Numerical

Formulas and
Tables

Table of Contents

NUMERICAL EXPRESSION, UNIT AND OTHER DATA

1
2
3
4
5

Mathematical formulas.
International System of Units (SI)..................................
Formulas of Dynamics.......................
Table for Weight of Steel Bar....................
List of Elements by Symbol and Specific Gravity...............

3
4
6
8
9

TABLE OF NUMBERS
1
2
3
4
5
6

Hardness Comparison Table...................................................................................... 10

Comparative Table of Gear Pitch............................................................................... 11
Span Measurement Over k Teeth of Standard Spur Gear = 20 ........................... 12
Span Measurement Over k Teeth of Standard Spur Gear = 14.5 .......................... 14
Charts Indicating Span Measurement Over k Teeth of Spur and Helical Gears .................. 16
Involute Function Table............................................... 17

Numerical Formulas and Tables

NUMERICAL EXPRESSION, UNIT AND OTHER DATA

1 Mathematical formulas
Function y = f ( x ) and derivative y' = f ' ( x )

Trigonometric functions sin, cos, tan

x
y
y
cos = r , sin = r , tan = x
sin
sin2 + cos2 = 1, tan = cos

The relationship between rectangular coordinates

(x, y)and polar coordinates (r, )

y=f(x)

y' = f ' ( x )

cos x

sin x

1
cos x

tan x
cos x

sin x

cos x

1
sin x

1
sin x tan x

tan x

1
cos2 x

1
tan x

1
sin2 x

tan2 x

sin2 x

2 sin x cos x

sin3 x

3 sin2 x cos x

tan x x

NOTE 1.

y
tan = x

y' = f ' ( x )

sin ( ) = sin cos cos sin

cos ( ) = cos cos sin sin

x = rcos , y = rsin ,

y=f(x)

r2 = x2 + y2

NOTE 1. Involute function

(x,y)
x

An example of the application of the derivative Newton's law

The equation for the straight line which passes the

point (a, b), with an inclination m

Introduced here is
the method to obtain
an approximate value
of x 0 when the value
of f (x 0) is given in
the involute function

(yb)=m(xa)

(a,b)
x

The equation for the circle, the center of which is

the point (a, b) , with the radius r

y
f (x1)
f (x0)

f ( x ) = tan x x

( x a )2 + ( y b )2 = r2

x0

Then, when the difference between the approximate value

f ( x2 ) and the given f ( x0 ) is large, obtain an approximate
value x3 using the same method.

f (x)

x2

x1

x2 x1

where f ' ( x1 ) = tan2 x1

The root of the quadratic equation

y = ax 2 + bx + c = 0 (a 0)
b b2 4ac
x=
2a

First, with an initial value x1

optionally chosen, obtain an approximate value x2 from:
f ( x1 ) f ( x0 )
x2 = x1
tan2 x1

r
(a,b)

f (x2)

x3 = x2
Function y = f ( x ) and derivative y' = f ' ( x )

f ( x2 ) f ( x0 )
tan2 x2

The more accurate value of x0 can be obtained by the

repeated calculation using this method.
The involute function, inv , is frequently used in the
calculation of gearing. Therefore, the Newton's law is
really useful.

y = f (x)

Numerical Formulas and Tables

2 International System of Units (SI)

SI Base unit
Definition of SI base unit
Base unit

Physical quantum

Definition

Standard International unit

Length

meter

The length equal to the length of the path traveled by light in vacuum during a time
interval of 1/299,792,458 of a second.

Mass

kilogram

The mass equal to the mass of the international prototype kilogram stored at Svres,
France.

Time

second

The fundamental unit of time equal to 9,192,631,770 periods of the radiation

corresponding to the transition between the two hyperfine levels of the ground state
of an atom of cesium-133.

Current

ampere

One coulomb of electrical charge (6.24 x 1018 charge carriers) moving past a
specific point in one second.

Temperature

kelvin

A unit of absolute temperature equal to 1/273.16 of the absolute temperature of the

triple point of water.

Amount of
substance

mole

An mount of substance of a system which contains as many elementary units as

there are atoms of carbon in 0.012 kilogram of the pure nuclide carbon-12.

Luminous intensity

candela

The magnitude of an electromagnetic field, in a specified direction, that has a power

level of 1/683 watt (1.46 x 10-3 W) per steradian at a frequency of 540 terahertz
(540 THz or 5.40 x 1014 Hz).

SI supplementary unit
SI supplementary unit

Quantum

Name

Symbol

Angle

radian

rad

Solid angle

steradian

sr

Definition
The angle subtended at the center of a circle by an arc of circumference
equal in length to the radius of the circle.
The solid angle subtended at the center of a sphere of radius r by a portion of the
surface of the sphere having an area r2.

SI derived unit
SI derived unit

Quantum

Name

Symbol

Area

square metre

m2

Volume

cubic metre

m3

Speed

metre per second

m/s

Acceleration

metre per second squared

m/s2

Wavenumber

reciprocal metre

m-1

Mass density

kilogram per cubic metre

kg/m3

Electric current density

ampere per square metre

A/m2

Magnetic field strength

ampere per metre

Amount concentration

mole per cubic metre

mol/m3

Specific volume

cubic metre per kilogram

candela per square metre

m3/kg

Luminance

A/m

cd/m2

Numerical Formulas and Tables

Prefix
Prefix (Symbol)

Factor

Prefix (Symbol)

Factor

yotta (Y)

1024

desi (d)

10 10

zetta (Z)

1021

centi (c)

10 20

exa (E)

10

milli (m)

10 30

peta (P)

1015

micro (n)

10 60

tera (T)

1012

nano (n)

10 90

giga (G)

1092

pico (p)

10 12

mega (M)

10

femto (f)

10 15

kilo (k)

1032

atto (a)

10 18

hecto (h)

1022

zepto (z)

10 21

deca (da)

1012

yocto (y)

10 24

18

62

Conversion factors for SI (International System of Units)

Name
Force

Stress

Equivalents
1N = 1.0197210 1 kgf
1kgf = 9.80665N
1MPa or N/mm2 = 1.0197210 1 kgf/mm2
1kgf/mm2 = 9.80665MPa or N/mm2

Work
Energy

1J = 2.7777810 7 kW h = 1.0197210 1 kgf m

Work
Power

1kW = 1.0197210 2 kgf m/s

1kgf m/s = 9.8066510 3 kW

1kgf m = 9.80665J, 1kW h = 3.600106 J

Newton: The unit of force in the meter-kilogram-second system, equal

to the force which will impart an acceleration of 1 meter per second
squared to the International Prototype kilogram mass.
Kilogram force: A unit of force equal to the weight of a 1-kilogram
mass at a point on the earth's surface where the acceleration of gravity
is 9.80665 m/s22.

Numerical Formulas and Tables

3 Formulas of Dynamics
Force, torque and dynamics
Denomination

Symbol and/or

SI

formula

Gravitational
system of units

Conversion factors

N (newton)
Force

1 kgf = 9.80665 N
kgf

Moment of force
(Torque)

N m
T=Fr

1 kgf m = 9.80665 N m
kgf m
W

P = Fv
Linear motion

Power
(Dynamics)

When power is P ( kW ), force is F ( kgf ), velocity is v ( m/s ),

Fv
P = Fv ( kgf m /s) = 9.80665 Fv (W) = 102 (kW)

kgf m/s
W

P = T
Rotational
motion

When power is P ( kW ), torque is T ( kgf m ), rotational speed is n

( rpm ),
n
Tn
P = T ( kgf m/s ) = 9.80665 T 30 (W) =
(kW)
974

kgf m/s

NOTE 1. Unit of dynamics 1W = 1 103 kW = 1J/S = 1N m/s

Comparison between linear and rotational motion

Linear motion
Denomination
Displacement
and angular
displacement
Velocity and
angular velocity

Symbol and/or
formula
S
dS
v = dt

NOTE 2

Rotational motion
Unit

Symbol and/or formula

Unit

rad

m/s

d
= dt = 2 n

rad/s

m/s2

.
d
=
dt

rad/s2

.
T = I

kg m2/s2

NOTE 3

or 1/s

Acceleration
and angular
acceleration

Equation of
motion

F = m

Work

E = Fs

E = T

Kinetic energy

1
E = 2 mv2

1
E = 2 I2

P = Fv

P = T

dv
dt

NOTE 5

NOTE 4

NOTE 7

Power(dynamics)

NOTES 1. Radian (rad), the unit of plane angle , is

dimesionless.
2. The unit of time( t) is second (s).
3. The unit of rotational speed (n) is 1/s (rps:
revolution per second)
4. The unit of mass(m) is kg.

NOTE 1

or 1/s2

NOTE 6

or N m

5. 1N (newton) = 1kg m/s2

1N (newton) is the force which will impart an
acceleration of 1 meter per second (1m/s2) squared
to the International Prototype Kilogram mass (1kg).
6. The unit of "moment of inertia I = mk2" is kg m2.
7. The unit of work and kinetic energy is the same.
1J = 1N m

Numerical Formulas and Tables

Moment of inertia mk2 (kg m2) or

Denomination

Shape

W
g

k2 (kgf ms2)

Rotation axis

Moment of inertia Unit

SI kg m2

Gravitational system
of units kgf ms2

Mass
point

mr 2

W 2
r
g

y1 y1

l2
m 12

W
g

l2
12

y2 y2

l2
3

W
g

l2
3

y y

a2 + b2
12

W a2 + b2
12
g

zz

a2
12

W
g

a2
12

y y

r2
2

W
g

r2
2

zz

r2
4

W
g

r2
4

y y

r 21 + r 22
2

W r 21 + r 22
g
2

yy

r
y
y2

y1

Pole

l
2

y2

y1

l
2

y
z

Plate
b

z
y
y

Cylinder
z
y
y

r1
r2

Hollow
cylinder
y

NOTE 1. m : Mass W : Weight g : Acceleration of gravity = 9.80665m/s2

NOTE 2. GD2 = 4gI (kgf m2)

Numerical Formulas and Tables

4 Table for Weight of Steel Bar

Dimension
(mm)

Section

Weight of steel bar

for 1m (kgf/m)

Round

0.00616d2

Square

0.00785s2

Hexagon

0.00680h2

Material

Specific gravity
(gf/cm3)

Steel

7.85

Cast iron

7.21

Brass

8.10

Bronze

8.56

Weight of round steel bar (kgf/m)

Dia.

00
10
20
30
40

0.00
0.62
2.46
5.54
9.86

0.01
0.75
2.72
5.92
10.36

0.02
0.89
2.98
6.31
10.87

0.06
1.04
3.26
6.71
11.39

0.10
1.21
3.55
7.12
11.93

0.15
1.39
3.85
7.55
12.47

0.22
1.58
4.16
7.98
13.03

0.30
1.78
4.49
8.43
13.61

0.39
2.00
4.83
8.90
14.19

0.50
2.22
5.18
9.37
14.79

50
60
70
80
90

15.40
22.18
30.18
39.42
49.90

16.02
22.92
31.05
40.42
51.01

16.66
23.68
31.93
41.42
52.14

17.30
24.45
32.83
42.44
53.28

17.96
25.23
33.73
43.47
54.43

18.63
26.03
34.65
44.51
55.59

19.32
26.83
35.58
45.56
56.77

20.01
27.65
36.52
46.63
57.96

20.72
28.48
37.48
47.70
59.16

21.44
29.33
38.44
48.79
60.37

100
110
120
130
140

61.60
74.54
88.70
104.10
120.74

62.84
75.90
90.19
105.71
122.47

64.09
77.27
91.69
107.33
124.21

65.35
78.66
93.19
108.96
125.97

66.63
80.06
94.72
110.61
127.73

67.91
81.47
96.25
112.27
129.51

69.21
82.89
97.80
113.94
131.31

70.53
84.32
99.35
115.62
133.11

71.85
85.77
100.93
117.31
134.93

73.19
87.23
102.51
119.02
136.76

150
160
170
180
190

138.60
157.70
178.02
199.58
222.38

140.45
159.67
180.13
201.81
224.72

142.32
161.66
182.24
204.04
227.08

144.20
163.67
184.36
206.29
229.45

146.09
165.68
186.50
208.55
231.84

147.99
167.71
188.65
210.83
234.23

149.91
169.75
190.81
213.11
236.64

151.84
171.80
192.99
215.41
239.06

153.78
173.86
195.17
217.72
241.50

155.73
175.94
197.37
220.04
243.94

200
210
220
230
240

246.40
271.66
298.14
325.86
354.82

248.87
274.25
300.86
328.70
357.78

251.35
276.86
303.59
331.56
360.75

253.85
279.47
306.33
334.42
363.74

256.36
282.10
309.08
337.30
366.74

258.87
284.75
311.85
340.19
369.75

261.41
287.40
314.63
343.09
372.78

263.95
290.07
317.42
346.00
375.82

266.51
292.75
320.22
348.93
378.87

269.08
295.44
323.04
351.87
381.93

250
260
270
280
290

385.00
416.42
449.06
482.94
518.06

388.09
419.63
452.40
486.40
521.64

391.19
422.85
455.74
489.87
525.23

394.30
426.08
459.10
493.35
528.83

397.42
429.33
462.47
496.84
532.45

400.55
432.59
465.85
500.35
536.07

403.70
435.86
469.24
503.86
539.72

406.86
439.14
472.65
507.39
543.37

410.03
442.44
476.07
510.94
547.03

413.22
445.74
479.50
514.49
550.71

300
310
320
330
340

554.40
591.98
630.78
670.82
712.10

558.10
595.80
634.73
674.90
716.29

561.82
599.64
638.69
678.98
720.50

565.54
603.49
642.67
683.08
724.72

569.28
607.35
646.65
687.19
728.95

573.03
611.23
650.65
691.31
733.19

576.80
615.11
654.66
695.44
737.45

580.57
619.01
658.68
699.59
741.72

584.36
622.92
662.72
703.74
746.00

588.16
626.85
666.76
707.91
750.29

350
360
370
380
390

754.60
798.34
843.30
889.50
936.94

758.92
802.78
847.87
894.19
941.75

763.25
807.23
852.45
898.89
946.57

767.59
811.70
857.04
903.60
951.41

771.95
816.18
861.64
908.33
956.25

776.31
820.67
866.25
913.07
961.11

780.69
825.17
870.88
917.82
965.99

785.09
829.68
875.52
922.58
970.87

789.49
834.21
880.17
927.35
975.77

793.91
828.75
884.83
932.14
980.68

400
410
420
430
440

985.60
1035.50
1086.62
1138.98
1192.58

990.53
1040.55
1091.80
1144.29
1198.00

995.48
1045.62
1097.00
1149.60
1203.44

1000.44
1050.71
1102.20
1154.93
1208.89

1005.41
1055.80
1107.42
1160.27
1214.36

1010.39
1060.91
1112.65
1165.63
1219.83

1015.39
1066.02
1117.89
1170.99
1225.32

1020.40
1071.16
1123.15
1176.37
1230.82

1025.42
1076.30
1128.41
1181.76
1236.34

1030.45
1081.46
1133.69
1187.16
1241.86

450
460
470
480
490

1247.40
1303.46
1360.74
1419.26
1479.02

1252.95
1309.13
1366.54
1425.18
1485.06

1258.51
1314.82
1372.35
1431.12
1491.11

1264.09
1320.51
1378.17
1437.06
1497.18

1269.67
1326.22
1384.00
1443.02
1503.26

1275.27
1331.95
1389.85
1448.99
1509.35

1280.89
1337.68
1395.71
1454.97
1515.46

1286.51
1343.43
1401.58
1460.96
1521.58

1292.15
1349.19
1407.46
1466.97
1527.70

1297.79
1354.96
1413.36
1472.99
1533.85

500

1540.00

1546.17

1552.34

1558.54

1564.74

1570.95

1577.18

1583.42

1589.67

1595.94

EXAMPLE: Weight of round steel bar, diameter(128mm) and length(1m), is 100.93kgf.

