CONSTITUTIONAL LAW 1 (6/20/2013)

1.
Q: What is Political La!
A: It is that branch of public law which deals with the organization and
operations of the governmental organs of the State and defines its
relations with the inhabitants of the territory. (People v. Perfecto, G.R. No.
L-18463, October 4, 1922)
POLITI!L L!" # $% t&e br'(c& of p)bl$c l'* *&$c& +e'l% *$t& t&e
or,'($-'t$o( '(+ oper't$o(% of t&e ,over(.e(t'l or,'(% of t&e /t'te '(+
+ef$(e% t&e rel't$o(% of t&e /t'te *$t& t&e $(&'b$t'(t% of $t% terr$tor0.
Q: What is th" sco#" o$ #olitical la!
A:
1. Political law
2. Constitutional law
3. dministrative law
!. "aw on municipal corporations
#. "aw on public officers
$. %lection laws
&. Public international law
2.
What is co%stit&tio%al la!
Is that branch of political law which fi'es the organization of government(
determines the competence of the administrative authorities who e'ecute
the law and indicates to the individual( remedies for the violation of his
rights.
What is a Co%stit&tio%!
1. Constitution is the fundamental organic law of a State which
contains the principles on which the government is founded and
regulates the division and e'ercise of sovereign powers.
2. body of rules and ma'ims in accordance with which the
powers of sovereignty are habitually e'ercised.
Q: What is th" Co%stit&tio%!
A: )he Constitution is the basic and paramount law to which all other laws
must conform and to which all persons( including the highest officials(
must defer. (r)-, o(%t$t)t$o('l L'*, 1998 e+., p. 4)
Q: 'o is th" Phili##i%" Co%stit&tio% classi$i"(!
A: It is classified as written( enacted and rigid. (!rt. 12II, 1983
o(%t$t)t$o()
Q: Wh"% (i( th" Phili##i%" Co%stit&tio% ta)" "$$"ct!
A: It too* effect on +ebruary 2( 1,-&( which was the date of the plebiscite.
(4e Leo( v. 5%,)err', G.R. No. L-38679, !),. 31, 1983)
Q: 'o sho&l( th" Phili##i%" Co%stit&tio% *" i%t"+#+"t"(!
A:
1. 2erb' le,$% . whenever possible( the words used in the
Constitution must be given their ordinary meaning e'cept
where technical terms are employed.
2. R't$o le,$% et '($.' . where there is ambiguity( the words of
the Constitution should be interpreted in accordance with the
intent of the framers.
3. 8t .',$% v'le't 9)'. pere't . the Constitution has to be
interpreted as a whole. (:r'(c$%co v. ;R, G.R. No. 166261,
Nov. 16, 2663)
Q: I% cas" o$ (o&*t, ho sho&l( th" Co%stit&tio% *" co%st+&"(!
A: )he provisions should be considered self/e'ecuting0 mandatory rather
than directory0 and prospective rather than retroactive. (N'c&)r',
Rev$e*er $( Pol$t$c'l L'*, 2667 e+., p. 3)
Q: What a+" th" th+"" "ss"%tial #a+ts o$ a +itt"% Co%stit&tio%!
A:
1. o(%t$t)t$o( of /overe$,(t0 . this refers to the provisions
pointing out the modes or procedure in accordance with which
formal changes in the Constitution may be made 1!rt. 12II,
!.e(+.e(t% or Rev$%$o(%)
2. o(%t$t)t$o( of L$bert0 . the series of prescriptions setting
forth the fundamental civil and political rights of the citizens
and imposing limitations on the power of the government as a
means of securing the en2oyment of those rights 1!rt. III, <$ll
of R$,&t%)
3. o(%t$t)t$o( of Gover(.e(t . provides for a structure and
system of government0 refers to the provisions outlining the
organization of the government( enumerating its powers(
laying down certain rules relative to its administration and
defining the electorate (!rt. 2I, Le,$%l't$ve 4ep=t, !rt. 2II,
5>ec. 4ep=t, !rt. 2III, ?)+$c$'l 4ep=t, !rt. I1, o(%t$.
o..$%%$o(%)
3.
Q: What is th" (oct+i%" o$ Co%stit&tio%al S&#+"-ac.!
