDs. They cannot buy back their own
CDs before maturity.
9. Bankers/Fls should issue CDs only in the dematerialised form. However,
according to the depositories Act, 1996 investors have the option to seek a
certificate in physical form.
10. Since CDs are transferable, the physical certificate may be presented for
payment by the last holder.
5. Commercial Papers (CPs)
Commercial paper was introduced into the market in 1989-90. It is a
finance paper like Treasury bill. It is an unsecured, negotiable promissory note. It
has a fixed maturity period ranging from three to six months. It is generally
issued by leading, nationally reputed credit worthy and highly rated corporations.
It is quite safe and highly liquid. It is issued in bearer form and on discount. It is
also known as industrial paper or corporate paper. CPs can be issued in multiples
of Rs. 5 lakhs subject to the minimum issue size of Rs. 50 lakhs.
Thus a CP is an unsecured short term promissory note issued by leading,
creditworthy and highly rated corporates to meet their working capital
requirements. In short, a CP is a short term unsecured promissory note issued
by financially strong companies.
Advantages of Commercial Paper
1. These are simple to issue.
2. The issuers can issue CPs with maturities according to their cash flow.
3. The image of the issuing company in the capital market will improve. This
makes easy to raise long term capital
4. The investors get higher returns
5. These facilitate securitisation of loans. This will create a secondary market
for CP.
Disadvantages of Commercial Papers
1. It cannot be repaid before maturity.
2. It can be issued only by large, financially strong firms.
6. Repurchase Agreements (REPO)
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REPO is basically a contract entered into by two parties (parties include
RBI, a bank or NBFC. In this contract, a holder of Govt. securities sells the
securities to a lender and agrees to repurchase them at an agreed future date at
an agreed price. At the end of the period the borrower repurchases the securities
at the predetermined price. The difference between the purchase price and the
original price is the cost for the borrower. This cost of borrowing is called repo
rate.
A transaction is called a Repo when viewed from the perspective of the
seller of the securities and reverse when described from the point of view of the
suppliers of funds. Thus whether a given agreement is termed Repo or Reverse
Repo depends largely on which party initiated the transaction.
Thus Repo is a transaction in which a participant (borrower) acquires
immediate funds by selling securities and simultaneously agrees to repurchase
the same or similar securities after a specified period at a specified price. It is
also called ready forward contract.
7. Money Market Mutual Funds (MMMFs)
Money Market Mutual Funds mobilise money from the general public. The
money collected will be invested in money market instruments. The investors get
a higher return. They are more liquid as compared to other investment
alternatives.
The MMMFs were originated in the US in 1972. In India the first MMMF
was set up by Kothari Pioneer in 1997. But this did not succeed.
Advantages of MMMFs
1. These enable small investors to participate in the money market.
2. The investors get higher return.
3. These are highly liquid.
4. These facilitate the development of money market.
Disadvantage of MMMFs
1. Heavy stamp duty.
2. Higher flotation cost.
3. Lack of investors education.
8. American Depository Receipt and Global Depository Receipt
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ADRs are instruments in the nature of depository receipt and certificate.
These instruments are negotiable and represent publicly traded, local currency
equity shares issued by non - American company. For example, an NRI can
invest in Indian Companys shares without bothering dollar conversion and other
exchange formalities.
If the facilities extended globally, these instruments are called GDR. ADR are
listed in American Stock exchanges and GDR are listed in other than American
Stock exchanges, say Landon, Luxembourg, Tokyo etc.,
Structure of the Indian Money Market
In the Indian money market RBI occupies a key role. It is the nerve centre
of the monetary system of our country. It is the leader of the Indian money
market. The Indian money market is highly disintegrated and unorganized. The
Indian money market can be divided into two sectors - unorganized and
organised. In between these two, there exists the co-operative sector. It can be
included in the organised sector.
The organised sector comprises of RBI, SBI group of banks, public sector
banks, private sector banks, development banks and other financial institutions.
The unorganised sector comprises of indigenous bankers, money lenders, chit
funds etc. These are outside the control of RBI. This is the reason why Indian
money market remains underdeveloped.
Features or Defects of the Indian Money Market
The features or defects of the Indian money market are as follows:
1. Existence of unorganised segment: The most important defect of the Indian
money market is the existence of unorganised segment. The unorganised
segment comprises of indigenous bankers, moneylenders etc. This unorganised
sector does not follow the rules and regulations of the RBI. Besides, a higher rate
of interest prevails in the unorganised market.
2. Lack of integration: Another important drawback of the Indian money market
is that the money market is divided into different sections. Unfortunately these
sections are loosely connected to each other. There is no co-ordination between
the organised and unorganised sectors. With the setting up of the RBI and the
passing of the Banking Regulations Act, the conditions have improved.
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3. Disparities in interest rates: Interest rates in different money markets and in
different segments of money market still differ. Too many interest rates are
prevailing in the market. For example, borrowing rates of Govt. lending rate of
commercial banks, the rates of co-operative banks and rates of financial
institutions. This disparity in interest rates is due to lack of mobility of funds
from one segment to another.
4. Seasonal diversity of money market: The demand for money in Indian
money market is of seasonal in nature. During the busy season from November
to June, money is needed for financing the marketing of agricultural products,
seasonal industries such as sugar, jaguar, etc. From July to October the demand
for money is low. As a result, the money rates fluctuate from one period to
another.
5. Absence of bill market: The bill market in India is not well developed. There
is a great paucity of sound commercial bills of exchange in our country. As a
matter of habit, Indian traders resort to hundies rather than properly drawn bill
of exchange.
6. Limited instruments: The supply of short term instruments like commercial
bills, treasury bills etc. are very limited and inadequate.
7. Limited number of participants: The participants in the Indian money
market are limited. Entry in the money market is tightly regulated.
8. Restricted secondary market: Secondary market for money market
instruments is mainly restricted to rediscounting of commercial bills and
treasury bills.
9. No contact with foreign money markets: Indian money market has little
contract with money markets in other countries.
In totality it can be concluded that Indian money market is relatively
underdeveloped.
Players or Participants in the Indian Money Market
The following are the players in the Indian money market:
1. Govt.
2. RBI
3. Commercial banks
4. Financial institutions like IFCI, IDBI, ICICI, SIDBI, UTI, LIC etc.
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5. Discount and Finance House of India.
6. Brokers
7. Mutual funds
8. Public sector undertakings
9. Corporate units
Recent Developments in the Indians Money Market
The recent developments in the Indian money market may be briefly
explained as below:
1. Integration of unorganised sector with the organised sector : RBI has taken
many steps to bring the institutions in the unorganised sector within its control
and regulation. These institutions are now slowly coming under the organised
sector. They started availing of the rediscounting facilities from the RBI.
2. Widening of call money market: In recent years, many steps have been taken
to widen the call money market. The number of participants in the call money
market is increasing. LIC, GIC, IDBI, UTI and specialised mutual funds have
been permitted to enter into this market as lenders only. The DFHI and STCI
have been permitted to operate both as lenders and borrowers.
3. Introduction of innovative instruments: New financial instruments have been
introduced in the money market. On the recommendation of the Chakkraborty
Committee, the RBI introduced 192 days T-bills since 1986. A new instrument in
the form of 364 days T-bills was introduced at the end of April 1992. Again, new
instruments such as CDs, CPs, and interbank participation certificates have
been introduced. Necessary guidelines also have been issued for the operation of
these instruments.
4. Introduction of negotiable dealing system : As negotiable dealing system has
been introduced with a view to facilitating electronic bidding in auctions and
secondary market transactions in Govt. securities and dissemination of
information.
5. Offering of market rates of interest: In order to popularise money market
instruments, the ceiling on interest rate has been abolished. Call money rate, bill
discounting rate, inter bank rate etc. have been freed from May 1, 1989. Thus,
today Indian money market offers full scope for the play of market forces in
determining the rates of interest.
6. Satellite system dealership: The satellite system dealership was launched in
1996 to serve as a second tier to primary dealers in retailing of Govt. securities.
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RBI has decided to allow players such as provident funds, trusts to participate in
government bond auctions, on a non-competitive basis.
7. Promotion of bill culture: All attempts are being taken to discourage cash
credit and overdraft system of financing and to popularise bill financing.
Exemption from stamp duty is given on rediscounting of derivative usance
promissory notes arising out of genuine trade bill transactions. This is done to
promote bill culture in the country.
8. Introduction of money market mutual funds: Recently certain private sector
mutual funds and subsidiaries of commercial banks have been permitted to deal
in money market instrument. This has been done with a view to expand the
money market and also to develop secondary market for money market
instruments.
9. Setting up of credit rating agencies: Recently some credit rating agencies have
been established. The important agencies are the Credit Rating Information
Services of India Ltd (CRISIL), Investment Information and Credit Rating Agency
of India (IICRA) and, Credit Analysis and Research Ltd. (CARE). These have been
set up to provide credit information through financial analysis of leading
companies and industrial sectors.
10. Adoption of suitable monetary policy: In recent years the RBI is adopting a
more realistic and appropriate monetary and credit policies. The main objective is
to increase the availability of resources in the money market and make the
money market more active.
11. Establishment of DFHI: The DFHI was set up in 1988 to activate the money
market and to promote a secondary market for all money market instruments.
12. Setting up of Securities Trading Corporation of India Ltd. (STCI) : The RBI
has set p the STCI in May 1994. Its main objective is to provide a secondary
market in Govt. securities. It has enlarged the T-bill market and the call market
and provided an active secondary market for T-bills.
Because of these recent developments, the Indian money market is
developing.
Discount and Finance House of India
The DFHI was set up in April 1988 as a specialised money market
institution. It was set up as for the recommendations of the Vaghal Committee.
DFHI was given the specific task of widening and deepening the money market.
The DFHI was set up jointly by the RBI, public sector banks and financial
institutions.
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Main Objectives of DFHI
1. To provide liquidity to money market instruments.
2. To provide safe and risk free short term investment avenues to institutions.
3. To facilitate money market transactions of small and medium sized
institutions that are not regular participants in the market.
4. To integrate the various segments of the money market.
5. To develop a secondary market for money market instruments.
Functions and Role of DFHI
1. To discount, rediscount, purchase and sell treasury bills, trade bills
of exchange, commercial bills and commercial papers.
2. To play an important role as a lender, borrower or broker in the
interbank call money market.
3. To promote and support company funds, trusts and other
organisations for the development of short term money market.
4. To advise Government, banks, and financial institutions involving
schemes for growth and development of money market.
5. To undertake buy back arrangements in trade bills and treasury bills
as well as securities of local authorities, public sector institutions,
Govt. and commercial and non-commercial houses.
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MODULE III
CAPITAL MARKET
There are many persons or organizations that require capital. Similarly,
there are several persons or organizations that have surplus capital. They want to
dispose of (or invest) their surplus capital. Capital market is a meeting place of
these two broad categories of persons or organizations.
Meaning and Definition of Capital Market
Capital market simply refers to a market for long term funds. It is a
market for buying and selling of equity, debt and other securities. Generally, it
deals with long term securities that have a maturity period of above one year.
Capital market is a vehicle through which long term finance is channelized
for the various needs of industry, commerce, govt. and local authorities.
According to W.H. Husband and J.C. Dockerbay, the capital market is used to
designate activities in long term credit, which is characterised mainly by securities
of investment type.
Thus, capital market may be defined as an organized mechanism for the
effective and smooth transfer of money capital or financial resources from the
investors to the entrepreneurs.
Characteristics of Capital Market
1. It is a vehicle through which capital flows from the investors to borrowers.
2. It generally deals with long term securities.
3. All operations in the new issues and existing securities occur in the capital
market.
4. It deals in many types of financial instruments. These include equity shares,
preference shares, debentures, bonds, etc. These are known as securities. It is for
this reason that capital market is known as Securities Market.
5. It functions through a number of intermediaries such as banks, merchant
bankers, brokers, underwriters, mutual funds etc. They serve as links between
investors and borrowers.
6. The constituents (players) in the capital market include individuals and
institutions. They include individual investors, investment and trust companies,
banks, stock exchanges, specialized financial institutions etc.
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Functions of a Capital Market
The functions of an efficient capital market are as follows:
1. Mobilise long term savings for financing long term investments.
2. Provide risk capital in the form of equity or quasi-equity to entrepreneurs.
3. Provide liquidity with a mechanism enabling the investor to sell financial
assets.
4. Improve the efficiency of capital allocation through a competitive pricing
mechanism.
5. Disseminate information efficiently for enabling participants to develop an
informed opinion about investment, disinvestment, reinvestment etc.
6. Enable quick valuation of instruments both equity and debt.
7. Provide insurance against market risk through derivative trading and default
risk through investment protection fund.
8. Provide operational efficiency through: (a) simplified transaction procedures,
(b) lowering settlement times, and (c) lowering transaction costs.
9. Develop integration among: (a) debt and financial sectors, (b) equity and debt
instruments, (c) long term and short term funds.
10. Direct the flow of funds into efficient channels through investment and
disinvestment and reinvestment.
Distinguish between Money Market and Capital Market
Money market Capital market
1. Short term funds
2. Operational/WC needs
3. Instruments are: bills, CPs,
T-bills, CDs etc.,
4. Huge face value for single instrument
5. Central and coml. banks are major
players
6. No formal place for transactions
7. Usually no role for brokers
1. Long term funds
2. FC/PC requirements
3. Shares, debentures, bonds etc., are
main instruments in capital market
4. Small face value of securities
5. Development banks, investment
institutions are major players
6. Formal place, stock exchanges
7. Brokers playing a vital role
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Importance of Capital Market
The importance of capital market is outlined as below:
1. Mobilisation of savings: Capital market helps in mobilizing the savings of the
country. It gives an opportunity to the individual investors to employ their
savings in more productive channels.
2. Capital formation: Large amount is required to invest in infrastructural
foundation. Such a large amount cannot be collected from one individual or few
individuals. Capital market provides an opportunity to collect funds from a large
number of people who have investible surplus. In short, capital market plays a
vital role in capital formation at a higher rate.
3. Economic development: With the help of capital market, idle funds of the
savers are channelized to the productive sectors. In this way, capital market
helps in the rapid industrialization and economic development of a country.
4. Integrates different parts of the financial system: The different components of
the financial system includes new issue market, money market, stock exchange
etc. It is the capital market which helps to establish a close contact among
different parts of the financial system. This is essential for the growth of an
economy.
5. Promotion of stock market: A sound capital market promotes an organized
stock market. Stock exchange provides for easy marketability to securities. A
readymade market is available to buyers and sellers of securities.
6. Foreign capital: Multinational Corporations and foreign investors will be ready
to invest in a country where there is a developed capital market. Thus capital
market not only helps in raising foreign capital but the foreign technology also
comes within the reach of the local people.
7. Economic welfare: Capital market facilitates increase in production and
productivity in the economy. It raises the national income of the country. In this
way, it helps to promote the economic welfare of the nation.
8. Innovation: Introduction of a new financial instrument, finding new sources of
funds, introduction of new process etc. are some of the innovations introduced in
capital market. Innovation ensures growth.
Components of Capital Market
There are four main components of capital market. They are: (a) Primary
market, (b) Government Securities Market, (c) Financial Institutions, and (d)
Secondary Market
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These components of capital market may be discussed in detail in the
following pages:
A. Primary Market /New Issue Market (NIM)
Every company needs funds. Funds may be required for short term or long
term. Short term requirements of funds can be met through banks, lenders,
institutions etc. When a company wishes to raise long term capital, it goes to the
primary market. Primary market is an important constituent of a capital market.
In the primary market the security is purchased directly from the issuer.
Meaning of Primary Market
The primary market is a market for new issues. It is also called new issue
market. It is a market for fresh capital. It deals with the new securities which
were not previously available to the investing public. Corporate enterprises and
Govt. raises long term funds from the primary market by issuing financial
securities.
Both the new companies and the existing companies can issue new
securities on the primary market. It also covers raising of fresh capital by
government or its agencies.
The primary market comprises of all institutions dealing in fresh securities.
These securities may be in the form of equity shares, preference shares,
debentures, right issues, deposits etc.
Functions of Primary Market
The main function of a primary market can be divided into three
service functions. They are: origination, underwriting and distribution.
1. Origination: Origination refers to the work of investigation, analysis and
processing of new project proposals. Origination begins before an issue is
actually floated in the market. The function of origination is done by
merchant bankers who may be commercial banks, all India financial
institutions or private firms.
2. Underwriting: When a company issues shares to the public it is not sure
that the whole shares will be subscribed by the public. Therefore, in order
to ensure the full subscription of shares (or at least 90%) the company may
underwrite its shares or debentures. The act of ensuring the sale of shares
or debentures of a company even before offering to the public is called
underwriting. It is a contract between a company and an underwriter
(individual or firm of individuals) by which he agrees to undertake that part
of shares or debentures which has not been subscribed by the public. The
firms or persons who are engaged in underwriting are called underwriters.