NOTE: Unit of diameter is millimeter (mm)

Numerical Formulas and Tables

5 List of Elements by Symbol and Specific Gravity

Name
Zinc
Aluminium
Antimony
Sulfur
Ytterbium
Yttrium
Iridium
Indium
Uranium
Chlorine
Cadmium
Potassium
Calcium
Gold
Silver
Chlorine
Silicon
Germanium
Cobalt
Oxygen

Symbol
Zn
Al
Sb
S
Yb
Y
Ir
In
U
Cl
Cd
K
Ca
Au
Ag
Cr
Si
Ge
Co
O

Specific gravity
(20 ) g/cm3
07.133 (25)
02.699
06.62
02.07
06.96
04.47
22.5
07.31
19.07
03.214103
08.65
00.86
01.55
19.32
10.49
07.19
02.33 (25)
05.323 (25)
08.85
01.429103

Name
Bromine
Zirconium
Mercury
Hydrogen
Tin
Strontium
Caesium
Cerium
Selenium
Bismuth
Thallium
Tungsten
Carbon
Tantalum
Titanium
Nitrogen
Iron
Tellurium
Copper
Thorium

Symbol
Br
Zr
Hg
H
Sn
Sr
Cs
Ce
Se
Bi
Tl
W
C
Ta
Ti
N
Fe
Te
Cu
Th

Specific gravity
(20 )g/cm3
03.12
06.489
13.546
00.0899103
07.2984
02.60
01.903 (0)
06.77
04.79
09.80
11.85
19.3
02.25
16.6
04.507
01.250103
07.87
06.24
08.96
11.66

Name
Sodium
Lead
Niobium
Nickel
Platinum
Vanadium
Palladium
Barium
Arsenic
Fluorine
Plutonium
Beryllium
Boron
Magnesium
Manganese
Molybdenum
Iodine
Radium
Lithium
Phosphorus

Symbol
Na
Pb
Nb
Ni
Pt
V
Pd
Ba
As
F
Pu
Be
B
Mg
Mn
Mo
I
Ra
Li
P

Specific gravity
( 20 )g/cm3
00.9712
11.36
08.57
08.902 (25)
21.45
06.1
12.02
03.5
05.72
01.696103
19.00 19.72
01.848
02.34
01.74
07.43
10.22
04.94
05.0
00.534
01.83

Numerical Formulas and Tables

TABLE OF NUMBERS
1 Hardness Comparison Table
Approximate conversion values against Rockwell C hardness of steel materials
HV

HB

HRA

HRB

HRD

HS

HRC

Shore
hardness

HRC

Tensile
Strength
kgf/mm2
(N/mm2)
Aprox. value

68
67
66
65
64

940
900
865
832
800

739
722

85.6
85.0
84.5
83.9
83.4

76.9
76.1
75.4
74.5
73.8

97
95
92
91
88

68
67
66
65
64

63
62
61
60
59

772
746
720
697
674

613
599

705
688
670
654
634

82.8
82.3
81.8
81.2
80.7

73.0
72.2
71.5
70.7
69.9

87
85
83
81
80

63
62
61
60
59

58
57
56
55
54

653
633
613
595
577

587
575
561
546
534

615
595
577
560
543

80.1
79.6
79.0
78.5
78.0

69.2
68.5
67.7
66.9
66.1

78
76
75
74
72

212 {2079}
205 {2010}

58
57
56
55
54

53
52
51
50
49

560
544
528
513
498

500
487
475
464

519
508
494
481
469

525
512
496
481
469

77.4
76.8
76.3
75.9
75.2

65.4
64.6
63.8
63.1
62.1

71
69
68
67
66

199 {1952}
192 {1883}
186 {1824}
179 {1755}
172 {1687}

53
52
51
50
49

48
47
46
45
44

484
471
458
446
434

451
442
432
421
409

455
443
432
421
409

455
443
432
421
409

74.7
74.1
73.6
73.1
72.5

61.4
60.8
60.0
59.2
58.5

64
63
62
60
58

167 {1638}
161 {1579}
156 {1530}
151 {1481}
146 {1432}

48
47
46
45
44

43
42
41
40
39

423
412
402
392
382

400
390
381
371
362

400
390
381
371
362

400
390
381
371
362

72.0
71.5
70.9
70.4
69.9

57.7
56.9
56.2
55.4
54.6

57
56
55
54
52

141 {1383}
136 {1334}
132 {1294}
127 {1245}
124 {1216}

43
42
41
40
39

38
37
36
35
34

372
363
354
345
336

353
344
336
327
319

353
344
336
327
319

353
344
336
327
319

69.4
68.9
68.4
67.9
67.4

(109.0)
(108.5)
(108.0)

53.8
53.1
52.3
51.5
50.8

51
50
49
48
47

120 {1177}
118 {1157}
114 {1118}
110 {1079}
108 {1059}

38
37
36
35
34

33
32
31
30
29

327
318
310
302
294

311
301
294
286
279

311
301
294
286
279

311
301
294
286
279

66.8
66.3
65.8
65.3
64.7

(107.5)
(107.0)
(106.0)
(105.5)
(104.5)

50.0
49.2
48.4
47.7
47.0

46
44
43
42
41

105 {1030}
102 {1000}
100 {0981}
097 {0951}
095 {0932}

33
32
31
30
29

28
27
26
25
24

286
279
272
266
260

271
264
258
253
247

271
264
258
253
247

271
264
258
253
247

64.3
63.8
63.3
62.8
62.4

(104.0)
(103.0)
(102.5)
(101.5)
(101.0)

46.1
45.2
44.6
43.8
43.1

41
40
38
38
37

093 {0912}
090 {0883}
088 {0863}
086 {0843}
084 {0824}

28
27
26
25
24

23
22
21
20
(18)

254
248
243
238
230

243
237
231
226
219

243
237
231
226
219

243
237
231
226
219

62.0
61.5
61.0
60.5

100.0
099.0
098.5
097.8
096.7

42.1
41.6
40.9
40.1

36
35
35
34
33

082 {0804}
080 {0785}
079 {0775}
077 {0755}
075 {0736}

23
22
21
20
(18)

(16)
(14)
(12)
(10)
(8)

222
213
204
196
188

212
203
194
187
179

212
203
194
187
179

212
203
194
187
179

095.5
093.9
092.3
090.7
089.5

32
31
29
28
27

072 {0706}
069 {0677}
066 {0647}
063 {0618}
061 {0598}

(16)
(14)
(12)
(10)
(8)

(6)
(4)
(2)
(0)

180
173
166
160

171
165
158
152

171
165
158
152

171
165
158
152

087.1
085.5
083.5
081.7

26
25
24
24

059 {0579}
056 {0549}
054 {0530}
053 {0520}

(6)
(4)
(2)
(0)

Rockwell

Vickers

Brinell hardness
10mm Ball Load 3000kgf

Rockwell hardness

Hult- tungsten- A Scale

Standard
60kgf
grencarbide Load
hardness
hardness
brale
ball
ball
ball
indenter
C

NOTE 2.

B Scale
Load 100kgf
Dia. 1/16in
Ball

D Scale
Load 100kgf
brale
indenter

Rockwell
C
Hardness

NOTE 1.

NOTE 2.

Approx. hardness
of
principal materials

S45C soft nitriding

SCM415
case hardening
SCM440
induction hardening

S45C
induction hardening

SCM415
core hardness

S45C
thermal refining
SCM440
core hardness

S45C core hardness

SUS303

REMARK: The boldfaced figures are based on ASTM E 140 Table 3 (SAE-ASM-ASTM)
NOTE 1: Approximate values were determined from "Conversion Tables" of JIS Z 8413 and Z 8438.
The units and values in parentheses{ } are based on International System of Units (SI). These are shown for reference. Note that 1N/mm2 = 1MPa.
NOTE 2: The parenthesized values in the table are not used so frequently.

10

Numerical Formulas and Tables

2 Comparative Table of Gear Pitch

Pitch

Pitch

Dimetral
pitch

in

mm

Module
m

Diametral
pitch

in

mm

Module
m

Diametral
pitch

1.
1.0053
1.0160
1.0472
1.0583
1.0639
1.0928
1.1400
1.1424
1.1545

3.1416
3.18
3.0922
3.
2.9685
2.9528
2.78
2.7559
2.34
2.7211

79.796
79.375
78.542
76.200
75.400
75.
73.025
70.
69.850
69.116

25.4000
25.2656
25.
24.2550
24.
23.8733
23.2444
22.2817
22.2339
22.

02.9568
03.
03.0691
03.1416
03.1750
03.1918
03.25
03.3249
03.3510
03.5

1.116
1.0472
1.0236
1.
0.9895
0.9843
0.9666
0.9449
0.1516
0.8976

26.988
26.599
26.
25.400
25.133
25.
24.552
24.
23.813
22.799

8.5904
8.4667
8.2761
8.0851
8.
7.9577
7.8153
7.6394
7.5798
7.2571

010.0531
010.16
010.6395
011.
011.2889
011.3995
012.
012.2764
012.5664
012.7000

1.1968
1.2276
1.25
1.2566
1.2700
1.3228
1.3299
1.3963
1.4111
1.4508

2.58
2.5591
2.5133
2.12
2.4738
2.38
2.3622
2.14
2.2264
2.1654

66.675
65.
63.837
63.500
62.835
60.325
60.
57.150
56.551
55.

21.2231
20.6902
20.3200
20.2127
20.
19.2019
19.0986
18.1914
18.
17.5071

03.5904
03.6271
03.6286
03.75
03.8666
03.9898
04.
04.1888
04.1998
04.2333

0.78
0.8661
0.8658
0.8378
0.1316
0.7874
0.7854
0.34
0.7480
0.7421

22.225
22.
21.991
21.280
20.638
20.
19.949
19.050
19.
18.849

7.0744
7.0023
7.
6.7733
6.5691
6.3662
6.3500
6.0638
6.0479
6.

1.4784
1.5
1.5708
1.5875
1.5959
1.6755
1.6933
1.75
1.7732
1.7952

2.18
2.0944
2.
1.9790
1.9685
1.78
1.8553
1.7952
1.7717
1.34

53.975
53.198
50.800
50.267
50.
47.625
47.125
45.598
45.
44.450

17.1806
16.9333
16.1701
16.
15.9155
15.1595
15.
14.5143
14.3240
14.1489

04.4332
04.5
04.5696
04.6182
04.6939
04.9873
05.
05.0265
05.0800
05.3198

0.7087
0.6981
01116
0.6803
0.6695
0.6299
0.6283
0.58
0.6184
0.5906

18.
17.733
17.463
17.280
17.
16.
15.959
15.875
15.707
15.

1.8143
1.9333
1.9538
1.9949
2.
2.0944
2.0999
2.1167
2.1855
2.2166

1.7316
1.58
1.6079
1.5748
1.5708
1.12
1.4961
1.4843
1.716
1.4173

43.983
41.275
40.841
40.
39.898
38.100
38.
37.701
36.513
36.

14.
13.1382
13.
12.7324
12.7000
12.1276
12.0958
12.
11.6223
11.4592

05.5
05.5851
05.6444
05.6998
06.
06.1382
06.2832
06.35
06.5
06.6497

0.5712
0.916
0.5566
0.5512
0.5236
0.5118
0.12
0.4948
0.4833
0.4724

2.25
2.2848
2.3091
2.3470
2.3936
2.4937
2.5
2.5133
2.5400
2.6456

1.3963
1.38
1.3606
1.3386
1.516
1.2598
1.2566
1.14
1.2369
1.316

35.465
34.925
34.559
34.
33.338
32.
31.919
31.750
31.417
30.163

11.2889
11.1170
11.
10.8225
10.6117
10.1859
10.1600
10.1063
10.
09.6010

07.
07.1808
07.2542
07.2571
07.9797
08.
08.3776
08.3997
08.4667
08.8663

2.6599
2.75
2.7925
2.8222
2.8499

1.1811
1.1424
1.18
1.1132
1.1024

30.
29.017
28.575
28.275
28.

09.5493
09.2364
09.0957
09.
08.9127

09.
09.2363
09.3878
09.9746
10.

Pitch
mm

Module
m

.516
.3092
.2953
.2856
.2783
.2756
.2618
.2559
.14
.2474

7.938
7.854
7.5
7.254
7.069
7.
6.650
6.5
6.350
6.283

2.5266
2.5
2.3873
2.3091
2.25
2.2282
2.1167
2.0690
2.0213
2.

013.
013.2993
014.
014.5083
014.5143
015.
015.9593
016.
016.7552
016.9333

.2417
.2362
.2244
.2165
.2164
.2094
.1969
.1963
.316
.1855

6.138
6.
5.700
5.5
5.499
5.320
5.
4.987
4.763
4.712

1.9538
1.9099
1.8143
1.7507
1.75
1.6933
1.5915
1.5875
1.5160
1.5

5.7296
5.6444
5.5585
5.5
5.4113
5.0930
5.0800
5.0532
5.
4.7747

017.7326
018.
019.9492
020.
020.32
022.
022.7991
023.
024.
025.

.1772
.1745
.1575
.1571
.1546
.1428
.1378
.1366
.1309
.1257

4.5
4.433
4.
3.990
3.927
3.627
3.5
3.470
3.325
3.193

1.4324
1.4111
1.2732
1.2700
1.25
1.1545
1.1141
1.1043
1.0583
1.0160

14.508
14.288
14.138
14.
13.299
13.
12.700
12.568
12.276
12.