A: 3nder this doctrine( if a law or contract violates any norm of the
Constitution( that law or contract( whether promulgated by the legislative
or by the e'ecutive branch or entered into by private persons for private
purposes( is null and void and without any force and effect. )hus( since
the Constitution is the fundamental( paramount and supreme law of the
nation( it is deemed written in every statute and contract. (@'($l' Pr$(ce
;otel v. G/I/, G.R. No. 122176, :eb. 3, 1993)
T'/ SUP0/1AC2 O3 T'/ CONSTITUTION
)he Constitution is the most basic and most paramount law to which all
other laws must conform and to which all persons including the higher
officials of the land must defer. 4o act shall be valid however noble its
intentions if it is in conflict with the Constitution. )he Constitution must
reign supreme.
4.
4octr$(e of o(%t$t)t$o('l Pre%).pt$o(
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5.
Q: What is judicial power?
A: I(cl)+e% t&e +)t0 of t&e co)rt% of B)%t$ce to %ettle 'ct)'l co(trover%$e%
$(volv$(, r$,&t% *&$c& 're le,'ll0 +e.'(+'ble '(+ e(force'ble, '(+ to
+eter.$(e *&et&er or (ot t&ere &'% bee( ' ,r've 'b)%e of +$%cret$o(
'.o)(t$(, to l'cC or e>ce%% of B)r$%+$ct$o( o( t&e p'rt of '(0 br'(c& or
$(%tr).e(t'l$t0 of t&e Gover(.e(t. (/ec. 1D2E, !rt. 2III)
Q: In what body is it vested?
A: It $% ve%te+ $( o(e /)pre.e o)rt (/) '(+ %)c& lo*er co)rt% '% .'0
be e%t'bl$%&e+ b0 l'*. (/ec. 1, !rt. 2III)
Q: How does the definition of judicial power under the present
Constitution affect the political uestion doctrine?
A: T&e 1983 o(%t$t)t$o( e>p'(+% t&e co(cept of B)+$c$'l rev$e*. 8(+er
t&e e>p'(+e+ +ef$($t$o(, t&e o)rt c'((ot ',ree t&'t t&e $%%)e $(volve+ $%
' pol$t$c'l 9)e%t$o( be0o(+ t&e B)r$%+$ct$o( of t&e co)rt to rev$e*. "&e( t&e
,r'(t of po*er $% 9)'l$f$e+, co(+$t$o('l or %)bBect to l$.$t't$o(%, t&e $%%)e of
*&et&er t&e pre%cr$be+ 9)'l$f$c't$o(% or co(+$t$o(% &'ve bee( .et or t&e
l$.$t't$o(% re%pecte+ $% B)%t$c$'bleFt&e proble. be$(, o(e of le,'l$t0 or
v'l$+$t0, (ot $t% *$%+o.. @oreover, t&e B)r$%+$ct$o( to +el$.$t co(%t$t)t$o('l
bo)(+'r$e% &'% bee( ,$ve( to t&e /. "&e( pol$t$c'l 9)e%t$o(% 're
$(volve+, t&e o(%t$t)t$o( l$.$t% t&e +el$.$t't$o( '% to *&et&er or (ot t&ere
&'% bee( ' ,r've 'b)%e of +$%cret$o( '.o)(t$(, to l'cC or e>ce%% of
B)r$%+$ct$o( o( t&e p'rt of t&e off$c$'l *&o%e 'ct$o( $% be$(, 9)e%t$o(e+.
!ote: T&e co)rt% c'((ot be '%Ce+ for '+v$%or0 op$($o(%.
QG Can judicial power be shared?
A: No. T&e 8/ / +ecl're+ t&'t B)+$c$'l po*er c'((ot be %&'re+, '% t&e
po*er% of t&e le,$%l't)re '(+ e>ec)t$ve c'((ot 'l%o t&ereb0 be %&'re+.
(8/ v. N$>o(, 418 8/ 683 41 Le+ 2+ 1639, 94 / t 3696, 1934)
Q: What is the power of judicial inuiry?
