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Continue from %# ???????? C Questions

Note : All the programs are tested under Turbo C/C++ compilers. It is assumed that, rograms run under !"# en$ironment, The underl%ing machine is an &'( s%stem, rogram is compiled using Turbo C/C++ compiler. The program output ma% depend on the information based on this assumptions )for e&ample si*eof)int+ ,, - ma% be assumed+. redict the output or error)s+ for the follo.ing/ 1. void main() { int const * p=5; printf("%d",++(*p)); } Answer: Compiler error/ Cannot modif% a constant $alue. Explanation/ p is a pointer to a 0constant integer0. 1ut .e tried to change the $alue of the 0constant integer0. 2. main() { char s[ ="man"; int i; for(i=!;s[ i ;i++) printf(""n%c%c%c%c",s[ i ,*(s+i),*(i+s),i[s ); } Answer: mmmm aaaa nnnn Explanation/ s2i3, 4)i+s+, 4)s+i+, i2s3 are all different .a%s of e&pressing the same idea. 5enerall% arra% name is the base address for that arra%. 6ere s is the base address. i is the inde& number/displacement from the base address. #o, indirecting it .ith 4 is same as s2i3. i2s3 ma% be surprising. 1ut in the case of C it is same as s2i3. #. main()
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First Job. Dream Job. Freshersworld.com { f$oat m% = 1.1; do&'$% (o& = 1.1; if(m%==(o&) printf(") $ov% *"); %$s% printf(") hat% *"); } Answer: I hate 8 Explanation/ 9or floating point numbers (float, double, long double) the $alues cannot be predicted e&actl%. !epending on the number of b%tes, the precession .ith of the $alue represented $aries. 9loat ta:es ; b%tes and long double ta:es 7< b%tes. #o float stores <.= .ith less precision than long double. Rule of Thumb: >e$er compare or at?least be cautious .hen using floating point numbers .ith relational operators (,, , @, A, A,, @,,B, ) . +. main() { static int var = 5; printf("%d ",var,,); if(var) main(); } Answer: C;D-7 Explanation: Ehen static storage class is gi$en, it is initiali*ed once. The change in the $alue of a static $ariable is retained e$en bet.een the function calls. Fain is also treated li:e an% other ordinar% function, .hich can be called recursi$el%. 5. main() { int c[ ={2.-,#.+,+,../,5}; int 0,*p=c,*1=c; for(0=!;025;0++) { printf(" %d ",*c); ++1; } for(0=!;025;0++) { printf(" %d ",*p); ++p; }
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First Job. Dream Job. Freshersworld.com } Answer: ------D;(C Explanation: Initiall% pointer c is assigned to both p and q. In the first loop, since onl% q is incremented and not c , the $alue - .ill be printed C times. In second loop p itself is incremented. #o the $alues - D ; ( C .ill be printed. .. main() { %3t%rn int i; i=2!; printf("%d",i); } Answer: 4in5%r 6rror / 8ndefined s%mbol GHiG Explanation: e&tern storage class in the follo.ing declaration, extern int i; specifies to the compiler that the memor% for i is allocated in some other program and that address .ill be gi$en to the current program at the time of lin:ing. 1ut lin:er finds that no other $ariable of name i is a$ailable in an% other program .ith memor% space allocated for it. 6ence a lin:er error has occured . /. main() { int i=,1,0=,1,5=!,$=2,m; m=i++770++775++88$++; printf("%d %d %d %d %d",i,0,5,$,m); } Answer: <<7D7 Explanation : Iogical operations al.a%s gi$e a result of 1 or 0 . And also the logical A>! )JJ+ operator has higher priorit% o$er the logical "K )LL+ operator. #o the e&pression Mi++ && j++ && k++ is e&ecuted first. The result of this e&pression is < )?7 JJ ?7 JJ < , <+. >o. the e&pression is < LL - .hich e$aluates to 7 )because "K operator al.a%s gi$es 7 e&cept for M< LL <N combination? for .hich it gi$es <+. #o the $alue of m is 7. The $alues of other $ariables are also incremented b% 7.

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-. main() { char *p; printf("%d %d ",si9%of(*p),si9%of(p)); }

Answer: 79or int ??? -,9or 9loat ???;,Explanation: The si*eof)+ operator gi$es the number of b%tes ta:en b% its operand. is a character pointer, .hich needs one b%te for storing its $alue )a character+. 6ence si*eof)4p+ gi$es a $alue of 7. #ince it needs t.o b%tes to store the address of the character pointer si*eof)p+ gi$es -. :. main() { int i=#; s;itch(i) { d%fa&$t<printf("9%ro"); cas% 1< printf("on%"); 'r%a5; cas% 2<printf("t;o"); 'r%a5; cas% #< printf("thr%%"); 'r%a5; } } Answer : three Explanation : The default case can be placed an%.here inside the loop. It is e&ecuted onl% .hen all other cases doesnGt match.

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1!. main() { printf("%3",,122+); } Answer: fff< Explanation : ?7 is internall% represented as all 7Gs. Ehen left shifted four times the least significant ; bits are filled .ith <Gs.The %& format specifier specifies that the integer $alue be printed as a he&adecimal $alue. 11. main() { char strin=[ =">%$$o ?or$d"; disp$a((strin=); } void disp$a((char *strin=) { printf("%s",strin=); } Answer: @ompi$%r 6rror < T%pe mismatch in redeclaration of function displa% Explanation : In third line, .hen the function displ ! is encountered, the compiler doesnGt :no. an%thing about the function displa%. It assumes the arguments and return t%pes to be integers, ).hich is the default t%pe+. Ehen it sees the actual function displ !" the arguments and t%pe contradicts .ith .hat it has assumed pre$iousl%. 6ence a compile time error occurs.

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#olution/ $oid main)+ O char string23,06ello Eorld0P displa%)Jstring+P printf)0%s0,string+P Q displa%)string+ O char #tr727-3P strcp%)#tr7,string+P getch)+P Q

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12. main() { int c=, ,2; printf("c=%d",c); } Answer: c,-P Explanation: 6ere unar% minus )or negation+ operator is used t.ice. #ame maths rules applies, ie. minus 4 minus, plus. #ote: 6o.e$er %ou cannot gi$e li:e ??-. 1ecause ?? operator can onl% be applied to $ariables as a de$rement operator )eg., i??+. - is a constant and not a $ariable.

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1#. Ad%fin% int char main() { int i=.5; printf("si9%of(i)=%d",si9%of(i)); } Answer: si*eof)i+,7
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First Job. Dream Job. Freshersworld.com Explanation: #ince the #define replaces the string int b% the macro $h r 1+. main() { int i=1!; i=BiC1+; Drintf ("i=%d",i); } Answer: i,< Explanation: In the e&pression %i&1' , >"T )B+ operator has more precedence than M @N s%mbol. % is a unar% logical operator. Bi )B7<+ is < )not of true is false+. <@7; is false )*ero+. HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH 15. Ainc$&d%2stdio.hC main() { char s[ ={EaE,E'E,EcE,E"nE,EcE,E"!E}; char *p,*str,*str1; p=7s[# ; str=p; str1=s; printf("%d",++*p + ++*str1,#2); } Answer: RR Explanation: p is pointing to character GSnG. str7 is pointing to character GaG ++4p. 0p is pointing to GSnG and that is incremented b% one.0 the A#CII $alue of GSnG is 7<, .hich is then incremented to 77. The $alue of ++4p is 77. ++4str7, str7 is pointing to GaG that is incremented b% 7 and it becomes GbG. A#CII $alue of GbG is ='. >o. performing )77 + =' T D-+, .e get RR)0F0+P #o .e get the output RR // 0F0 )Ascii is RR+.