4.6182
4.5479
4.5
4.4563
4.2333
4.1380
4.0425
4.
3.9077
3.8197

025.1327
025.4
026.
026.5989
028.
029.
030.
031.4159
031.9187
032.

.18
.1237
.1208
.1181
.1122
.1083
.1047
.110
.0984
.0982

3.175
3.142
3.069
3.
2.850
2.751
2.660
2.540
2.5
2.494

1.0106
1.
0.9769
0.9549
0.9071
0.8759
0.8467
0.8035
0.7958
0.7938

0.4488
0.716
0.4331
0.4329
0.3937
0.3927
0.38
0.3740
0.3711
0.3543

11.399
11.113
11.
10.996
10.
09.975
09.525
09.5
09.426
09.3

3.6286
3.5372
3.5014
3.5
3.1831
3.1750
3.0319
3.0240
3.
2.8648

033.8663
034.
036.
038.
039.8683
040.
045.
050.
050.2955
050.8

.0928
.0924
.0873
.0827
.0787
.0785
.0698
.0628
.116
.0618

2.357
2.347
2.217
2.100
2.
1.995
1.773
1.596
1.588
1.570

0.75
0.7471
0.7056
0.6684
0.6366
0.6350
0.5644
0.5080
0.5053
0.5

0.3491
0.3401
0.3347
0.3150
0.3142

08.866
08.639
08.5
08.
07.980

2.8222
2.75
2.7056
2.5465
2.5400

053.1977
063.5000
079.8019
084.6667
127.0000

.0576
.0498
.0394
.0371
.0247

1.5
1.256
1.
0.942
0.628

0.4775
0.4
0.3183
0.3
0.2

11

in

Numerical Formulas and Tables

3 Span Measurement Over k Teeth of Standard Spur Gear

z

1
2
3
4
5

2
2
2
2
2

6
7
8
9
10

W(x=0)

m = 1 ( = 20 )

4.4982

61
62
63
64
65

7
7
8
8
8

20.0432
20.0572
23.0233
23.0373
23.0513

121
122
123
124
125

14
14
14
14
14

41.5484
41.5624
41.5765
41.5905
41.6045

181
182
183
184
185

21
21
21
21
21

63.0537
63.0677
63.0817
63.0957
63.1097

2
2
2
2
2

4.5122
4.5262
4.5402
4.5543
4.5683

66
67
68
69
70

8
8
8
8
8

23.0653
23.0794
23.0934
23.1074
23.1214

126
127
128
129
130

15
15
15
15
15

44.5706
44.5846
44.5986
44.6126
44.6266

186
187
188
189
190

21
21
21
22
22

63.1237
63.1377
63.1517
66.1179
66.1319

11
12
13
14
15

2
2
2
2
2

4.5823
4.5963
4.6103
4.6243
4.6383

71
72
73
74
75

8
9
9
9
9

23.1354
26.1015
26.1155
26.1295
26.1435

131
132
133
134
135

15
15
15
15
16

44.6406
44.6546
44.6686
44.6826
47.6488

191
192
193
194
195

22
22
22
22
22

66.1459
66.1599
66.1739
66.1879
66.2019

16
17
18
19
20

2
2
3
3
3

4.6523
4.6663
7.6324
7.6464
7.6604

76
77
78
79
80

9
9
9
9
9

26.1575
26.1715
26.1856
26.1996
26.2136

136
137
138
139
140

16
16
16
16
16

47.6628
47.6768
47.6908
47.7048
47.7188

196
197
198
199
200

22
22
23
23
23

66.2159
66.2299
69.1961
69.2101
69.2241

21
22
23
24
25

3
3
3
3
3

7.6744
7.6885
7.7025
7.7165
7.7305

81
82
83
84
85

10
10
10
10
10

29.1797
29.1937
29.2077
29.2217
29.2357

141
142
143
144
145

16
16
16
17
17

47.7328
47.7468
47.7608
50.7270
50.7410

201
202
203
204
205

23
23
23
23
23

69.2381
69.2521
69.2661
69.2801
69.2941

26
27
28
29
30

3
4
4
4
4

7.7445
10.7106
10.7246
10.7386
10.7526

86
87
88
89
90

10
10
10
10
11

29.2497
29.2637
29.2777
29.2917
32.2579

146
147
148
149
150

17
17
17
17
17

50.7550
50.7690
50.7830
50.7970
50.8110

206
207
208
209
210

23
24
24
24
24

69.3081
72.2742
72.2882
72.3022
72.3163

31
32
33
34
35

4
4
4
4
4

10.7666
10.7806
10.7946
10.8086
10.8227

91
92
93
94
95

11
11
11
11
11

32.2719
32.2859
32.2999
32.3139
32.3279

151
152
153
154
155

17
17
18
18
18

50.8250
50.8390
53.8051
53.8192
53.8332

211
212
213
214
215

24
24
24
24
24

72.3303
72.3443
72.3583
72.3723
72.3863

36
37
38
39
40

5
5
5
5
5

13.7888
13.8028
13.8168
13.8308
13.8448

96
97
98
99
100

11
11
11
12
12

32.3419
32.3559
32.3699
35.3361
35.3501

156
157
158
159
160

18
18
18
18
18

53.8472
53.8612
53.8752
53.8892
53.9032

216
217
218
219
220

25
25
25
25
25

75.3524
75.3664
75.3804
75.3944
75.4084

41
42
43
44
45

5
5
5
5
6

13.8588
13.8728
13.8868
13.9008
16.8670

101
102
103
104
105

12
12
12
12
12

35.3641
35.3781
35.3921
35.4061
35.4201

161
162
163
164
165

18
19
19
19
19

53.9172
56.8833
56.8973
56.9113
56.9253

221
222
223
224
225

25
25
25
25
26

75.4224
75.4364
75.4505
75.4645
78.4306

46
47
48
49
50

6
6
6
6
6

16.8810
16.8950
16.9090
16.9230
16.9370

106
107
108
109
110

12
12
13
13
13

35.4341
35.4481
38.4142
38.4282
38.4423

166
167
168
169
170

19
19
19
19
19

56.9394
56.9534
56.9674
56.9814
56.9954

226
227
228
229
230

26
26
26
26
26

78.4446
78.4586
78.4726
78.4866
78.5006

51
52
53
54
55

6
6
6
7
7

16.9510
16.9650
16.9790
19.9452
19.9592

111
112
113
114
115

13
13
13
13
13

38.4563
38.4703
38.4843
38.4983
38.5123

171
172
173
174
175

20
20
20
20
20

59.9615
59.9755
59.9895
60.0035
60.0175

231
232
233
234
235

26
26
26
27
27

78.5146
78.5286
78.5426
81.5088
81.5228

56
57
58
59
60

7
7
7
7
7

19.9732
19.9872
20.0012
20.0152
20.0292

116
117
118
119
120

13
14
14
14
14

38.5263
41.4924
41.5064
41.5204
41.5344

176
177
178
179
180

20
20
20
20
21

60.0315
60.0455
60.0596
60.0736
63.0397

236
237
238
239
240

27
27
27
27
27

81.5368
81.5508
81.5648
81.5788
81.5928

12

Numerical Formulas and Tables

m = 1 ( = 20 )
z

241
242
243
244
245

27
27
28
28
28

81.6068
81.6208
84.5870
84.6010
84.6150

301
302
303
304
305

34
34
34
34
34

103.1120
103.1260
103.1400
103.1540
103.1680

361
362
363
364
365

41
41
41
41
41

124.6170
124.6310
124.6450
124.6590
124.6730

421
422
423
424
425

47
47
48
48
48

143.1700
143.1840
146.1510
146.1650
146.1790

246
247
248
249
250

28
28
28
28
28

84.6290
84.6430
84.6570
84.6710
84.6850

306
307
308
309
310

35
35
35
35
35

106.1340
106.1480
106.1620
106.1760
106.1900

366
367
368
369
370

41
41
41
42
42

124.6870
124.7010
124.7150
127.6810
127.6960

426
427
428
429
430

48
48
48
48
48

146.1930
146.2070
146.2210
146.2350
146.2490

251
252
253
254
255

28
29
29
29
29

84.6990
87.6651
87.6791
87.6932
87.7072

311
312
313
314
315

35
35
35
35
36

106.2040
106.2180
106.2320
106.2460
109.2120

371
372
373
374
375

42
42
42
42
42

127.7100
127.7240
127.7380
127.7520
127.7660

431
432
433
434
435

48
49
49
49
49

146.2630
149.2290
149.2430
149.2570
149.2710

256
257
258
259
260

29
29
29
29
29

87.7212
87.7352
87.7492
87.7632
87.7772

316
317
318
319
320

36
36
36
36
36

109.2260
109.2400
109.2540
109.2680
109.2820

376
377
378
379
380

42
42
43
43
43

127.7800
127.7940
130.7600
130.7740
130.7880

436
437
438
439
440

49
49
49
49
49

149.2850
149.2990
149.3130
149.3270
149.3410

261
262
263
264
265

30
30
30
30
30

90.7433
90.7573
90.7713
90.7853
90.7993

321
322
323
324
325

36
36
36
37
37

109.2960
109.3100
109.3240
112.2910
112.3050

381
382
383
384
385

43
43
43
43
43

130.8020
130.8160
130.8300
130.8440
130.8580

441
442
443
444
445

50
50
50
50
50

152.3070
152.3210
152.3350
152.3490
152.3630

266
267
268
269
270

30
30
30
30
31

90.8133
90.8274
90.8414
90.8554
93.8215

326
327
328
329
330

37
37
37
37
37

112.3190
112.3330
112.3470
112.3610
112.3750

386
387
388
389
390

43
44
44
44
44

130.8720
133.8380
133.8520
133.8660
133.8800

446
447
448
449
450

50
50
50
50
51

152.3770
152.3910
152.4050
152.4190
155.3850

271
272
273
274
275

31
31
31
31
31

93.8355
93.8495
93.8635
93.8775
93.8915

331
332
333
334
335

37
37
38
38
38

112.3890
112.4030
115.3690
115.3830
115.3970

391
392
393
394
395

44
44
44
44
44

133.8940
133.9080
133.9220
133.9360
133.9500

451
452
453
454
455

51
51
51
51
51

155.3990
155.4130
155.4270
155.4410
155.4550

276
277
278
279
280

31
31
31
32
32

93.9055
93.9195
93.9335
96.8997
96.9137

336
337
338
339
340

38
38
38
38
38

115.4110
115.4250
115.4390
115.4530
115.4670

396
397
398
399
400

45
45
45
45
45

136.9160
136.9300
136.9440
136.9580
136.9720

456
457
458
459
460

51
51
51
52
52

155.4690
155.4830
155.4970
158.4630
158.4770

281
282
283
284
285

32
32
32
32
32

96.9277
96.9417
96.9557
96.9697
96.9837

341
342
343
344
345

38
39
39
39
39

115.4810
118.4470
118.4610
118.4750
118.4890

401
402
403
404
405

45
45
45
45
46

136.9860
137.0000
137.0140
137.0280
139.9940

461
462
463
464
465

52
52
52
52
52

158.4910
158.5050
158.5190
158.5330
158.5470

286
287
288
289
290

32
32
33
33
33

96.9977
97.0117
99.9779
99.9919
100.0060

346
347
348
349
350

39
39
39
39
39

118.5030
118.5170
118.5310
118.5450
118.5590

406
407
408
409
410

46
46
46
46
46

140.0080
140.0220
140.0360
140.0500
140.0640

466
467
468
469
470

52
52
53
53
53

158.5610
158.5750
161.5420
161.5560
161.5700

291
292
293
294
295

33
33
33
33
33

100.0200
100.0340
100.0480
100.0620
100.0760

351
352
353
354
355

40
40
40
40
40

121.5250
121.5390
121.5530
121.5670
121.5810

411
412
413
414
415

46
46
46
47
47

140.0780
140.0920
140.1060
143.0720
143.0860

471
472
473
474
475

53
53
53
53
53

161.5840
161.5980
161.6120
161.6260
161.6400

296
297
298
299
300

33
34
34
34
34

100.0900
103.0560
103.0700
103.0840
103.0980

356
357
358
359
360

40
40
40
40
41

121.5950
121.6090
121.6230
121.6370
124.6030

416
417
418
419
420

47
47
47
47
47

143.1000
143.1140
143.1280
143.1420
143.1560

476
477
478
479
480

53
54
54
54
54

161.6540
164.6200
164.6340
164.6480
164.6620

13

Numerical Formulas and Tables

4 Span Measurement Over k Teeth of Standard Spur Gear

z

1
2
3
4
5

2
2
2
2
2

6
7
8
9
10

2
2
2
2
2

11
12
13
14
15

W(x=0)

m = 1 ( = 14.5 )