A: It $% t&e po*er of t&e co)rt to $(9)$re $(to t&e e>erc$%e of +$%cret$o('r0
po*er% to +eter.$(e *&et&er t&ere $% ,r've 'b)%e of +$%cret$o( '.o)(t$(,
to l'cC or e>ce%% of B)r$%+$ct$o(.
It $% t&e po*er of t&e co)rt to +eter.$(e t&e v'l$+$t0 of ,over(.e(t 'ct% $(
co(for.$t0 *$t& t&e o(%t$t)t$o(.
Q: What is the power of judicial review?
A: T&e po*er of t&e / to +ecl're ' l'*, tre't0, or+$('(ce '(+ ot&er
,over(.e(t'l 'ct )(co(%t$t)t$o('l.
".
Q: What are the reuisites of judicial review?
A:
1. !ct)'l c'%e # '( e>$%t$(, c'%e or co(trover%0 *&$c& $% bot& r$pe for
re%ol)t$o( '(+ %)%cept$ble of B)+$c$'l +eter.$('t$o(, '(+ t&'t *&$c& $% (ot
Page 1 of 3
co(Bect)r'l or '(t$c$p'tor0, or t&'t *&$c& %eeC% to re%olve &0pot&et$c'l or
fe$,(e+ co(%t$t)t$o('l proble.%.
!ote: ! pet$t$o( r'$%$(, ' co(%t$t)t$o('l 9)e%t$o( +oe% (ot pre%e(t '(
H'ct)'l co(trover%0I )(le%% $t 'lle,e% ' le,'l r$,&t or po*er. @oreover, $t
.)%t %&o* t&'t ' co(fl$ct of r$,&t% e>$%t%, for $(&ere(t $( t&e ter.
Hco(trover%0I $% t&e pre%e(ce of oppo%$(, v$e*% or co(te(t$o(%. T&e
co(trover%0 .)%t 'l%o be B)%t$c$'bleJ t&'t $%, $t .)%t be %)%cept$ble of
B)+$c$'l +eter.$('t$o(. (I<P v. ;o(. Ro('l+o <. K'.or', G.R. No. 141284,
!),. 17, 2666)
2. Proper p'rt0 # o(e *&o &'% %)%t'$(e+ or $% $( $..e+$'te +'(,er of
%)%t'$($(, '( $(B)r0 '% ' re%)lt of t&e 'ct co.pl'$(e+ of.
#$: If t&ere $% (o 'ct)'l or pote(t$'l $(B)r0, co.pl'$('(t &'% (o le,'l
per%o('l$t0 to r'$%e o(%t$t)t$o('l 9)e%t$o(%
%&!: If t&e 9)e%t$o( $% of tr'(%ce(+e(t'l $.port'(ce
!ote: T&e Pr$(c$ple of Tr'(%ce(+e(t'l I.port'(ce $% +eter.$(e+ b0G
'. T&e c&'r'cter of t&e f)(+% or ot&er '%%et% $(volve+ $( t&e
c'%eJ
b. T&e pre%e(ce of ' cle'r c'%e of +$%re,'r+ of '
co(%t$t)t$o('l or %t't)tor0 pro&$b$t$o( b0 t&e p)bl$c re%po(+e(t
',e(c0 or $(%tr).e(t'l$t0 of t&e ,over(.e(tJ
c. T&e l'cC of '(0 ot&er p'rt0 *$t& ' .ore +$rect '(+ %pec$f$c
$(tere%t $( r'$%$(, t&e 9)e%t$o(% be$(, r'$%e+. (:r'(c$%co, ?r. v.
;o)%e of Repre%e(t't$ve%, G.R. No. 166261, Nov. 16, 2663)
3. 5'rl$e%t opport)($t0 # o(%t$t)t$o('l 9)e%t$o( .)%t be r'$%e+ 't t&e
e'rl$e%t po%%$ble opport)($t0. If (ot r'$%e+ $( ple'+$(,%, $t c'((ot be
co(%$+ere+ $( tr$'l '(+ o( 'ppe'l. ;o*ever, %)c& $% (ot 'b%ol)te. It $%
%)bBect to t&e follo*$(, co(+$t$o(%G
'. r$.$('l c'%e # $t .'0 be bro),&t 't '(0 %t',e of t&e
procee+$(,% 'ccor+$(, to t&e +$%cret$o( of t&e B)+,e (tr$'l or
'ppe'l) bec')%e (o o(e %&'ll be bro),&t *$t&$( t&e ter.% of t&e
l'* *&o 're (ot cle'rl0 *$t&$( t&e. '(+ t&e 'ct %&'ll (ot be
p)($%&e+ *&e( t&e l'* +oe% (ot cle'rl0 p)($%& t&e..