1.. Ainc$&d%2stdio.hC
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First Job. Dream Job. Freshersworld.com main() { int a[2 [2 [2 = { {1!,2,#,+}, {5,.,/,-} }; int *p,*1; p=7a[2 [2 [2 ; *1=***a; printf("%d,,,,%d",*p,*1); } Answer: #ome5arbageUalue???7< Explanation: p,Ja2-32-32-3 %ou declare onl% t.o -! arra%s, but %ou are tr%ing to access the third -!).hich %ou are not declared+ it .ill print garbage $alues. 4V,444a starting address of a is assigned integer pointer. >o. V is pointing to starting address of a. If %ou print 4V, it .ill print first element of D! arra%.

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1/. Ainc$&d%2stdio.hC main() { str&ct 33 { int 3=#; char nam%[ ="h%$$o"; }; str&ct 33 *s; printf("%d",s,C3); printf("%s",s,Cnam%); } Answer: Compiler Wrror Explanation: Xou should not initiali*e $ariables in declaration

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1-. Ainc$&d%2stdio.hC main() { str&ct 33
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'

First Job. Dream Job. Freshersworld.com { int 3; str&ct (( { char s; str&ct 33 *p; }; str&ct (( *1; }; } Answer: Compiler Wrror Explanation: The structure %% is nested .ithin structure &&. 6ence, the elements are of %% are to be accessed through the instance of structure &&, .hich needs an instance of %% to be :no.n. If the instance is created after defining the structure the compiler .ill not :no. about the instance relati$e to &&. 6ence for nested structure %% %ou ha$e to declare member.

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1:. main() { printf(""na'"); printf(""'si"); printf(""rha"); } Answer: hai Explanation: Sn ? ne.line Sb ? bac:space Sr ? linefeed 2!. main() { int i=5; printf("%d%d%d%d%d%d",i++,i,,,++i,,,i,i); } Answer: ;CC;C Explanation: The arguments in a function call are pushed into the stac: from left to right. The e$aluation is b% popping out from the stac:. and the e$aluation is from right to left, hence the result.
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21. Ad%fin% s1&ar%(3) 3*3 main() { int i; i = .+Fs1&ar%(+); printf("%d",i); } Answer: (; Explanation: the macro call sVuare);+ .ill substituted b% ;4; so the e&pression becomes i , (;/;4; . #ince / and 4 has eVual priorit% the e&pression .ill be e$aluated as )(;/;+4; i.e. 7(4; , (; BBBBBBBBBB4444444444444 22. main() { char *p="hai fri%nds",*p1; p1=p; ;hi$%(*pB=E"!E) ++*p++; printf("%s %s",p,p1); } Answer: ibYBgsYfoet Explanation: ++4p++ .ill be parse in the gi$en order 4p that is $alue at the location currentl% pointed b% p .ill be ta:en ++4p the retrie$ed $alue .ill be incremented .hen P is encountered the location .ill be incremented that is p++ .ill be e&ecuted 6ence, in the .hile loop initial $alue pointed b% p is MhN, .hich is changed to MiN b% e&ecuting ++4p and pointer mo$es to point, MaN .hich is similarl% changed to MbN and so on. #imilarl% blan: space is con$erted to MBN. Thus, .e obtain $alue in p becomes ZibYBgsYfoet[ and since p reaches MS<N and p7 points to p thus p7doesnot print an%thing.

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2#. Ainc$&d% 2stdio.hC Ad%fin% a 1!
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First Job. Dream Job. Freshersworld.com main() { Ad%fin% a 5! printf("%d",a); } Answer: C< Explanation: The preprocessor directi$es can be redefined an%.here in the program. #o the most recentl% assigned $alue .ill be ta:en. 2+. Ad%fin% c$rscr() 1!! main() { c$rscr(); printf("%d"n",c$rscr()); } Answer: 7<< Explanation: reprocessor e&ecutes as a seperate pass before the e&ecution of the compiler. #o te&tual replacement of clrscr)+ to 7<< occurs.The input program to compiler loo:s li:e this / main)+ O 7<<P printf)0%dSn0,7<<+P Q #ote: 7<<P is an e&ecutable statement but .ith no action. #o it doesnGt gi$e an% problem 25. main() { printf("%p",main); % } Answer: #ome address .ill be printed. Explanation: 9unction names are Yust addresses )Yust li:e arra% names are addresses+. main)+ is also a function. #o the address of function main .ill be printed. %p in printf specifies that the argument is an address. The% are printed as he&adecimal numbers. -R+ main)+ O
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p >%3ad%cima$ format

First Job. Dream Job. Freshersworld.com clrscr)+P Q clrscr)+P Answer: >o output/error Explanation: The first clrscr)+ occurs inside a function. #o it becomes a function call. In the second clrscr)+P is a function declaration )because it is not inside an% function+. -'+ enum colors O1IAC\,1I8W,5KWW>Q main)+ // !onNt !eclare as $oid main)+ it fires error O printf)0%d..%d..%d0,1IAC\,1I8W,5KWW>+P return)7+P Q Answer: <..7..Explanation: enum assigns numbers starting from <, if not e&plicitl% defined.

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-=+ $oid main)+ O char far 4farther,4farthestP //far t%pe modifier, similar to that near, printf)0%d..%d0,si*eof)farther+,si*eof)farthest++P // huge r t%pe modifiers Q Answer: ;..Explanation: the second pointer is of char t%pe and not a far pointer main)+ O int i,;<<,Y,D<<P printf)0%d..%d0+P Q Answer: ;<<..D<< Explanation:
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D<+

First Job. Dream Job. Freshersworld.com printf ta:es the $alues of the first t.o assignments of the program. An% number of printfGs ma% be gi$en. All of them ta:e onl% the first t.o $alues. If more number of assignments gi$en in the program,then printf .ill ta:e garbage $alues. 44444444 D7+ main)+ O char 4pP p,06ello0P printf)0%cSn0,4J4p+P Q Answer: 6 Explanation: 4 is a dereference operator J is a reference operator. The% can be applied an% number of times pro$ided it is meaningful. 6ere p points to the first character in the string 06ello0. 4p dereferences it and so its $alue is 6. Again J references it to an address and 4 dereferences it to the $alue 6. D-+ main)+ O int i,7P .hile )iA,C+ O printf)0%d0,i+P if )i@-+ goto hereP i++P Q Q fun)+ O here/ printf)0 0+P Q Answer: Compiler error/ 8ndefined label GhereG in function main Explanation: Iabels ha$e functions scope, in other .ords The scope of the labels is limited to functions . The label GhereG is a$ailable in function fun)+ 6ence it is not $isible in function main. main)+ O static char names2C32-<3,O0pascal0,0ada0,0cobol0,0fortran0,0perl0QP
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DD+

First Job. Dream Job. Freshersworld.com int iP char 4tP t,names2D3P names2D3,names2;3P names2;3,tP for )i,<PiA,;Pi+++ printf)0%s0,names2i3+P Q Answer: Compiler error/ I$alue reVuired in function main Explanation: Arra% names are pointer constants. #o it cannot be modified. D;+ $oid main)+ O int i,CP printf)0%d0,i++ + ++i+P Q Answer: "utput Cannot be predicted e&actl%. Explanation: #ide effects are in$ol$ed in the e$aluation of i $oid main)+ O int i,CP printf)0%d0,i++ ++ + i+P Q Answer: Compiler Wrror Explanation: The e&pression i+++++i is parsed as i ++ ++ + i .hich is an illegal combination of operators. #includeAstdio.h@ main)+ O int i,7,Y,-P s.itch)i+ O case 7/ printf)05""!0+P brea:P case Y/ printf)01A!0+P brea:P Q Q
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DC+

D(+

First Job. Dream Job. Freshersworld.com Answer: Compiler Wrror/ Constant e&pression reVuired in function main. Explanation: The case statement can ha$e onl% constant e&pressions )this implies that .e cannot use $ariable names directl% so an error+.