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3. Distribution: This is the function of sale of securities to ultimate
investors. This service is performed by brokers and agents. They maintain
a direct and regular contact with the ultimate investors.
Methods of Raising Fund in the Primary Market (Methods of Floating New
Issues)
A company can raise capital from the primary market through various
methods. The methods include public issues, offer for sale, private placement,
right issue, and tender method.
a. Public Issues
This is the most popular method of raising long term capital. It means
raising funds directly from the public. Under this method, the company invites
subscription from the public through the issue of prospectus (and issuing
advertisements in news papers). On the basis of offer in the prospectus, the
investors apply for the number of securities they are willing to take. In response
to application for securities, the company makes the allotment of shares,
debentures etc.
Types of Public Issues: Public issue is of two types, namely, initial public offer
and follow-on public offer.
Initial Public Offering (IPO): This is an offering of either a fresh issue of
securities or an offer for sale of existing securities or both by an unlisted
company for the first time in its life to the public. In short, it is a method of
raising securities in which a company sells shares or stock to the general public
for the first time.
Follow-on Public Offering (FPO): This is an offer of sale of securities by a listed
company. This is an offering of either a fresh issue of securities or an offer for
sale to the public by an already listed company through an offer document.
Methods of Determination of Prices of New Shares
Equity offerings by companies are offered to the investors in two forms (a)
fixed price offer method, and (b) book building method.
Fixed Price Offer Method
In this case, the company fixes the issue price and then advertises the
number of shares to be issued. If the price is very high, the investors will apply
for fewer numbers of shares. On the other hand, if the issue is under-priced, the
investors will apply for more number of shares. This will lead to huge over
subscription.
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The main steps involved in issue of shares under fixed price offer method
are as follows:
1. Selection of merchant banker
2. Issue of a prospectus
3. Application for shares
4. Allotment of shares to applicants
5. Issue of Share Certificate
Book-building Method
It was introduced on the basis of recommendations of the committee
constituted under the chairmanship of Y.H. Malegam in October, 1995. Under
this method, the company does not price the securities in advance. Instead, it
offers the investors an opportunity to bid collectively. It then uses the bids to
arrive at a consensus price. All the applications received are arranged and a final
offer price (known as cut off price) is arrived at. Usually the cut off price is the
weighted average price at which the majority of investors are willing to buy the
securities. In short, book building means selling securities to investors at an
acceptable price with the help of intermediaries called Book-runners. It involves
sale of securities to the public and institutional bidders on the basis of
predetermined price range or price band. The price band cannot exceed 20% of
the floor price. The floor price is the minimum price at which bids can be made
by the investors. It is fixed by the merchant banker in consultation with the
issuing company. Thus, book building refers to the process under which pricing
of the issue is left to the investors.
Today most IPOs in India use book-building method. As per SEBIs
guidelines 1997, the book building process may be applied to 100 per cent of the
issue, if the issue size is 100 crores or more.
b. Offer for Sale Method
Under this method, instead of offering shares directly to the public by the
company itself, it offers through the intermediary such as issue houses /
merchant banks / investment banks or firms of stock brokers.
Under this method, the sale of securities takes place in two stages. In the
first stage, the issuing company sells the shares to the intermediaries such as
issue houses and brokers at an agreed price. In the second stage, the
intermediaries resell the securities to the ultimate investors at a market related
price. This price will be higher. The difference between the purchase price and
the issue price represents profit for the intermediaries. The intermediaries are
responsible for meeting various expenses. Offer for sale method is also called
bought out deal. This method is not common in India.
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c. Private Placement of Securities
Private placement is the issue of securities of a company direct to one
investor or a small group of investors. Generally the investors are the financial
institutions or other existing companies or selected private persons such as
friends and relatives of promoters. A private company cannot issue a prospectus.
Hence it usually raises its capital by private placement. A public limited company
can also raise its capital by placing the shares privately and without inviting the
public for subscription of its shares. Company law defines a privately placed
issue to be the one seeking subscription from 50 members. In a private
placement, no prospectus is issued. In this case the elaborate procedure required
in the case of public issue is avoided. Therefore, the cost of issue is minimal. The
process of raising funds is also very simple. But the number of shares that can
be issued in a private placement is generally limited.
Thus, private placement refers to the direct sale of newly issued securities
by the issuer to a small number of investors through merchant bankers.
d. Right Issue
Right issue is a method of raising funds in the market by an existing
company. Under this method, the existing company issues shares to its existing
shareholders in proportion to the number of shares already held by them. Thus
a right issue is the issue of new shares in which existing shareholders are given
pre-emptive rights to subscribe to the new issue on a pro-rata basis.
According to Section 81 (1) of the Companies Act, when the company wants
to increase the subscribed capital by issue of further shares, such shares must
be issued first of all to existing shareholders in proportion of their existing
shareholding. The existing shareholders may accept or reject the right.
Shareholders who do not wish to take up the right shares can sell their rights to
another person. If the shareholders neither subscribe the shares nor transfer
their rights, then the company can offer the shares to public.
A company making right issue is required to send a circular to all existing
shareholders. The circular should provide information on how additional funds
would be used and their effect on the earning capacity of the company. The
company should normally give a time limit of at least one month to two months
to shareholders to exercise their rights before it is offered to the public. No new
company can make right issue.
Promoters offer right issue at attractive price often at a discount to the
market price due to a variety of reasons. The reasons are: (a) they want to get
their issues fully subscribed to, (b) to reward their shareholders, (c) it is possible
that the market price does not reflect a shares true worth or that it is over-
priced, (d) to increase their stake in the companies so as to avoid preferential
allotment.
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e. Other Methods of Issuing Securities
Apart from the above methods, there are some other methods of issuing
securities. They are:
1. Tender method: Under tender method, the issue price is not predetermined.
The company announces the public issue without indicating the issue price. It
invites bids from various interested parties. The parties participating in the
tender submit their maximum offers indicating the maximum price they are
willing to pay. They should also specify the number of shares they are interested
to buy. The company, after receiving various offers, may decide about the price
in such a manner that the entire issue is fairly subscribed or sold to the parties
participating in the tender.
2. Issue of bonus shares: Where the accumulated reserves and surplus of
profits of a company are converted into paid up capital, it is called bonus issue.
It simply refers to capitalization of existing reserves and surpluses of a company.
3. Offer to the employees: Now a days companies issue shares on a preferential
basis to their employees (including whole time directors). This attracts, retains
and motivates the employees by creating a sense of belonging and loyalty.
Generally shares are issued at a discount. A company can issue shares to their
employees under the following two schemes: (a) Employee stock option scheme
and (b) employee stock purchase scheme.
4. Offer to the creditors: At the time of reorganization of capital, creditors may
be issued shares in full settlement of their loans.
5. Offer to the customers: Public utility undertakings offer shares to their
customers.
Procedure of Public Issue
Under public issue, the new shares/debentures may be offered either
directly to the public through a prospectus (offer document) or indirectly through
an offer for sale involving financial intermediaries or issue houses. The main
steps involved in public issue are as follows:
1. Draft prospectus: A draft prospectus has to be prepared giving all required
information. Any company or a listed company making a public issue or a right
issue of value more than Rs. 50 lakh has to file a draft offer document with SEBI
for its observation. The company can proceed further after getting observations
from the SEBI. The company can open its issue within 3 months from the date of
SEBIs observation letter.
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2. Fulfilment of Entry Norms: The SEBI has laid down certain entry norms
(parameters) for accessing the primary market. A company can enter into the
primary market only if a company fulfils these entry norms.
3. Appointment of underwriters: Sometimes underwriters are appointed to
ensure full subscription.
4. Appointment of bankers: Generally, the company shall nominate its own
banker to act as collecting agent. The bankers along with their branch network
process the funds procured during the public issue.
5. Initiating allotment procedure: When the issue is subscribed to the minimum
level, the registrars initiate the allotment procedure.
6. Appointment of brokers to the issue: Recognised members of the stock
exchange are appointed as brokers to the issue.
7. Filing of documents: Documents such as draft prospectus, along with the
copies of the agreements entered into with the lead manager, underwriters,
bankers, Registrars, and brokers to the issue have to be filed with the Registrar
of Companies.
8. Printing of prospectus and application forms: After filing the above
documents, the prospectus and application forms are printed and dispatched to
all merchant bankers, underwriters and brokers to the issue.
9. Listing the issue: It is very essential to send a letter to the stock exchange
concerned where the issue is proposed to be listed.
10. Publication in news papers: The next step is to publish an abridged version
of the prospectus and the commencing and closing dates of issues in major
English dailies and vernacular newspapers.
11. Allotment of shares: After close of the issue, all application forms are
scrutinised tabulated and then the shares are allotted against those applications
received.
Players or Participants (or Intermediaries) in the Primary market/Capital
Market
There are many players (intermediaries) in the primary market (or capital
market). Important players are as follows:
1. Merchant bankers: In attracting public money to capital issues, merchant
bankers play a vital role. They act as issue managers, lead managers or co-
managers (functions in detail is given in following pages)
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2. Registrars to the issue: Registrars are intermediaries who undertake all
activities connected with new issue management. They are appointed by the
company in consultation with the merchant bankers to the issue.
3. Bankers: Some commercial banks act as collecting agents and some act as
co-ordinating bankers. Some bankers act as merchant bankers and some are
brokers. They play an important role in transfer, transmission and safe custody
of funds.
4. Brokers: They act as intermediaries in purchase and sale of securities in the
primary and secondary markets. They have a network of sub brokers spread
throughout the length and breadth of the country.
5. Underwriters: Generally investment bankers act as underwriters. They
agreed to take a specified number of shares or debentures offered to the public, if
the issue is not fully subscribed by the public. Underwriters may be financial
institutions, banks, mutual funds, brokers etc.
Special Features of the Indian Capital Market
Indian capital market has the following special features:
1. Greater reliance on debt instruments as against equity and in particular,
borrowing from financial institutions.
2. Issue of debentures specifically, convertible debentures with automatic or
compulsory conversion into equity without the normal option given to investors.
3. Floatation of Mega issues for the purpose of take over, amalgamation etc. and
avoidance of borrowing from financial institutions for the fear of their discipline
and conversion clause by the bigger companies, and this has now become
optional.
4. Avoidance of underwriting by some companies to reduce the costs and avoid
scrutiny by the FIs. It has become optional now.
5. Fast growth of mutual funds and subsidiaries of banks for financial services
leading to larger mobilisation of savings from the capital market.
Defects of the Indian Primary Market
The Indian primary market has the following defects:
1. The new issue market is not able to mobilise adequate savings from the public.
Only 10% of the savings of the household sector go to the primary market.
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2. The merchant bankers do not play adequate attention to the technical,
managerial and feasibility aspects while appraising the project proposal. In fact,
they do not seem to play a development role. As a result, the small investors are
duped by the companies.
3. There is inordinate delay in the allotment process. This will discourage the
small investors to approach the primary market for investing their funds.
4. Generally there is a tendency on the part of the investors to prefer fixed income
bearing securities like preference shares and debentures. They hesitate to invest
in equity shares. There is a risk aversion in the new issue market. This stands
in the way of a healthy primary market.
5. There is a functional and institutional gap in the new issue market. A
wholesale market is yet to develop for new issue or primary market.
6. In the case of investors from semi-urban and rural areas, they have to incur
more expenses for sending the application forms to centres where banks are
authorized to accept them. The expenses in connection with this include bank
charges, postal expenses and so on. All these will discourage the small investors
in rural areas.
Over the years, SEBI, and Central Government have come up with a series
of regulatory measures to give a boost to new issue market.
B. Government Securities Market
This is another constituent of the capital market. The govt. shall borrow
funds from banks, financial institutions and the public, to finance its
expenditure in excess of its revenues. One of the important sources of borrowing
funds is issuing Govt. securities. Govt. securities are the instruments issued by
central government, state governments, semi-government bodies, public sector
corporations and financial institutions such as IDBI, IFCI, SFCs, etc. in the form
of marketable debt. They comprise of dated securities issued by both central and
state governments including financial institutions owned by the government.
These are the debt obligations of the government. Govt. securities are also known
as Gilt-edged securities. Gilt refers to gold. Thus govt. securities or gilt-edged
securities are as pure as gold. This implies that these are completely risk free (no
risk of default).
Govt. securities market is a market where govt. securities are traded. It is
the largest market in any economic system. Therefore, it is the benchmark for
other market. Government securities are issues by:
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Central Government
State Government
Semi-Government authorities like local government authorities, e.g., city
corporations and municipalities
Autonomous institutions, such as metropolitan authorities, port trusts,
development trusts, state electricity boards.
Public Sector Corporations
Other governmental agencies, such as SFCs, NABARD, LDBs, SIDCs,
housing boards etc.
Characteristics of Gilt-edged Securities Market
a. Gilt-edged securities market is one of the oldest markets in India. The
market in these securities is a significant part of Indian stock market. Main
characteristics of government securities market are as follows:
b. Supply of government securities in the market arises due to their issue by
the Central, State of Local governments and other semi-government and
autonomous institutions explained above.
c. Government securities are also held by Reserve Bank of India (RBI) for
purpose and sale of these securities and using as an important instrument
of monetary control.
d. The securities issued by government organisations are government
guaranteed securities and are completely safe as regards payment of
interest and repayment of principal.
e. Gilt-edged securities bear a fixed rate of interest which is generally lower
than interest rate on other securities.
f. These securities have a fixed maturity period.
g. Interest on government securities is payable half-yearly.
h. Subject to the limits under the Income Tax Act, interest on these securities
is exempt from income tax.
i. The gilt-edged market is an over-the-counter market and each sale and
purpose has to be negotiated separately.
j. The gilt-edged market is basically limited to institutional investors.
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C. Financial Institutions
Financial institutions are the most active constituent of the Indian capital
market. There are special financial institutions which provide medium and long
term loans to big business houses. Such institutions help in promoting new
companies, expansion and development of existing companies etc. The main
special financial institutions of the Indian capital are IDBI, IFCI, ICICI, UTI, LIC,
NIDC, SFCs etc.
New Financial Instruments in the Capital Market
With the evolution of the capital market, new financial instruments are
being introduced to suit the requirements of the market. Some of the new
financial instruments introduced in recent years may be briefly explained as
below:
1. Floating rate bonds: The interest rate on these bonds is not fixed. It is a
concept which has been introduced primarily to take care of the falling market or
to provide a cushion in times of falling interest rates in the economy. It helps the
issuer to hedge the loss arising due to interest rate fluctuations. Thus there is a
provision to reduce interest risk and assure minimum interest on the investment.
In India, SBI was the first to introduce FRB for retail investors.
2. Zero interest bonds: These carry no periodic interest payment. These are sold
at a huge discount. These can be converted into equity shares or non-convertible
debentures
3. Deep discount bonds: These bonds are sold at a large discount while issuing
them. These are zero coupon bonds whose maturity is very high (say, 15 years).
There is no interest payment. IDBI was the first financial institution to offer
DDBs in 1992.
4. Auction related debentures: These are a hybrid of CPs and debentures. These
are secured, redeemable, non-convertible instrument. The interest on them is
determined by the market. These are placed privately with bids. ANZ Grindlays
designed this new instrument for Ashok Leyland Finance.
5. Secured Premium Notes: These are issued along with a detachable warrant.
This warrant gives the holder the right to apply for, or seek allotment of one
equity share, provided the SPN is fully paid. The conversion of detachable
warrant into equity shares is done within the time limit notified by the company.
There is a lock in period during which no interest is paid for the invested
amount. TISCO was the first company to issue SPN (in 1992) to the public along
with the right issue.
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6. Option bonds: Option bonds can be converted into equity or preference shares
at the option of the investor as per the condition stated in the prospectus. These
may be cumulative or non-cumulative. In case of cumulative bonds the interest is
accumulated and is payable at maturity. In case of non-cumulative bonds,
interest is payable at periodic intervals.
7. Warrants: A share warrant is an option to the investor to buy a specified
number of equity shares at a specified price over a specified period of time. The
warrant holder has to surrender the warrant and pay some cash known as
exercise price of the warrant to purchase the shares. On exercising the option
the warrant holder becomes a shareholder. Warrant is yet to gain popularity in
India, due to the complex nature of the instrument.
8. Preference shares with warrants: These carry a certain number of warrants.
These warrants give the holder the right to apply for equity shares at premium at
any time in one or more stages between the third and fifth year from the date of
allotment.
9. Non-convertible debentures with detachable equity warrants: In this
instrument, the holder is given an option to buy a specified number of shares
from the company at a predetermined price within a definite time frame.
10. Zero interest fully convertible debentures: On these instruments, no
interest will be paid to the holders till the lock in period. After a notified period,
these debentures will be automatically and compulsorily converted into shares.
11. Fully convertible debentures with interest: This instrument carries no
interest for a specified period. After this period, option is given to apply for
equities at premium for which no additional amount is payable. However, interest
is payable at a predetermined rate from the date of first conversion to second /
final conversion and equity will be issued in lieu of interest.
12. Non-voting shares: The Companies Bill, 1997 proposed to allow companies
to issue non-voting shares. These are quasi -equity instruments with differential
rights. These shares do not carry voting right. Their divided rate is also not
predetermined like preference shares.
13. Inverse float bonds: These bonds are the latest entrants in the Indian
capital market. These are bonds carrying a floating rate of interest that is
inversely related to short term interest rates.
14. Perpetual bonds: These are debt instruments having no maturity date. The
investors receive a stream of interest payment for perpetuity.
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D. Secondary Market
The investors want liquidity for their investments. When they need cash,
they should be able to sell the securities they hold. Similarly there are others who
want to invest in new securities. There should be a place where securities of
different companies can be bought and sold. Secondary market provides such a
place.
Meaning of Secondary Market
Secondary market is a market for old issues. It deals with the buying and
selling existing securities i.e. securities already issued. In other words, securities
already issued in the primary market are traded in the secondary market.
Secondary market is also known as stock market. The secondary market
operates through stock exchanges.
In the secondary market, the existing owner sells securities to another
party. The secondary markets support the primary markets. The secondary
market provides liquidity to the individuals who acquired these securities. The
primary market gets benefits greatly from the liquidity provided by the secondary
market. This is because investors would hesitate to buy the securities in the
primary market if they thought they could not sell them in the secondary market
later.
In India, stock market consists of recognised stock exchanges. In the stock
exchanges, securities issued by the central and state governments, public bodies,
and joint stock companies are traded.
Stock Exchange
In India the first organized stock exchange was Bombay Stock
Exchange. It was started in 1877. Later on, the Ahmadabad Stock Exchange and
Calcutta Stock Exchange were started in 1894 and 1908 respectively. At present
there are 24 stock exchanges in India. In Europe, stock exchanges are often
called bourses.
Meaning and Definition of Stock Exchange/ Security Exchange
It is an organized market for the purchase and sale of securities of joint
stock companies, government and semi- govt. bodies. It is the centre where
shares, debentures and govt. securities are bought and sold.
According to Pyle, Security exchanges are market places where securities
that have been listed thereon may be bought and sold for either investment or
speculation.
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The Securities Contract (Regulation) Act 1956, defines a stock exchange as an
association, organisation or body of individuals whether incorporated or not,
established for the purpose of assisting, regulating and controlling of business in
buying, selling and dealing in securities.
According to Hartley Withers, a stock exchange is something like a vast
warehouse where securities are taken away from the shelves and sold across the
countries at a price fixed in a catalogue which is called the official list.
In short, stock exchange is a place or market where the listed securities are
bought and sold.
Characteristics of a Stock Exchange
1. It is an organized capital market.
2. It may be incorporated or non-incorporated body (association or body of
individuals).
3. It is an open market for the purchase and sale of securities.
4. Only listed securities can be dealt on a stock exchange.
5. It works under established rules and regulations.
6. The securities are bought and sold either for investment or for speculative
purpose.
Economic Functions of Stock Exchange
The stock exchange performs the following essential economic functions:
1. Ensures liquidity to capital: The stock exchange provides a place where shares
and stocks are converted into cash. People with surplus cash can invest in
securities (by buying securities) and people with deficit cash can sell their
securities to convert them into cash.
2. Continuous market for securities: It provides a continuous and ready market
for buying and selling securities. It provides a ready market for those who wish to
buy and sell securities
3. Mobilisation of savings: It helps in mobilizing savings and surplus funds of
individuals, firms and other institutions. It directs the flow of capital in the most
profitable channel.
4. Capital formation: The stock exchange publishes the correct prices of various
securities. Thus the people will invest in those securities which yield higher
returns. It promotes the habit of saving and investment among the public. In this
way the stock exchange facilitates the capital formation in the country.
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5. Evaluation of securities: The prices at which transactions take place are
recorded and made public in the forms of market quotations. From the price
quotations, the investors can evaluate the worth of their holdings.
6. Economic developments: It promotes industrial growth and economic
development of the country by encouraging industrial investments. New and
existing concerns raise their capital through stock exchanges.
7. Safeguards for investors: Investors interests are very much protected by the
stock exchange. The brokers have to transact their business strictly according to
the rules prescribed by the stock exchange. Hence they cannot overcharge the
investors.
8. Barometer of economic conditions: Stock exchange reflects the changes taking
place in the countrys economy. Just as the weather clock tells us which way the
wind is blowing, in the same way stock exchange serves as an indicator of the
phases in business cycle-boom, depression, recessions and recovery.
9. Platform for public debt: The govt. has to raise huge funds for the development
activities. Stock exchange acts as markets of govt. securities. Thus, stock
exchange provides a platform for raising public debt.
10. Helps to banks: Stock exchange helps the banks to maintain liquidity by
increasing the volume of easily marketable securities.
11. Pricing of securities: New issues of outstanding securities in the primary
market are based on the prices in the stock exchange. Thus, it helps in pricing of
securities.
Thus stock exchange is of great importance to a country. It provides
necessary mobility to capital. It directs the flow of capital into profitable and
successful enterprises. It is indispensable for the proper functioning of corporate
enterprises. Without stock exchange, even govt. would find it difficult to borrow
for its various schemes. It helps the traders, investors, industrialists and the
banker. Hence, it is described as the business of business.
Benefits of Stock Exchange
A. Benefits to Investors
1. The stock exchange plays the role of a friend, philosopher and guide to
investors by providing information about the prices of various securities.
2. It offers a ready market for buying and selling securities.
3. It increases the liquidity of the investors.
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4. It safeguards the interests of investors through strict rules and regulations.
5. It enables the investors to know the present worth of their securities.
6. It helps investors in making wise investment decisions by providing useful
information about the financial position of the companies.
7. The holder of a listed security can easily raise loan by pledging it as a
collateral security.
B. Benefits to Companies
1. A company enjoys greater reputation and credit in the market. Image of the
company goes up.
2. A company can raise large amount of capital from different types of securities.
3. It enjoys market for its shares.
4. The market price for shares and debentures will be higher. Due to this the
bargaining power of the company increases in the events of merger or
amalgamation.
C. Benefits to Community and Nation
1. Stock exchange encourages people to sell and invest their savings in shares
and debentures.
2. Through capital formation, stock exchange enables companies to undertake
expansion and modernization. Stock exchange is an Alibaba Cave from which
business community draw unlimited money.
3. It helps the government in raising funds through sale of government securities.
This enables the government to undertake projects of national importance and
social value.
4. It diverts the savings towards productive channels.
5. It helps in better utilisation of the countrys financial resources.
6. It is an effective indicator of general economic conditions of a country.
Listing of Securities
A stock exchange does not deal in the securities of all companies. Only
those securities that are listed are dealt with the stock exchange. For the purpose
of listing of securities, a company has to apply to the stock exchange. The stock
exchange will decide whether to list the securities of the company or not. If
permission is granted by the stock exchange to deal with the securities therein,
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then such a company is included in the official trade list of the stock exchange.
This is technically known as listing of securities. Thus listing of securities means
permission to quote shares and debentures officially on the trading floor of the
stock exchange. Listing of securities refers to the sanction of the right to trade
the securities on the stock exchange. In short, listing means admission of
securities to be traded on the stock exchange. If the securities are not listed, they
are not allowed to be traded on the stock exchange.
Objectives of Listing
The main objectives of listing are:
1. To ensure proper supervision and control of dealings in securities.
2. To protect the interests of shareholders and the investors.
3. To avoid concentration of economic power.
4. To assure marketing facilities for the securities.
5. To ensure liquidity of securities.
6. To regulate dealings in securities.
Advantages of Listing
A. Advantages to Company:-
1. It provides continuous market for securities (securities include shares,
debentures, bonds etc.)
2. It enhances liquidity of securities.
3. It enhances prestige of the company.
4. It ensures wide publicity.
5. Raising of capital becomes easy.
6. It gives some tax advantage to the company.
B. Advantages to Investors:-
1. It provides safety of dealings.
2. It facilitates quick disposal of securities in times of need. This means that
listing enhances the liquidity of securities.
3. It gives some tax advantage to the security holder.
4. Listed securities command higher collateral value for the purpose of bank
loans.
5. It provides an indirect check against manipulation by the management.
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Disadvantages of Listing
1. It leads to speculation
2. Sometimes listed securities are subjected to wide fluctuations in their value.
This may degrade the companys reputation.
3. It discloses vital information such as dividends and bonus declared etc. to
competitors.
4. Company has to spend heavily in the process of placing the securities with
public
Classification of Listed Securities
The listed shares are generally divided into two categories - Group A shares
(cleared securities) and Group B shares (non-cleared securities). Group A shares
represent large and well established companies having a broad investor base.
These shares are actively traded. Forward trading is allowed in Group A shares.
These facilities are not available to Group B shares. These are not actively traded.
Carry forward facility is not available in case of these securities.
Requirements of Listing (Procedure of Listing)
Any company intending to get its securities listed at an exchange has to
fulfil certain requirements. The application for listing is to be made in the
prescribed form. It should be supported by the following documents:
a) Memorandum and Articles.
b) Copies of all prospectuses or statements in lieu of prospectuses.
c) Copies of balance sheets, audited accounts, agreements with promoters,
underwriters, brokers etc.
d) Letters of consent from SEBI.
e) Details of shares and debentures issued and shares forfeited.
f) Details of bonus issues and dividends declared.
g) History of the company in brief.
h) Agreement with managing director etc.
i) An undertaking regarding compliance with the provisions of the Companies Act
and Securities Contracts (Regulation) Act as well as rules made therein.
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After the application is made to the stock exchange the listing committee of
the stock exchange will go into the details of the application. It has to ensure that
the company fulfils the conditions or criteria necessary for listing
Procedure for Dealing at Stock Exchange (Trading Mechanism or Method of
Trading on a Stock Exchange)
Outsiders are not allowed to buy or sell securities at a stock exchange.
They have to approach brokers. Dealings can be done only through brokers. They
are the members of the stock exchange. The following procedure is followed for
dealing at exchanges:
1. Selection of a broker: An individual cannot buy or sell securities directly at
stock exchange. He can do so only through a broker. So he has to select a broker
through whom the purchase or sale is to be made. The intending investor or
seller may appoint his bank for this purpose. The bank may help to choose the
broker.
2. Placing an order: After selecting the broker, the next step is to place an order
for purchase or sale of securities. The broker also guides the client about the type
of securities to be purchased and the proper time for it. If a client is to sell the
securities, then the broker shall tell him about the favourable time for sale.
3. Making the contract: The trading floor of the stock exchange is divided into
different parts known as trading posts. Different posts deal in different types of
securities. The authorised clerk of the broker goes to the concerned post and
expresses his intention to buy and sell the securities. A deal is struck when the
other party also agrees. The bargain is noted by both the parties in their note
books. As soon as order is executed a confirmation memo is prepared and is
given to the client.
4. Contract Note: After issue of confirmation memo, a contract note is signed
between the broker and the client. This contract note will state the transaction
fees (commission of broker), number of shares bought or sold, price at which they
are bought or sold, etc.
5. Settlement: Settlement involves making payment to sellers of shares and
delivery of share certificate to the buyer of shares after receiving the price. The
settlement procedure depends upon the nature of the transactions. All the
transactions on the stock exchange may be classified into two- ready delivery
contracts and forward delivery contracts.
a. Ready delivery contract: A ready delivery contract involves the actual payment
of the amount by the buyer in cash and the delivery of securities by the seller. A
ready delivery contract is to be settled on the same day or within the time period
fixed by the stock exchange authorities.
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b. Forward delivery contracts: These contracts are entered into without any
intention of taking and giving delivery of the securities. The traders in forward
delivery securities are interested in profits out of price variations in the future.
Such transactions are settled on the settlement days fixed by the stock exchange
authorities. Such contracts can be postponed to the next settlement day, if both
the parties agree between themselves. Such postponement is called Carry over
or badla. Thus carry over or badla means the postponement of transaction
from one settlement period to the next settlement period.
Rolling Settlement
Rolling settlement has been introduced in the place of account period
settlement. Rolling settlement system was introduced by SEBI in January 1998.
Under this system of settlement, the trades executed on a certain day are settled
based on the net obligations for that day. At present, the trades relating to the
rolling settlement are settled on T + 2day basis where T stands for the trade day.
It implies that the trades executed on the first day (say on Monday) have to be
settled on the 3rd day (on Wednesday), i.e., after a gap of 2 days.
This cycle would be rolling and hence there would be number of set of
transactions for delivery every day. As each days transaction are settled in full,
rolling settlement helps in increasing the liquidity in the market. With effect from
January 2, 2002, all scrips have been brought under compulsory rolling mode.
Members in a Stock Exchange
Only members of the exchange are allowed to do business of buying and
selling of securities at the floor of the stock exchange. A non-member (client) can
buy and sell securities only through a broker who is a member of the stock
exchange. To deal in securities on recognised stock exchanges, the broker should
register his name as a broker with the SEBI.
Brokers are the main players in the secondary market. They may act in
different capacities as a principal, as an agent, as a speculator and so on.
Types of Members in a Stock Exchange
The various types of members of a stock exchange are as follows:-
1. Jobbers :- They are dealers in securities in a stock exchange. They cannot deal
on behalf of public. They purchase and sell securities on their own names. Their
main job is to earn profit due to price variations.
2. Commission brokers :- They are nothing but brokers. They buy and sell
securities no behalf of their clients for a commission. They are permitted to deal
with non-members directly. They do not purchase or sell in their own name.
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3. Tarawaniwalas :- They are like jobbers. They handle transactions on a
commission basis for their brokers. They buy and sell securities on their own
account and may act as brokers on behalf of the public.
4. Sub-brokers :- Sub brokers are agents of stock brokers. They are employed by
brokers to obtain business. They cannot carry on business in their own name.
They are also known as remisiers.
5. Arbitrageurs :- They are brokers. They buy security in one market and sell the
same in another market to get opportunistic profit.
6. Authorised clerks :- Authorised clerks are those who are appointed by stock
brokers to assist them in the business of securities trading.
Speculation
Speculation is an attempt to make capital gain from the price movement of
the scrips in the security market over a short span of time. Those who engaged in
such type of transactions are called speculators. They buy and sell securities
frequently and are not interested in keeping them for long term. Speculation
involves high risks. If the expectation of speculators comes true he can make
profit but if it goes wrong the loss could be detrimental.
Type of Speculators
The following on the different kinds of speculators:
1. Bull: A bull or Tejiwala is a speculator who buys shares in expectation of
selling them at higher prices in future. He believes that current prices are lower
and will rise in the future.
2. Bear: A bear or Mandiwala is a speculator who sells securities with the
intention to buy at a later date at a lower price. He expects a fall in price in
future.
3. Lame duck: A lame duck is a bear speculator. He finds it difficult to meet his
commitments and struggles like a lame duck. This happens because of the non-
availability of securities in the market which he has agreed to sell and at the
same time the other party is not willing to postpone the transaction.
4. Stag: Stag is a member who neither buys nor sells securities. He applies for
shares in the new issue market. He expects that the price of shares will soon
increase and the shares can be sold for a premium.
5. Wolf: Wolf is a broker who is fast speculator. He is very quick to perceive
changes in the market trends and trade fast and make fast profit.
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Speculative Transactions
Some of the speculative dealings are as follows:
1. Option deals: This is an arrangement or right to buy or sell securities at a
predetermined price on or before a specified date in future.
2. Wash sales: It is a device through which a speculator is able to reap huge
profits by creating a misleading picture in the market. It is a kind of fictitious
transaction in which a speculator sells a security and then buys the same at a
higher price through another broker. Thus he creates a false or misleading
opinion in the market about the price of a security.
3. Rigging: If refers to the process of creating an artificial condition in the market
whereby the market value of a particular security is pushed upon. Bulls buy
securities, create demand for the same and sell them at increased prices.
4. Arbitrage: It is the process of buying a security, from a market where price is
lower and selling at in another market where price is higher.
5. Cornering: Sometimes speculators make entire or a major share of supply of a
particular security with a view to create a scarcity against the existing contracts.
This is called cornering.
6. Blank transfer: When the transferor (seller) simply signs the transfer form
without specifying the name of the transferee (buyer), it is called blank transfer.
In this case share can further be transferred by mere delivery of transfer deed
together with the share certificate. A new transfer deed is not required at the time
of each transfer. Hence, expenses such as registration fees, stamp duty, etc can
be saved.