b. $v$l c'%e # $t .'0 be bro),&t '(0t$.e $f t&e re%ol)t$o( of t&e
o(%t$t)t$o('l $%%)e $% $(ev$t'ble $( re%olv$(, t&e .'$( $%%)e.
c. "&e( t&e B)r$%+$ct$o( of t&e lo*er co)rt $% $( 9)e%t$o( e>cept
*&e( t&ere $% e%toppel
!ote: T&e e'rl$e%t opport)($t0 to r'$%e ' co(%t$t)t$o('l $%%)e $% to r'$%e $t $(
t&e ple'+$(,% before ' co.pete(t co)rt t&'t c'( re%olve t&e %'.e, %)c&
t&'t, $f (ot r'$%e+ $( t&e ple'+$(,%, $t c'((ot be co(%$+ere+ $( tr$'l '(+, $f
(ot co(%$+ere+ $( tr$'l, $t c'((ot be co(%$+ere+ o( 'ppe'l.
T&e O.b)+%.'( &'% (o B)r$%+$ct$o( to e(tert'$( 9)e%t$o(% re,'r+$(,
co(%t$t)t$o('l$t0 of l'*%. T&)%, *&e( t&e $%%)e of co(%t$t)t$o('l$t0 ' l'*
*'% r'$%e+ before t&e o)rt of !ppe'l% (!), *&$c& $% t&e co.pete(t
co)rt, t&e co(%t$t)t$o('l 9)e%t$o( *'% r'$%e+ 't t&e e'rl$e%t opport)(e
t$.e. (5%t'r$B' v. R'('+', G.R. No. 179314, ?)(e 26, 2666)
T&e NLR=% fore.o%t f)(ct$o( $% to '+.$($%ter '(+ e(force R.!. No. 8642,
'(+ (ot to $(9)$re $(to t&e v'l$+$t0 of $t%
prov$%$o(%. T&erefore, eve( $f t&e $%%)e o( t&e
co(%t$t)t$o('l$t0 of t&e %)bBect cl')%e *'% f$r%t r'$%e+, (ot $( pet$t$o(erL%
'ppe'l *$t& t&e NLR, b)t $( &$% @ot$o( for P'rt$'l Reco(%$+er't$o( *$t&
%'$+ l'bor tr$b)('l, '(+ re$ter'te+ $( &$% Pet$t$o( for ert$or'r$ before t&e
!, t&e $%%)e $% +ee.e+ %e'%o('bl0 r'$%e+ bec')%e $t $% (ot t&e NLR
b)t t&e ! *&$c& &'% t&e co.pete(ce to re%olve t&e co(%t$t)t$o('l $%%)e.
(/err'(o v. NLR, G.R. No. 163614, @'r. 29, 2669)
4. Nece%%$t0 of +ec$+$(, co(%t$t)t$o('l 9)e%t$o(% # '% ' Bo$(t 'ct of t&e
le,$%l't$ve '(+ e>ec)t$ve ')t&or$t$e%, ' l'* $% %)ppo%e+ to &'ve bee(
c'ref)ll0 %t)+$e+ '(+ +eter.$(e+ to be co(%t$t)t$o('l before $t *'% f$('ll0
e('cte+. !% lo(, '% t&ere 're ot&er b'%e% *&$c& co)rt% c'( )%e for
+ec$%$o(, co(%t$t)t$o('l$t0 of t&e l'* *$ll (ot be to)c&e+.
Q: What is the &rinciple of 'tare (ecisis?