#ote: Wnumerated t%pes can be used in case statements. 444444444444444444444444444

DR+ main)+ O int iP printf)0%d0,scanf)0%d0,Ji++P // $alue 7< is gi$en as input here Q Answer: 7 Explanation: #canf returns number of items successfull% read and not 7/<. 6ere 7< is gi$en as input .hich should ha$e been scanned successfull%. #o number of items read is 7.

D'+

#define f)g,g-+ g##gmain)+ O int $ar7-,7<<P printf)0%d0,f)$ar,7-++P Q Answer: 7<< main)+ O int i,<P for)Pi++Pprintf)0%d0,i++ P printf)0%d0,i+P Q Answer: 7 Explanation:
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D=+

First Job. Dream Job. Freshersworld.com before entering into the for loop the chec:ing condition is 0e$aluated0. 6ere it e$aluates to < )false+ and comes out of the loop, and i is incremented )note the semicolon after the for loop+.

;;+

main)+ O printf)0%d0, out+P Q int out,7<<P Answer: Compiler error/ undefined s%mbol out in function main. Explanation: The rule is that a $ariable is a$ailable for use from the point of declaration. W$en though a is a global $ariable, it is not a$ailable for main. 6ence an error. main)+ O e&tern outP printf)0%d0, out+P Q int out,7<<P Answer: 7<< Explanation: This is the correct .a% of .riting the pre$ious program. main)+ O sho.)+P Q $oid sho.)+ O printf)0IGm the greatest0+P Q Answer: Compier error/ T%pe mismatch in redeclaration of sho.. Explanation: Ehen the compiler sees the function sho. it doesnGt :no. an%thing about it. #o the default return t%pe )ie, int+ is assumed. 1ut .hen compiler sees the actual definition of sho. mismatch occurs since it is declared as $oid. 6ence the error.

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;C+

;(+

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The solutions are as follo.s/ 7. declare $oid sho.)+ in main)+ . -. define sho.)+ before main)+. D. declare e&tern $oid sho.)+ before the use of sho.)+.

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;R+ main) + O int a2-32D32-3 , OOO-,;Q,OR,'Q,OD,;QQ,OO-,-Q,O-,DQ,OD,;QQQP printf)Z%u %u %u %d Sn[,a,4a,44a,444a+P printf)Z%u %u %u %d Sn[,a+7,4a+7,44a+7,444a+7+P Q Answer: 7<<, 7<<, 7<<, 77;, 7<;, 7<-, D Explanation: The gi$en arra% is a D?! one. It can also be $ie.ed as a 7?! arra%. - ' D ; - D D ; R 7<< 7<- 7<; 7<( 7<' 77< 77- 77; 77( 77' 7-< 7-thus, for the first printf statement a, 4a, 44a gi$e address of first element . since the indirection 444a gi$es the $alue. 6ence, the first line of the output. for the second printf a+7 increases in the third dimension thus points to $alue at 77;, 4a+7 increments in second dimension thus points to 7<;, 44a +7 increments the first dimension thus points to 7<- and 444a+7 first gets the $alue at first location and then increments it b% 7. 6ence, the output. ;'+ main) + O int a2 3 , O7<,-<,D<,;<,C<Q,Y,4pP for)Y,<P YACP Y+++ O printf)Z%d[ ,4a+P a++P Q p , aP for)Y,<P YACP Y+++ O printf)Z%d [ ,4p+P p++P
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First Job. Dream Job. Freshersworld.com Q Q Answer: Compiler error/ l$alue reVuired. Explanation: Wrror is in line .ith statement a++. The operand must be an l$alue and ma% be of an% of scalar t%pe for the an% operator, arra% name onl% .hen subscripted is an l$alue. #impl% arra% name is a non?modifiable l$alue. ;=+ main) + O static int a2 3 , O<,7,-,D,;QP int 4p2 3 , Oa,a+7,a+-,a+D,a+;QP int 44ptr , pP ptr++P printf)ZSn %d %d %d[, ptr?p, 4ptr?a, 44ptr+P 4ptr++P printf)ZSn %d %d %d[, ptr?p, 4ptr?a, 44ptr+P 4++ptrP printf)ZSn %d %d %d[, ptr?p, 4ptr?a, 44ptr+P ++4ptrP printf)ZSn %d %d %d[, ptr?p, 4ptr?a, 44ptr+P Q Answer: 111 222 ### #++ Explanation: Iet us consider the arra% and the t.o pointers .ith some address <77<< 7<7<; 7<( 7<' p 7<<7 <-7< ; 7<<< 7<<- 7<<; 7<<( 7<<' ptr 7<<<-<<< After e&ecution of the instruction ptr++ $alue in ptr becomes 7<<-, if scaling factor for integer is - b%tes. >o. ptr T p is $alue in ptr T starting location of arra% p, )7<<- T 7<<<+ / )scaling factor+ , 7, 4ptr T a , $alue at address pointed b% ptr T starting $alue of arra% a, 7<<- has a $alue 7<- so the $alue is )7<- T 7<<+/)scaling factor+ , 7, 44ptr is
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First Job. Dream Job. Freshersworld.com the $alue stored in the location pointed b% the pointer of ptr , $alue pointed b% $alue pointed b% 7<<- , $alue pointed b% 7<- , 7. 6ence the output of the firs printf is 7, 7, 7. After e&ecution of 4ptr++ increments $alue of the $alue in ptr b% scaling factor, so it becomes7<<;. 6ence, the outputs for the second printf are ptr T p , -, 4ptr T a , -, 44ptr , -. After e&ecution of 4++ptr increments $alue of the $alue in ptr b% scaling factor, so it becomes7<<;. 6ence, the outputs for the third printf are ptr T p , D, 4ptr T a , D, 44ptr , D. After e&ecution of ++4ptr $alue in ptr remains the same, the $alue pointed b% the $alue is incremented b% the scaling factor. #o the $alue in arra% p at location 7<<( changes from 7<( 7< 7<',. 6ence, the outputs for the fourth printf are ptr T p , 7<<( T 7<<< , D, 4ptr T a , 7<' T 7<< , ;, 44ptr , ;.

