q 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC

q 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC

q 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
Preface
Just do an Internet search. Its on the Internet. How often have we said or been told that we could nd it on the
Internet. This third edition of The Water Encyclopedia: Hydrologic Data and Internet Resources started from a premise
that most of the information provided within this publication could be found on the Internet. As our team of contributing
authors started reviewing each section within each chapter, it soon became apparent that you cannot always nd it on the
internet. This edition represents many hours of effort to identify the most current information on a wide range of water-
related topics whether it can be found on the internet or in other sources.
The Encyclopedia has retained many of the elements of the previous editions but has also been expanded to reect the
many changes within the environmental industry as well as the current and topical water-related matters of the last
decade. Prepared by scientists and engineers, this publication is intended to serve as a valuable resource to all
professionals dealing with water-related issues as well as the general public. The material presented has been footnoted
to provide the user with the opportunity to return to the original source material for additional research. Where possible,
an Internet URL address is provided to guide the user to the appropriate source.
The third edition of the Encyclopedia has been signicantly expanded beyond the previous edition. The rst two
chapters of this edition are new and discuss data management and international data collection. Data management
concepts are presented to review the use of databases, geographic information systems (GIS), data reporting and
metadata. Data repositories and availability vary around the world and range in ease of access and usability. The
international data collection provides some direction on potential data sources in less developed areas as well as case
histories of actual project work and Internet sources for international water-related data.
This edition contains more than 1100 tables and 500 gures providing data related to weather, surface water,
groundwater, water use, water quality, waste water, pollution, and water resource management. The pollution chapter
alone has grown to contain some 450 plus tables and gures. Wastewater, previously included within the pollution
chapter, is presented as a stand-alone chapter to facilitate use of this reference. A chapter of useful conversion factors and
constants concludes this edition.
Whether you are looking for a specic piece of information or exploring one or more of the many topics related to
water, this edition provides its users with a tremendous wealth of data whether on the Internet or not.
q 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
Acknowledgments
We want to extend our thanks and appreciation to the many individuals, publishers, and organizations that have made
this third edition a reality. Without their time, cooperation, collaboration, this work would not have been possible. Most
importantly, the support and access to resources for the management of this compilation provided by ARCADIS G&M
was invaluable, and their on-going support and encouragement to undertake these efforts are deeply appreciated.
A number of individual contributors were involved in compiling the relevant information for each of the chapters and
they are identied at the start of their chapters. Our thanks and appreciation to you and your families for the time
committed to completing this task. Behind the scenes and the backbone of keeping everything organized, we want to
extend a special thanks to Chris Worden and Carla Gerstner for their encouragement, patience, and the occasional stern
word. Additionally, we want to acknowledge Barbara Kelly and Amanda Fierro for their efforts in preparing materials
for the manuscript.
q 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
The Editors
Pedro Fierro, Jr. is a hydrogeologist and associate vice president with ARCADIS G&M, Inc., where he is involved
with a wide variety of environmental assessments and remediation programs. He has been responsible for the direction of
several hundred sites addressing environmental issues. Fierro has addressed various audiences on topics ranging from
sampling methodologies, regulatory compliance, site assessment techniques, liability management, and remediation
technologies.
Fierro received his bachelors degree in geology from the University of Rochester, Rochester, New York and his
masters degree in geology with an emphasis on groundwater studies from the University of Kentucky. He currently
holds geological professional licenses/registrations in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Pennsylvania, and
Tennessee. He is a certied groundwater professional and a certied professional geologist. He was a contributing author
to In Situ Treatment Technology.
Evan K. Nyer is a senior vice president with ARCADIS G&M, Inc., where he is responsible for maintaining and
expanding the companys technical expertise in geology/hydrogeology, engineering, fate and transport, and remediation
technologies. He has been active in the development of new treatment technologies for many years. He has been
responsible for the strategies, technical designs and installations of more than 400 groundwater and soil remediation
systems at contaminated sites throughout the United States. Nyer also lectures, provides expert testimony, and serves as
the public spokesperson for one technically complicated site.
Nyer received his graduate degree in environmental engineering from Purdue University and has authored ve books:
Practical Techniques for Groundwater and Soil Remediation, published by Lewis Publishers, Inc.; Groundwater
Treatment Technology, rst and second edition, published by Van Nostrand Reinhold; Groundwater and Soil
Remediation, and In Situ Treatment Technology (now in its second edition) published by CRC Press; and is co-author of
Bioremediation, published by the American Academy of Environmental Engineers. Nyer is a regular contributor to
Groundwater Monitoring and Remediation having had his own column Treatment Technology in the periodical for the
past 20 years.
q 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
Contributors
James M. Bedessem
ARCADIS G&M, Inc.
Tampa, Florida
Brian Burke
ARCADIS G&M, Inc.
Tampa, Florida
Pedro Fierro, Jr.
ARCADIS G&M, Inc.
Tampa, Florida
William H. Lynch
ARCADIS G&M, Inc.
West Palm Beach, Florida
Daniel J. McCarthy
ARCADIS G&M, Inc.
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Melvin Rivera
ARCADIS G&M, Inc.
Tampa, Florida
Christopher Spooner
ARCADIS G&M, Inc.
Tampa, Florida
Gustavo Suarez
ARCADIS G&M, Inc.
Tampa, Florida
Katherine L. Thalman
ARCADIS G&M, Inc.
Tampa, Florida
Daniel Zell
Dewberry & Davis, LLC
Fairfax, Virginia
q 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
Contents
Chapter 1
Data Management ...................................................................................................................................................... 1-1
Daniel J. McCarthy
Chapter 2
International Data Collection .................................................................................................................................... 2-1
Daniel Zell
Chapter 3
Climate and Precipitation .......................................................................................................................................... 3-1
Pedro Fierro, Jr.
Chapter 4
Hydrologic Elements ................................................................................................................................................. 4-1
Brian Burke
Chapter 5
Surface Water ............................................................................................................................................................ 5-1
Christopher Spooner
Chapter 6
Groundwater .............................................................................................................................................................. 6-1
Melvin Rivera
Chapter 7
Water Use .................................................................................................................................................................. 7-1
Katherine L. Thalman
Chapter 8
Water Quality ............................................................................................................................................................ 8-1
Katherine L. Thalman and James M. Bedessem
Chapter 9
Wastewater ................................................................................................................................................................. 9-1
William H. Lynch
Chapter 10
Environmental Problems ........................................................................................................................................... 10-1
Katherine L. Thalman
Chapter 11
Water Resources Management .................................................................................................................................. 11-1
Gustavo Suarez
Chapter 12
Agencies and Organizations ...................................................................................................................................... 12-1
Pedro Fierro, Jr.
Chapter 13
Constants and Conversion Factors ............................................................................................................................ 13-1
Pedro Fierro, Jr.
q 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC