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9.1 Logic gates

A large number of electronic circuits (in computers, control units, and so
on) are made up of logic gates. These process signals which represent true
or false.
The most common symbols used to represent logic gates are shown below.
In this book, we will use the MIL symbols. But the reader may also see the
simpler, more general, logic gate representations.
XOR NOT AND OR NAND NOR
MIL symbols
Signals can be
represented as ON or
OFF, 1 or 0 as well.
There are many
different logic
gates but we will
concentrate on
these.
In this chapter you will learn about:
Logic gates
Truth tables
Logic circuits/networks
In this chapter we will look at how logic gates are used and how truth tables are used
to check if combinations of logic gates (known as logic circuits or logic networks)
carry out the required functions.
Learning Summary
Chapter
9
Logic gates
NOT gate
OR gate
AND gate
NAND gate
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125
9.2 Truth tables
Truth tables are used to show logic gate functions. The NOT gate has only
one input, but all the others have two inputs.
When constructing a truth table, the binary values 1 and 0 are used.
Every possible combination, depending on number of inputs, is produced.
Basically, the number of possible combinations of 1s and 0s is 2
n
where n
= number of inputs. For example, 2 inputs have 2
2
combinations (i.e. 4), 3
inputs have 2
3
combinations (i.e. 8) and so on. The next section shows how
these truth tables are used.
Description of the six logic gates
NOT gate
A X NOT A X
The output (X) is true (i.e. 1 or ON) if:
INPUT A is NOT TRUE (i.e. 0 or OFF)
Truth table for: X = NOT A
AND gate
X
X
AND
A
A
B
B
The output (X) is true (i.e. 1 or ON) if:
INPUT A AND INPUT B are BOTH
TRUE (i.e. 1 or ON)
Truth table for: X = A AND B
INPUT A OUTPUT X
0 1
1 0
INPUT A INPUT B OUTPUT X
0 0 0
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 1
NOR gate XOR gate
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OR gate
X
A
B
X OR
A
B
The output (X) is true (i.e. 1 or ON) if:
INPUT A OR INPUT B is TRUE (i.e. 1 or ON)
Truth table for: X = A OR B
INPUT A INPUT B OUTPUT X
0 0 0
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 1
NAND gate
X
A
A
B
B
X NAND
The output (X) is true (i.e. 1 or ON) if:
INPUT A AND INPUT B are NOT BOTH TRUE (i.e. 1 or ON)
Truth table for: X = NOT A AND B
NOR gate
A
B
X NOR
A
B
X
The output (X) is true (i.e. 1 or ON) if:
INPUT A OR INPUT B are NOT BOTH TRUE (i.e. 1 or ON)
Truth table for: X = NOT A OR B
XOR gate
X
A
A
B
B
X XOR
INPUT A INPUT B OUTPUT X
0 0 1
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 0
INPUT A INPUT B OUTPUT X
0 0 1
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 0
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The output (X) is true (i.e. 1 or ON) if:
INPUT A OR (NOT INPUT B) OR (NOT INPUT A) OR INPUT B
is TRUE (i.e. 1 or ON)
Truth table for: X = A OR (NOT B) OR (NOT A) OR B
9.3 Logic circuits/networks
Logic gates can be combined together to produce more complex logic
circuits (networks).
The output from a logic circuit (network) is checked by
producing a truth table.
Key Point
Two different types of problem are considered here:
drawing the truth table from a given logic circuit (network)
designing a logic circuit (network) from a given problem and testing it
by also drawing a truth table.
Example 1
Produce a truth table from the following logic circuit (network).
C
AND
NOR
OR X
A
B
P
Q
First part
There are 3 inputs; thus we must have 2
3
(i.e. 8) possible combinations of 1s
and 0s.
To nd the values (outputs) at points P and Q, it is necessary to consider the
truth tables for the NOR gate (output P) and the AND gate (output Q) i.e.
P = A NOR B
Q = B AND C
To show how this
works, we will split
the logic circuit into
two parts (shown by
the dotted line).
INPUT A INPUT B OUTPUT X
0 0 0
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 0
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We thus get:
INPUT A INPUT B INPUT C OUTPUT P OUTPUT Q
0 0 0 1 0
0 0 1 1 0
0 1 0 0 0
0 1 1 0 1
1 0 0 0 0
1 0 1 0 0
1 1 0 0 0
1 1 1 0 1
Second part
There are 8 values from P and Q which form the inputs to the last OR gate.
Hence we get X = P OR Q which gives the following truth table:
INPUT P INPUT Q OUTPUT X
1 0 1
1 0 1
0 0 0
0 1 1
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 1 1
Which now gives us the nal truth table for the logic circuit given at the
start of the example:
INPUT A INPUT B INPUT C OUTPUT X
0 0 0 1
0 0 1 1
0 1 0 0
0 1 1 1
1 0 0 0
1 0 1 0
1 1 0 0
1 1 1 1
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Example 2
Consider the following problem.
A system used 3 switches A, B and C; a combination of switches determines
whether an alarm, X, sounds:
If switch A or switch B are in the ON position and if switch C is in the OFF
position then a signal to sound an alarm, X is produced.
It is possible to convert this problem into a logic statement.
So we get:
If (A = 1 OR B = 1) AND (C = NOT 1) then X = 1
The rst part is two The output from the The third part is
inputs (A and B) rst part and the one input (C) which is
joined by an OR third part are joined put through a NOT
gate by an AND gate gate
So we get the following logic circuit (network):
AND
OR
X
A
B
C
This gives the following truth table:
Remembering that
ON = 1 and OFF = 0;
also remember that
we write 0 as NOT 1.