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C<+ main) + O char 4VP int YP for )Y,<P YADP Y+++ scanf)Z%s[ ,)V+Y++P for )Y,<P YADP Y+++ printf)Z%c[ ,4)V+Y++P for )Y,<P YADP Y+++ printf)Z%s[ ,)V+Y++P Q Explanation: 6ere .e ha$e onl% one pointer to t%pe char and since .e ta:e input in the same pointer thus .e :eep .riting o$er in the same location, each time shifting the pointer $alue b% 7. #uppose the inputs are F"8#W, TKAC\ and UIKT8AI. Then for the first input suppose the pointer starts at location 7<< then the input one is stored as F"8 # W Ehen the second input is gi$en the pointer is incremented as Y $alue becomes 7, so the input is filled in memor% starting from 7<7. FTK The third input starts filling from the location 7<FTU This is the final $alue stored . The first printf prints the $alues at the position V, V+7 and V+- , F T U The second printf prints three strings starting from locations V, V+7, V+i.e FTUIKT8AI, TUIKT8AI and UIKT8AI. C7+ main) + O
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First Job. Dream Job. Freshersworld.com $oid 4$pP char ch , MgN, 4cp , Zgoof%[P int Y , -<P $p , JchP printf)Z%c[, 4)char 4+$p+P $p , JYP printf)Z%d[,4)int 4+$p+P $p , cpP printf)Z%s[,)char 4+$p + D+P Q Answer: g-<f% Explanation: #ince a $oid pointer is used it can be t%pe casted to an% other t%pe pointer. $p , Jch stores address of char ch and the ne&t statement prints the $alue stored in $p after t%pe casting it to the proper data t%pe pointer. the output is MgN. #imilarl% the output from second printf is M-<N. The third printf statement t%pe casts it to print the string from the ;th $alue hence the output is Mf%N.

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C-+ main ) + O static char 4s2 3 , OZblac:[, Z.hite[, Z%ello.[, Z$iolet[QP char 44ptr2 3 , Os+D, s+-, s+7, sQ, 444pP p , ptrP 44++pP printf)Z%s[,4??4++p + D+P Q Answer: c: Explanation: In this problem .e ha$e an arra% of char pointers pointing to start of ; strings. Then .e ha$e ptr .hich is a pointer to a pointer of t%pe char and a $ariable p .hich is a pointer to a pointer to a pointer of t%pe char. p hold the initial $alue of ptr, i.e. p , s+D. The ne&t statement increment $alue in p b% 7 , thus no. $alue of p , s+-. In the printf statement the e&pression is e$aluated 4++p causes gets $alue s+7 then

the indirection operator no. gets the $alue from the arra% of s and adds D to the starting address. The string is
the pre decrement is e&ecuted and .e get s+7 T 7 , s .
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printed starting from this position. Thus, the output is Mc:N.

CD+ main)+ O int i, nP char 4& , Zgirl[P n , strlen)&+P 4& , &2n3P for)i,<P iAnP ++i+ O printf)Z%sSn[,&+P &++P Q Q Answer: )blan: space+ irl rl l Explanation: 6ere a string )a pointer to char+ is initiali*ed .ith a $alue Zgirl[. The strlen function returns the length of the string, thus n has a $alue ;. The ne&t statement assigns $alue at the nth location )MS<N+ to the first location. >o. the string becomes ZS<irl[ . >o. the printf statement prints the string after each iteration it increments it starting position. Ioop starts from < to ;. The first time &2<3 , MS<N hence it prints nothing and pointer $alue is incremented. The second time it prints from &273 i.e Zirl[ and the third time it prints Zrl[ and the last time it prints Zl[ and the loop terminates. int i,YP for)i,<PiA,7<Pi+++ O Y+,CP assert)iAC+P Q Answer: Kuntime error/ Abnormal program termination. assert failed )iAC+, Afile name@,Aline number@ Explanation: asserts are used during debugging to ma:e sure that certain conditions are satisfied. If assertion fails, the program .ill terminate reporting the same. After debugging use, #undef >!W185
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C;+

First Job. Dream Job. Freshersworld.com and this .ill disable all the assertions from the source code. Assertion is a good debugging tool to ma:e use of. CC+ main)+ O int i,?7P +iP printf)0i , %d, +i , %d Sn0,i,+i+P Q Answer: i , ?7, +i , ?7 Explanation: 8nar% + is the onl% dumm% operator in C. Ehere?e$er it comes %ou can Yust ignore it Yust because it has no effect in the e&pressions )hence the name dumm% operator+. Ehat are the files .hich are automaticall% opened .hen a C file is e&ecuted? Answer: stdin, stdout, stderr )standard input,standard output,standard error+.

C(+

CR+ .hat .ill be the position of the file mar:er? a/ fsee:)ptr,<,#WW\H#WT+P b/ fsee:)ptr,<,#WW\HC8K+P Answer : a/ The #WW\H#WT sets the file position mar:er to the starting of the file. b/ The #WW\HC8K sets the file position mar:er to the current position of the file. C'+ main)+ O char name27<3,s27-3P scanf)0 S0%2]S03S00,s+P Q 6o. scanf .ill e&ecute? Answer: 9irst it chec:s for the leading .hite space and discards it.Then it matches .ith a Vuotation mar: and then it reads all character upto another Vuotation mar:. Ehat is the problem .ith the follo.ing code segment? .hile ))fgets)recei$ing arra%,C<,fileHptr++ B, W"9+ P Answer & Explanation:

C=+

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First Job. Dream Job. Freshersworld.com fgets returns a pointer. #o the correct end of file chec: is chec:ing for B , >8II. (<+ main)+ O main)+P Q Answer: Kuntime error / #tac: o$erflo.. Explanation: main function calls itself again and again. Wach time the function is called its return address is stored in the call stac:. #ince there is no condition to terminate the function call, the call stac: o$erflo.s at runtime. #o it terminates the program and results in an error. main)+ O char 4cptr,cP $oid 4$ptr,$P c,7<P $,<P cptr,JcP $ptr,J$P printf)0%c%$0,c,$+P Q Answer: Compiler error )at line number ;+/ si*e of $ is 8n:no.n. Explanation: Xou can create a $ariable of t%pe $oid 4 but not of t%pe $oid, since $oid is an empt% t%pe. In the second line %ou are creating $ariable $ptr of t%pe $oid 4 and $ of t%pe $oid hence an error. main)+ O char 4str7,0abcd0P char str-23,0abcd0P printf)0%d %d %d0,si*eof)str7+,si*eof)str-+,si*eof)0abcd0++P Q Answer: -CC Explanation: In first si*eof, str7 is a character pointer so it gi$es %ou the si*e of the pointer $ariable. In second si*eof the name str- indicates the name of the arra% .hose si*e is C )including the GS<G termination character+. The third si*eof is similar to the second one. main)+ O
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(7+

(-+

(D+

First Job. Dream Job. Freshersworld.com char notP not,B-P printf)0%d0,not+P Q Answer: < Explanation: B is a logical operator. In C the $alue < is considered to be the boolean $alue 9AI#W, and an% non?*ero $alue is considered to be the boolean $alue TK8W. 6ere - is a non?*ero $alue so TK8W. BTK8W is 9AI#W )<+ so it prints <. (;+ #define 9AI#W ?7 #define TK8W 7 #define >8II < main)+ O if)>8II+ puts)0>8II0+P else if)9AI#W+ puts)0TK8W0+P else puts)09AI#W0+P Q Answer: TK8W Explanation/ The input program to the compiler after processing b% the preprocessor is, main)+O if)<+ puts)0>8II0+P else if)?7+ puts)0TK8W0+P else puts)09AI#W0+P Q reprocessor doesnGt replace the $alues gi$en inside the double Vuotes. The chec: b% if condition is boolean $alue false so it goes to else. In second if ?7 is boolean $alue true hence 0TK8W0 is printed. main)+ O int :,7P printf)0%d,,7 is 00%s0,:,:,,7?0TK8W0/09AI#W0+P Q Answer:
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(C+