61
62
63
64
65

5
5
6
6
6

14.0143
14.0197
17.0666
17.0720
17.0773

121
122
123
124
125

10
10
10
10
11

29.5440
29.5494
29.5548
29.5602
32.6070

181
182
183
184
185

15
15
15
15
15

45.0738
45.0791
45.0845
45.0899
45.0952

4.5999
4.6052
4.6106
4.6160

66
67
68
69
70

6
6
6
6
6

17.0827
17.0881
17.0934
17.0988
17.1042

126
127
128
129
130

11
11
11
11
11

32.6124
32.6178
32.6232
32.6285
32.6339

186
187
188
189
190

15
16
16
16
16

45.1006
48.1475
48.1529
48.1582
48.1636

2
2
2
2
2

4.6213
4.6267
4.6321
4.6374
4.6428

71
72
73
74
75

6
6
6
6
7

17.1095
17.1149
17.1203
17.1256
20.1725

131
132
133
134
135

11
11
11
11
11

32.6393
32.6446
32.6500
32.6554
32.6607

191
192
193
194
195

16
16
16
16
16

48.1690
48.1743
48.1797
48.1851
48.1905

16
17
18
19
20

2
2
2
2
2

4.6482
4.6536
4.6589
4.6643
4.6697

76
77
78
79
80

7
7
7
7
7

20.1779
20.1833
20.1886
20.1940
20.1994

136
137
138
139
140

11
12
12
12
12

32.6661
35.7130
35.7184
35.7237
35.7291

196
197
198
199
200

16
16
16
17
17

48.1958
48.2012
48.2066
51.2534
51.2588

21
22
23
24
25

2
2
2
2
3

4.6750
4.6804
4.6858
4.6911
7.7380

81
82
83
84
85

7
7
7
7
7

20.2047
20.2101
20.2155
20.2208
20.2262

141
142
143
144
145

12
12
12
12
12

35.7345
35.7398
35.7452
35.7506
35.7559

201
202
203
204
205

17
17
17
17
17

51.2642
51.2696
51.2749
51.2803
51.2857

26
27
28
29
30

3
3
3
3
3

7.7434
7.7488
7.7541
7.7595
7.7649

86
87
88
89
90

7
8
8
8
8

20.2316
23.2785
23.2838
23.2892
23.2946

146
147
148
149
150

12
12
12
13
13

35.7613
35.7667
35.7720
38.8189
38.8243

206
207
208
209
210

17
17
17
17
17

51.2910
51.2964
51.3018
51.3071
51.3125

31
32
33
34
35

3
3
3
3
3

7.7702
7.7756
7.7810
7.7863
7.7917

91
92
93
94
95

8
8
8
8
8

23.3000
23.3053
23.3107
23.3161
23.3214

151
152
153
154
155

13
13
13
13
13

38.8297
38.8350
38.8404
38.8458
38.8511

211
212
213
214
215

17
18
18
18
18

51.3179
54.3648
54.3701
54.3755
54.3809

36
37
38
39
40

3
3
4
4
4

7.7971
7.8024
10.8493
10.8547
10.8601

96
97
98
99
100

8
8
8
8
9

23.3268
23.3322
23.3375
23.3429
26.3898

156
157
158
159
160

13
13
13
13
13

38.8565
38.8619
38.8672
38.8726
38.8780

216
217
218
219
220

18
18
18
18
18

54.3862
54.3916
54.3970
54.4023
54.4077

41
42
43
44
45

4
4
4
4
4

10.8654
10.8708
10.8762
10.8815
10.8869

101
102
103
104
105

9
9
9
9
9

26.3952
26.4005
26.4059
26.4113
26.4166

161
162
163
164
165

13
14
14
14
14

38.8834
41.9302
14.9356
41.9410
41.9464

221
222
223
224
225

18
18
18
19
19

54.4131
54.4184
54.4238
57.4707
57.4761

46
47
48
49
50

4
4
4
4
5

10.8923
10.8976
10.9030
10.9084
13.9553

106
107
108
109
110

9
9
9
9
9

26.4220
26.4274
26.4327
26.4381
26.4435

166
167
168
169
170

14
14
14
14
14

41.9517
41.9571
41.9625
41.9678
41.9732

226
227
228
229
230

19
19
19
19
19

57.4814
57.4868
57.4922
57.4975
57.5029

51
52
53
54
55

5
5
5
5
5

13.9606
13.9660
13.9714
13.9767
13.9821

111
112
113
114
115

9
10
10
10
10

26.4488
29.4957
29.5011
29.5065
29.5118

171
172
173
174
175

14
14
14
15
15

41.9786
41.9839
41.9893
45.0362
45.0416

231
232
233
234
235

19
19
19
19
19

57.5083
57.5137
57.5190
57.5244
57.5298

56
57
58
59
60

5
5
5
5
5

13.9875
13.9929
13.9982
14.0036
14.0090

116
117
118
119
120

10
10
10
10
10

29.5172
29.5226
29.5279
29.5333
29.5387

176
177
178
179
180

15
15
15
15
15

45.0469
45.0523
45.0577
45.0630
45.0684

236
237
238
239
240

20
20
20
20
20

60.5766
60.5820
60.5874
60.5928
60.5981

14

Numerical Formulas and Tables

m = 1 ( = 14.5 )
z

241
242
243
244
245

20
20
20
20
20

60.6035
60.6089
60.6142
60.6196
60.6250

301
302
303
304
305

25
25
25
25
25

76.1332
76.1386
76.1440
76.1493
76.1547

361
362
363
364
365

30
30
30
30
30

91.6629
91.6683
91.6737
91.6790
91.6844

421
422
423
424
425

34
34
35
35
35

104.1510
104.1560
107.2030
107.2090
107.2140

246
247
248
249
250

20
20
20
21
21

60.6303
60.6357
60.6411
63.6880
63.6933

306
307
308
309
310

25
25
25
25
25

76.1601
76.1654
76.1708
76.1762
76.1815

366
367
368
369
370

30
30
30
30
30

91.6898
91.6951
91.7005
91.7059
91.7113

426
427
428
429
430

35
35
35
35
35

107.2190
107.2250
107.2300
107.2360
107.2410

251
252
253
254
255

21
21
21
21
21

63.6987
63.7041
63.7094
63.7148
63.7202

311
312
313
314
315

26
26
26
26
26

79.2284
79.2338
79.2392
79.2445
79.2499

371
372
373
374
375

30
30
31
31
31

91.7166
91.7220
94.7689
94.7742
94.7796

431
432
433
434
435

35
35
35
35
36

107.2460
107.2520
107.2570
107.2620
110.3090

256
257
258
259
260

21
21
21
21
21

63.7255
63.7309
63.7363
63.7416
63.7470

316
317
338
319
320

26
26
26
26
26

79.2553
79.2606
79.2660
79.2714
79.2767

376
377
378
379
380

31
31
31
31
31

94.7850
94.7904
94.7957
94.8011
94.8065

436
437
438
439
440

36
36
36
36
36

110.3150
110.3200
110.3250
110.3310
110.3360

261
262
263
264
265

22
22
22
22
22

66.7939
66.7993
66.8046
66.8100
66.8154

321
322
323
324
325

26
26
27
27
27

79.2821
79.2875
82.3344
82.3397
82.3451

381
382
383
384
385

31
31
31
31
32

94.8118
94.8172
94.8226
94.8279
97.8748

441
442
443
444
445

36
36
36
36
36

110.3420
110.3470
110.3520
110.3580
110.3630

266
267
268
269
270

22
22
22
22
22

66.8207
66.8261
66.8315
66.8369
66.8422

326
327
328
329
330

27
27
27
27
27

82.3505
82.3558
82.3612
82.3666
82.3719

386
387
388
389
390

32
32
32
32
32

97.8802
97.8856
97.8909
97.8963
97.9017

446
447
448
449
450

36
37
37
37
37

110.3680
113.4150
113.4210
113.4260
113.4310

271
272
273
274
275

22
22
22
23
23

66.8476
66.8530
66.8583
69.9052
69.9106

331
332
333
334
335

27
27
27
27
27

82.3773
82.3827
82.3880
82.3934
82.3988

391
392
393
394
395

32
32
32
32
32

97.9070
97.9124
97.9178
97.9231
97.9285

451
452
453
454
455

37
37
37
37
37

113.4370
113.4420
113.4470
113.4530
113.4580

276
277
278
279
280

23
23
23
23
23

69.9160
69.9213
69.9267
69.9321
69.9374

336
337
338
339
340

28
28
28
28
28

85.4457
85.4510
85.4564
85.4618
85.4671

396
397
398
399
400

32
32
33
33
33

97.9339
97.9392
100.9860
100.9920
100.9970

456
457
458
459
460

37
37
37
37
38

113.4640
113.4690
113.4740
113.4800
116.5270

281
282
283
284
285

23
23
23
23
23

69.9428
69.9482
69.9535
69.9589
69.9643

341
342
343
344
345

28
28
28
28
28

85.4725
85.4779
85.4833
85.4886
85.4940

401
402
403
404
405

33
33
33
33
33

101.0020
101.0080
101.0130
101.0180
101.0240

461
462
463
464
465

38
38
38
38
38

116.5320
116.5370
116.5430
116.5480
116.5530

286
287
288
289
290

24
24
24
24
24

73.0112
73.0165
73.0219
73.0273
73.0326

346
347
348
349
350

28
28
29
29
29

85.4994
85.5047
88.5516
88.5570
88.5624

406
407
408
409
410

33
33
33
33
34

101.0290
101.0340
101.0400
101.0450
104.0920

466
467
468
469
470

38
38
38
38
38

116.5590
116.5640
116.5700
116.5750
116.5800

291
292
293
294
295

24
24
24
24
24

73.0380
73.0434
73.0487
73.0541
73.0595

351
352
353
354
355

29
29
29
29
29

88.5677
88.5731
88.5785
88.5838
88.5892

411
412
413
414
415

34
34
34
34
34

104.0970
104.1030
104.1080
104.1140
104.1190

471
472
473
474
475

38
39
39
39
39

116.5860
119.6330
119.6380
119.6430
119.6490

296
297
298
299
300

24
24
25
25
25

73.0649
73.0702
76.1171
76.1225
76.1278

356
357
358
359
360

29
29
29
29
30

88.5946
88.5999
88.6053
88.6107
91.6576

416
417
418
419
420

34
34
34
34
34

104.1240
104.1300
104.1350
104.1400
104.1460

476
477
478
479
480

39
39
39
39
39

119.6540
119.6590
119.6650
119.6700
119.6750

15

Numerical Formulas and Tables

Charts Indicating Spanned Number of Teeth of Spur and Helical Gears

16

(Maag's data)