INPUT A INPUT B INPUT C OUTPUT X
0 0 0 0
0 0 1 0
0 1 0 1
0 1 1 0
1 0 0 1
1 0 1 0
1 1 0 1
1 1 1 0
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Example 3
A manufacturing process is controlled by a built in logic circuit which is
made up of AND, OR and NOT gates only. The process receives a STOP signal
(i.e. X = 1) depending on certain conditions, shown in the following table:
INPUTS BINARY VALUES CONDITION IN PROCESS
V 1 Volume > 1000 litres
0 Volume <= 1000 litres
T 1 Temperature > 750C
0 Temperature <= 750C
S 1 Speed > 15 metres/second (m/s)
0 Speed <= 15 metres/ second (m/s)
A stop signal (X = 1) occurs when:
either Volume, V > 1000 litres and Speed, S <= 15 m/s
or Temperature, T <= 750C and Speed, S > 15 m/s
Draw the logic circuit and truth table to show all the possible situations
when the stop signal could be received.
First of all, it is necessary to turn the problem into a series of logic
statements:
statement 1 can now be re-written as:
V = 1 AND S = NOT 1 since V > 1000 (binary value = 1) and S <= 15 (binary
value = 0)
statement 2 can now be re-written as:
T = NOT 1 AND S = 1 since T <= 750C (binary value = 0) and S > 15 (binary
value = 1)
both statements are joined together by an OR gate
So, our logic statement becomes:
X = 1 if (V = 1 AND S = NOT 1) OR (T = NOT 1 AND S = 1)
We can now draw the logic circuit (network) by constructing it for
statement 1 and for statement 2 and joining them with an OR gate.
In the following logic circuit note that V has been placed at the bottom of
logic diagram this is done to avoid crossing over of lines which makes it
look neater and less complex. It is not essential to do this and is only done
for the reasons given.
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131
AND
AND
NOT
NOT
Statement 1
Statement 2
OR
X
T
S
V
We can now construct the truth table:
INPUT V INPUT T INPUT S OUTPUT X
0 0 0 0
0 0 1 1
0 1 0 0
0 1 1 0
1 0 0 1
1 0 1 1
1 1 0 1
1 1 1 0
9.4 End of chapter questions
In questions 1 to 6 produce truth tables from the given logic circuits
(networks). Remember, if there are two inputs then there will be 4 possible
outputs; if there are three inputs then there will be 8 possible outputs.
The truth tables will look like this:
Input A Input B Output X
0 0
0 1
1 0
1 1
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Input A Input B Input C Output X
0 0 0
0 0 1
0 1 0
0 1 1
1 0 0
1 0 1
1 1 0
1 1 1
9.4.1
9.4.2
AND
NOT
OR
OR
A
B
X
AND
NOT
A
B
OR NOT
OR X
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9.4.3
9.4.4
9.4.5
9.4.6
NAND
X
A
B
C
AND
NOR
NOT
X
A
B
C
AND AND
OR
OR
X
A
B
C
AND
XOR
XOR
OR
A
B
C
NAND
OR
AND
X NOR
NOT
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Questions 7 to 10 require both the logic circuit (network) and the truth
table to be drawn. The truth table can be derived from the logic circuit
(network), but can also be derived from the original problem. This could
therefore be used as a cross-check that the logic circuit (network) is a
correct representation of the original problem.
9.4.7 An electronic system will only operate if three switches P, S and T are
correctly set. An output signal (X = 1) will occur if R and S are both in
the ON position or if R is in the OFF position and S and T are both in
the ON position.
Design a logic circuit (network) to represent the above situation and
also draw the truth table.
9.4.8 A trafc light system uses logic gates as part of the control system.
The system is operated when the output D has the value 1. This
happens when:
either (a) signal A is red
or (b) signal A is green and signals B and C are both red
(NOTE: You may assume for this problem that red = 0 and green = 1).
Design a logic circuit (network) and draw the truth table for the
above system.
9.4.9 A chemical process gives out a warning signal (W = 1) when the
process operates incorrectly. A logic circuit (network) is used to
monitor the process and to determine whether W = 1.
Inputs Binary values Description of plant status
C 1 Chemical rate = 20 litres/second
0 Chemical rate < 20 litres/second
T 1 Temperature = 91C
0 Temperature > 91C
X 1 Concentration > 5M
0 Concentration = 5M
A warning signal (W = 1) will be generated if:
either (a) Chemical rate < 20 litres/second
or (b) Temperature > 91C and Concentration > 5M
or (c) Chemical rate = 20 litres/second and Temperature > 91C
Draw a logic circuit (network) and truth table to show all the
possible situations when the warning signal could be received.
9.4.10 A nuclear power station has a safety system based on three inputs to
a logic circuit (network). A warning signal (S = 1) is produced when
certain conditions in the nuclear power station occur based on these
three inputs.
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Inputs Binary values Description of plant status
T 1 Temperature > 115C
0 Temperature <= 115C
P 1 Reactor pressure > 15 bar
0 Reactor pressure <= 15 bar
W 1 Cooling water > 120 litres/hour
0 Cooling water <= 120 litres/
hour
A warning signal (S = 1) will be produced when any of the following
occurs:
either (a) Temperature > 115C and Cooling water <= 120 litres/
hour
or (b) Temperature <= 115C and Reactor pressure > 15 bar or
Cooling water <= 120 litres/hour
Draw a logic circuit (network) and truth table to show all the
possible situations when the warning signal (S) could be received.