First Job. Dream Job. Freshersworld.com 7,,7 is TK8W Explanation: Ehen t.o strings are placed together )or separated b% .hite?space+ the% are concatenated )this is called as 0stringi*ation0 operation+. #o the string is as if it is gi$en as 0%d,,7 is %s0. The conditional operator) ?/ + e$aluates to 0TK8W0. ((+ main)+ O int %P scanf)0%d0,J%+P // input gi$en is -<<< if) )%%;,,< JJ %%7<< B, <+ LL %%7<< ,, < + printf)0%d is a leap %ear0+P else printf)0%d is not a leap %ear0+P Q Answer: -<<< is a leap %ear Explanation: An ordinar% program to chec: if leap %ear or not. #define ma& C #define int arr72ma&3 main)+ O t%pedef char arr-2ma&3P arr7 list,O<,7,-,D,;QP arr- name,0name0P printf)0%d %s0,list2<3,name+P Q Answer: Compiler error )in the line arr7 list , O<,7,-,D,;Q+ Explanation: arr- is declared of t%pe arra% of si*e C of characters. #o it can be used to declare the $ariable name of the t%pe arr-. 1ut it is not the case of arr7. 6ence an error. Rule of Thumb: #defines are used for te&tual replacement .hereas t%pedefs are used for declaring ne. t%pes. int i,7<P main)+ O e&tern int iP O int i,-<P
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(R+

('+

First Job. Dream Job. Freshersworld.com O const $olatile unsigned i,D<P printf)0%d0,i+P Q printf)0%d0,i+P Q printf)0%d0,i+P Q Answer: D<,-<,7< Explanation: GOG introduces ne. bloc: and thus ne. scope. In the innermost bloc: i is declared as, const $olatile unsigned .hich is a $alid declaration. i is assumed of t%pe int. #o printf prints D<. In the ne&t bloc:, i has $alue -< and so printf prints -<. In the outermost bloc:, i is declared as e&tern, so no storage space is allocated for it. After compilation is o$er the lin:er resol$es it to global $ariable i )since it is the onl% $ariable $isible there+. #o it prints iGs $alue as 7<. (=+ main)+ O int 4YP O int i,7<P Y,JiP Q printf)0%d0,4Y+P Q Answer: 7< Explanation/ The $ariable i is a bloc: le$el $ariable and the $isibilit% is inside that bloc: onl%. 1ut the lifetime of i is lifetime of the function so it li$es upto the e&it of main function. #ince the i is still allocated space, 4Y prints the $alue stored in i since Y points i. main)+ O int i,?7P ?iP printf)0i , %d, ?i , %d Sn0,i,?i+P Q Answer: i , ?7, ?i , 7
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R<+

First Job. Dream Job. Freshersworld.com Explanation: ?i is e&ecuted and this e&ecution doesnGt affect the $alue of i. In printf first %ou Yust print the $alue of i. After that the $alue of the e&pression ?i , ?)?7+ is printed. R7+ #includeAstdio.h@ main)+ O const int i,;P float YP Y , ++iP printf)0%d %f0, i,++Y+P Q Answer/ Compiler error Explanation/ i is a constant. %ou cannot change the $alue of constant #includeAstdio.h@ main)+ O int a2-32-32-3 , O O7<,-,D,;Q, OC,(,R,'Q QP int 4p,4VP p,Ja2-32-32-3P 4V,444aP printf)0%d..%d0,4p,4V+P Q Answer: garbage$alue..7 Explanation: p,Ja2-32-32-3 %ou declare onl% t.o -! arra%s. but %ou are tr%ing to access the third -!).hich %ou are not declared+ it .ill print garbage $alues. 4V,444a starting address of a is assigned integer pointer. no. V is pointing to starting address of a.if %ou print 4V meAns.er/it .ill print first element of D! arra%. #includeAstdio.h@ main)+ O register i,CP char Y23, 0hello0P printf)0%s %d0,Y,i+P Q Answer: hello C Explanation/
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R-+

RD+

First Job. Dream Job. Freshersworld.com if %ou declare i as register compiler .ill treat it as ordinar% integer and it .ill ta:e integer $alue. i $alue ma% be stored either in register or in memor%. R;+ main)+ O int i,C,Y,(,*P printf)0%d0,i+++Y+P Q Answer: 77 Explanation: the e&pression i+++Y is treated as )i++ + Y+ struct aaaO struct aaa 4pre$P int iP struct aaa 4ne&tP QP main)+ O struct aaa abc,def,ghi,Y:lP int &,7<<P abc.i,<Pabc.pre$,JY:lP abc.ne&t,JdefP def.i,7Pdef.pre$,JabcPdef.ne&t,JghiP ghi.i,-Pghi.pre$,JdefP ghi.ne&t,JY:lP Y:l.i,DPY:l.pre$,JghiPY:l.ne&t,JabcP &,abc.ne&t?@ne&t?@pre$?@ne&t?@iP printf)0%d0,&+P Q Answer: Explanation: abo$e all statements form a double circular lin:ed listP abc.ne&t?@ne&t?@pre$?@ne&t?@i this one points to 0ghi0 node the $alue of at particular node is -. struct point O int &P int %P QP struct point origin,4ppP main)+
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R(+

RR+

First Job. Dream Job. Freshersworld.com O pp,JoriginP printf)0origin is)%d%d+Sn0,)4pp+.&,)4pp+.%+P printf)0origin is )%d%d+Sn0,pp?@&,pp?@%+P Q Answer: origin is)<,<+ origin is)<,<+ Explanation/ pp is a pointer to structure. .e can access the elements of the structure either .ith arro. mar: or .ith indirection operator. #ote: #ince structure point is globall% declared & J % are initiali*ed as *eroes R'+ main)+ O int i,HlHabc)7<+P printf)0%dSn0,??i+P Q int HlHabc)int i+ O return)i+++P Q Answer: = Explanation: return)i+++ it .ill first return i and then increments. i.e. 7< .ill be returned. main)+ O char 4pP int 4VP long 4rP p,V,r,<P p++P V++P r++P printf)0%p...%p...%p0,p,V,r+P Q Answer: <<<7...<<<-...<<<; Explanation:

R=+

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First Job. Dream Job. Freshersworld.com ++ operator .hen applied to pointers increments address according to their corresponding data?t%pes. '<+ main)+ O char c,G G,&,con$ert)*+P getc)c+P if))c@,GaG+ JJ )cA,G*G++ &,con$ert)c+P printf)0%c0,&+P Q con$ert)*+ O return *?D-P Q Answer: Compiler error Explanation: declaration of con$ert and format of getc)+ are .rong. main)int argc, char 44arg$+ O printf)0enter the character0+P getchar)+P sum)arg$273,arg$2-3+P Q sum)num7,num-+ int num7,num-P O return num7+num-P Q Answer: Compiler error. Explanation: arg$273 J arg$2-3 are strings. The% are passed to the function sum .ithout con$erting it to integer $alues. # include Astdio.h@ int oneHd23,O7,-,DQP main)+ O int 4ptrP ptr,oneHdP ptr+,DP printf)0%d0,4ptr+P Q
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'7+

'-+

First Job. Dream Job. Freshersworld.com Answer/ garbage $alue Explanation: ptr pointer is pointing to out of the arra% range of oneHd. 'D+ # includeAstdio.h@ aaa)+ O printf)0hi0+P Q bbb)+O printf)0hello0+P Q ccc)+O printf)0b%e0+P Q main)+ O int )4ptr2D3+)+P ptr2<3,aaaP ptr273,bbbP ptr2-3,cccP ptr2-3)+P Q Answer/ b%e Explanation: ptr is arra% of pointers to functions of return t%pe int.ptr2<3 is assigned to address of the function aaa. #imilarl% ptr273 and ptr2-3 for bbb and ccc respecti$el%. ptr2-3)+ is in effect of .riting ccc)+, since ptr2-3 points to ccc. #includeAstdio.h@ main)+ O 9IIW 4ptrP char iP ptr,fopen)0***.c0,0r0+P .hile))i,fgetch)ptr++B,W"9+ printf)0%c0,i+P Q Answer: contents of ***.c follo.ed b% an infinite loop Explanation: The condition is chec:ed against W"9, it should be chec:ed against >8II.