7. Margin trading: Under this method, the client opens an account with his
broker. The client makes a deposit of cash or securities in this account. He also
agrees to maintain a minimum margin of amount always in his account. When a
broker purchases securities on behalf of his client, his account (clients account)
will be debited and vice versa. The debit balance, if any, is automatically secured
by the clients securities lying with the broker. In case it falls short of the
minimum agreed amount, the client has to deposit further amount into his
account or he has to deposit further securities. If the prices are favourable, the
client may instruct his broker to sell the securities. When such securities are
sold, his account will be credited. The client may have a bigger margin now for
further purchases.
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Factors Influencing Prices on Stock Exchange
The prices on stock exchange depend upon the following factors:
1. Financial position of the company
2. Demand and supply position
3. Lending rates
4. Attitudes of the FIIs and the developments in the global financial markets.
5. Govt. Policies (credit policies, monetary policies, taxation policies etc.)
6. Trade cycle
7. Speculation activities
Defects of Stock Exchanges (or Capital Market) in India
The Indian stock market is suffering from a number of weaknesses.
Important weaknesses are as follows:
1. Speculative activities: Most of the transactions in stock exchange are carry
forward transactions with a speculative motive of deriving benefit from short term
price fluctuation. Genuine transactions are only less. Hence market is not
subject to free interplay of demand and supply for securities.
2. Insider trading: Insider trading has been a routine practice in India. Insiders
are those who have access to unpublished price-sensitive information. By virtue
of their position in the company they use such information for their own benefits.
3. Poor liquidity: The Indian stock exchanges suffer from poor liquidity. Though
there are approximately 8000 listed companies in India, the securities of only a
few companies are actively traded. Only those securities are liquid. This means
other stocks have very low liquidity.
4. Less floating securities: There is scarcity of floating securities in the Indian
stock exchanges. Out of the total stocks, only a small portion is being offered for
sale. The financial institutions and joint stock companies control over 75% of the
scrips. However, they do not offer their holdings for sale. The UTI, GIC, LIC etc.
indulge more in purchasing than in selling. This creates scarcity of stocks for
trading. Hence, the market becomes highly volatile. It is subject to easy price
manipulations.
5. Lack of transparency: Many brokers are violating the regulations with a view
to cheating the innocent investing community. No information is available to
investors regarding the volume of transactions carried out at the highest and
lowest prices. In short, there is no transparency in dealings in stock exchanges.
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6. High volatility: The Indian stock market is subject to high volatility in recent
years. The stock prices fluctuate from hour to hour. High volatility is not
conducive for the smooth functioning of the stock market.
7. Dominance of financial institutions: The Indian stock market is being
dominated by few financial institutions like UTI, LIC, GIC etc. This means these
few institutions can influence stock market greatly. This actually reduces the
level of competition in the stock market. This is not a healthy trend for the
growth of any stock market.
8. Competition of merchant bankers: The increasing number of merchant
bankers in the stock market has led to unhealthy competition in the stock
market. The merchant bankers help the unscrupulous promoters to raise funds
for non-existent projects. Investors are the ultimate sufferers.
9. Lack of professionalism: Some of the brokers are highly competent and
professional. At the same time, majority of the brokers are not so professional.
They lack proper education, business skills, infrastructure facilities etc. Hence
they are not able to provide proper service to their clients.
Difference between Primary and Secondary Market
Primary Market Secondary Market
1. It is a market for new securities.
2. It is directly promotes capital
formation.
3. Investors can only buy securities.
They cannot sell them.
4. There is no fixed geographical
location.
5. Securities need not be listed.
6. It enables the borrowers to raise
capital
1. It is a market for existing or
second hand securities
2. It is directly promotes capital
formation.
3. Both buying and selling of
securities takes place
4. There is a fixed geographical
location (stock exchanges)
5. Only listed securities can be
bought and sold
6. It enables the investors to invest
money in securities and sell and
encash as they need money
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Major Stock Exchanges in India
At present there are 24 recognised stock exchanges in India. Further
OTCEI, NSE also has started functioning in our country. Brief descriptions of
major SEs are given below:
1. Bombay Stock Exchange (BSE)
BSE is the leading and the oldest stock exchange in India as well as in
Asia. It was established in 1887 with the formation of "The Native Share and
Stock Brokers' Association". BSE is a very active stock exchange with highest
number of listed securities in India. Nearly 70% to 80% of all transactions in the
India are done alone in BSE. Companies traded on BSE were 3,049 by March,
2006. BSE is now a national stock exchange as the BSE has started allowing its
members to set-up computer terminals outside the city of Mumbai (former
Bombay). It is the only stock exchange in India which is given permanent
recognition by the government.
In 2005, BSE was given the status of a fully fledged public limited company along
with a new name as "Bombay Stock Exchange Limited". The BSE has
computerized its trading system by introducing BOLT (Bombay on Line Trading)
since March 1995. BSE is operating BOLT at 275 cities with 5 lakh (0.5 million)
traders a day. Average daily turnover of BSE is near Rs. 200 crores.
Some facts about BSE are:
BSE exchange was the first in India to launch Equity Derivatives, Free Float
Index, USD adaptation of BSE Sensex and Exchange facilitated Internet buying
and selling policy.
BSE exchange was the first in India to acquire the ISO authorization for
supervision, clearance & Settlement
BSE exchange was the first in India to have launched private service for economic
training
Its On-Line Trading System has been felicitated by the internationally renowned
standard of Information Security Management System.
Bombay Online Trading System (BOLT)
BSE online trading was established in 1995 and is the first exchange to be
set up in Asia. It has the largest number of listed companies in the world and
currently has 4937 companies listed on the Exchange with over 7,700 traded
instruments.
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The only thing that an investor requires for online trading through BSE is
an online trading account. The trading can then be done within the trading hours
from any location in the world. In fact, BSE has replaced the open cry system
with automated trading. Open cry system is a common method of communication
between the investors at a stock exchange where they shout and use hand
gestures to communicate and transfer information about buy and sell orders. It
usually takes place on the 'pit' area of the trading floor and involves a lot of face
to face interaction. However, with the use of electronic trading systems trading is
easier, faster and cheaper; and is less prone to manipulation by market makers
and brokers/dealers.
The Bolt system has enabled the exchange to meet the following objective:
Reduce and eliminate operational inefficiencies inherent in manual systems
Increases trading capacity of the stock exchange
Improve market transparency, eliminate unmatched trades and delayed reporting
Promote fairness and speedy matching
Provide for on-line and off-line monitoring, control and surveillance of the market
Smooth market operations using technology while retaining the flexibility of
conventional trading practices
Set up various limits, rules and controls centrally
Provide brokers with their trade data on electronic media to interface with the
Broker's Back Office system
Provide a sophisticated, easy to use, graphical user interface (GUI) to all the users
of the system
Provide public information on scrip prices, indices for all users of the system and
allow the stock exchange to do information vending
Provide analytical data for use of the Stock Exchange
2. National Stock Exchange (NSE)
Formation of National Stock Exchange of India Limited (NSE) in 1992 is one
important development in the Indian capital market. The need was felt by the
industry and investing community since 1991. The NSE is slowly becoming the
leading stock exchange in terms of technology, systems and practices in due
course of time. NSE is the largest and most modern stock exchange in India. In
addition, it is the third largest exchange in the world next to two exchanges
operating in the USA.
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The NSE boasts of screen based trading system. In the NSE, the available
system provides complete market transparency of trading operations to both
trading members and the participates and finds a suitable match. The NSE does
not have trading floors as in conventional stock exchanges. The trading is entirely
screen based with automated order machine. The screen provides entire market
information at the press of a button. At the same time, the system provides for
concealment of the identity of market operations. The screen gives all information
which is dynamically updated. As the market participants sit in their own offices,
they have all the advantages of back office support, and facility to get in touch
with their constituents. The trading segments of NSE are:
Wholesale debt market segment,
Capital market segment, and
Futures & options trading.
NEAT
NSE uses satellite communication expertise to strengthen contribution
from around 400 Indian cities. It is one of the biggest VSAT incorporated stock
exchange across the world.
NSE is the first exchange in the world to use satellite communication
technology for trading. Its trading system, called National Exchange for
Automated Trading (NEAT), is a state of-the-art client server based application. At
the server end all trading information is stored in an in memory database to
achieve minimum response time and maximum system availability for users. It
has uptime record of 99.7%. For all trades entered into NEAT system, there is
uniform response time of less than one second.
3. over the Counter Exchange of India (OTCEI)
The OTCEI was incorporated in October, 1990 as a Company under the
Companies Act 1956. It became fully operational in 1992 with opening of a
counter at Mumbai. It is recognised by the Government of India as a recognised
stock exchange under the Securities Control and Regulation Act 1956. It was
promoted jointly by the financial institutions like UTI, ICICI, IDBI, LIC, GIC, SBI,
IFCI, etc.
The Features of OTCEI are:-
OTCEI is a floorless exchange where all the activities are fully
computerised.
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Its promoters have been designated as sponsor members and they
alone are entitled to sponsor a company for listing there.
Trading on the OTCEI takes place through a network of computers or
OTC dealers located at different places within the same city and even
across the cities. These computers allow dealers to quote, query &
transact through a central OTC computer using the
telecommunication links.
A Company which is listed on any other recognised stock exchange
in India is not permitted simultaneously for listing on OTCEI.
OTCEI deals in equity shares, preference shares, bonds, debentures
and warrants.
OTC Exchange of India designed trading in debt instruments
commonly known as PSU bonds and also in the equity shares of
unlisted companies.
Stock Indices (indexes)
Indexes are constructed to measure the price movements of shares, bonds
and other types of instruments in market. A stock market index is a
measurement which indicates the nature, direction and the extent of day to day
fluctuations in the stock prices. It is a simple indication of the trends in the
market and investors expectations about future price movements. The stock
market index is a barometer of market behaviour. It functions as an indicator of
the general economic scenario of a country. If stock market indices are growing,
it indicates that the overall general economy of country is stable if however the
index goes down it shows some trouble in economy.
Construction of Stock Index: A stock index is created by choosing high
performing stocks. Index can be calculated by two ways by considering the price
of component stock alone. By considering the market value or size of the
company called market capitalization method. Two main stock index of India are
Sensex and Nifty.
Any of the following methods can be used for calculating index
Weighted capitalisation method - full market capitalisation and free
float market capitalisation.
Price weighted index method
Equal weighting method
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The important indices in India:
BSE Sensex
S&P CNX Nifty
S&P CNX 500
BSE 500
BSE 100
BSE 200/Dollex
BSE IT
BSE CG
BSE FMCG
S&P CNX Defty
BSE SENSEX
The 'BSE Sensex' or 'Bombay Stock Exchange' is value-weighted index
composed of 30 stocks and was started in January 1, 1986. The Sensex is
regarded as the pulse of the domestic stock markets in India. It consists of the 30
largest and most actively traded stocks, representative of various sectors, on the
Bombay Stock Exchange. These companies account for around fifty per cent of
the market capitalization of the BSE
S&P CNX NIFTY
The Standard & Poor's CRISIL NSE Index 50 or S&P CNX Nifty nicknamed
Nifty 50 or simply Nifty (NSE: ^NSEI), is the leading index for large companies on
the National Stock Exchange of India. The Nifty is a well diversified 50 stock
index accounting for 23 sectors of the economy. It is used for a variety of
purposes such as benchmarking fund portfolios, index based derivatives and
index funds. Nifty is owned and managed by India Index Services and Products
Ltd. (IISL), which is a joint venture between NSE and CRISIL. IISL is India's first
specialized company focused upon the index as a core product. IISL has a
marketing and licensing agreement with Standard & Poor's.
Merchant Banking
Merchant banking was first started in India in 1967 by Grindlays Bank. It
has made rapid progress since 1970. Merchant Banking is a combination
of Banking and consultancy services. It provides consultancy, to its clients, for
financial, marketing, managerial and legal matters. Consultancy means to
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provide advice, guidance and service for a fee. It helps a businessman to start
a business. It helps to raise (collect) finance. It helps to expand and modernise
the business. It helps in restructuring of a business. It helps to revive sick
business units. It also helps companies to register, buy and sell shares at
the stock exchange.
In short, merchant banking provides a wide range of services for starting
until running a business. It acts as Financial Engineer for a business.
The functions of merchant banking are listed as follows:
1. Raising Finance for Clients: Merchant Banking helps its clients to raise
finance through issue of shares, debentures, bank loans, etc. It helps its
clients to raise finance from the domestic and international market. This
finance is used for starting a new business or project or for modernization
or expansion of the business.
2. Broker in Stock Exchange: Merchant bankers act as brokers in the stock
exchange. They buy and sell shares on behalf of their clients. They conduct
research on equity shares. They also advise their clients about which shares
to buy, when to buy, how much to buy and when to sell. Large
brokers, Mutual Funds, Venture capital companies and Investment Banks
offer merchant banking services.
3. Project Management: Merchant bankers help their clients in the many
ways. For e.g. advising about location of a project, preparing a project
report, conducting feasibility studies, making a plan for financing the
project, finding out sources of finance, advising about concessions and
incentives from the government.
4. Advice on Expansion and Modernization: Merchant bankers give advice
for expansion and modernization of the business units. They give expert
advice on mergers and amalgamations, acquisition and takeovers,
diversification of business, foreign collaborations and joint-ventures,
technology up gradation, etc.
5. Managing Public Issue of Companies: Merchant bank advice and manage
the public issue of companies. They provide following services:
a. Advise on the timing of the public issue.
b. Advise on the size and price of the issue.
c. Acting as manager to the issue, and helping in accepting applications
and allotment of securities.
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d. Help in appointing underwriters and brokers to the issue.
e. Listing of shares on the stock exchange, etc.
6. Handling Government Consent for Industrial Projects: A businessman
has to get government permission for starting of the project. Similarly, a
company requires permission for expansion or modernization activities. For
this, many formalities have to be completed. Merchant banks do all this
work for their clients.
7. Special Assistance to Small Companies and Entrepreneurs: Merchant
banks advise small companies about business opportunities, government
policies, incentives and concessions available. It also helps them to take
advantage of these opportunities, concessions, etc.
8. Services to Public Sector Units: Merchant banks offer many services to
public sector units and public utilities. They help in raising long-term
capital, marketing of securities, foreign collaborations and arranging long-
term finance from term lending institutions.
9. Revival of Sick Industrial Units: Merchant banks help to revive (cure) sick
industrial units. It negotiates with different agencies like banks, term
lending institutions, and BIFR (Board for Industrial and Financial
Reconstruction). It also plans and executes the full revival package.
10. Portfolio Management: A merchant bank manages the portfolios
(investments) of its clients. This makes investments safe, liquid and
profitable for the client. It offers expert guidance to its clients for taking
investment decisions.
11. Corporate Restructuring: It includes mergers or acquisitions of existing
business units, sale of existing unit or disinvestment. This requires proper
negotiations, preparation of documents and completion of legal formalities.
Merchant bankers offer all these services to their clients.
12. Money Market Operation: Merchant bankers deal with and underwrite
short-term money market instruments, such as:
a. Government Bonds.
b. Certificate of deposit issued by banks and financial institutions.
c. Commercial paper issued by large corporate firms.
d. Treasury bills issued by the Government (Here in India by RBI).
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13. Leasing Services: Merchant bankers also help in leasing services. Lease is
a contract between the lessor and lessee, whereby the lessor allows the use
of his specific asset such as equipment by the lessee for a certain period.
The lessor charges a fee called rentals.
14. Management of Interest and Dividend: Merchant bankers help their
clients in the management of interest on debentures / loans, and dividend
on shares. They also advise their client about the timing (interim / yearly)
and rate of dividend.
Dematerialisation (Demat Shares)
According to SEBI guidelines, all foreign financial institutions, financial
institutions mutual funds and banks will have to compulsorily settle their trades
only in dematerialised form. Dematerialisation implies conversion of a share
certificate from its physical form to electronic form. It is a process by which the
physical share certificates of an investor are taken back by the company and an
equivalent number of securities are credited in electronic form at the request of
the investor.
Dematerialisation requires an investor to open an account with a
depository participant. Financial institutions, banks, stock brokers etc. can act
as depository participants. A depository participant acts as custodian of the
electronic accounts of the clients and takes care of trading and settlement
thereof. In this system an account is opened in a computerized electronic form.
Securities are received and delivered from this account through computerized
electronic form.
Advantages of Dematerialisation
Advantages to the company
(a) No need of issuing share certificates
(b) Reduces the chances of fraud
(c) Reduces the cost of handling.
(d) Provides better facilities to communicate with each and every member of the
company.
Advantages to investor
(a) Provides liquidity in the matter of settlement of transactions.
(b) Eliminates bad deliveries.
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(c) Reduces trading costs.
(d) Provides paperless trading.
Advantages to government
(a) Helps in quick settlement of transactions.
(b) Avoids unnecessary frauds.