A: ! pr$(c$ple )(+erl0$(, t&e +ec$%$o( $( o(e c'%e $% +ee.e+ of $.per't$ve
')t&or$t0, co(troll$(, t&e +ec$%$o(% of l$Ce c'%e% $( t&e %'.e co)rt '(+ $(
lo*er co)rt% *$t&$( t&e %'.e B)r$%+$ct$o(, )(le%% '(+ )(t$l t&e +ec$%$o( $(
9)e%t$o( $% rever%e+ or overr)le+ b0 ' co)rt of co.pete(t ')t&or$t0. (4e
'%tro v. ?<, G.R. No. 191662, !pr. 26, 2616)
Q: Is the 'C obli)ed to follow precedents?
A: No. T&e o)rt, '% t&e &$,&e%t co)rt of t&e l'(+, .'0 be ,)$+e+ b)t $%
(ot co(trolle+ b0 prece+e(t. T&)%, t&e o)rt, e%pec$'ll0 *$t& ' (e*
.e.ber%&$p, $% (ot obl$,e+ to follo* bl$(+l0 ' p'rt$c)l'r +ec$%$o( t&'t $t
+eter.$(e%, 'fter reM e>'.$('t$o(, to c'll for ' rect$f$c't$o(. (4e '%tro v.
?<, G.R. No. 191662, !pr$l 26, 2616)
Q: % filed a petition to set aside the award of the *+,-(.+C
/roadband (eal. +he .'# opposed the petition on the )round that
the 0e)al 'ervice of the (.+C has infor1ed it of the &hilippine
#overn1ent2s decision not to continue with the *+,-!/! &roject.
+hat said there is no 1ore justiciable controversy for the court to
resolve. Hence3 the .'# clai1ed that the petition should be
dis1issed. % countered by sayin) that despite the 1ootness3 the
Court 1ust nevertheless ta4e co)ni5ance of the case and rule on the
1erits due to the Court2s sy1bolic function of educatin) the bench
and the bar by for1ulatin) )uidin) and controllin) principles3
precepts3 doctrines3 and rules. (ecide.
A: T&e O/G $% correct. T&e pet$t$o( %&o)l+ be +$%.$%%e+ for be$(, .oot.
?)+$c$'l po*er pre%)ppo%e% 'ct)'l co(trover%$e%, t&e ver0 '(t$t&e%$% of
.oot(e%%. I( t&e 'b%e(ce of 'ct)'l B)%t$c$'ble co(trover%$e% or +$%p)te%,
t&e o)rt ,e(er'll0 opt% to refr'$( fro. +ec$+$(, .oot $%%)e%. "&ere t&ere
$% (o .ore l$ve %)bBect of co(trover%0, t&e o)rt ce'%e% to &'ve ' re'%o(
to re(+er '(0 r)l$(, or .'Ce '(0 pro(o)(ce.e(t. (/)pl$co v. N54!, G.R.
No%. 138836, ?)l0 14, 2668)
Q: What are the functions of judicial review?
A:
1. &ecC$(, # $(v'l$+'t$(, ' l'* or e>ec)t$ve 'ct t&'t $% fo)(+ to be
co(tr'r0 to t&e o(%t$t)t$o(
2. Le,$t$.$-$(, # )p&ol+$(, t&e v'l$+$t0 of t&e l'* t&'t re%)lt% fro. ' .ere
+$%.$%%'l of ' c'%e c&'lle(,$(, t&e v'l$+$t0 of t&e l'*
!ote: R)le o( +o)ble (e,'t$veG )%e% t&e ter. H(ot )(co(%t$t)t$o('lIJ t&e
co)rt c'((ot +ecl're ' l'* co(%t$t)t$o('l bec')%e $t 'lre'+0 e(Bo0% '
pre%).pt$o( of co(%t$t)t$o('l$t0.
3. /0.bol$c # to e+)c'te t&e be(c& '(+ b'r '% to t&e co(troll$(,
pr$(c$ple% '(+ co(cept% o( .'tter% of ,r've p)bl$c $.port'(ce for t&e
,)$+'(ce of '(+ re%tr'$(t )po( t&e f)t)re (I,ot v. O@5L5, G.R. No. LM
372247, ?'(. 22, 1986)
Q: What is the e6tent of power of judicial review in i1peach1ent
proceedin)s?