'C+

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First Job. Dream Job. Freshersworld.com '(+ main)+ O int i ,<PY,<P if)i JJ Y+++ printf)0%d..%d0,i++,Y+P printf)0%d..%d,i,Y+P Q Answer: <..< Explanation: The $alue of i is <. #ince this information is enough to determine the truth $alue of the boolean e&pression. #o the statement follo.ing the if statement is not e&ecuted. The $alues of i and Y remain unchanged and get printed. main)+ O int iP i , abc)+P printf)0%d0,i+P Q abc)+ O HA^ , 7<<<P Q Answer: 7<<< Explanation: >ormall% the return $alue from the function is through the information from the accumulator. 6ere HA6 is the pseudo global $ariable denoting the accumulator. 6ence, the $alue of the accumulator is set 7<<< so the function returns $alue 7<<<. int iP main)+O int tP for ) t,;Pscanf)0%d0,Ji+?tPprintf)0%dSn0,i++ printf)0%d??0,t??+P Q // If the inputs are <,7,-,D find the o/p Answer: ;??< D??7 -??Explanation: Iet us assume some &, scanf)0%d0,Ji+?t the $alues during e&ecution
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'R+

''+

First Job. Dream Job. Freshersworld.com .ill be, t i ; < D 7 '=+

& ?; ?<

main)+O int a, <Pint b , -<Pchar & ,7Pchar % ,7<P if)a,b,&,%+ printf)0hello0+P Q Answer: hello Explanation: The comma operator has associati$it% from left to right. "nl% the rightmost $alue is returned and the other $alues are e$aluated and ignored. Thus the $alue of last $ariable % is returned to chec: in if. #ince it is a non *ero $alue if becomes true so, 0hello0 .ill be printed. main)+O unsigned int iP for)i,7Pi@?-Pi??+ printf)0c aptitude0+P Q Explanation: i is an unsigned integer. It is compared .ith a signed $alue. #ince the both t%pes doesnGt match, signed is promoted to unsigned $alue. The unsigned eVui$alent of ?- is a huge $alue so condition becomes false and control comes out of the loop. In the follo.ing pgm add a stmt in the function fun such that the address of GaG gets stored in GYG. main)+O int 4 YP $oid fun)int 44+P fun)JY+P Q $oid fun)int 44:+ O int a ,<P /4 add a stmt here4/ Q Answer: 4: , Ja Explanation: The argument of the function is a pointer to a pointer.

=<+

=7+

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First Job. Dream Job. Freshersworld.com =-+ Ehat are the follo.ing notations of defining functions :no.n as? i. int abc)int a,float b+ O /4 some code 4/ Q ii. int abc)a,b+ int aP float bP O /4 some code4/ Q Answer: i. A>#I C notation ii. \ernighan J Kitche notation main)+ O char 4pP p,0%dSn0P p++P p++P printf)p?-,D<<+P Q Answer: D<< Explanation: The pointer points to % since it is incremented t.ice and again decremented b% -, it points to G%dSnG and D<< is printed. main)+O char a27<<3P a2<3,GaGPa2733,GbGPa2-3,GcGPa2;3,GdGP abc)a+P Q abc)char a23+O a++P printf)0%c0,4a+P a++P printf)0%c0,4a+P Q Explanation: The base address is modified onl% in function and as a result a points to GbG then after incrementing to GcG so bc .ill be printed. func)a,b+ int a,bP O
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=D+

=;+

=C+

First Job. Dream Job. Freshersworld.com return) a, )a,,b+ +P Q main)+ O int process)+,func)+P printf)0The $alue of process is %d BSn 0,process)func,D,(++P Q process)pf,$al7,$al-+ int )4pf+ )+P int $al7,$al-P O return))4pf+ )$al7,$al-++P Q Answer: The $alue if process is < B Explanation: The function GprocessG has D parameters ? 7, a pointer to another function - and D, integers. Ehen this function is in$o:ed from main, the follo.ing substitutions for formal parameters ta:e place/ func for pf, D for $al7 and ( for $al-. This function returns the result of the operation performed b% the function GfuncG. The function func has t.o integer parameters. The formal parameters are substituted as D for a and ( for b. since D is not eVual to (, a,,b returns <. therefore the function returns < .hich in turn is returned b% the function GprocessG. =(+ $oid main)+ O static int i,CP if)??i+O main)+P printf)0%d 0,i+P Q Q Answer: <<<< Explanation: The $ariable 0I0 is declared as static, hence memor% for I .ill be allocated for onl% once, as it encounters the statement. The function main)+ .ill be called recursi$el% unless I becomes eVual to <, and since main)+ is recursi$el% called, so the $alue of static I ie., < .ill be printed e$er% time the control is returned. $oid main)+ O int :,ret)si*eof)float++P printf)0Sn here $alue is %d0,++:+P
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=R+

First Job. Dream Job. Freshersworld.com Q int ret)int ret+ O ret +, -.CP return)ret+P Q Answer: 6ere $alue is R Explanation: The int ret)int ret+, ie., the function name and the argument name can be the same. 9irstl%, the function ret)+ is called in .hich the si*eof)float+ ie., ; is passed, after the first e&pression the $alue in ret .ill be (, as ret is integer hence the $alue stored in ret .ill ha$e implicit t%pe con$ersion from float to int. The ret is returned in main)+ it is printed after and preincrement. ='+ $oid main)+ O char a23,07-D;CS<0P int i,strlen)a+P printf)0here in D %dSn0,++i+P Q Answer: here in D ( Explanation: The char arra% GaG .ill hold the initiali*ed string, .hose length .ill be counted from < till the null character. 6ence the GIG .ill hold the $alue eVual to C, after the pre?increment in the printf statement, the ( .ill be printed. $oid main)+ O unsigned gi$eit,?7P int gotitP printf)0%u 0,++gi$eit+P printf)0%u Sn0,gotit,??gi$eit+P Q Answer: < (CCDC Explanation: $oid main)+ O int iP char a23,0S<0P if)printf)0%sSn0,a++ printf)0": here Sn0+P
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==+

7<<+

First Job. Dream Job. Freshersworld.com else printf)09orget itSn0+P Q Answer: ": here Explanation: rintf .ill return ho. man% characters does it print. 6ence printing a null character returns 7 .hich ma:es the if statement true, thus 0": here0 is printed. 7<7+ $oid main)+ O $oid 4$P int integer,-P int 4i,JintegerP $,iP printf)0%d0,)int4+4$+P Q Answer: Compiler Wrror. Ee cannot appl% indirection on t%pe $oid4. Explanation: Uoid pointer is a generic pointer t%pe. >o pointer arithmetic can be done on it. Uoid pointers are normall% used for, 7. assing generic pointers to functions and returning such pointers. -. As a intermediate pointer t%pe. D. 8sed .hen the e&act pointer t%pe .ill be :no.n at a later point of time. $oid main)+ O int i,i++,Y,Y++,:,:++P printf)Z%d%d%d[,i,Y,:+P Q Answer: 5arbage $alues. Explanation: Gn id%ntifi%r is avai$a'$% to &s% in pro=ram cod% from th% point of its d%c$aration. #o e&pressions such as i , i++ are $alid statements. The i, Y and : are automatic $ariables and so the% contain some garbage $alue. Har'a=% in is =ar'a=% o&t (H)HI). $oid main)+ O
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7<-+