Rematerialisation
Rematerialisation is the process of converting dematted shares back into
physical shares. It is the process of conversion of electronic holdings of securities
into physical certificate form. In short, the process of withdrawing securities from
the Depository is called rematerialisation.
Depository Services
A depository is an organization which holds securities in electronic book
entries at the request of the shareholder through the medium of a depository
participant. A depository keeps the scrips on behalf of the investors. It
undertakes the custodian role. A depository participant is an agent of the
depository through which it interfaces with the investor. A depository can be
compared to a bank. Investors can avail the services offered by a depository. To
utilize the services offered by a depository, the investor is required to open an
account called demat account with the depository. The demat account is opened
through a depository participant. Thus it is very similar to the opening of an
account with any of the branches of a bank in order to utilize the services of that
bank. The objective is to allow for the faster, convenient and easy mode of
affecting the transfer of securities. Thus, financial services relating to holding,
maintaining and dealing securities in electronic form by a financial intermediary
known as depository are called depository services.
Constituents of Depository System
There are four players in the depository system. They are : (1) Depository
Participant, (2) Investor (Beneficial owner), (3) Issuer, and (4) Depository.
Depository Participant: DP is an agent of the depository. If an investor wants to
avail the services offered by the depository, the investor has to open an account
with a DP. It function as a bridge between the depository and the owners. A DP
may be a financial institution, bank, custodian, a clearing corporation, a stock
broker or a NBFC.
Investor (Beneficial Owner): He is the real owner of the securities who has
lodged his securities with the depository in the form of a book entry.
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Issuer: This is the company which issues the security.
Depository: It is a firm which holds the securities of an investor in electronic
form in the same way a bank holds money. It carries out the transaction of
securities by means of book entry, without any physical movement of securities.
National Securities Depository Ltd. (NSDL)
NSDL was registered by SEBI on June 7, 1996 as Indias first depository to
facilitate trading and settlement of securities in the dematerialized form. It was
promoted by IDBI, UTI and NSE (National Stock Exchange). The objective is to
provide electronic depository facilities for securities traded in the equity and debt
markets in the country. NSDL has been set up to cater to the demanding needs
of the Indian capital markets.
Functions / Services of NSDL
The following are the functions or services of NSDL :
1. Maintenance of individual investors beneficial holdings in an electronic
form.
2. Trade settlement
3. Automatic delivery of securities to the clearing corporation
4. Dematerialisation and rematerialisation of securities.
5. Allotment in the electronic form in case of IPOs.
6. Distribution of dividend
7. Facility for freezing / locking of investor accounts
8. Facility for pledge and hypothecation of securities.
9. Internet based services such as SPEED-c and IDeAS
Central Depository Services (India) Ltd. (CDSL)
The CDSL is the second depository set up by the Bombay Stock Exchange
and co-sponsored by the SBI, Bank of India, Union bank of India, and Centurian
Bank. The CDSL commenced operations on March 22, 1996. The CDSL was set
up with the objectives of providing convenient, dependable and secure depository
services at affordable cost to all market participants. All leading stock exchanges
such as Bombay Stock Exchange, National Stock Exchange, and Kolkata Stock
Exchange etc. have established connectivity with CDSL.
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MODULE IV
FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS
Financial Institutions are an important component of financial system.
Financial institutions are also known as financial intermediaries. This is because
they collect the savings from the savers and pass on the same to desired
channels. They provide finance for the development of various sectors of the
economy such as industry, agriculture, service etc. Thus financial institutions
play an important role in the financial system or economy.
Role of Financial Institution in the Financial System
o Financial institutions are financial intermediaries.
o They provide the means and mechanism of transferring the resources from
those whose income is more than expenditure to those who need these
resources for productive purposes.
o The savings of the savers will reach the borrowers through the financial
intermediaries in the form of financial instruments such as shares, stocks,
debentures, deposits, loans etc. Thus, they play the role of intermediate
between the savings and investments.
o They provide safety, liquidity and ensure return for savings.
o Financial institutions develop the saving habit among the people.
o They mobilise huge amount of savings for the industrial development as a
productive capital. The financial institutions supply capital to the
small, medium and large scale industries in India in the form of capital,
venture capital, and services to promote the industrial growth in India.
o These contribute for the growth and development of industries, agriculture
etc.
Classification of Financial Institutions
All financial institutions in India may be broadly clarified into two-banking
financial institutions and non-banking financial institutions.
I. Banking Financial Institutions
Banking financial institutions are those financial institutions which carry
on banking activities. Banking business is carried on by these institutions after
obtaining an approval under Banking Regulation Act, 1949 and RBI. It accepts
deposits from the public. It lends money to people engaged in commerce,
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industry and agriculture. It finances foreign trade and deals in foreign exchange.
It provides short, medium and long term credit. It acts as an agent of RBI. It
deals in stocks and shares, trusteeship, executorships etc. In short, the bank can
be aptly described, as department store of finance because it engages itself in
every form of banking business.
Banking financial institutions mainly comprise of commercial banks.
A. Commercial banks
A Bank is a financial Institution whose main business is accepting deposits
and lending loans. A Banker is a dealer of money and credit. Banking is an
evolutionary concept i.e. expanding its network of operations. According to
Banking revolutions Act 1949, the word BANKING has been defined as
Accepting for the purpose of lending and investment of deposits of money from
the public repayable on demand or otherwise.
Functions of Commercial Banks
Globalisation transformed commercial banks into super markets of financial
services. The important functions of commercial banks are explained below:
I. Primary Functions
These are further classified into 2 categories
i) Accepting Deposits: -
Deposits are the capital of banker. Therefore, it is first Primary function of
the banker. He accepts deposits from those who can save and lend it to the needy
borrowers. The size of operation of every bank is determined by size and nature of
Deposits. To attract the saving from all sort (categories) of individuals,
Commercial banks accepts various types of deposits account they are:
a) Fixed Deposits
b) Current Deposits
c) Saving Bank account
d) Recurring Deposits
ii) Lending Loans: -
The 2
nd
important function of the commercial bank is advancing loans.
Bank accepts deposits to lend it at higher rate of interest. Every Commercial
Bank keep the rate of interest on its deposit at lower level or less that what he
charges on its loans which is as NIM (Net Interest Margin). The banker advances
different types of loans to the individual and firms. They are: -
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a) Overdraft
b) Cash Credit
c) Term Loan
d) Discounting Bill
II) Secondary Functions
i) Agency functions:
Bankers act as an agent to the customers it means he performs certain functions
on behalf of the customers such services are called Agency Services. Example:
a) Bank pay electricity bill, water bill, Insurance Premium etc.
b) They guide the customer in Task Planning.
c) Bank provides safety locker facility.
d) Pay salaries of customers employees.
ii) General Utility Services: -
Bankers are the past of society. They offer: several services to general public they
are:-
a) It provides cheap remittance (transfer) facilities.
b) The banks issue traveller cheque for safe travelling to its customers.
c) Banks accepts and collects foreign Bills of Exchanges.
d)Other than these services the bankers also provide ATM services, Internet
Banking, Electronic fund transfer (EFT), E-Banking to provide quick and proper
services to its customers.
iii) Credit Creation: -
It is a unique function of Commercial Banks. When a bank advances loan to
its customer if doesnt lend cash but opens an account in the borrowers name
and credits the amount of loan to that account. Thus, whenever a bank grants
loan, it creates an equal amount of bank deposits. Creation of deposits is called
Credit Creation. In simple words we can define Credit creation as multiple
expansions of deposits. Creation of such deposits will results an increase in
the stock deposits. Creation of such deposits will results an increase in
the stock of money in an economy.
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II. Non-Banking Financial Institutions
These are the financial institutions which are not permitted to carry on the
banking activities as per Banking Regulation Act, 1949 and RBI regulations.
These institutions have been established by special legislations to provide finance
to specified categories of industries or persons.
Classification of Non-Banking Financial Institutions
Non-banking financial institutions can be classified to three. They are :
1. All-India Financial Institutions or All-India Development Banks or Specialised
Financial Institutions
2. State Level Financial Institutions
3. Investment Institutions
These may be described in the following pages:
A. All-India Financial Institutions
Government of India has nationalised 20 commercial banks (excluding
subsidiaries of SBI) so far. A number of financial institutions have also been set
up to supply finance to industry and agriculture. Unfortunately, these
commercial banks and financial institutions fail to provide long term finance to
industries. With the objective of giving term loans, Govt. has set up some
specialised financial institutions. These specialised financial institutions are
called development banks. The development banks have to sacrifice business
principles of conventional financial institutions and pay due regard to public
interest so as to act as an instrument of economic development in conformity
with national objectives, plans and priorities.
Development banks are expected to act as catalysts in performing
developmental and promotional functions. As regards banking obligations, it is
supposed to undertake the primary task of providing financial assistance in
different forms. These are something more than pure financial institutions.
Development banks are viewed as financial intermediary supplying medium and
long term funds to bankable economic development projects and providing
related services. They are expected to mobilise large capital from other sources.
Accordingly, the task of economic transformation and rapid industrialisation can
best be handled only through development banks rather than through the
normal process of governmental machinery.
Important development or specialised financial institutions may be
discussed as follows:
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Industrial Finance Corporation of India (IFCI)
The IFCI is the first Development Financial Institution in India. It is a
pioneer in development banking in India. It was established in 1948 under an Act
of Parliament. The main objective of IFCI is to render financial assistance to large
scale industrial units, particularly at a time when the ordinary banks are not
forth coming to assist these concerns. Its activities include project financing,
financial services, merchant banking and investment.
Till 1993, IFCI continued to be Developmental Financial Institution. After
1993, it was changed from a statutory corporation to a company under the
Indian Companies Act, 1956 and was named as IFCI Ltd with effect from October
1999.
Functions of IFCI
Functions of IFCI can be classified into three: (a) financial assistance (b)
Promotional activities, and (c) financial Services.
(a) Financial Assistance: IFCI renders financial assistance in one or more of the
following forms:
1. Guaranteeing loans raised by industrial concerns which are repayable within a
period of 25 years.
2. Underwriting the issue of stock, shares, bonds or debentures by industrial
concerns but must dispose of such securities within 7 years.
3. Granting loans or advances to or subscribing to debentures of industrial
concerns, repayable within 25 years.
4. Acting as agent for the Central Govt. and for the World Bank in respect of
loans sanctioned by them to industrial concerns.
5. Granting loans to industrial units
6. Guaranteeing deferred payments by importers of capital goods, which are able
to obtain this concession from foreign manufacturers.
7. Guaranteeing loans raised by industrial concerns from scheduled banks or
state co-operative banks.
8. Guaranteeing with the prior approval of the Central Govt. loans rose from any
bank or financial institution in any country outside India by industrial concerns
in foreign country.
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(b) Promotional Activities: The IFCI has been playing a very important role as a
financial institution in providing financial assistance to eligible industrial
concerns. It is playing a promotional role too. It has been creating industrial
opportunities. It discovers the opportunities for promoting new enterprises. It
helps in developing small and medium scale entrepreneurs by providing them
guidance through its specialized agencies in identification of projects, preparing
project profiles, implementation of the projects etc. It acts as an instrument of
accelerating the industrial growth and reducing regional industrial and income
disparities.
(c) Financial Services: The following financial services are provided by IFCI.
(i) Corporate counselling for financial reconstruction
(ii) Assistance in settlement of terms and conditions with foreign collaborators.
(iii) Revival of sick units
(iv) Financing of risky projects
(v) Merchant banking services
The IFCI has promoted ICRA Ltd, a credit rating agency to help investors
undertake investment decisions. It has also established Management
Development Institute (MDI) with the objective of imparting training in modern
management techniques to entrepreneurs, govt. officers, and people from public
and private sector.
Industrial Development Bank of India (IDBI)
The IDBI was established on July 1, 1964 under an Act of Parliament. It
was set up as the central co-ordinating agency, leader of development banks and
principal financing institution for industrial finance in the country. Originally,
IDBI was a wholly owned subsidiary of RBI. But it was delinked from RBI w.e.f.
Feb. 16, 1976.
IDBI is an apex institution to co-ordinate, supplement and integrate the
activities of all existing specialised financial institutions. It is a refinancing and
re-discounting institution operating in the capital market to refinance term loans
and export credits. It is in charge of conducting techno-economic studies. It was
expected to fulfil the needs of rapid industrialisation.
The IDBI is empowered to finance all types of concerns engaged or to be
engaged in the manufacture or processing of goods, mining, transport, generation
and distribution of power etc., both in the public and private sectors.
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Assistance
The composition of assistance given by IDBI may be broadly grouped as
direct assistance, indirect assistance and Promotional activities.
Direct Assistance: Direct assistance takes the form of loan/soft loans,
underwriting/subscriptions to shares and debentures and guarantees.
Indirect Assistance: It provides assistance to tiny, small and medium
enterprises indirectly by way of refinance of loans granted by SFCs, commercial
banks, co-operative banks and regional rural banks, through discounting of bills
of exchange arising out of the sale of indigenous machinery on deferred payment
basis and seed capital assistance to new entrepreneurs through SFCs etc.
Promotional Activities: These include the following:
(a) Assistance for the development of backward areas: This is provided through
direct financial assistance at concessional terms and through concessional
refinance assistance to projects located in specified backward areas/districts.
(b) Assistance by way of seed capital scheme: This is to help technician
entrepreneurs who have technically feasible and economically viable projects but
do not have sufficient capital.
(c) A large range of consultancy services: Another promotional scheme is the
setting up of TCOs with the principal idea of providing different types of
consultancy services to small and medium enterprises, Government
departments, commercial banks and others engaged in industrial development. It
also provides assistance to voluntary agencies for setting up of science and
technology entrepreneurship parks etc., under its network of promotional
activities.
In order to boost capital market as well as to play its catalyst role in
development and promotional activities for the benefit of industry, IDBI has set
up Small Industries Development Fund, Stockholding Cooperation of India,
SEBI, National Stock Exchange of India, OTC Exchange of India,
Entrepreneurship Development Institute of India, SCICI, TFCI, mutual fund and
commercial bank.
Functions of IDBI
1. It co-ordinates the operation of other institutions providing term finance to
industries.
2. It provides assistance to medium and large industries by way of direct finance
and refinance of industrial loans.
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3. It extends resource support to all India and state level financial institutions
and other financial intermediaries.
4. It renders services like asset credit equipment finance, equipment leasing and
bridge loans.
5. It also undertakes merchant banking.
6. It provides technical and administrative assistance to industrial concerns.
7. It guarantees deferred payments due from any industrial concern. It
guarantees loans raised by industrial concerns from any financial institution.
8. It promotes and develops key industries which are necessary to meet the
overall needs of the economy.
9. It undertakes techno-economic studies and surveys on its own with a view to
promoting the establishment of new enterprises.
Industrial Credit and Investment Corporation of India (ICICI)
ICICI was set up in 1955 as a public limited company. It was to be a
private sector development bank in so far as there was no participation by the
Government in its share capital. It is a diversified long term financial institution
and provides a comprehensive range of financial products and services including
project and equipment financing, underwriting and direct subscription to capital
issues, leasing, deferred credit, trusteeship and custodial services, advisory
services and business consultancy.
Objectives of ICICI
The main objective of the ICICI was to meet the needs of the industry for
long term funds in the private sector. Other objectives include:
(a) To assist in the creation, expansion and modernisation of industrial
enterprises in the private sector.
(b) To encourage and promote the participation of private capital, both internal
and external, in such enterprises; and
(c) To encourage and promote private ownership of industrial investment and
expansion of markets.
Functions of ICICI
1. It sanctions rupee loans for capital assets such as land, building, machinery
etc, for long term, and foreign exchange loans for import of machinery and
equipment.
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2. It guarantees loans from other private investment sources.
3. It subscribes to ordinary or preference capital and underwrites new issues of
securities.
4. It renders consultancy services to Indian industry in the form of managerial
and technical advice.
5. It also undertakes financial services such as deferred credit, equipment
leasing, instalment sale etc.
As already mentioned, the ICICI was initially created to provide finance to
industrial units in the private sector only. Subsequently its scope of operations
was extended to include public and joint sectors and also the co-operative
projects.
It has also set up an Asset Management Company for its mutual fund. It
has set up a Commercial Bank (India's first internet bank). Recently, ICICI has
merged with ICICI bank.
State Level Financial Institutions
Some financial institutions are working at the state level. The important
state level institutions are State Financial Corporations and State Industrial
Development Corporations.
Here we discuss only SFCs.
State Finance Corporations (SFCs)
The Govt. after independence realised the need of creating a financial
corporation at the state level for catering to the needs of industrial entrepreneurs.
As a result, the Govt of India after consultation with the State governments and
the Reserve Bank of India, introduced State Finance Corporations bill in the
Parliament in 1951. SFC Act came into existence with effect from August 1, 1952.