Numerical Formulas and Tables

inv = tan

6 Involute Function Table

2

10

11

00
01
02
03
04

0.00001418
0.00001454
0.00001491
0.00001528
0.00001565

0.00004790
0.00004871
0.00004952
0.00005034
0.00005117

0.0001136
0.0001151
0.0001165
0.0001180
0.0001194

0.0002222
0.0002244
0.0002267
0.0002289
0.0002312

0.0003845
0.0003877
0.0003909
0.0003942
0.0003975

0.0006115
0.0006159
0.0006203
0.0006248
0.0006292

0.0009145
0.0009203
0.0009260
0.0009318
0.0009377

0.001305
0.001312
0.001319
0.001327
0.001334

0.001794
0.001803
0.001812
0.001821
0.001830

0.002394
0.002405
0.002416
0.002427
0.002438

05
06
07
08
09

0.00001603
0.00001642
0.00001682
0.00001722
0.00001762

0.00005201
0.00005286
0.00005372
0.00005458
0.00005546

0.0001209
0.0001224
0.0001239
0.0001254
0.0001269

0.0002335
0.0002358
0.0002382
0.0002405
0.0002429

0.0004008
0.0004041
0.0004074
0.0004108
0.0004141

0.0006337
0.0006382
0.0006427
0.0006473
0.0006518

0.0009435
0.0009494
0.0009553
0.0009612
0.0009672

0.001342
0.001349
0.001357
0.001364
0.001372

0.001840
0.001849
0.001858
0.001867
0.001877

0.002449
0.002461
0.002472
0.002483
0.002494

10
11
12
13
14

0.00001804
0.00001846
0.00001888
0.00001931
0.00001975

0.00005634
0.00005724
0.00005814
0.00005906
0.00005998

0.0001285
0.0001300
0.0001316
0.0001332
0.0001347

0.0002452
0.0002476
0.0002500
0.0002524
0.0002549

0.0004175
0.0004209
0.0004244
0.0004278
0.0004313

0.0006564
0.0006610
0.0006657
0.0006703
0.0006750

0.0009732
0.0009792
0.0009852
0.0009913
0.0009973

0.001379
0.001387
0.001394
0.001402
0.001410

0.001886
0.001895
0.001905
0.001914
0.001924

0.002506
0.002517
0.002528
0.002540
0.002551

15
16
17
18
19

0.00002020
0.00002065
0.00002111
0.00002158
0.00002205

0.00006091
0.00006186
0.00006281
0.00006377
0.00006474

0.0001363
0.0001380
0.0001396
0.0001412
0.0001429

0.0002573
0.0002598
0.0002622
0.0002647
0.0002673

0.0004347
0.0004382
0.0004417
0.0004453
0.0004488

0.0006797
0.0006844
0.0006892
0.0006939
0.0006987

0.0010034
0.0010096
0.0010157
0.0010219
0.0010281

0.001417
0.001425
0.001433
0.001441
0.001448

0.001933
0.001943
0.001952
0.001962
0.001972

0.002563
0.002574
0.002586
0.002598
0.002609

20
21
22
23
24

0.00002253
0.00002301
0.00002351
0.00002401
0.00002452

0.00006573
0.00006672
0.00006772
0.00006873
0.00006975

0.0001445
0.0001462
0.0001479
0.0001496
0.0001513

0.0002698
0.0002723
0.0002749
0.0002775
0.0002801

0.0004524
0.0004560
0.0004596
0.0004632
0.0004669

0.0007035
0.0007083
0.0007132
0.0007181
0.0007230

0.0010343
0.0010406
0.0010469
0.0010532
0.0010595

0.001456
0.001464
0.001472
0.001480
0.001488

0.001981
0.001991
0.002001
0.002010
0.002020

0.002621
0.002633
0.002644
0.002656
0.002668

25
26
27
28
29

0.00002503
0.00002555
0.00002608
0.00002662
0.00002716

0.00007078
0.00007183
0.00007288
0.00007394
0.00007501

0.0001530
0.0001548
0.0001565
0.0001583
0.0001601

0.0002827
0.0002853
0.0002879
0.0002906
0.0002933

0.0004706
0.0004743
0.0004780
0.0004817
0.0004854

0.0007279
0.0007328
0.0007378
0.0007428
0.0007478

0.0010659
0.0010722
0.0010786
0.0010851
0.0010915

0.001496
0.001504
0.001512
0.001520
0.001528

0.002030
0.002040
0.002050
0.002060
0.002069

0.002680
0.002692
0.002703
0.002715
0.002727

30
31
32
33
34

0.00002771
0.00002827
0.00002884
0.00002941
0.00002999

0.00007610
0.00007719
0.00007829
0.00007941
0.00008053

0.0001619
0.0001637
0.0001655
0.0001674
0.0001692

0.0002959
0.0002986
0.0003014
0.0003041
0.0003069

0.0004892
0.0004930
0.0004968
0.0005006
0.0005045

0.0007528
0.0007579
0.0007629
0.0007680
0.0007732

0.0010980
0.0011045
0.0011111
0.0011176
0.0011242

0.001536
0.001544
0.001553
0.001561
0.001569

0.002079
0.002089
0.002100
0.002110
0.002120

0.002739
0.002751
0.002764
0.002776
0.002788

35
36
37
38
39

0.00003058
0.00003117
0.00003178
0.00003239
0.00003301

0.00008167
0.00008281
0.00008397
0.00008514
0.00008632

0.0001711
0.0001729
0.0001748
0.0001767
0.0001787

0.0003096
0.0003124
0.0003152
0.0003180
0.0003209

0.0005083
0.0005122
0.0005161
0.0005200
0.0005240

0.0007783
0.0007835
0.0007887
0.0007939
0.0007991

0.0011308
0.0011375
0.0011441
0.0011508
0.0011575

0.001577
0.001586
0.001594
0.001602
0.001611

0.002130
0.002140
0.002150
0.002160
0.002171

0.002800
0.002812
0.002825
0.002837
0.002849

40
41
42
43
44

0.00003364
0.00003427
0.00003491
0.00003556
0.00003622

0.00008751
0.00008871
0.00008992
0.00009114
0.00009237

0.0001806
0.0001825
0.0001845
0.0001865
0.0001885

0.0003237
0.0003266
0.0003295
0.0003324
0.0003353

0.0005280
0.0005319
0.0005359
0.0005400
0.0005440

0.0008044
0.0008096
0.0008150
0.0008203
0.0008256

0.0011643
0.0011711
0.0011779
0.0011847
0.0011915

0.001619
0.001628
0.001636
0.001645
0.001653

0.002181
0.002191
0.002202
0.002212
0.002223

0.002862
0.002874
0.002887
0.002899
0.002912

45
46
47
48
49

0.00003689
0.00003757
0.00003825
0.00003894
0.00003964

0.00009362
0.00009487
0.00009614
0.00009742
0.00009870

0.0001905
0.0001925
0.0001945
0.0001965
0.0001986

0.0003383
0.0003412
0.0003442
0.0003472
0.0003502

0.0005481
0.0005522
0.0005563
0.0005604
0.0005645

0.0008310
0.0008364
0.0008418
0.0008473
0.0008527

0.0011984
0.0012053
0.0012122
0.0012192
0.0012262

0.001662
0.001670
0.001679
0.001688
0.001696

0.002233
0.002244
0.002254
0.002265
0.002275

0.002924
0.002937
0.002949
0.002962
0.002975

50
51
52
53
54

0.00004035
0.00004107
0.00004179
0.00004252
0.00004327

0.00010000
0.00010132
0.00010264
0.00010397
0.00010532

0.0002007
0.0002028
0.0002049
0.0002070
0.0002091

0.0003532
0.0003563
0.0003593
0.0003624
0.0003655

0.0005687
0.0005729
0.0005771
0.0005813
0.0005856

0.0008582
0.0008638
0.0008693
0.0008749
0.0008805

0.0012332
0.0012402
0.0012473
0.0012544
0.0012615

0.001705
0.001714
0.001723
0.001731
0.001740

0.002286
0.002297
0.002307
0.002318
0.002329

0.002987
0.003000
0.003013
0.003026
0.003039

55
56
57
58
59

0.00004402
0.00004478
0.00004554
0.00004632
0.00004711

0.00010668
0.00010805
0.00010943
0.00011082
0.00011223

0.0002113
0.0002134
0.0002156
0.0002178
0.0002200

0.0003686
0.0003718
0.0003749
0.0003781
0.0003813

0.0005898
0.0005941
0.0005985
0.0006028
0.0006071

0.0008861
0.0008917
0.0008974
0.0009031
0.0009088

0.0012687
0.0012758
0.0012830
0.0012903
0.0012975

0.001749
0.001758
0.001767
0.001776
0.001785

0.002340
0.002350
0.002361
0.002372
0.002383

0.003052
0.003065
0.003078
0.003091
0.003104

60

0.00004790

0.00011364

0.0002222

0.0003845

0.0006115

0.0009145

0.0013048

0.001794

0.002394

0.003117

17

Numerical Formulas and Tables

Involute Function Table

inv = tan

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

00
01
02
03
04

0.003117
0.003130
0.003143
0.003157
0.003170

0.003975
0.003991
0.004006
0.004022
0.004038

0.004982
0.005000
0.005018
0.005036
0.005055

0.006150
0.006171
0.006192
0.006213
0.006234

0.007493
0.007517
0.007541
0.007565
0.007589

0.009025
0.009052
0.009079
0.009107
0.009134

0.010760
0.010791
0.010822
0.010853
0.010884

0.012715
0.012750
0.012784
0.012819
0.012854

0.014904
0.014943
0.014982
0.015020
0.015059

0.017345
0.017388
0.017431
0.017474
0.017517

05
06
07
08
09

0.003183
0.003197
0.003210
0.003223
0.003237

0.004053
0.004069
0.004085
0.004101
0.004117

0.005073
0.005091
0.005110
0.005128
0.005146

0.006255
0.006276
0.006297
0.006318
0.006340

0.007613
0.007637
0.007661
0.007686
0.007710

0.009161
0.009189
0.009216
0.009244
0.009272

0.010915
0.010946
0.010977
0.011008
0.011039

0.012888
0.012923
0.012958
0.012993
0.013028

0.015098
0.015137
0.015176
0.015215
0.015254

0.017560
0.017603
0.017647
0.017690
0.017734

10
11
12
13
14

0.003250
0.003264
0.003277
0.003291
0.003305

0.004133
0.004148
0.004164
0.004180
0.004197

0.005165
0.005184
0.005202
0.005221
0.005239

0.006361
0.006382
0.006404
0.006425
0.006447

0.007735
0.007759
0.007784
0.007808
0.007833

0.009299
0.009327
0.009355
0.009383
0.009411

0.011071
0.011102
0.011133
0.011165
0.011196

0.013063
0.013098
0.013134
0.013169
0.013204

0.015293
0.015333
0.015372
0.015411
0.015451

0.017777
0.017821
0.017865
0.017908
0.017952

15
16
17
18
19

0.003318
0.003332
0.003346
0.003360
0.003374

0.004213
0.004229
0.004245
0.004261
0.004277

0.005258
0.005277
0.005296
0.005315
0.005334

0.006469
0.006490
0.006512
0.006534
0.006555

0.007857
0.007882
0.007907
0.007932
0.007957

0.009439
0.009467
0.009495
0.009523
0.009552

0.011228
0.011260
0.011291
0.011323
0.011355

0.013240
0.013275
0.013311
0.013346
0.013382

0.015490
0.015530
0.015570
0.015609
0.015649

0.017996
0.018040
0.018084
0.018129
0.018173

20
21
22
23
24

0.003387
0.003401
0.003415
0.003429
0.003443

0.004294
0.004310
0.004327
0.004343
0.004359

0.005353
0.005372
0.005391
0.005410
0.005429

0.006577
0.006599
0.006621
0.006643
0.006665

0.007982
0.008007
0.008032
0.008057
0.008082

0.009580
0.009608
0.009637
0.009665
0.009694

0.011387
0.011419
0.011451
0.011483
0.011515

0.013418
0.013454
0.013490
0.013526
0.013562

0.015689
0.015729
0.015769
0.015809
0.015849

0.018217
0.018262
0.018306
0.018351
0.018395

25
26
27
28
29

0.003458
0.003472
0.003486
0.003500
0.003514

0.004376
0.004393
0.004409
0.004426
0.004443

0.005448
0.005467
0.005487
0.005506
0.005525

0.006687
0.006709
0.006732
0.006754
0.006776

0.008107
0.008133
0.008158
0.008183
0.008209

0.009722
0.009751
0.009780
0.009808
0.009837

0.011547
0.011580
0.011612
0.011644
0.011677

0.013598
0.013634
0.013670
0.013707
0.013743

0.015890
0.015930
0.015971
0.016011
0.016052

0.018440
0.018485
0.018530
0.018575
0.018620

30
31
32
33
34

0.003529
0.003543
0.003557
0.003572
0.003586

0.004459
0.004476
0.004493
0.004510
0.004527

0.005545
0.005564
0.005584
0.005603
0.005623

0.006799
0.006821
0.006843
0.006866
0.006888

0.008234
0.008260
0.008285
0.008311
0.008337

0.009866
0.009895
0.009924
0.009953
0.009982

0.011709
0.011742
0.011775
0.011807
0.011840

0.013779
0.013816
0.013852
0.013889
0.013926

0.016092
0.016133
0.016174
0.016214
0.016255

0.018665
0.018710
0.018755
0.018800
0.018846

35
36
37
38
39

0.003600
0.003615
0.003630
0.003644
0.003659

0.004544
0.004561
0.004578
0.004595
0.004612

0.005643
0.005662
0.005682
0.005702
0.005722

0.006911
0.006934
0.006956
0.006979
0.007002

0.008362
0.008388
0.008414
0.008440
0.008466

0.010011
0.010041
0.010070
0.010099
0.010129

0.011873
0.011906
0.011939
0.011972
0.012005

0.013963
0.013999
0.014036
0.014073
0.014110

0.016296
0.016337
0.016379
0.016420
0.016461

0.018891
0.018937
0.018983
0.019028
0.019074

40
41
42
43
44

0.003673
0.003688
0.003703
0.003718
0.003733

0.004629
0.004646
0.004664
0.004681
0.004698

0.005742
0.005762
0.005782
0.005802
0.005822

0.007025
0.007048
0.007071
0.007094
0.007117

0.008492
0.008518
0.008544
0.008571
0.008597

0.010158
0.010188
0.010217
0.010247
0.010277

0.012038
0.012071
0.012105
0.012138
0.012172

0.014148
0.014185
0.014222
0.014259
0.014297

0.016502
0.016544
0.016585
0.016627
0.016669

0.019120
0.019166
0.019212
0.019258
0.019304

45
46
47
48
49

0.003747
0.003762
0.003777
0.003792
0.003807

0.004716
0.004733
0.004751
0.004768
0.004786

0.005842
0.005862
0.005882
0.005903
0.005923

0.007140
0.007163
0.007186
0.007209
0.007233

0.008623
0.008650
0.008676
0.008702
0.008729

0.010307
0.010336
0.010366
0.010396
0.010426

0.012205
0.012239
0.012272
0.012306
0.012340

0.014334
0.014372
0.014409
0.014447
0.014485

0.016710
0.016752
0.016794
0.016836
0.016878

0.019350
0.019397
0.019443
0.019490
0.019536

50
51
52
53
54

0.003822
0.003838