A: T&e po*er of B)+$c$'l rev$e* $(cl)+e% t&e po*er of rev$e* over
B)%t$c$'ble $%%)e% $( $.pe'c&.e(t procee+$(,% (:r'(c$%co, ?r. v. ;o)%e of
Repre%e(t't$ve%, G.R. No. 166261, Nov. 16, 2663).
Q: What is the (octrine of $elative Constitutionality?
A: T&e co(%t$t)t$o('l$t0 of cert'$( r)le% .'0 +epe(+ )po( t&e t$.e% '(+
,et 'ffecte+ b0 t&e c&'(,$(, of t&e %e'%o(%. ! cl'%%$f$c't$o( t&'t .$,&t
&'ve bee( perfectl0 'lr$,&t 't t&e t$.e of $t% $(cept$o( .'0 be co(%$+ere+
+)b$o)% 't ' l'ter t$.e.
Q: What is 1eant by the operative fact doctrine?
A: It $% ' r)le of e9)$t0. 8(+er t&$% +octr$(e, t&e l'* $% reco,($-e+ '%
)(co(%t$t)t$o('l b)t t&e effect% of t&e )(co(%t$t)t$o('l l'*, pr$or to $t%
+ecl'r't$o( of ()ll$t0, .'0 be left )(+$%t)rbe+ '% ' .'tter of e9)$t0 '(+ f'$r
pl'0. (Le',)e of $t$e% of t&e P&$l$pp$(e% v. O@5L5, G.R. No. 136971,
Nov. 18, 2668)
Q: Will the invocation of this doctrine an ad1ission that the law is
unconstitutional?
A: Ne%. (Le',)e of $t$e% of t&e P&$l$pp$(e% v. O@5L5, G.R. No.
136971, Nov. 18, 2668
Q: What are 1oot uestions?
A: O)e%t$o(% *&o%e '(%*er% c'((ot &'ve '(0 pr'ct$c'l le,'l effect or, $(
t&e ('t)re of t&$(,%, c'((ot be e(force+. (<'l+o, ?r. v. O@5L5, G.R.
No. 136137, ?)(e 16, 2669)
Q: When is a case 1oot and acade1ic?
A: It $% .oot '(+ 'c'+e.$c *&e( $t ce'%e% to pre%e(t ' B)%t$c$'ble
co(trover%0 b0 v$rt)e of %)perve($(, eve(t% %o t&'t ' +ecl'r't$o( t&ereo(
*o)l+ be of (o pr'ct$c'l )%e or v'l)e.
7.
'ocial Contract (octrine
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9.
,ffects of (eclaration of :nconstitutionality
)wo views5
1. 6rthodo' 7iew
Page 2 of 3
n unconstitutional act is not a law. It confers no rights. It imposes no
duties. It affords no protection. It creates no office. It is inoperative( as if it
had not been passed at all. 1rt &( Civil Code8
2. 9odern 7iew
Courts simply refuse to recognize the law and determine the rights of the
parties as if the statute had no e'istence. Certain legal effects of the
statute prior to its declaration of unconstitutionality may be recognized.
)hus( a public officer who implemented an unconstitutional law prior to the
declaration of unconstitutionality cannot be held liable.
Q: What are the reuisites before a law can be declared partially
unconstitutional?
A:
1. T&e le,$%l't)re .)%t be *$ll$(, to ret'$( v'l$+ port$o( (%ep'r'b$l$t0
cl')%e)
2. T&e v'l$+ port$o( c'( %t'(+ $(+epe(+e(tl0 '% l'*
+I+0, .; +H, C.!'+I+:+I.!
I. :eneral Principles
II. )he Philippine Constitution
III. )he Philippines as a State
I7. )he +undamental Powers of the State
7. Principles and State Policy
7I. ;ill of <ights
7II. Citizenship
7III. )he "egislative =epartment
I>. )he %'ecutive =epartment
>. )he ?udicial =epartment
>I. Constitutional Commissions
>II. "ocal :overnment
>III. ccountability of Public 6fficers
>I7. 4ational %conomy and Patrimony
>7. Social ?ustice and @uman <ights
>7I. %ducation( Science and )echnology
rts( Culture and Sports
>7II. )he +amily
>7III. :eneral Provisions
>I>. )ransitory Provisions
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