The Act permitted the State Governments. to establish financial corporations for
the purpose of promoting industrial development in their respective states by
providing financial assistance to medium and small scale industries.
Functions of State Finance Corporations
The main function of the SFCs is to provide loans to small and medium
scale industries engaged in the manufacture, preservation or processing of goods,
mining, hotel industry, generation or distribution of power, transportation,
fishing, assembling, repairing or packaging articles with the aid of power etc.
Other functions are follows:
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1. Granting loans or advances or subscribing to shares and debentures of the
industrial undertaking repayable within twenty years.
2. Guaranteeing loans raised by the industrial concerns repayable within twenty
years.
3. Underwriting of the shares, bonds and debentures subject to their disposal in
the market within seven years.
4. Guaranteeing deferred payments for the purchase of capital goods by
industrial concerns within India.
5. Providing loans for setting up new industrial units as well as for expansion
and modernisation of the existing units.
6. Discounting the bills of small and medium scale industries
Kerala Financial Corporation (KFC)
KFC has been incorporated under the SFC Act 1951. It provides financial
assistance for starting of new industrial units, expansion, diversification or
modernisation of existing units. Assistance is also available for setting up of
Tourist Hotel in tourists centres and district head quarters, for the development
of industrial estates and for the purchase of vehicles for transport undertakings.
Concessional terms are offered to industrial units in the backward districts and
for small scale units.
Functions of Kerala Financial Corporation
1. To grant long term loans to new and existing small scale industrial units.
Maximum amount of loan is Rs. 60 lakh subject to the condition that the project
cost does not exceed Rs. 3 crores.
2. To underwrite shares and debentures floated in the open market.
3. To guarantee deferred payments to machinery suppliers for indigenous
machinery purchased by borrowers in Kerala.
4. To guarantee the loan raised by industrial concerns in public market.
5. To provide liberalised financial assistance to entrepreneurs under Techno
crafts Assistance Scheme. The corporation is financing 90% of the cost of fixed
assets accepted as security subject to a maximum of Rs. 5 lakhs.
It gives financial assistance to professionals, Ex-servicemen technocrats,
women entrepreneurs etc. It gives working capital assistance up to a certain limit
to SSI units.
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Investment Institutions
The important investment institutions are:
1. Unit Trust of India (UTI)
2. Life Insurance Corporation of India (LIC)
3. General Insurance Corporation of India (GIC)
1. Life Insurance Corporation of India (LIC)
The Life Insurance Corporation of India was set up under the LIC Act, 1956
under which the life insurance was nationalised. As a result, business of 243
insurance companies was taken over by LIC on 1-9-1956.
It is basically an investment institution, in as much as the funds of policy
holders are invested and dispersed over different classes of securities, industries
and regions, to safeguard their maximum interest on long term basis. Life
Insurance Corporation of India is required to invest not less than 75% of its
funds in Central and State Government securities, the government guaranteed
marketable securities and in the socially-oriented sectors. At present, it is the
largest institutional investor. It provides long term finance to industries. Besides,
it extends resource support to other term lending institutions by way of
subscription to their shares and bonds and also by way of term loans.
Life Insurance Corporation of India which has entered into its 57th year
has emerged as the worlds largest insurance co. in terms of number of policies
covered. The Life Insurance Corporation of Indias total coverage of policies
including individual, group and social schemes has crossed the 11 crore.
Objectives of Life Insurance Corporation of India
The Life Insurance Corporation of India was established with the following
objectives:
1. Spread life insurance widely and in particular to the rural areas, to the socially
and economically backward claries with a view to reaching all insurable persons
in the country and providing them adequate financial cover against death at a
reasonable cost
2. Maximisation of mobilisation of peoples savings for nation building activities.
3. Provide complete security and promote efficient service to the policy-holders at
economic premium rates.
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4. Conduct business with utmost economy and with the full realisation that the
money belong to the policy holders.
5. Act as trustees of the insured public in their individual and collective
capacities.
6. Meet the various life insurance needs of the community that would arise in the
changing social and economic environment
7. Involve all people working in the corporation to the best of their capability in
furthering the interest of the insured public by providing efficient service with
courtesy.
Role and Functions of Life Insurance Corporation of India
The role and functions of Life Insurance Corporation of India may be
summarised as below:
1. It collects the savings of the people through life policies and invests the fund in
a variety of investments.
2. It invests the funds in profitable investments so as to get good return. Hence
the policy holders get benefits in the form of lower rates of premium and
increased bonus. In short, Life Insurance Corporation of India is answerable to
the policy holders.
3. It subscribes to the shares of companies and corporations. It is a major
shareholder in a large number of blue chip companies.
4. It provides direct loans to industries at a lower rate of interest. It is giving
loans to industrial enterprises to the extent of 12% of its total commitment.
5. It provides refinancing activities through SFCs in different states and other
industrial loan-giving institutions.
6. It has provided indirect support to industry through subscriptions to shares
and bonds of financial institutions such as IDBI, IFCI, ICICI, SFCs etc. at the
time when they required initial capital. It also directly subscribed to the shares of
Agricultural Refinance Corporation and SBI.
7. It gives loans to those projects which are important for national economic
welfare. The socially oriented projects such as electrification, sewage and water
channelising are given priority by the Life Insurance Corporation of India.
8. It nominates directors on the boards of companies in which it makes its
investments.
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9. It gives housing loans at reasonable rates of interest.
10. It acts as a link between the saving and the investing process. It generates
the savings of the small savers, middle income group and the rich through
several schemes.
11. Formerly LIC has played a major role in the Indian capital market. To
stabilise the capital market it has underwritten capital issues. But recently it has
moved to other avenues of financing. Now it has become very selective in its
underwriting pattern.
2. General Insurance Corporation of India (GIC)
General insurance industry in India was nationalised and a
government company known as General Insurance Corporation of India was
formed by the central government in November, 1972. General insurance
companies have willingly catered to these increasing demands and have offered a
plethora of insurance covers that almost cover anything under the sun. Any
insurance other than Life Insurance falls under the classification of General
Insurance. It comprises of:-
a. Insurance of property against fire, theft, burglary, terrorism, natural
disasters etc
b. Personal insurance such as Accident Policy, Health Insurance and liability
insurance which cover legal liabilities.
c. Errors and Omissions Insurance for professionals, credit insurance etc.
d. Policy covers such as coverage of machinery against breakdown or loss or
damage during the transit.
e. Policies that provide marine insurance covering goods in transit by sea, air,
railways, waterways and road and cover the hull of ships.
f. Insurance of motor vehicles against damages or accidents and theft
All these above mentioned form a major chunk of non-life insurance business.
General insurance products and services are being offered as package
policies offering a combination of the covers mentioned above in various
permutations and combinations. There are package policies specially designed for
householders, shopkeepers, industrialists, agriculturists, entrepreneurs,
employees and for professionals such as doctors, engineers, chartered
accountants etc. Apart from standard covers, General insurance companies also
offer customized or tailor-made policies based on the personal requirements of
the customer.
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Classification of Indian General Insurance Industry
General Insurance is also known as Non-Life Insurance in India. There are
totally 16 General Insurance (Non-Life) Companies in India. These 16 General
Insurance companies have been classified into two broad categories namely:
a) PSUs (Public Sector Undertakings)
b) Private Insurance Companies
a) PSUs (Public Sector Undertakings):-
These insurance companies are wholly owned by the Government of India.
There are totally 4 PSUs in India namely:-
National Insurance Company Ltd
Oriental Insurance Company Ltd
The New India Assurance Company Ltd
United India Insurance Company Ltd
b) Private Insurance Companies:-
There are totally 12 private General Insurance companies in India namely:-
Apollo DKV Health Insurance Ltd
Bajaj Allianz General Insurance Co. Ltd
Cholamandalam MS General Insurance Co. Ltd
Future General Insurance Company Ltd
HDFC Ergo General Insurance Co Ltd
ICICI Lombard General Insurance Ltd
Iffco Tokio General Insurance Pvt Ltd
Reliance General Insurance Ltd
Royal Sundaram General Insurance Co Ltd
Star Health and Allied Insurance
Tata AIG General Insurance Co Ltd
Universal Sompo General Insurance Pvt Ltd
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3. Unit Trust of India (UTI)
The Unit Trust of India was set up in February 1964 under the Unit Trust
of India Act of 1963, in the public sector. It plays an important role in mobilising
savings of investors through sale of units and channelizing them into corporate
investments. Over the years, it has introduced a variety of growth schemes to
meet needs of diverse section of investors. After an amendment to its Act in April
1986, Unit Trust of India has started extending assistance to corporate sector by
way of term loans, bills rediscounting, equipment leasing and hire purchase
facilities.
The management of the trust is entrusted to the Board of Trustees. The
chairman of the Board and 4 other trustees are appointed by the RBI. One
trustee each is nominated by the LIC and the SBI, and 2 other trustees are
elected by other subscribers to the capital of the trust.
Unit Trust of India has recently set up an Asset Management Company to
bring some of its mutual fund schemes under its purview. It also engaged in
investment banking business, stock broking, consultancy etc.
Sanctions up to March, 1993, amounted to Rs. 7520.6 crores. One of the
striking features of purpose-wise UTI sanctions reveals that working capital
requirements of industrial concerns have received the maximum attention (over
50-55%). Similarly private sector accounts for the highest share in Unit Trust of
India sanctions (about 67%) followed by public sector (32%). Unit Trust of India
is the first unit trust in the public sector in the world.
Objectives of Unit Trust of India
The basic objective of the establishment of Unit Trust of India was to
encourage investment and participation in the income, profits and gains accruing
to the corporation from the acquisition, holding, management and dispersal of
securities. The other objectives are as follows :
1. To stimulate and pool the savings of the middle and low income groups.
2. To enable unit holders to share the benefits and prosperity of the rapidly
growing industrialisation in the country.
3. To sell units among as many investors as possible.
4. To invest the money raised from the sale of units and its own capital in
corporate and industrial securities
5. To pay dividend to the unit holders.
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Advantages of Units of Unit Trust of India
1. Investment in units is safe.
2. Units are highly liquid.
3. Unit holders get a steady and decent income in the form of dividend.
4. Dividend on unit is exempt from income tax upto a certain amount.
5. Wealth tax payers get a benefit.
Disadvantages of Units of Unit Trust of India
1. Unit holders have no right to attend the annual general meeting of the Unit
Trust of India.
2. Unit holders are not entitled to certain concessions which are offered to
shareholders by certain companies
3. Only 90% of the income of the trust can be distributed among the unit
holders.
IV. Non-Banking Financial Corporation (NBFC)
Financial intermediaries are that institution which link lenders and borrows.
The process of transferring saving from savers to investors is known as
financial intermediation. Commercial banks and cooperative credit societies are
called finance corporations, or finance companies. These finance companies
with very little capital have been mobilizing deposits by offering attractive interest
rates and incentives and advance loans to wholesale and retail traders, small
industries and self-employed persons. They grant unsecured loans at very rates
of interest. These are non-banking companies performing
the functions of financial intermediaries. They cannot be called banks.
A Non-Banking Financial Company (NBFC) is a company registered under the
Companies Act, 1956 and is engaged in the business of loans and advances,
acquisition of shares, securities, leasing, hire-purchase, insurance business, and
chit business.
Number of Non-Banking Financial Corporation s
The number of Non-Banking Financial Corporations continued to grow year after
year in the nineties. During 1996-97, the aggregate deposits of 13,970 Non-
Banking Financial Corporations totalled up to Rs.3,57,150 crores. As on March
31, 2012 the total number of Non-Banking Financial Corporations registered with
RBI stood at 12,385 compared with 12,409 in 2011. The number of deposit
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taking Non-Banking Financial Corporations (NBFC-D), including residuary
NBFCs (RNBC), also reduced from 297 at end-March 2011 to 271 as on end
March 2012. The size of total assets of Non-Banking Financial Corporations grew
from Rs 1,169 billion to Rs 1,244 billion as at end March 2012. Net owned funds
of NBFCs too grew 25% from Rs 180 billion in 2011 to Rs 225 billion at end-
March 2012.The large finance companies numbering 2,376 accounted for 63 per
cent of deposits.
Functions of Non-Banking Financial Corporations:
The functions performed by Non-Banking Financial Corporations may be
described as under:
They are able to attract deposits of huge amounts by offering attractive rates of
interest and other incentives. Half of the deposits are below two years
time period.

They provide loans to wholesale and retail merchants small industries, self empl
oyment schemes.
They provide loans without security also. Hence they are able to charge 24 to 36
per cent interest rate.
They run Chit Funds, discount hundies, provide hire-purchase, leasing finance,
merchant banking activities.
They ventures to provide loans to enterprises with high risks. So they are
able to charge high rate of interest. They renew short period loans from time to
time. They therefore become long period loans.
They are able to attract deposits by offering very high rate of interest. In the
process many companies sustained losses and went into liquidation. The
bankruptcy of many companies adversely affected middle-class and lower income
people. There is no insurance protection for deposits as in the case of bank
deposits.
The finance companies are able to fill credit gaps by providing lease finance,
hire purchase and instalment buying. They provide loans to buy scooter, cars,
TVs and other consumer durables. Such extension of functions makes them
almost commercial banks. The only difference is that Non-Banking Financial
Corporations cannot introduce cheque system. This is the difference b/w the two
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Difference between banks & Non-Banking Financial Corporations:
Non-Banking Financial Corporations are doing functions similar to that of banks;
however there are a few differences:
1) A Non-Banking Financial Corporations cannot accept demand deposits,
2) It is not a part of the payment and settlement system and as such cannot
issue cheques to its customers,
3) Deposit insurance facility of DICGC is not available for Non-Banking Financial
Corporations depositors unlike in case of banks
Different types of Non-Banking Financial Corporations:
There are different categories of Non-Banking Financial Corporations 's operating
in India under the supervisory control of RBI. They are:
1. Non-Banking Financial Companies (NBFCs)
2. Residuary Non-banking Finance companies (RNBCs).
3. Miscellaneous Non-Banking Finance Companies (MNBCs)
Residuary Non-Banking Company is a class of Non-Banking Financial
Corporations, which is a company and has as its principal business the receiving
of deposits, under any scheme or arrangement or in any other manner and not
being Investment, Leasing, Hire-Purchase, Loan Company. These companies are
required to maintain investments as per directions of RBI, in addition to liquid
assets. The functioning of these companies is different from those of NBFCs in
terms of method of mobilization of deposits and requirement of deployment of
depositors' funds. Peerless Financial Company is the example of RNBCs.
Miscellaneous Non-Banking Financial Companies are another type of Non-
Banking Financial Corporations and MNBC means a company carrying on all or
any of the types of business as collecting, managing, conducting or supervising
as a promoter or in any other capacity, conducting any other form of chit or kuri
which is different from the type of business mentioned above and any other
business similar to the business as referred above.
Type of Services provided by Non-Banking Financial Corporations:
Non-Banking Financial Corporations provide range of financial services to their
clients. Types of services under non-banking finance services include the
following:
1. Hire Purchase Services
2. Leasing Services
3. Housing Finance Services
4. Asset Management Services
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5. Venture Capital Services
6. Mutual Benefit Finance Services (Nidhi) banks.
The above type of companies may be further classified into those accepting
deposits or those not accepting deposits.
1. Hire Purchase Services
Hire purchase the legal term for a conditional sale contract with an intention
to finance consumers towards vehicles, white goods etc. If a buyer cannot afford
to pay the price as a lump sum but can afford to pay a percentage as a deposit,
the contract allows the buyer to hire the goods for a monthly rent. If the buyer
defaults in paying the instalments, the owner can repossess the goods. Hire
purchase is a different form of credit system among other unsecured consumer
credit systems and benefits. Hero Honda Motor Finance Co., Bajaj Auto Finance
Company is some of the Hire purchase financing companies.
2. Leasing Services
A lease or tenancy is a contract that transfers the right to possess specific
property. Leasing service includes the leasing of assets to other companies either
on operating lease or finance lease. An NBFC may obtain license to commence
leasing services subject to, they shall not hold, deal or trade in real estate
business and shall not fix the period of lease for less than 3 years in the case of
any finance lease agreement except in case of computers and other IT
accessories. First Century Leasing Company Ltd., Sundaram Finance Ltd. is
some of the Leasing companies in India.
3. Housing Finance Services
Housing Finance Services means financial services related to development and
construction of residential and commercial properties. An Housing Finance
Company approved by the National Housing Bank may undertake the services
/activities such as Providing long term finance for the purpose of constructing,
purchasing or renovating any property, Managing public or private sector
projects in the housing and urban development sector and Financing against
existing property by way of mortgage. ICICI Home Finance Ltd., LIC Housing
Finance Co. Ltd., HDFC is some of the housing finance companies in our
country.