0.003853
0.003868
0.003883

0.004803
0.004821
0.004839
0.004856
0.004874

0.005943
0.005964
0.005984
0.006005
0.006025

0.007256
0.007280
0.007303
0.007327
0.007350

0.008756
0.008782
0.008809
0.008836
0.008863

0.010456
0.010486
0.010517
0.010547
0.010577

0.012373
0.012407
0.012441
0.012475
0.012509

0.014523
0.014560
0.014598
0.014636
0.014674

0.016920
0.016962
0.017004
0.017047
0.017089

0.019583
0.019630
0.019676
0.019723
0.019770

55
56
57
58
59

0.003898
0.003914
0.003929
0.003944
0.003960

0.004892
0.004910
0.004928
0.004946
0.004964

0.006046
0.006067
0.006087
0.006108
0.006129

0.007374
0.007397
0.007421
0.007445
0.007469

0.008889
0.008916
0.008943
0.008970
0.008998

0.010608
0.010638
0.010669
0.010699
0.010730

0.012543
0.012578
0.012612
0.012646
0.012681

0.014713
0.014751
0.014789
0.014827
0.014866

0.017132
0.017174
0.017217
0.017259
0.017302

0.019817
0.019864
0.019912
0.019959
0.020006

60

0.003975

0.004982

0.006150

0.007493

0.009025

0.010760

0.012715

0.014904

0.017345

0.020054

18

Numerical Formulas and Tables

Involute Function Table

inv = tan

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

31

00
01
02
03
04

0.020054
0.020101
0.020149
0.020197
0.020244

0.023049
0.023102
0.023154
0.023207
0.023259

0.026350
0.026407
0.026465
0.026523
0.026581

0.029975
0.030039
0.030102
0.030166
0.030229

0.033947
0.034016
0.034086
0.034155
0.034225

0.038287
0.038362
0.038438
0.038514
0.038590

0.043017
0.043100
0.043182
0.043264
0.043347

0.048164
0.048253
0.048343
0.048432
0.048522

0.053751
0.053849
0.053946
0.054043
0.054140

0.059809
0.059914
0.060019
0.060124
0.060230

05
06
07
08
09

0.020292
0.020340
0.020388
0.020436
0.020484

0.023312
0.023365
0.023418
0.023471
0.023524

0.026639
0.026697
0.026756
0.026814
0.026872

0.030293
0.030357
0.030420
0.030484
0.030549

0.034294
0.034364
0.034434
0.034504
0.034574

0.038666
0.038742
0.038818
0.038894
0.038971

0.043430
0.043513
0.043596
0.043679
0.043762

0.048612
0.048702
0.048792
0.048883
0.048973

0.054238
0.054336
0.054433
0.054531
0.054629

0.060335
0.060441
0.060547
0.060653
0.060759

10
11
12
13
14

0.020533
0.020581
0.020629
0.020678
0.020726

0.023577
0.023631
0.023684
0.023738
0.023791

0.026931
0.026989
0.027048
0.027107
0.027166

0.030613
0.030677
0.030741
0.030806
0.030870

0.034644
0.034714
0.034785
0.034855
0.034926

0.039047
0.039124
0.039201
0.039278
0.039355

0.043845
0.043929
0.044012
0.044096
0.044180

0.049063
0.049154
0.049245
0.049336
0.049427

0.054728
0.054826
0.054924
0.055023
0.055122

0.060866
0.060972
0.061079
0.061186
0.061292

15
16
17
18
19

0.020775
0.020824
0.020873
0.020921
0.020970

0.023845
0.023899
0.023952
0.024006
0.024060

0.027225
0.027284
0.027343
0.027402
0.027462

0.030935
0.031000
0.031065
0.031130
0.031195

0.034996
0.035067
0.035138
0.035209
0.035280

0.039432
0.039509
0.039586
0.039664
0.039741

0.044264
0.044348
0.044432
0.044516
0.044601

0.049518
0.049609
0.049701
0.049792
0.049884

0.055221
0.055320
0.055419
0.055518
0.055617

0.061400
0.061507
0.061614
0.061721
0.061829

20
21
22
23
24

0.021019
0.021069
0.021118
0.021167
0.021217

0.024114
0.024169
0.024223
0.024277
0.024332

0.027521
0.027581
0.027640
0.027700
0.027760

0.031260
0.031325
0.031390
0.031456
0.031521

0.035352
0.035423
0.035494
0.035566
0.035637

0.039819
0.039897
0.039974
0.040052
0.040131

0.044685
0.044770
0.044855
0.044939
0.045024

0.049976
0.050068
0.050160
0.050252
0.050344

0.055717
0.055817
0.055916
0.056016
0.056116

0.061937
0.062045
0.062153
0.062261
0.062369

25
26
27
28
29

0.021266
0.021315
0.021365
0.021415
0.021465

0.024386
0.024441
0.024495
0.024550
0.024605

0.027820
0.027880
0.027940
0.028000
0.028060

0.031587
0.031653
0.031718
0.031784
0.031850

0.035709
0.035781
0.035853
0.035925
0.035997

0.040209
0.040287
0.040366
0.040444
0.040523

0.045110
0.045195
0.045280
0.045366
0.045451

0.050437
0.050529
0.050622
0.050715
0.050808

0.056217
0.056317
0.056417
0.056518
0.056619

0.062478
0.062586
0.062695
0.062804
0.062913

30
31
32
33
34

0.021514
0.021564
0.021614
0.021665
0.021715

0.024660
0.024715
0.024770
0.024825
0.024881

0.028121
0.028181
0.028242
0.028302
0.028363

0.031917
0.031983
0.032049
0.032116
0.032182

0.036069
0.036142
0.036214
0.036287
0.036359

0.040602
0.040680
0.040759
0.040838
0.040918

0.045537
0.045623
0.045709
0.045795
0.045881

0.050901
0.050994
0.051087
0.051181
0.051274

0.056720
0.056821
0.056922
0.057023
0.057124

0.063022
0.063131
0.063241
0.063350
0.063460

35
36
37
38
39

0.021765
0.021815
0.021866
0.021916
0.021967

0.024936
0.024992
0.025047
0.025103
0.025159

0.028424
0.028485
0.028546
0.028607
0.028668

0.032249
0.032315
0.032382
0.032449
0.032516

0.036432
0.036505
0.036578
0.036651
0.036724

0.040997
0.041076
0.041156
0.041236
0.041316

0.045967
0.046054
0.046140
0.046227
0.046313

0.051368
0.051462
0.051556
0.051650
0.051744

0.057226
0.057328
0.057429
0.057531
0.057633

0.063570
0.063680
0.063790
0.063901
0.064011

40
41
42
43
44

0.022018
0.022068
0.022119
0.022170
0.022221

0.025214
0.025270
0.025326
0.025382
0.025439

0.028729
0.028791
0.028852
0.028914
0.028976

0.032583
0.032651
0.032718
0.032785
0.032853

0.036798
0.036871
0.036945
0.037018
0.037092

0.041395
0.041475
0.041556
0.041636
0.041716

0.046400
0.046487
0.046575
0.046662
0.046749

0.051838
0.051933
0.052027
0.052122
0.052217

0.057736
0.057838
0.057940
0.058043
0.058146

0.064122
0.064232
0.064343
0.064454
0.064565

45
46
47
48
49

0.022272
0.022324
0.022375
0.022426
0.022478

0.025495
0.025551
0.025608
0.025664
0.025721

0.029037
0.029099
0.029161
0.029223
0.029285

0.032920
0.032988
0.033056
0.033124
0.033192

0.037166
0.037240
0.037314
0.037388
0.037462

0.041797
0.041877
0.041958
0.042039
0.042120

0.046837
0.046924
0.047012
0.047100
0.047188

0.052312
0.052407
0.052502
0.052597
0.052693

0.058249
0.058352
0.058455
0.058558
0.058662

0.064677
0.064788
0.064900
0.065012
0.065123

50
51
52
53
54

0.022529
0.022581
0.022632
0.022684
0.022736

0.025778
0.025834
0.025891
0.025948
0.026005

0.029348
0.029410
0.029472
0.029535
0.029598

0.033260
0.033328
0.033397
0.033465
0.033534

0.037537
0.037611
0.037686
0.037761
0.037835

0.042201
0.042282
0.042363
0.042444
0.042526

0.047276
0.047364
0.047452
0.047541
0.047630

0.052788
0.052884
0.052980
0.053076
0.053172

0.058765
0.058869
0.058973
0.059077
0.059181

0.065236
0.065348
0.065460
0.065573
0.065685

55
56
57
58
59

0.022788
0.022840
0.022892
0.022944
0.022997

0.026062
0.026120
0.026177
0.026235
0.026292

0.029660
0.029723
0.029786
0.029849
0.029912

0.033602
0.033671
0.033740
0.033809
0.033878

0.037910
0.037985
0.038060
0.038136
0.038211

0.042607
0.042689
0.042771
0.042853
0.042935

0.047718
0.047807
0.047896
0.047985
0.048074

0.053268
0.053365
0.053461
0.053558
0.053655

0.059285
0.059390
0.059494
0.059599
0.059704

0.065798
0.065911
0.066024
0.066137
0.066250

60

0.023049

0.026350

0.029975

0.033947

0.038287

0.043017

0.048164

0.053751

0.059809

0.066364

19

Numerical Formulas and Tables

Involute Function Table

inv = tan

32

33

34

35

36

37

38

39

40

41

00
01
02
03
04

0.066364
0.066478
0.066591
0.066705
0.066819

0.073449
0.073572
0.073695
0.073818
0.073941

0.081097
0.081229
0.081362
0.081494
0.081627

0.089342
0.089485
0.089628
0.089771
0.089914

0.098224
0.098378
0.098531
0.098685
0.098840

0.107782
0.107948
0.108113
0.108279
0.108445

0.118061
0.118238
0.118416
0.118594
0.118772

0.129106
0.129296
0.129488
0.129679
0.129870

0.140968
0.141173
0.141378
0.141583
0.141789

0.15370
0.15392
0.15414
0.15436
0.15458

05
06
07
08
09

0.066934
0.067048
0.067163
0.067277
0.067392

0.074064
0.074188
0.074311
0.074435
0.074559

0.081760
0.081894
0.082027
0.082161
0.082294

0.090058
0.090201
0.090345
0.090489
0.090633

0.098994
0.099149
0.099303
0.099458
0.099614

0.108611
0.108777
0.108943
0.109110
0.109277

0.118951
0.119130
0.119309
0.119488
0.119667

0.130062
0.130254
0.130446
0.130639
0.130832

0.141995
0.142201
0.142408
0.142614
0.142821

0.15480
0.15503
0.15525
0.15547
015569

10
11
12
13
14

0.067507
0.067622
0.067738
0.067853
0.067969

0.074684
0.074808
0.074932
0.075057
0.075182

0.082428
0.082562
0.082697
0.082831
0.082966

0.090777
0.090922
0.091067
0.091211
0.091356

0.099769
0.099924
0.100080
0.100236
0.100392

0.109444
0.109611
0.109779
0.109947
0.110114

0.119847
0.120027
0.120207
0.120387
0.120567

0.131025
0.131218
0.131411
0.131605
0.131798

0.143028
0.143236
0.143443
0.143651
0.143859

0.15591
0.15614
0.15636
0.15658
0.15680

15
16
17
18
19

0.068084
0.068200
0.068316
0.068432
0.068549

0.075307
0.075432
0.075557
0.075683
0.075808

0.083100
0.083235
0.083371
0.083506
0.083641

0.091502
0.091647
0.091792
0.091938
0.092084

0.100548
0.100705
0.100862
0.101019
0.101176

0.110283
0.110451
0.110619
0.110788
0.110957

0.120748
0.120929
0.121110
0.121291
0.121473

0.131993
0.132187
0.132381
0.132576
0.132771

0.144067
0.144276
0.144485
0.144694
0.144903

0.15703
0.15725
0.15748
0.15770
0.15793

20
21
22
23
24

0.068665
0.068782
0.068899
0.069016
0.069133

0.075934
0.076060
0.076186
0.076312
0.076439

0.083777
0.083913
0.084049
0.084185
0.084321

0.092230
0.092377
0.092523
0.092670
0.092816

0.101333
0.101490
0.101648
0.101806
0.101964

0.111126
0.111295
0.111465
0.111635
0.111805

0.121655
0.121837
0.122019
0.122201
0.122384

0.132966
0.133162
0.133357
0.133553
0.133750

0.145113
0.145323
0.145533
0.145743
0.145954

0.15815
0.15838
0.15860
0.15883
0.15905

25
26
27
28
29

0.069250
0.069367
0.069485
0.069602
0.069720

0.076565
0.076692
0.076819
0.076946
0.077073

0.084458
0.084594
0.084731
0.084868
0.085005

0.092963
0.093111
0.093258
0.093406
0.093533

0.102122
0.102280
0.102439
0.102598
0.102757

0.111975
0.112145
0.112316
0.112486
0.112657

0.122567
0.122750
0.122933
0.123116
0.123300

0.133946
0.134143
0.134339
0.134536
0.134734

0.146165
0.146376
0.146587
0.146798
0.147010

0.15928
0.15951
0.15973
0.15996
0.16019

30
31
32
33
34

0.069838
0.069956
0.070075
0.070193
0.070312

0.077200
0.077328
0.077455
0.077583
0.077711

0.085142
0.085280
0.085418
0.085555
0.085693

0.093701
0.093849
0.093998
0.094146
0.094295

0.102916
0.103075
0.103235
0.103395
0.103555

0.112829
0.113000
0.113171
0.113343
0.113515

0.123484
0.123668
0.123853
0.124037
0.124222

0.134931
0.135129
0.135327
0.135525
0.135724

0.147222
0.147435
0.147647
0.147860
0.148073

0.16041
0.16064
0.16087
0.16110
0.16133

35
36
37
38
39

0.070430
0.070549
0.070668
0.070788
0.070907

0.077839
0.077968
0.078096
0.078225
0.078354

0.085832
0.085970
0.086108
0.083247
0.086386

0.094443
0.094592
0.094742
0.094891
0.095041

0.103715
0.103875
0.104036
0.104196
0.104357

0.113687
0.113860
0.114032
0.114205
0.114378

0.124407
0.124592
0.124778
0.124964
0.125150

0.135923
0.136122
0.136321
0.136520
0.136720

0.148286
0.148500
0.148714
0.148928
0.149142

0.16156
0.16178
0.16201
0.16224
0.16247

40
41
42
43
44

0.071026
0.071146
0.071266
0.071386
0.071506

0.078483
0.078612
0.078741
0.078871
0.079000

0.086525
0.086664
0.086804
0.086943
0.087083

0.095190
0.095340
0.095490
0.095641
0.095791

0.104518
0.104680
0.104841
0.105003
0.105165

0.114552
0.114725
0.114899
0.115073
0.115247

0.125336
0.125522
0.125709
0.125895
0.126083

0.136920
0.137120
0.137320
0.137521
0.137722

0.149357
0.149572
0.149787
0.150002
0.150218

0.16270
0.16293
0.16317
0.16340
0.16363

45
46
47
48
49

0.071626
0.071747
0.071867
0.071988