7<D+

First Job. Dream Job. Freshersworld.com static int i,i++, Y,Y++, :,:++P printf)Zi , %d Y , %d : , %d[, i, Y, :+P Q Answer: i,7Y,7:,7 Explanation: #ince static $ariables are initiali*ed to *ero b% default. 7<;+ $oid main)+ O .hile)7+O if)printf)0%d0,printf)0%d0+++ brea:P else continueP Q Q Answer: 5arbage $alues Explanation: The inner printf e&ecutes first to print some garbage $alue. The printf returns no of characters printed and this $alue also cannot be predicted. #till the outer printf prints something and so returns a non?*ero $alue. #o it encounters the brea: statement and comes out of the .hile statement. main)+ O unsigned int i,7<P .hile)i??@,<+ printf)0%u 0,i+P Q Answer: 7< = ' R ( C ; D - 7 < (CCDC (CCD;_.. Explanation: #ince i is an unsigned integer it can ne$er become negati$e. #o the e&pression i?? @,< .ill al.a%s be true, leading to an infinite loop. 7<C+ #includeAconio.h@ main)+ O int &,%,-,*,aP if)&,%%-+ *,-P a,-P printf)0%d %d 0,*,&+P
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7<;+

First Job. Dream Job. Freshersworld.com Q Answer: 5arbage?$alue < Explanation: The $alue of %%- is <. This $alue is assigned to &. The condition reduces to if )&+ or in other .ords if)<+ and so * goes uninitiali*ed. Thumb Rule: (hec: all control paths to .rite bug free code. 7<(+ main)+ O int a27<3P printf)0%d0,4a+7?4a+D+P Q Answer: ; Explanation: 4a and ?4a cancels out. The result is as simple as 7 + D , ; B 7<R+ #define prod)a,b+ a4b main)+ O int &,D,%,;P printf)0%d0,prod)&+-,%?7++P Q Answer: 7< Explanation: The macro e&pands and e$aluates to as/ &+-4%?7 ,@ &+)-4%+?7 ,@ 7< main)+ O unsigned int i,(C<<<P .hile)i++B,<+P printf)0%d0,i+P Q Answer: 7 Explanation: >ote the semicolon after the .hile statement. Ehen the $alue of i becomes < it comes out of .hile loop. !ue to post?increment on i the $alue of i .hile printing is 7. 7<=+ main)+ O int i,<P
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7<'+

First Job. Dream Job. Freshersworld.com .hile)+)+i??+B,<+ i?,i++P printf)0%d0,i+P Q Answer: ?7 Explanation: *nar( + is th% on$( d&mm( op%rator in @. #o it has no effect on the e&pression and no. the .hile loop is, .hile)i??B,<+ .hich is false and so brea:s out of .hile loop. The $alue T7 is printed due to the post?decrement operator. 77D+ main)+ O float f,C,g,7<P enumOi,7<,Y,-<,:,C<QP printf)0%dSn0,++:+P printf)0%fSn0,fAA-+P printf)0%lfSn0,f%g+P printf)0%lfSn0,fmod)f,g++P Q Answer: Iine no C/ Wrror/ I$alue reVuired Iine no (/ Cannot appl% leftshift to float Iine no R/ Cannot appl% mod to float Explanation: Wnumeration constants cannot be modified, so %ou cannot appl% ++. 1it?.ise operators and % operators cannot be applied on float $alues. fmod)+ is to find the modulus $alues for floats as % operator is for ints. 77<+ main)+ O int i,7<P $oid pascal f)int,int,int+P f)i++,i++,i+++P printf)0 %d0,i+P Q $oid pascal f)integer /i,integer/Y,integer /:+ O .rite)i,Y,:+P Q Answer: Compiler error/ un:no.n t%pe integer Compiler error/ undeclared function .rite Explanation:

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First Job. Dream Job. Freshersworld.com ascal :e%.ord doesnNt mean that pascal code can be used. It means that the function follo.s ascal argument passing mechanism in calling the functions. 777+ $oid pascal f)int i,int Y,int :+ O printf)Z%d %d %d[,i, Y, :+P Q $oid cdecl f)int i,int Y,int :+ O printf)Z%d %d %d[,i, Y, :+P Q main)+ O int i,7<P f)i++,i++,i+++P printf)0 %dSn0,i+P i,7<P f)i++,i++,i+++P printf)0 %d0,i+P Q Answer: 7< 77 7- 7D 7- 77 7< 7D Explanation: ascal argument passing mechanism forces the arguments to be called from left to right. cdecl is the normal C argument passing mechanism .here the arguments are passed from right to left.

77-+. Ehat is the output of the program gi$en belo. main)+ O signed char i,<P for)Pi@,<Pi+++ P printf)0%dSn0,i+P Q Answer ?7-' Explanation >otice the semicolon at the end of the for loop. T6e initial $alue of the i is set to <. The inner loop e&ecutes to increment the $alue from < to 7-R )the positi$e range of char+ and then it rotates to the negati$e $alue of ?7-'. The condition in the for loop fails and so comes out of the for loop. It prints the current $alue of i that is ?7-'.
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First Job. Dream Job. Freshersworld.com

77D+ main)+ O unsigned char i,<P for)Pi@,<Pi+++ P printf)0%dSn0,i+P Q Answer infinite loop Explanation The difference bet.een the pre$ious Vuestion and this one is that the char is declared to be unsigned. #o the i++ can ne$er %ield negati$e $alue and i@,< ne$er becomes false so that it can come out of the for loop. 77;+ main)+ O char i,<P for)Pi@,<Pi+++ P printf)0%dSn0,i+P Q Answer: 1eha$ior is implementation dependent. Explanation: The detail if the char is signed/unsigned b% default is implementation dependent. If the implementation treats the char to be signed b% default the program .ill print T7-' and terminate. "n the other hand if it considers char to be unsigned b% default, it goes to infinite loop. Rule: Xou can .rite programs that ha$e implementation dependent beha$ior. 1ut dont .rite programs that depend on such beha$ior. 77C+ Is the follo.ing statement a declaration/definition. 9ind .hat does it mean? int )4&+27<3P Answer !efinition. & is a pointer to arra% of)si*e 7<+ integers. Appl% cloc:?.ise rule to find the meaning of this definition. 77(+. Ehat is the output for the program gi$en belo. t%pedef enum errorT%peO.arning, error, e&ception,QerrorP
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First Job. Dream Job. Freshersworld.com main)+ O error g7P g7,7P printf)0%d0,g7+P Q Answer Compiler error/ Fultiple declaration for error Explanation The name error is used in the t.o meanings. "ne means that it is a enumerator constant .ith $alue 7. The another use is that it is a t%pe name )due to t%pedef+ for enum errorT%pe. 5i$en a situation the compiler cannot distinguish the meaning of error to :no. in .hat sense the error is used/ error g7P g7,errorP // .hich error it refers in each case? Ehen the compiler can distinguish bet.een usages then it .ill not issue error )in pure technical terms, names can onl% be o$erloaded in different namespaces+. Note/ the e&tra comma in the declaration, enum errorT%peO.arning, error, e&ception,Q is not an error. An e&tra comma is $alid and is pro$ided Yust for programmerNs con$enience. 77R+ t%pedef struct errorOint .arning, error, e&ceptionPQerrorP main)+ O error g7P g7.error ,7P printf)0%d0,g7.error+P Q 7 Explanation The three usages of name errors can be distinguishable b% the compiler at an% instance, so $alid )the% are in different namespaces+. T%pedef struct errorOint .arning, error, e&ceptionPQerrorP This error can be used onl% b% preceding the error b% struct :a%.ord as in/ struct error someWrrorP t%pedef struct errorOint .arning, error, e&ceptionPQerrorP This can be used onl% after . )dot+ or ?@ )arro.+ operator preceded b% the $ariable name as in / g7.error ,7P
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Answer