4. Asset Management Company
Asset Management Company is managing and investing the pooled funds of retail
investors in securities in line with the stated investment objectives and provides
more diversification, liquidity, and professional management service to the
individual investors. Mutual Funds are comes under this category. Most of the
financial institutions having their subsidiaries as Asset Management Company
like SBI, BOB, UTI and many others.
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5. Venture Capital Companies
Venture capital Finance is a unique form of financing activity that is undertaken
on the belief of high-risk-high-return. Venture capitalists invest in those risky
projects or companies (ventures) that have success potential and could promise
sufficient return to justify such gamble. Venture capitalist not only provides
finance but also often provides managerial or technical expertise to venture
projects. In India, venture capitals concentrate on seed capital finance for high
technology and for research & development. Industrial Credit and Investment
corporation ventures and Gujarat Venture are one of the first venture capital
organizations in India and SIDBI, Industrial development bank of India and
others also promoting venture capital finance activities.
6. Mutual Benefit Finance Companies (MBFC's)
A mutual fund is a financial intermediary that allows a group of investors
to pool their money together with a predetermined investment objective. The
mutual fund will have a fund manager who is responsible for investing the pooled
money into specific securities/bonds. Mutual funds are one of the best
investments ever created because they are very cost efficient and very easy to
invest in. By pooling money together in a mutual fund, investors can purchase
stocks or bonds with much lower trading costs than if they tried to do it on their
own. But the biggest advantage to mutual funds is diversification.
There are two main types of such funds, open-ended fund and close-ended
mutual funds. In case of open-ended fund, the fund manager continuously allows
investors to join or leave the fund. The fund is set up as a trust, with an
independent trustee, who keeps custody over the assets of the trust. Each share
of the trust is called a Unit and the fund itself is called a Mutual Fund. The
portfolio of investments of the Mutual Fund is normally evaluated daily by the
fund manager on the basis of prevailing market prices of the securities in the
portfolio and this will be divided by the number of units issued to determine the
Net Asset Value (NAV) per unit. An investor can join or leave the fund on the
basis of the NAV per unit.
In contrast, a close-end fund is similar to a listed company with respect to
its share capital. These shares are not redeemable and are traded in the stock
exchange like any other listed securities. Value of units of close-end funds is
determined by market forces and is available at 20-30% discount to their NAV.
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MODULE V
REGULATORY INSTITUTIONS
Financial institutions, financial markets, financial instruments and
financial services are all regulated by regulators like Ministry of Finance, the
Company Law Board, RBI, SEBI, IRDA, Dept. of Economic Affairs, Department of
Company Affairs etc. The two major Regulatory and Promotional Institutions in
India are Reserve Bank of India (RBI) and Securities Exchange Board of India
(SEBI). Both RBI and SEBI administer, legislate, supervise, monitor, control and
discipline the entire financial system. RBI is the apex of all financial institutions
in India. All financial institutions are under the control of RBI. The financial
markets are under the control of SEBI. Both RBI and SEBI have laid down
several policies, procedures and guidelines. These policies, procedures and
guidelines are changed from time to time so as to set the financial system in the
right direction.
V-I. RESERVE BANK OF INDIA
The Reserve Bank of India is the Central Bank of our country. The Reserve
Bank of India is the apex financial institution of the countrys financial system
entrusted with the task of control, supervision, promotion, development and
planning. Reserve Bank of India came into existence on 1
st
April, 1935 as per the
Reserve Bank of India act 1935. But the bank was nationalised by the
government after Independence. It became the public sector bank from 1
st
January, 1949. Thus, Reserve Bank of India was established as per the Act 1935
and empowerment took place in Banking Regulation Act 1949.
Reserve Bank of India is the queen bee of the Indian financial system
which influences the commercial banks management in more than one way. The
Reserve Bank of India influences the management of commercial banks through
its various policies, directions and regulations. Its role in bank management is
quite unique. In fact, the Reserve Bank of India performs the four basic functions
of management, viz., planning, organising, directing and controlling in laying a
strong foundation for the functioning of commercial banks. Reserve Bank of India
has 4 local boards basically in North, South, East and West Delhi, Chennai,
Calcutta, and Mumbai.
Objectives of the Reserve Bank of India
The Preamble to the Reserve Bank of India Act, 1934 spells out the
objectives of the Reserve Bank as: to regulate the issue of Bank notes and the
keeping of reserves with a view to securing monetary stability in India and
generally to operate the currency and credit system of the country to its
advantage.
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Prior to the establishment of the Reserve Bank, the Indian financial system
was totally inadequate on account of the inherent weakness of the dual control of
currency by the Central Government and of credit by the Imperial Bank of India.
The Hilton-Young Commission, therefore, recommended that the dichotomy of
functions and division of responsibility for control of currency and credit and the
divergent policies in this respect must be ended by setting-up of a central bank
called the Reserve Bank of India which would regulate the financial policy and
develop banking facilities throughout the country. Hence, the Bank was
established with this primary object in view.
Another objective of the Reserve Bank has been to remain free from
political influence and be in successful operation for maintaining financial
stability and credit. The fundamental object of the Reserve Bank of India is to
discharge purely central banking functions in the Indian money market, i.e., to
act as the note- issuing authority, bankers bank and banker to government, and
to promote the growth of the economy within the framework of the general
economic policy of the Government, consistent with the need of maintenance of
price stability.
A significant object of the Reserve -Bank of India has also been to assist
the planned process of development of the Indian economy. Besides the
traditional central banking functions, with the launching of the five-year plans in
the country, the Reserve Bank of India has been moving ahead in performing a
host of developmental and promotional functions, which are normally beyond the
purview of a traditional Central Bank.
Functions of the Reserve Bank of India
The Reserve Bank of India performs all the typical functions of a good Central
Bank. In addition, it carries out a variety of developmental and promotional
functions which are tuned to the course of economic planning in the country:
Issuing currency notes, i.e. to act as a currency authority.
Serving as banker to the Government.
Acting as bankers bank and supervisor.
Monetary regulation and management.
Exchange management and control.
Collection of data and their publication.
Miscellaneous developmental and promotional functions and activities.
Agricultural Finance.
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Industrial Finance
Export Finance.
Institutional promotion.
Important functions of Reserve Bank of India are briefed below
i) Monopoly in Note Issue: - Reserve Bank of India enjoys monopoly of Notes
issue since its establishment. The bank issues the currency notes of all
denominations. Except coins which are issued by the ministry of finance
in the government of India. But these coins are put into circulation only
through the RBI. The Bank (RBI) issue currencies to a minimum reserve
system under which Rs 200\- crores worth of Gold and foreign
exchange reserve should be kept out of these 200 crores, 115 crores
values should be in the form of Gold only. To undertake this function
RBI established 2 department i.e.
a) Issue Department
b) Banking department
Issue department is involved in issue of currencies and manages currencies
circulation.
ii) Banker to the Government: - Reserve Bank of India acts as a banker to
the central and state Government. As a banker it provides all the
services like a commercial bank to these Governments. It accepts
deposits of the Government and allows them to withdrawal of cheques.
It makes payments and collect receipts on behalf of the government. It
also provides temporary advances for maximum period of 3 months to
these governments. It is known as Ways and Means advances. It is
also the financial advisor to the central and states. It also helps them in
formulation of financial policies.
iii) Bankers bank: - Reserve Bank of India is the apex financial institution
acts as banker to other bank. RBI accepts deposits, maintains cash
reserves and lends loans to all the banks operating under its preview. It
is a bankers bank in the following grounds: It provides short-term loans
to the banks for 3 months against (security) i.e. eligible securities.
It is known as lenders of last resort in the times of financial
emergency. It also gives loans at concessional rate of Interest for a
specific purpose. It also offers refinance facilities to all the
eligible banks.
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iv) Regulatory and Supervisor Function: -The most significant provision of
the Banking regulation act is supervision and regulation of banks. Section
35 of the act says that RBI can inspect any branch of Indian Bank located
in or outside the country. Further, it issued licensing for the banks and
can establish new branches to maintain regional balance in the country. It
also arranges for training colleges to the banks employees and officers.
v) Controller of Credit: - Reserve Bank of India is an important controller of
credit in our credit. The credit created by bank leads to inflation or
depression and disturbs the smooth functioning of the economy. Therefore,
to regulate credit Reserve Bank of India uses qualitative as well as
Quantitative credit control measures.
Role of Reserve Bank of India in Credit Control
The Reserve Bank of India adopts two methods to control credit in modern times
for regulating bank advances. They are as follows
(A) Quantitative or General Credit Control
This method aims to regulate the amount of bank advance.
(a) Bank rate
It is the rate at which central bank discounts the securities of commercial
banks or advance loans to commercial banks. This rate is the minimum and
it affects rate is the rate of discount prevailing in the money market among
other lending institutions. Generally bank rate is higher than the market
rate. If the bank rate is changed all the other rates normally change at the
same direction. A central bank control credit by manipulating the bank rate.
If the central bank raises the bank rate to control credit, the market
discount rate and other lending rates in the money will go up. The cost of
credit goes up and demand for credit goes down. As a result, the volume of
bank loans and advances is curtailed. Thus raise in bank rate will contract
credit.
(b) Open Market Operation:
It refers to buying and selling of Government securities by the central bank
in the open market. This method of credit control becomes very popular after
the 1st World War. During inflation, the banks will securities and during
depression, it will purchase securities from the public and financial
institutions. The Reserve Bank of India is empowered to buy and sell
government securities from the public and financial institutions. The
Reserve Bank of India is empowered to buy and sell government securities,
treasury bills and other approved securities. The central bank uses the
weapon to overcome seasonal stringency in funds during the slack season.
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When the central bank sells securities, they are purchased by the commercial
banks and private individuals. So money supply is reduced in the economy
and there is contraction in credit.
When the securities are purchased by the central bank, money goes to the
commercial banks and the customers. SO money supply is increased in the
economy and there is more demand for credit.
(c) Variable Reserve Ratio (VRR):
This is a new method of credit control adopted by central bank. Commercial
banks keep cash reserves with the central bank to maintain for the purpose
of liquidity and also to provide the means for credit control. The cash reserve
is also called minimum legal reserve requirement. The percentage of this ratio
can be changed legally by the central bank. The credit creation of commercial
banks depends on the value of cash reserves. If the value of reserve ratio
increase and other things remain constant, the power of credit creation by the
commercial bank is decreased and vice versa. Thus by varying the reserve
ratio, the lending capacity of commercial banks can be affected.
(B) Qualitative or Selective Control Method:
It is also known as qualitative credit control. This method is used to control
the flow of credit to particular sectors of the economy. The direction of credit
is regulated by the central bank. This method is used as a complementary to
quantitative credit control discourages the flow of credit to unproductive
sectors and speculative activities and also to attain price stability. The main
instruments used for this purpose are:
(1) Varying margin requirements for certain bank:
While lending commercial banks accept securities, deduct a certain
margin from the market value of the security. This margin is fixed by the
central bank and adjusts according to the requirements. This method affects
the demand for credit rather than the quantity and cost of credit. This
method is very effective to control supply of credit for speculative dealing in
the stock exchange market. It also helps for checking inflation when the
margin is raised. If the margin is fixed as 30%, the commercial banks can
lend up to 70% of the market value of security. This method has been used by
RBI since 1956 with suitable modifications from time to time as per the
demand and supply of commodities.
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(2) Regulation of consumer's credit:
Apart from trade and industry a great amount of credit is given to the
consumers for purchasing durable goods also. Reserve Bank of India seeks to
control such credit in the following ways:
(a) By regulating the minimum down payments on specific goods.
(b) By fixing the coverage of selective consumers durable goods.
(c) By regulating the maximum maturities on all instalment credit and
(d) By fixing exemption costs of instalment purchase of specific goods.
(3) Control through Directives:
Under this system, the central bank can issue directives for the credit
control. There may be a written or oral voluntary agreement between the
central bank and commercial banks in this regard. Sometimes the
commercial banks do not follow these directives of the Reserve Bank of India.
(4) Rationing of credit:
The amount of credit to be granted is fixed by the central bank. Credit is
rationed by limiting the amount available to each commercial bank. The
Reserve Bank of India can also restrict the discounting of bills. Credit can
also be rationed by the fixation of ceiling for loans and advances.
(5) Direct Action:
It is an extreme step taken by the Reserve Bank of India. It involves refusal
by Reserve Bank of India to extend credit facilities, denial of permission to
open new branches etc. Reserve Bank of India also gives wide publicity about
the erring banks to create awareness amongst the public.
(6) Moral suasion:
Reserve Bank of India uses persuasion to influence lending activities of
banks. It sends letters to banks periodically, advising them to follow sound
principles of banking. Discussions are held by the Reserve Bank of India with
banks to control the flow of credit to the desired sectors.
Role of Reserve Bank of India in Money market
RBI is the most important constituent of the money market. The money market
comes within the direct purview of the Reserve Bank of India regulations. The
Reserve Bank of India influences liquidity and interest rates through a number of
operating instruments such as CRR, Open Market Operations, repos, change in
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bank rates etc. The RBI has been taking several measures to develop money
market in India. A committee to review the working of the monetary system
under the chairmanship of Sukhamoy Chakravorty was set up in 1985. It
underlined the need to develop money market instruments. As follow up, the RBI
set up a working group on the money market under the chairmanship of
N.Vaghul. The committee submitted its report in 1987. This committee laid the
blueprint for the institution of a money market. Based on its recommendations,
the RBI initiated the following measures:
1. The DFHI was set up as a money market institution jointly by the RBI, public
sector banks, and financial institutions in 1988 to impart liquidity to money
market instruments and help the development of a secondary market for such
instruments.
2. Money market instruments such as the 182-day T-bill, CD and interbank
participation certificate were introduced in 1988-89. CP was introduced in
January 1990.
3. To enable price discovery, the interest rate ceiling on call money was freed in
stages from October 1988. As a first step, operations of the DFHI in the
call/notice money market were freed from the interest rate ceiling in 1988.
Interest rate ceiling on interbank term money, rediscounting of commercial bills
and interbank participation without risk were withdrawn in May 1989. All the
money market interest rates are, by and large, determined by market forces.
In August 1991, the RBI set up a high level committee under the
chairmanship of M.Narasimham (the Narasimham Committee) to examine all
aspects relating to structure, organization, functions and procedures of the
financial system. The committee made several recommendations for the
development of the money market. Based on its recommendations, the RBI
initiated the following measures:
4. The Securities Trading Corporation of India was set up in June 1994, to
provide an active secondary market in government securities.
5. Barriers to entry were gradually eased by (a) setting up the primary dealer
system in 1995 and satellite dealer system in 1999 to inject liquidity in the
market, (b) enabling market evaluation of associated risks by withdrawing
regulatory restrictions such as bank guarantees in respect of CPs, and (c)
increasing the number of participants by allowing the entry of foreign
institutional investors.
6. Several financial innovations in instruments and methods were introduced. T-
bills of varying maturities and RBI repos were introduced. Auctioned T-bills were
introduced leading to market-determined interest rates.
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7. The development of a market for short term funds at market-determined rates
has been fostered by a gradual switch from a cash credit system to a loan based
system.
8. Adhoc and on-tap 91-day T-bills were discontinued.
9. Liquidity Adjustment Facility (LAF) was introduced in June 2000.
10. The minimum lock in period for money market instruments was brought
down to 7 days.
11. The RBI started repos both on auction and fixed interest rate basis for
liquidity management.
12. New money market derivatives such as forward rate agreements and interest
rate swaps were introduced in 1999.
13. Money market instruments such as CDs and CPs are freely accessible to non-
bank participants.
14. The payment system infrastructure was strengthened with the introduction of
the negotiated dealing system (NDS) in February 2002, setting up of the Clearing
Corporation of India Ltd. (CCIL) in April 2002, and the implementation of real
time grow settlement system from April 2004.
15. Collateral Borrowing and Lending Obligations was operationalising as a
money market instruments through the CCIL in June 2003.
A basic objective of money market reforms in the recent years has been to
facilitate the introduction of new instruments and their appropriate pricing. The
RBI has endeavoured to develop market segments which exclusively deal in
specific assets and liabilities as well as participants. Accordingly, the call/notice
money market is now a pure inter-bank market. Standing liquidity support to
banks from the RBI and facilities for exceptional liquidity support has been
rationalized. The various segments of the money market have integrated with the
introduction and successful implementation of the LAF. The NDS and CCIL have
improved the functioning of money markets. Thus, RBI has been attempting to
develop the Indian money market. RBI is playing a key role in the development of
Indian money market.
V-2. Securities Exchange Board of India (SEBI)
Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) is the nodal agency to
regulate the capital market and other related issues in India. It was established
in 1988 as an administrative body and was given statutory recognition in
January 1992 under the SEBI Act 1992 which came into force on January 30,
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1992. Before that, the Capital Issues (Control) Act, 1947 was repealed. SEBI has
been constituted on the lines of Securities and Exchange Commission of USA.