0.072109

0.079130
0.079260
0.079390
0.079520
0.079651

0.087223
0.087363
0.087503
0.087644
0.087784

0.095942
0.096093
0.096244
0.096395
0.096546

0.105327
0.105489
0.105652
0.105814
0.105977

0.115421
0.115595
0.115770
0.115945
0.116120

0.126270
0.126457
0.126645
0.126833
0.127021

0.137923
0.138124
0.138326
0.138528
0.138730

0.150433
0.150650
0.150866
0.151083
0.151299

0.16386
0.16409
0.16432
0.16456
0.16479

50
51
52
53
54

0.072230
0.072351
0.072473
0.072594
0.072716

0.079781
0.079912
0.080043
0.080174
0.080306

0.087925
0.088066
0.088207
0.088348
0.088490

0.096698
0.096850
0.097002
0.097154
0.097306

0.106140
0.106304
0.106467
0.106631
0.106795

0.116296
0.116471
0.116647
0.116823
0.116999

0.127209
0.127398
0.127587
0.127776
0.127965

0.138932
0.139134
0.139337
0.139540
0.139743

0.151516
0.151734
0.151951
0.152169
0.152388

0.16502
0.16625
0.16549
0.16572
0.16596

55
56
57
58
59

0.072838
0.072959
0.073082
0.073204
0.073326

0.080437
0.080569
0.080700
0.080832
0.080964

0.088631
0.088773
0.088915
0.089057
0.089200

0.097459
0.097611
0.097764
0.097917
0.098071

0.106959
0.107123
0.107288
0.107452
0.107617

0.117175
0.117352
0.117529
0.117706
0.117883

0.128155
0.128344
0.128534
0.128725
0.128915

0.139947
0.140151
0.140355
0.140559
0.140763

0.152606
0.152825
0.153043
0.153263
0.153482

0.16619
0.16642
0.16666
0.16689
0.16713

60

0.073449

0.081097

0.089342

0.098224

0.107782

0.118061

0.129106

0.140968

0.153702

0.16737

20

Numerical Formulas and Tables

Involute Function Table

inv = tan

42

43

44

45

46

47

48

49

50

51

00
01
02
03
04

0.16737
0.16760
0.16784
0.16807
0.16831

0.18202
0.18228
0.18253
0.18278
0.18304

0.19774
0.19802
0.19829
0.19856
0.19883

0.21460
0.21489
0.21518
0.21548
0.21577

0.23268
0.23299
0.23330
0.23362
0.23393

0.25206
0.25240
0.25273
0.25307
0.25341

0.27285
0.27321
0.27357
0.27393
0.27429

0.29516
0.29554
0.29593
0.29631
0.29670

0.31909
0.31950
0.31992
0.32033
0.32075

0.34478
0.34522
0.34567
0.34611
0.34656

05
06
07
08
09

0.16855
0.16879
0.16902
0.16926
0.16950

0.18329
0.18355
0.18380
0.18406
0.18431

0.19910
0.19938
0.19965
0.19992
0.20020

0.21606
0.21635
0.21665
0.21694
0.21723

0.23424
0.23456
0.23487
0.23519
0.23550

0.25374
0.25408
0.25442
0.25475
0.25509

0.27465
0.27501
0.27538
0.27574
0.27610

0.29709
0.29747
0.29786
0.29825
0.29864

0.32116
0.32158
0.32199
0.32241
0.32283

0.34700
0.34745
0.34790
0.34834
0.34879

10
11
12
13
14

0.16974
0.16998
0.17022
0.17045
0.17069

0.18457
0.18482
0.18508
0.18534
0.18559

0.20047
0.20075
0.20102
0.20130
0.20157

0.21753
0.21782
0.21812
0.21841
0.21871

0.23582
0.23613
0.23645
0.23676
0.23708

0.25543
0.25577
0.25611
0.25645
0.25679

0.27646
0.27683
0.27719
0.27755
0.27792

0.29903
0.29942
0.29981
0.30020
0.30059

0.32324
0.32366
0.32408
0.32450
0.32492

0.34924
0.34969
0.35014
0.35059
0.35104

15
16
17
18
19

0.17093
0.17117
0.17142
0.17166
0.17190

0.18585
0.18611
0.18637
0.18662
0.18688

0.20185
0.20212
0.20240
0.20268
0.20296

0.21900
0.21930
0.21960
0.21989
0.22019

0.23740
0.23772
0.23803
0.23835
0.23867

0.25713
0.25747
0.25781
0.25815
0.25849

0.27828
0.27865
0.27902
0.27938
0.27975

0.30098
0.30137
0.30177
0.30216
0.30255

0.32534
0.32576
0.32618
0.32661
0.32703

0.35149
0.35194
0.35240
0.35285
0.35330

20
21
22
23
24

0.17214
0.17238
0.17262
0.17286
0.17311

0.18714
0.18740
0.18766
0.18792
0.18818

0.20323
0.20351
0.20379
0.20407
0.20435

0.22049
0.22079
0.22108
0.22138
0.22168

0.23899
0.23931
0.23963
0.23995
0.24027

0.25883
0.25918
0.25952
0.25986
0.26021

0.28012
0.28048
0.28085
0.28122
0.28159

0.30295
0.30334
0.30374
0.30413
0.30453

0.32745
0.32787
0.32830
0.32872
0.32915

0.35376
0.35421
0.35467
0.35512
0.35558

25
26
27
28
29

0.17335
0.17359
0.17383
0.17408
0.17432

0.18844
0.18870
0.18896
0.18922
0.18948

0.20463
0.20490
0.20518
0.20546
0.20575

0.22198
0.22228
0.22258
0.22288
0.22318

0.24059
0.24091
0.24123
0.24156
0.24188

0.26055
0.26089
0.26124
0.26159
0.26193

0.28196
0.28233
0.28270
0.28307
0.28344

0.30492
0.30532
0.30572
0.30611
0.30651

0.32957
0.33000
0.33042
0.33085
0.33128

0.35604
0.35649
0.35695
0.35741
0.35787

30
31
32
33
34

0.17457
0.17481
0.17506
0.17530
0.17555

0.18975
0.19001
0.19027
0.19053
0.19080

0.20603
0.20631
0.20659
0.20687
0.20715

0.22348
0.22378
0.22409
0.22439
0.22469

0.24220
0.24253
0.24285
0.24317
0.24350

0.26228
0.26262
0.26297
0.26332
0.26367

0.28381
0.28418
0.28455
0.28493
0.28530

0.30691
0.30731
0.30771
0.30811
0.30851

0.33171
0.33213
0.33256
0.33299
0.33342

0.35833
0.35879
0.35925
0.35971
0.36017

35
36
37
38
39

0.17579
0.17604
0.17628
0.17653
0.17678

0.19106
0.19132
0.19159
0.19185
0.19212

0.20743
0.20772
0.20800
0.20828
0.20857

0.22499
0.22530
0.22560
0.22590
0.22621

0.24382
0.24415
0.24447
0.24480
0.24512

0.26401
0.26436
0.26471
0.26506
0.26541

0.28567
0.28605
0.28642
0.28680
0.28717

0.30891
0.30931
0.30971
0.31012
0.31052

0.33385
0.33428
0.33471
0.33515
0.33558

0.36063
0.36110
0.36156
0.36202
0.36249

40
41
42
43
44

0.17702
0.17727
0.17752
0.17777
0.17801

0.19238
0.19265
0.19291
0.19318
0.19344

0.20885
0.20914
0.20942
0.20971
0.20999

0.22651
0.22682
0.22712
0.22743
0.22773

0.24545
0.24578
0.24611
0.24643
0.24676

0.26576
0.26611
0.26646
0.26682
0.26717

0.28755
0.28792
0.28830
0.28868
0.28906

0.31092
0.31133
0.31173
0.31214
0.31254

0.33601
0.33645
0.33688
0.33731
0.33775

0.36295
0.36342
0.36388
0.36435
0.36482

45
46
47
48
49

0.17826
0.17851
0.17876
0.17901
0.17926

0.19371
0.19398
0.19424
0.19451
0.19478

0.21028
0.21056
0.21085
0.21114
0.21142

0.22804
0.22835
0.22865
0.22896
0.22927

0.24709
0.24742
0.24775
0.24808
0.24841

0.26752
0.26787
0.26823
0.26858
0.26893

0.28943
0.28981
0.29019
0.29057
0.29095

0.31295
0.31335
0.31376
0.31417
0.31457

0.33818
0.33862
0.33906
0.33949
0.33993

0.36529
0.36575
0.36622
0.36669
0.36716

50
51
52
53
54

0.17951
0.17976
0.18001
0.18026
0.18051

0.19505
0.19532
0.19558
0.19585
0.19612

0.21171
0.21200
0.21229
0.21257
0.21286

0.22958
0.22989
0.23020
0.23050
0.23081

0.24874
0.24907
0.24940
0.24973
0.25006

0.26929
0.26964
0.27000
0.27035
0.27071

0.29133
0.29171
0.29209
0.29247
0.29286

0.31498
0.31539
0.31580
0.31621
0.31662

0.34037
0.34081
0.34125
0.34169
0.34213

0.36763
0.36810
0.36858
0.36905
0.36952

55
56
57
58
59

0.18076
0.18101
0.18127
0.18152
0.18177

0.19639
0.19666
0.19693
0.19720
0.19747

0.21315
0.21344
0.21373
0.21402
0.21431

0.23112
0.23143
0.23174
0.23206
0.23237

0.25040
0.25073
0.25106
0.25140
0.25173

0.27107
0.27142
0.27178
0.27214
0.27250

0.29324
0.29362
0.29400
0.29439
0.29477

0.31703
0.31744
0.31785
0.31826
0.31868

0.34257
0.34301
0.34345
0.34389
0.34434

0.36999
0.37047
0.37094
0.37142
0.37189

60

0.18202

0.19774

0.21460

0.23268

0.25206

0.27285

0.29516

0.31909

0.34478

0.37237

21

Numerical Formulas and Tables

Involute Function Table

inv = tan

52

53

54

55

56

57

58

59

60

61

00
01
02
03
04

0.37237
0.37285
0.37332
0.37380
0.37428

0.40202
0.40253
0.40305
0.40356
0.40407

0.43390
0.43446
0.43501
0.43556
0.43611

0.46822
0.46881
0.46940
0.47000
0.47060

0.50518
0.50582
0.50646
0.50710
0.50774

0.54503
0.54572
0.54641
0.54710
0.54779

0.58804
0.58879
0.58954
0.59028
0.59103

0.63454
0.63534
0.63615
0.63696
0.63777

0.68485
0.68573
0.68660
0.68748
0.68835

0.73940
0.74034
0.74129
0.74224
0.74319

05
06
07
08
09

0.37476
0.37524
0.37572
0.37620
0.37668

0.40459
0.40511
0.40562
0.40614
0.40666

0.43667
0.43722
0.43778
0.43833
0.43889

0.47119
0.47179
0.47239
0.47299
0.47359

0.50838
0.50903
0.50967
0.51032
0.51096

0.54849
0.54918
0.54988
0.55057
0.55127

0.59178
0.59253
0.59328
0.59403
0.59479

0.63858
0.63939
0.64020
0.64102
0.64183

0.68923
0.69011
0.69099
0.69187
0.69276

0.74415
0.74510
0.74606
0.74701
0.74797

10
11
12
13
14

0.37716
0.37765
0.37813
0.37861
0.37910

0.40717
0.40769
0.40821
0.40873
0.40925

0.43945
0.44001
0.44057
0.44113
0.44169

0.47419
0.47479
0.47539
0.47599
0.47660

0.51161
0.51226
0.51291
0.51356
0.51421

0.55197
0.55267
0.55337
0.55407
0.55477

0.59554
0.59630
0.59705
0.59781
0.59857

0.64265
0.64346
0.64428
0.64510
0.64592

0.69364
0.69452
0.69541
0.69630
0.69719

0.74893
0.74989
0.75085
0.75181
0.75278

15
16
17
18
19

0.37958
0.38007
0.38055
0.38104
0.38153

0.40977
0.41030
0.41082
0.41134
0.41187

0.44225
0.44281
0.44337
0.44393
0.44450

0.47720
0.47780
0.47841
0.47902
0.47962

0.51486
0.51551
0.51616
0.51682
0.51747

0.55547
0.55618
0.55688
0.55759
0.55829

0.59933
0.60009
0.60085
0.60161
0.60237

0.64674
0.64756
0.64839
0.64921
0.65004

0.69808
0.69897
0.69986
0.70075
0.70165

0.75375
0.75471
0.75568
0.75665
0.75762

20
21
22
23
24

0.38202
0.38251
0.38299
0.38348
0.38397

0.41239
0.41292
0.41344
0.41397
0.41450

0.44506
0.44563
0.44619
0.44676
0.44733

0.48023
0.48084
0.48145
0.48206
0.48267

0.51813
0.51878
0.51944
0.52010
0.52076

0.55900
0.55971
0.56042
0.56113
0.56184

0.60314
0.60390
0.60467
0.60544
0.60620

0.65086
0.65169
0.65252
0.65335
0.65418

0.70254
0.70344
0.70434
0.70524
0.70614

0.75859
0.75957
0.76054
0.76152
0.76250

25
26
27
28
29

0.38446
0.38496
0.38545
0.38594
0.38643

0.41502
0.41555
0.41608
0.41661
0.41714

0.44789
0.44846
0.44903
0.44960
0.45017

0.48328
0.48389
0.48451
0.48512
0.48574

0.52141
0.52207
0.52274
0.52340
0.52406

0.56255
0.56326
0.56398
0.56469
0.56541

0.60697
0.60774
0.60851
0.60929
0.61006

0.65501
0.65585
0.65668
0.65752
0.65835

0.70704
0.70794
0.70885
0.70975
0.71066

0.76348
0.76446
0.76544
0.76642
0.76741

30
31
32
33
34

0.38693
0.38742
0.38792
0.38841
0.38891

0.41767
0.41820
0.41874
0.41927
0.41980

0.45074
0.45132
0.45189
0.45246
0.45304

0.48635
0.48697
0.48758
0.48820
0.48882

0.52472
0.52539
0.52605
0.52672
0.52739

0.56612
0.56684
0.56756
0.56828
0.56900

0.61083
0.61161
0.61239
0.61316
0.61394

0.65919
0.66003
0.66087
0.66171
0.66255

0.71157
0.71248
0.71339
0.71430
0.71521

0.76839
0.76938
0.77037
0.77136
0.77235

35
36
37
38
39

0.38941
0.38990
0.39040
0.39090
0.39140

0.42034
0.42087
0.42141
0.42194
0.42248

0.45361
0.45419
0.45476
0.45534
0.45592

0.48944
0.49006
0.49068
0.49130
0.49193

0.52805
0.52872
0.52939
0.53006
0.53073

0.56972
0.57044
0.57116
0.57188
0.57261

0.61472
0.61550
0.61628
0.61706
0.61785

0.66340
0.66424
0.66509
0.66594
0.66678

0.71613
0.71704
0.71796
0.71888
0.71980

0.77334
0.77434
0.77533
0.77633
0.77733

40
41
42
43
44

0.39190
0.39240
0.39290
0.39340
0.39390

0.42302
0.42355
0.42409
0.42463
0.42517

0.45650
0.45708
0.45766
0.45824
0.45882

0.49255
0.49317
0.49380
0.49442
0.49505

0.53141
0.53208
0.53275
0.53343
0.53410

0.57333
0.57406
0.57479
0.57552
0.57625

0.61863
0.61942
0.62020
0.62099
0.62178

0.66763
0.66848
0.66933
0.67019
0.67104

0.72072
0.72164
0.72256
0.72349
0.72441

0.77833
0.77933
0.78033
0.78134
0.78234

45
46
47
48
49

0.39441
0.39491
0.39541
0.39592
0.39642

0.42571
0.42625
0.42680
0.42734
0.42788

0.45940
0.45998
0.46057
0.46115
0.46173

0.49568
0.49630
0.49693
0.49756
0.49819

0.53478
0.53546
0.53613
0.53681
0.53749

0.57698
0.57771
0.57844
0.57917
0.57991

0.62257
0.62336
0.62415
0.62494
0.62574

0.67189
0.67275
0.67361
0.67447
0.67532

0.72534
0.72627
0.72720
0.72813
0.72906

0.78335
0.78436
0.78537
0.78638
0.78739

50
51
52
53
54

0.39693
0.39743
0.39794
0.39845
0.39896

0.42843
0.42897
0.42952
0.43006
0.43061

0.46232
0.46291
0.46349
0.46408
0.46467

0.49882
0.49945
0.50009
0.50072
0.50135

0.53817
0.53885
0.53954
0.54022
0.54090

0.58064
0.58138
0.58211
0.58285
0.58359

0.62653
0.62733
0.62812
0.62892
0.62972

0.67618
0.67705
0.67791
0.67877
0.67964

0.72999
0.73093
0.73186
0.73280
0.73374

0.78840
0.78942
0.79044
0.79146
0.79247

55
56
57
58
59

0.39947
0.39998
0.40049
0.40100
0.40151

0.43116
0.43171
0.43225
0.43280
0.43335

0.46526
0.46585
0.46644
0.46703
0.46762

0.50199
0.50263
0.50326
0.50390
0.50454

0.54159
0.54228
0.54296
0.54365
0.54434

0.58433
0.58507
0.58581
0.58656
0.58730

0.63052
0.63132
0.63212
0.63293
0.63373

0.68050
0.68137
0.68224
0.68311
0.68398

0.73468
0.73562
0.73656
0.73751
0.73845

0.79350
0.79452
0.79554
0.79657
0.79759

60

0.40202

0.43390

0.46822

0.50518

0.54503

0.58804

0.63454

0.68485

0.73940

0.79862

22

Numerical Formulas and Tables

Involute Function Table

inv = tan

62

63

64

65

66

67

68

69

70

71

00
01
02
03
04

0.79862
0.79965
0.80068
0.80172
0.80275

0.86305
0.86417
0.86530
0.86642
0.86755

0.93329
0.93452
0.93574
0.93697
0.93820

1.01004
1.01138
1.01272
1.01407
1.01541

1.09412
1.09559
1.09706
1.09853
1.10001

1.18648
1.18810
1.18972
1.19134
1.19296

1.28826
1.29005
1.29183
1.29362
1.29541

1.40081
1.40279
1.40477
1.40675
1.40874

1.52575
1.52794
1.53015
1.53235
1.53456

1.66503
1.66748
1.66994
1.67241
1.67488

05
06
07
08
09

0.80378
0.80482
0.80586
0.80690
0.80794

0.86868
0.86980
0.87094
0.87207
0.87320

0.93943
0.94066
0.94190
0.94313
0.94437

1.01676
1.01811
1.01946
1.02081
1.02217

1.10149
1.10297
1.10445
1.10593
1.10742

1.19459
1.19622
1.19785
1.19948
1.20112

1.29721
1.29901
1.30081
1.30262
1.30442

1.41073
1.41272
1.41472
1.41672
1.41872

1.53678
1.53899
1.54122
1.54344
1.54567

1.67735
1.67983
1.68232
1.68480
1.68730

10
11
12
13
14

0.80898
0.81003
0.81107
0.81212
0.81317

0.87434
0.87548
0.87662
0.87776
0.87890

0.94561
0.94685
0.94810
0.94934
0.95059

1.02352
1.02488
1.02624
1.02761
1.02897

1.10891
1.11040
1.11190
1.11339
1.11489

1.20276
1.20440
1.20604
1.20769
1.20934

1.30623
1.30805
1.30986
1.31168
1.31351

1.42073
1.42274
1.42475
1.42677
1.42879

1.54791
1.55014
1.55239
1.55463
1.55688

1.68980
1.69230
1.69481
1.69732
1.69984

15
16
17
18
19

0.81422
0.81527
0.81632
0.81738
0.81844

0.88004
0.88119
0.88234
0.88349
0.88464

0.95184
0.95309
0.95434
0.95560
0.95686

1.03034
1.03171
1.03308
1.03446
1.03583

1.11639
1.11790
1.11940
1.12091
1.12242

1.21100
1.21265
1.21431
1.21597
1.21763

1.31533
1.31716
1.31899
1.32083
1.32267

1.43081
1.43284
1.43487
1.43691
1.43895

1.55914
1.56140
1.56366
1.56593
1.56820

1.70236
1.70488
1.70742
1.70995
1.71249

20
21
22
23
24

0.81949
0.82055
0.82161
0.82267
0.82374

0.88579
0.88694
0.88810
0.88926
0.89042

0.95812
0.95938
0.96064
0.96190
0.96317

1.03721
1.03859
1.03997
1.04136
1.04274

1.12393
1.12545
1.12697
1.12849
1.13001

1.21930
1.22097
1.22264
1.22432
1.22599

1.32451
1.32635
1.32820
1.33005
1.33191

1.44099
1.44304
1.44509
1.44714
1.44920

1.57047
1.57275
1.57503
1.57732
1.57961

1.71504
1.71759
1.72015
1.72271
1.72527

25
26
27
28
29

0.82480
0.82587
0.82694
0.82801
0.82908

0.89158
0.89274
0.89390
0.89507
0.89624

0.96444
0.96571
0.96698
0.96825
0.96953

1.04413
1.04552
1.04692
1.04831
1.04971

1.13154
1.13306
1.13459
1.13613
1.13766

1.22767
1.22936
1.23104
1.23273
1.23442

1.33376
1.33562
1.33749
1.33935
1.34122

1.45126
1.45332
1.45539
1.45746
1.45954

1.58191
1.58421
1.58652
1.58882
1.59114

1.72785
1.73042
1.73300
1.73559
1.73818

30
31
32
33
34

0.83015
0.83123
0.83230
0.83338
0.83446

0.89741
0.89858
0.89975
0.90092
0.90210

0.97081
0.97209
0.97337
0.97465
0.97594

1.05111
1.05251
1.05391
1.05532
1.05673

1.13920
1.14074
1.14228
1.14383
1.14537

1.23612
1.23781
1.23951
1.24122
1.24292

1.34310
1.34497
1.34685
1.34874
1.35062

1.46162
1.46370
1.46579
1.46788
1.46997

1.59346
1.59578
1.59810
1.60043
1.60277

1.74077
1.74338
1.74598
1.74859
1.75121

35
36
37
38
39

0.83554
0.83662
0.83770
0.83879
0.83987

0.90328
0.90446
0.90564
0.90682
0.90801

0.97722
0.97851
0.97980
0.98110
0.98239

1.05814
1.05955
1.06097
1.06238
1.06380

1.14692
1.14847
1.15003
1.15159
1.15315

1.24463
1.24634
1.24805
1.24977
1.25149

1.35251
1.35440
1.35630
1.35820
1.36010

1.47207
1.47417
1.47627
1.47838
1.48050

1.60511
1.60745
1.60980
1.61215
1.61451

1.75383
1.75646
1.75909
1.76172
1.76436

40
41
42
43
44

0.84096
0.84205
0.84314
0.84424
0.84533

0.90919
0.91038
0.91157
0.91276
0.91396

0.98369
0.98499
0.98629
0.98759
0.98890

1.06522
1.06665
1.06807
1.06950
1.07093

1.15471
1.15627
1.15784
1.15941
1.16098

1.25321
1.25494
1.25666
1.25839
1.26013

1.36201
1.36391
1.36583
1.36774
1.36966

1.48261
1.48473
1.48686
1.48898
1.49112

1.61687
1.61923
1.62160
1.62398
1.62636

1.76701
1.76966
1.77232
1.77498
1.77765

45
46
47
48
49

0.84643
0.84752
0.84862
0.84972
0.85082

0.91515
0.91635
0.91755
0.91875
0.91995

0.99020
0.99151
0.99282
0.99414
0.99545

1.07236
1.07380
1.07524
1.07667
1.07812

1.16256
1.16413
1.16571
1.16729
1.16888

1.26187
1.26360
1.26435
1.26709
1.26884

1.37158
1.37351
1.37544
1.37737
1.37930

1.49325
1.49539
1.49753
1.49968
1.50183

1.62874
1.63113
1.63352
1.63592
1.63832

1.78032
1.78300
1.78568
1.78837
1.79106

50
51
52
53
54

0.85193
0.85303
0.85414
0.85525
0.85636

0.92115
0.92236
0.92357
0.92478
0.92599

0.99677
0.99808
0.99941
1.00073
1.00205

1.07956
1.08100
1.08245
1.08390
1.08536

1.17047
1.17206
1.17365
1.17524
1.17684

1.27059
1.27235
1.27410
1.27586
1.27762

1.38124
1.38318
1.38513
1.38708
1.38903

1.50399
1.50614
1.50831
1.51047
1.51264

1.64072
1.64313
1.64555
1.64797
1.65039

1.79376
1.79647
1.79918
1.80189
1.80461

55
56
57
58
59

0.85747
0.85858
0.85970
0.86082
0.86193

0.92720
0.92842
0.92963
0.93085
0.93207

1.00338
1.00471
1.00604
1.00737
1.00871

1.08681
1.08827
1.08973
1.09119
1.09265

1.17844
1.18004
1.18165
1.18326
1.18487

1.27936
1.28116
1.28293
1.28470
1.28648

1.39098
1.39294
1.39490
1.39687
1.39884

1.51482
1.51700
1.51918
1.52136
1.52355

1.65282
1.65525
1.65769
1.66013
1.66258

1.80734
1.81007
1.81280
1.81555
1.81829

60

0.86305

0.93329

1.01004

1.09412

1.18648

1.28826

1.40081

1.52575

1.66503

1.82105

23

Numerical Formulas and Tables

Involute Function Table

inv = tan

72

73

74

75

76

77

78

79

80

81

00
01
02
03
04

1.82105
1.82380
1.82657
1.82934
1.83211

1.99676
1.99988
2.00300
2.00613
2.00926

2.19587
2.19941
2.20296
2.20652
2.21008

2.42305
2.42711
2.43118
2.43525
2.43934

2.68433
2.68902
2.69371
2.69842
2.70314

2.98757
2.99304
2.99852
3.00401
3.00952

3.34327
3.34972
3.35619
3.36267
3.36918

3.76574
3.77345
3.78119
3.78895
3.79673

4.27502
4.28439
4.29379
4.30323
4.31270

4.90003
4.91165
4.92331
4.93502
4.94677

05
06
07
08
09

1.83489
1.83768
1.84047
1.84326
1.84607

2.01240
2.01555
2.01871
2.02187
2.02504

2.21366
2.21724
2.22083
2.33442
2.22803

2.44343
2.44753
2.45165
2.45577
2.45990

2.70787
2.71262
2.71737
2.72214
2.72692

3.01504
3.02058
3.02613
3.03170
3.03728

3.37570
3.38224
3.38880
3.39538
3.40197

3.80454
3.81237
3.83023
3.82811
3.83601

4.32220
4.33173
4.34130
4.35090
4.36053

4.95856
4.97040
4.98229
4.99422
5.00620

10
11
12
13
14

1.84888
1.85169
1.85451
1.85733
1.86016

2.02821
2.03139
2.03458
2.03777
2.04097

2.23164
2.23526
2.23889
2.24253
2.24617

2.46405
2.46820
2.47236
2.47653
2.48071

2.73171
2.73651
2.74133
2.74616
2.75100

3.04288
3.04849
3.05412
3.05977
3.06542

3.40859
3.41523
3.42188
3.42856
3.43525

3.84395
3.85190
3.85988
3.86789
3.87592

4.37020
4.37990
4.38963
4.39940
4.40920

5.01822
5.03029
5.04240
5.05456
5.06677

15
16
17
18
19

1.86300
1.86584
1.86869
1.87154
1.87440

2.04418
2.04740
2.05062
2.05385
1.05708

2.24983
2.25349
2.25716
2.26083
2.26452

2.48491
2.48911
2.49332
2.49754
2.50177

2.75585
2.76071
2.76559
2.77048
2.77538

3.07110
3.07679
3.08249
3.08821
3.09395

3.44197
3.44870
3.45545
3.46222
3.46902

3.88398
3.89206
3.90017
3.90830
3.91646

4.41903
4.42890
4.43880
4.44874
4.45871

5.07902
5.09133
5.10368
5.11608
5.12852

20
21
22
23
24

1.87726
1.88014
1.88301
1.88589
1.88878

2.06032
2.06357
2.06683
2.07009
2.07336

2.26821
2.27192
2.27563
2.27935
2.28307

2.50601
2.51027
2.51453
2.51880
2.52308

2.78029
2.78522
2.79016
2.79511
2.80007

3.09970
3.10546
3.11125
3.11704
3.12286

3.47583
3.48266
3.48952
3.49639
3.50328

3.92465
3.93286
3.94110
3.94937
3.95766

4.46872
4.47877
4.48885
4.49896
4.50911

5.14102
5.15356
5.16616
5.17880
5.19149

25
26
27
28
29

1.89167
1.89457
1.89748
1.90039
1.90331

2.07664
2.07992
2.08321
2.08651
2.08981

2.28681
2.29055
2.29430
2.29807
2.30184

2.52737
2.53168
2.53599
2.54031
2.54465

2.80505
2.81004
2.81504
2.82006
2.82508

3.12869
3.13453
3.14040
3.14627
3.15217

3.51020
3.51713
3.52408
3.53106
3.53806

3.96598
3.97433
3.98270
3.99110
3.99953

4.51930
4.52952
4.53978
4.55007
4.56041

5.20424
5.21703
5.22987
5.24277
5.25572

30
31
32
33
34

1.90623
1.90916
1.91210
1.91504
1.91798

2.09313
2.09645
2.09977
2.10310
2.10644

2.30561
2.30940
2.31319
2.31700
2.32081

2.54899
2.55334
2.55771
2.56208
2.56647

2.83012
2.83518
2.84024
2.84532
2.85041

3.15808
3.16401
3.16995
3.17591
3.18188

3.54507
3.55211
3.55917
3.56625
3.57335

4.00798
4.01646
4.02497
4.03351
4.04207

4.57077
4.58118
4.59162
4.60210
4.61262

5.26871
5.28176
5.29486
5.30802
5.32122

35
36
37
38
39

1.92094
1.92389
1.92686
1.92983
1.93281

2.10979
2.11315
2.11651
2.11988
2.12325

2.32463
2.32846
2.33230
2.33615
2.34000

2.57087
2.57527
2.57969
2.58412
2.58856

2.85552
2.86064
2.86577
2.87092
2.87607

3.18788
3.19389
3.19991
3.20595
3.21201

3.58047
3.58762
3.59478
3.60197
3.60918

4.05067
4.05929
4.06794
4.07662
4.08532

4.62318
4.63377
4.64441
4.65508
4.66579

5.33448
5.34780
5.36117
5.37459
5.38806

40
41
42
43
44

1.93579
1.93878
1.94178
1.94478
1.94779

2.12664
2.13003
2.13343
2.13683
2.14024

2.34387
2.34774
2.35162
2.35551
2.35941

2.59301
2.59747
2.60194
2.60642
2.61092

2.88125
2.88643
2.89163
2.89684
2.90207

3.21809
3.22418
3.23029
3.23642
3.24257

3.61641
3.62366
3.63094
3.63823
3.64555

4.09406
4.10282
4.11162
4.12044
4.12929

4.67654
4.68733
4.69816
4.70902
4.71993

5.40159
5.41518
5.42882
5.44251
5.45626

45
46
47
48
49

1.95080
1.95382
1.95685
1.95988
1.96292

2.14366
2.14709
2.15053
2.15397
2.15742

2.36332
2.36724
2.37117
2.37511
2.37905

2.61542
2.61994
2.62446
2.62900
2.63355

2.90731
2.91256
2.91783
2.92311
2.92840

3.24873
3.25491
3.26110
3.26732
3.27355

3.65289
3.66026
3.66764
3.67505
3.68248

4.13817
4.14708
4.15602
1.16499
4.17399

4.73088
4.74186
4.75289
4.76396
4.77507

5.47007
5.48394
5.49786
5.51184
5.52588

50
51
52
53
54

1.96596
1.96901
1.97207
1.97514
1.97821

2.16088
2.16434
2.16781
2.17130
2.17478

2.38300
2.38697
2.39094
2.39492
2.39891

2.63811
2.64268
2.64726
2.65186
2.65646

2.93371
2.93903
2.94437
2.94972
2.95509

3.27980
3.28606
3.29235
3.29865
3.30497

3.68993
3.69741
3.70491
3.71243
3.71998

4.18302
4.19208
4.20118
4.21030
4.21945

4.78622
4.79741
4.80865
4.81992
4.83124

5.53997
5.55413
5.56834
5.58261
5.59694

55
56
57
58
59

1.98128
1.98437
1.98746
1.99055
1.99365

2.17828
2.18178
2.18529
2.18881
2.19234

2.40291
2.40692
2.41194
2.41497
2.41901

2.66108
2.66571
2.67034
2.67500
2.67966

2.96046
2.96586
2.97126
2.97669
2.98212

3.31131
3.31767
3.32404
3.33043
3.33684

3.72755
3.73514
3.74275
3.75039
3.75806

4.22863
4.23785
4.24709
4.25637
4.26568

4.84260
4.85400
4.86544
4.87693
4.88846

5.61133
5.62578
5.64030
5.65487
5.66950

60

1.99676

2.19587

2.42305

2.68433

2.98757

3.34327

3.76574

4.27502

4.90003

5.68420

24