SEBI is consisting of the Chairman and 8 Members (one member representing
the Reserve Bank of India, two members from the officials of Central Government
and five other public representatives to be appointed by the Central Government
from different fields). Securities and Exchange Board of India has been playing an
active role in the Indian Capital Market to achieve the objectives enshrined in the
Securities and Exchange Board of India Act, 1992.
The major objective of the SEBI may be summarised as follows:
To provide a degree of protection to the investors and safeguard their rights
and to ensure that there is a steady flow of funds in the market.
To promote fair dealings by the issuer of securities and ensure a market
where they can raise funds at a relatively low cost.
To regulate and develop a code of conduct for the financial intermediaries
and to make them competitive and professional.
To provide for the matters connecting with or incidental to the above.
Section 11 of the SEBI Act deals with the powers and functions of the SEBI
as follows:
It shall be the duty of Board to protect the interests of the investors in
securities and to promote the development of and to regulate the securities
market by measures as deemed fit.
To achieve the above, the Board may undertake the following measures :
1. Regulating the business in stock exchanges;
2. Registering and regulating the working of stock brokers, sub-brokers,
share transfer agents, bankers to an issue, merchant bankers,
underwriters, portfolio managers;
3. Registering and regulating the working of the depositories, participants,
credit rating agencies;
4. Registering and regulating the working of venture capital funds and
collective investment schemes, including mutual funds;
5. Prohibiting fraudulent and unfair trade practices relating to securities
markets;
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6. Promoting investors education and training of intermediaries of securities
markets;
7. Prohibiting insider trading in securities;
8. Regulating substantial acquisition of shares and take-over of companies;
and
9. Calling for information from undertaking, inspection, concluding inquiries
and audits of the stock exchanges, mutual funds, other persons associated
with the securities market intermediaries and self-regulatory organisations
in the securities market.
In order to attain these objectives, Securities and Exchange Board of India has
issued Guidelines, Rules and Regulations from time to time. The most important
of these is the SEBI (Disclosure and Investor Protection) Guidelines, 2000. The
provisions of these Guidelines, 2000 are aimed to protect the interest of the
investors in securities.
The Guidelines, 2000 deals with the following areas:
Eligibility norms for companies issuing securities,
Pricing of securities by companies,
Promoters contribution and lock-in requirements,
Pre-issue obligations of the merchant bankers,
Contents of the prospectus/abridged prospectus letter of offer,
Post issue obligation, of merchant bankers,
Green shoe option,
Guidelines on advertisements,
Guidelines for issue of debt instruments,
Guidelines for book building process
Guidelines on public offer through stock exchange on-Iine system,
Guidelines for issue of capital by financial institutions,
Guidelines for preferential issues of securities,
Guidelines for bonus issues,
Other operational and miscellaneous matters.
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In order to regulate and control and to provide a code of conduct for the
merchant bankers, other participants of capital market, and other matters
relating to trading of securities, SEBI has issued several Rules and Regulations.
These are related to Bankers to the issues, Buy back of securities, Collective
Investments Schemes, Delisting of securities, Depositors, Derivatives, Employee
stock options, Foreign Institutional Investors(FIIs), Insider Trading, Lead
Manager, Market Makers, Merchant Bankers, Mutual Funds, Ombudsman,
Portfolio Manager, Registrars and Share Transfer Agents, Securities Lending
Scheme, Sweat Equity, Stock Brokers and sub-brokers, Takeover Regulations,
Transfer of Shares, Underwriters, unfair Trade Practices, venture capital Funds,
Annual Reports, etc.
Role of SEBI in Primary Market
The primary market is under the control of Securities and Exchange Board
of India. Securities and Exchange Board of India has an important role to keep
the primary market healthy and efficient. It has been taking several measures
for the development of primary market in India. In the meantime it is attempting
to protect the interest of investors. It is issuing guidelines in respect of new
issues of securities in the primary market. The role being played by the
Securities and Exchange Board of India in the primary market can be understood
from the following points:
1. The prime objective of establishing Securities and Exchange Board of India
was to protect the interests of investors in securities, promoting the development
of, and regulating the securities markets.
2. The Securities and Exchange Board of India Act came into force on 30
th
January, 1992. With its establishment, all public issues are governed by the
rules and regulations issued by Securities and Exchange Board of India.
3. Securities and Exchange Board of India was formed to promote fair dealing in
issue of securities and to ensure that the capital markets function efficiently,
transparently and economically in the better interests of both the issuers and
investors.
4. The promoters should be able to raise funds at a relatively low cost. At the
same time, investors must be protected from the unethical practices. Their rights
must be safeguarded so that there is a ready flow of savings into the market.
There must be proper regulation and code of conduct and fair practice by
intermediaries to make them competitive and professional. These are taken care
of by Securities and Exchange Board of India.
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5. Since its formation, Securities and Exchange Board of India has been
instrumental in bringing greater transparency in capital issues. Under the
umbrella of Securities and Exchange Board of India, companies issuing shares
are free to fix the premium provided that adequate disclosure is made in the offer
documents. Securities and Exchange Board of India has become a vigilant
watchdog with the focus towards investor protection.
6. The Securities and Exchange Board of India introduced the concept of anchor
investor on June 18, 2009 to enhance issuers ability to sell the issue, generate
more confidence in the minds of retail investors and better price discovery in the
issue process. Anchor investors are qualified institutional buyers that buy a
large chunk of shares a day before an IPO opens. They help arriving at an
appropriate benchmark price for share sales and generate confidence in retail
investors. A retail investor is one who can bid in a book-built issue or applies for
securities for a value of not more than Rs. 1,00,000.
Primary Market Reforms by the SEBI:
The Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) has introduced various
guidelines and regulatory measures for capital issues for healthy and efficient
functioning of capital market in India. The issuing companies are required to
make material disclosure about the risk factors, in their offer documents and
also to get their debt instruments rated. Steps have been taken to ensure that
continuous disclosures are made by firms so as to enable to investors to make a
comparison between promises and performance. The merchant bankers now
have greater degree of accountability in the offer document and the issue
process. The due diligence certificate by the lead manager regarding disclosure
made in the offer document, has been made a part of the offer document itself for
better accountability and transparency on the part of the lead managers.
New reforms by Securities and Exchange Board of India, in the primary
market, include improved disclosure standards. Introduction of prudential norms
and simplifications of issue procedures. Companies are now required to disclose
all material facts and specific risk factors associated with their projects while
making public issues. SEBI has also introduced a code for advertisement for
public issues for ensuring fair and true picture. In order to reduce the cost of
issue, the underwriting of issues has been made optional subject to the
conditions that if the subscription is less than 90% f the amount offered, the
entire amount collected would be refunded to the investors.
The book-building process in the primary market has been introduced with
a view to further strengthen the price fixing process. Indian companies have been
allowed to raise funds from abroad by issue of ADR/GDR/FCCB, etc.
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Role of SEBI in Secondary Market
Since its birth, Securities and Exchange Board of India has been playing
an active role to make the secondary market healthy and efficient. It will issue
guidelines for the proper functioning of the secondary market. It has the power to
call periodical returns from stock exchanges. It has the power to prescribe
maintenance of certain documents by the stock exchanges. It may call upon the
exchange or any member to furnish explanation or information relating to the
affairs of the stock exchange or any members.
Recent Developments in the Secondary Market (Steps taken by SEBI and Govt to
reform the Secondary Market)
In recent years several steps have been taken to reform the secondary
market with a view to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of secondary
market. Some of the developments in this direction are as follows:
1. Regulation of intermediaries: Strict control is being exercised on the
intermediaries in the capital market with a view to improve their functioning. The
intermediaries such as merchant bankers, underwriters, brokers, sub-brokers
etc. must be registered with the Securities and Exchange Board of India. To
improve their financial adequacy, capital adequacy norms have been fixed.
2. Insistence on quality securities: Securities and Exchange Board of India has
announced recently revised norms for companies accessing the capital market so
that only quality securities are listed and traded in stock exchanges. Further,
participation of financial institutions in the capital is essential for entry into the
capital market.
3. Prohibition of insider trading: Now Securities and Exchange Board of India
(Insider Trading) Amendment Regulations, 2002 have been formed giving more
powers to Securities and Exchange Board of India to curb insider trading. An
insider is prevented from dealing in securities of any listed company on the basis
of any unpublished price sensitive information.
4. Transparency of accounting practices: To ensure correct pricing and wider
participation, greater efforts are being taken to achieve transparency in trading
and accounting practices. Brokers are asked to show their prices, brokerage,
service tax etc. separately in the contract notes and their accounts.
5. Strict supervision of stock market operations: The Ministry of Finance and
Securities and Exchange Board of India supervise the operations in stock
exchanges very strictly. The Securities and Exchange Board of India monitors the
operations of stock exchanges very closely in order to ensure that the dealings
are conducted in the best interest of the overall financial environment in the
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country in general and the investors in particular. Strict rules have been framed
with regard to recognition of stock exchanges, membership, management,
maintenance of accounts etc. Again, stock exchanges are inspected by the
officers of the Securities and Exchange Board of India from time to time.
6. Discouragement of manipulations: The Securities and Exchange Board of India
is taking all steps to prevent price manipulations in all stock exchanges. It has
given instructions to all stock exchanges to keep special margins in addition to
normal ones on the scrips which are subject to wide price fluctuations. The
Securities and Exchange Board of India itself insists upon a special margin of
25% or more (in addition to the regular margin) on purchases of scrips which are
subject to sharp rise in prices. All stock exchanges have been directed to suspend
trading in scrip in case any one of the stock exchanges suspends trading in that
scrip for more than a day due to price manipulation or fluctuation.
7. Prevention of price rigging: Greater powers have been given to Securities and
Exchange Board of India under Securities and Exchange Board of India
(Prohibition of fraudulent and unfair trade practices relating to security markets)
Regulations, 1995 to curb price rigging.
8. Protection of investors interests: Stock exchanges are given instructions to
take timely action for the redressal of grievances of investors. For this purpose,
the Securities and Exchange Board of India issues Investors Guidance Service
to guide and educate the investors about grievances and remedies available. It
also gives information about various investment avenues, their merits, tax
benefits available etc. Disciplinary Action Committees have been set up in each
stock exchange to take up complaints against companies, brokers etc. The
Securities and Exchange Board of India itself takes up complaints against
companies, brokers etc. Further, each stock exchange is under a legal obligation
to create an investor protection fund.
9. Free pricing of securities: Now any company is free to enter the capital market
to raise the necessary capital at any price that it wants. Recently, the Securities
and Exchange Board of India has permitted companies to issue shares below the
face value of Rs. 10 and liberalised the norms for initial public offerings.
10. Freeing of interest rates: Interest rates on debentures and on PSU bonds were
freed in August 1991 with a view to raising funds from the capital market at
attractive rates depending on the credit rating.
11. Setting up of credit rating agencies: Credit rating agencies have been set up
for awarding credit rating to the money market instruments, debt instruments,
deposits and equity shares also. Now all debt instruments must be compulsorily
credit rated by a credit rating agency so that the investing public may not be
deceived by financially unsound companies.
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12. Introduction of electronic trading: The OTCEI has started its trading
operations through the electronic media. Similarly, BSE switched over to
electronic trading system in 1995, called BOLT. Again, NSE went over to screen
based trading with a national network.
13. Establishment of OTC / OTCEI / NSE: To overcome delay, price rigging,
manipulation etc., OTC/ OTCEI and NSE have been established. OTC markets
are fully automated exchanges where trading would be carried out through
network of telephone/ computers/ tellers spread throughout the country.
14. Introduction of depository system: To avoid bad delivery, forgery, theft, delay
in settlement and to speed up the transfer of securities, the depository system
has been approved by the Parliament on July 23, 1996.
15. Buy back of shares: Now companies have been permitted to buy back their
own shares.
16. Disinvestment of shares of PSUs: To bring down the Govt. holding and to
push up the privatisation process, the disinvestment programme has been
implemented. A Disinvestment Commission has been established for this
purpose.
17. Stock watch system: The Securities and Exchange Board of India introduced
a new stock watch system to trace out the source of undesirable trading if any in
the market. The stock watch system simply works as a mathematical model
which keeps a constant watch on the market movements.
18. Trading in derivatives: L.C. Gupta Committee which had gone into the
question of introduction of derivative trading, has recommended introducing
trading in index futures to start with and then trading in options. Recently,
future funds also have been permitted to trade in derivatives.
19. Stock lending mechanism: To make the capital market active by putting idle
stocks to work, stock lending scheme has been introduced by the Securities and
Exchange Board of India.
20. International listing: The big event in the history of Indian capital market is
the listing companys share on an American stock exchange.
21. Rolling settlement: In July 2001, Securities and Exchange Board of India
made rolling settlement on a T + 5 cycles compulsory in 414 stocks and the rest
of the stocks should follow it from January 2002. But now T + 2 rolling
settlement have been introduced for all securities.
22. Margin trading: Another development in the secondary market is the
introduction of margin trade.
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Secondary Market Reforms by the SEBI:
Since the establishment of Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI)
in 1992, the decades old trading system in stock exchanges has been under
review. The main deficiencies of the system were found in two areas: (i) the
clearing and settlement system in stock exchanges whereby physical delivery of
shares by the seller and the payment by the buyer was made, and (ii) procedure
for transfer of shares in the name of the purchaser by the company. The
procedure was involving a lot of paper work, delays in settlement and non-
transparency in costs and prices of the transactions. The prevalence of Badla
system had often been identified as a factor encouraging speculative activities. As
a part of the process of establishing transparent rules for trading, the Badla
system was discontinued in December 1993. The Securities and Exchange Board
of India directed the stock exchanges at Mumbai, Kolkata, Delhi and Ahmadabad
to ensure that all transactions in securities are concluded by delivery and
payments and not to allow any carry forward of the transactions.
The floor-based open outcry system has been replaced by on-line electronic
system. The period settlement system has given way to the rolling settlement
system. Physical share certificates system has been outdated by the electronic
depository system. The risk management system has been made more
comprehensive with different types of margins introduced. FIIs have been
allowed to participate in the capital market. Stringent steps have been taken to
check insider trading. The interest of minority shareholders has been protected
by introducing takeover code. Several types of derivative instalments have been
introduced for hedging.
As a result of the reforms/initiatives taken by Government and the
Regulators, the market structure has been refined and modernized. The
investment choices for the investors have also broadened. The securities market
moved from T+3 settlement periods to T+2 rolling settlement with effect from
April 1, 2003. Further, straight through processing has been made mandatory for
all institutional trades executed on the stock exchange. Real time gross
settlement has also been introduced by RBI to settle inter-bank transactions
online real time mode.
References
1. Gordon E. & Natarajan K.: Financial Markets & Services, Himalaya
Publishing House.
2. Machiraju.R.H: Indian Financial System, Vikas Publishing House.
3. Khan M.Y: Indian Financial System, Tata Mcgraw Hill.
4. Bhole L.M: Financial Institutions and Markets, Tata Mcgraw Hill.
5. Desai, Vasantha: The Indian Financial System, Himalaya Publishing House.
6. Preserve Articles.Com
7. Kalyan City Blogspot
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MODEL QUESTION PAPER 1
FIFTH SEMESTER B.COM. DEGREE (PRIVATE/SDE)
EXAMINATION 2013
(CCSS)
BC5 B10-INDIAN FINANCIAL SYSTEM
Time Weightage
Part I- Descriptive questions 2.45 hours 27
Part II-Multiple choice questions 0.15 hours 3
Maximum 3 hours 30 weightage
Part I
Part A
Answer all questions.
Each question carries a weightage of 1
8. What do you mean by financial system?
9. What do you mean by financial intermediation?
10.Define money market.
11.What is certificate of deposit?
12.What are the important development banks in India?
13.Expand the following : a. DFHI b. MMMF
14.Define stock exchange.
15.What are NBFCs?
16.What you mean by Deep Discount Bond? ( 9 x1= 9 weightage)
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Part B
Answer any 5 questions.
Each question carries a weightage of 2
17.Distinguish between money market and capital market.
18.Discuss various modes of floating of new securities.
19.Briefly explain the functions of merchant banks.
20.Briefly explain dematerialisation and its benefits.
21.Discuss the role and functions of Securities and Exchange Board of India.
22.Explain the following terms;
a. Commercial paper
b. Treasury bills
c. Repo
d. GDR
23.What are the importance of gilt edged securities? ( 5 x2= 10 weightage)
Part c
Answer any 2 questions.
Each question carries a weightage of 4
24.Explain the role and functions of financial system. Also explain the defects of
Indian financial system.
25.Discuss various components of money market.
26.Briefly explain the role and guidelines of SEBI in Primary and secondary market.
(2 x4 =8 weightage)
Part II
20 Nos of multiple choice questions
**********