First Job. Dream Job. Freshersworld.com printf)0%d0,g7.error+P t%pedef struct errorOint .arning, error, e&ceptionPQerrorP This can be used to define $ariables .ithout using the preceding struct :e%.ord as in/ error g7P #ince the compiler can perfectl% distinguish bet.een these three usages, it is perfectl% legal and $alid. #ote This code is gi$en here to Yust e&plain the concept behind. In real programming donNt use such o$erloading of names. It reduces the readabilit% of the code. ossible doesnNt mean that .e should use itB 77'+ #ifdef something int some,<P #endif main)+ O int thing , <P printf)0%d %dSn0, some ,thing+P Q Answer: Compiler error / undefined s%mbol some Explanation: This is a $er% simple e&ample for conditional compilation. The name something is not alread% :no.n to the compiler ma:ing the declaration int some , <P effecti$el% remo$ed from the source code. 77=+ #if something ,, < int some,<P #endif main)+ O int thing , <P printf)0%d %dSn0, some ,thing+P Q Answer << Explanation

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First Job. Dream Job. Freshersworld.com This code is to sho. that preprocessor e&pressions are not the same as the ordinar% e&pressions. If a name is not :no.n the preprocessor treats it to be eVual to *ero. 7-<+. Ehat is the output for the follo.ing program main)+ O int arr-!2D32D3P printf)0%dSn0, ))arr-!,,4 arr-!+JJ)4 arr-! ,, arr-!2<3++ +P Q Answer 7 Explanation This is due to the close relation bet.een the arra%s and pointers. > dimensional arra%s are made up of )>?7+ dimensional arra%s. arr-! is made up of a D single arra%s that contains D integers each . arr-! arr-!273 arr-!2-3 arr-!2D3

The name arr-! refers to the beginning of all the D arra%s. 4arr-! refers to the start of the first 7! arra% )of D integers+ that is the same address as arr-!. #o the e&pression )arr-! ,, 4arr-!+ is true )7+. #imilarl%, 4arr-! is nothing but 4)arr-! + <+, adding a *ero doesnNt change the $alue/meaning. Again arr-!2<3 is the another .a% of telling 4)arr-! + <+. #o the e&pression )4)arr-! + <+ ,, arr-!2<3+ is true )7+. #ince both parts of the e&pression e$aluates to true the result is true)7+ and the same is printed. 7-7+ $oid main)+ O if)`< ,, )unsigned int+?7+ printf)ZXou can ans.er this if %ou :no. ho. $alues are represented in memor%[+P Q Ans.er

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First Job. Dream Job. Freshersworld.com Xou can ans.er this if %ou :no. ho. $alues are represented in memor% W&planation ` )tilde operator or bit?.ise negation operator+ operates on < to produce all ones to fill the space for an integer. T7 is represented in unsigned $alue as all 7Ns and so both are eVual. 7--+ int s.ap)int 4a,int 4b+ O 4a,4a+4bP4b,4a?4bP4a,4a?4bP Q main)+ O int &,7<,%,-<P s.ap)J&,J%+P printf)0&, %d % , %dSn0,&,%+P Q Ans.er & , -< % , 7< W&planation This is one .a% of s.apping t.o $alues. #imple chec:ing .ill help understand this. 7-D+ main)+ O char 4p , Za%Vm[P printf)Z%c[,++4)p++++P Q Ans.er/ b main)+ O int i,CP printf)0%d0,++i+++P Q Answer: Compiler error/ I$alue reVuired in function main Explanation: ++i %ields an r$alue. 9or postfi& ++ to operate an l$alue is reVuired. 7-C+ main)+ O char 4p , Za%Vm[P char cP
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7-;+

First Job. Dream Job. Freshersworld.com c , ++4p++P printf)Z%c[,c+P Q Answer: b Explanation: There is no difference bet.een the e&pression ++4)p+++ and + +4p++. arenthesis Yust .or:s as a $isual clue for the reader to see .hich e&pression is first e$aluated. 7-(+ int aaa)+ Oprintf)Z6i[+PQ int bbb)+Oprintf)Zhello[+PQ in% ccc)+Oprintf)Zb%e[+PQ main)+ O int ) 4 ptr2D3+ )+P ptr2<3 , aaaP ptr273 , bbbP ptr2-3 ,cccP ptr2-3)+P Q Ans.er/ b!e W&planation/ int )4 ptr2D3+)+ sa%s that ptr is an arra% of pointers to functions that ta:es no arguments and returns the t%pe int. 1% the assignment ptr2<3 , aaaP it means that the first function pointer in the arra% is initiali*ed .ith the address of the function aaa. #imilarl%, the other t.o arra% elements also get initiali*ed .ith the addresses of the functions bbb and ccc. #ince ptr2-3 contains the address of the function ccc, the call to the function ptr2-3)+ is same as calling ccc)+. #o it results in printing 0b%e0. 7-R+ main)+ O int i,CP printf)Z%d[,i,++i ,,(+P Q Answer: 1 Explanation:

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First Job. Dream Job. Freshersworld.com The e&pression can be treated as i , )++i,,(+, because ,, is of higher precedence than , operator. In the inner e&pression, ++i is eVual to ( %ielding true)7+. 6ence the result. 7-'+ main)+ O char p2 3,0%dSn0P p273 , GcGP printf)p,(C+P Q Answer: A Explanation: !ue to the assignment p273 , McN the string becomes, Z%cSn[. #ince this string becomes the format string for printf and A#CII $alue of (C is MAN, the same gets printed. 7-=+ $oid ) 4 abc) int, $oid ) 4def+ )+ + + )+P Ans.er// abc is a ptr to a function .hich ta:es - parameters .)a+. an integer $ariable.)b+. a ptrto a funtion .hich returns $oid. the return t%pe of the function is $oid. Explanation: Appl% the cloc:?.ise rule to find the result. 7D<+ main)+ O .hile )strcmp)Zsome[,[someS<[++ printf)Z#trings are not eVualSn[+P Q Answer: >o output Explanation: Wnding the string constant .ith S< e&plicitl% ma:es no difference. #o Zsome[ and ZsomeS<[ are eVui$alent. #o, strcmp returns < )false+ hence brea:ing out of the .hile loop. main)+ O char str723 , OMsN,NoN,NmN,NeNQP char str-23 , OMsN,NoN,NmN,NeN,NS<NQP .hile )strcmp)str7,str-++ printf)Z#trings are not eVualSn[+P Q
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7D7+

First Job. Dream Job. Freshersworld.com Answer: Z#trings are not eVual[ Z#trings are not eVual[ _. Explanation: If a string constant is initiali*ed e&plicitl% .ith characters, MS<N is not appended automaticall% to the string. #ince str7 doesnNt ha$e null termination, it treats .hate$er the $alues that are in the follo.ing positions as part of the string until it randoml% reaches a MS<N. #o str7 and str- are not the same, hence the result. 7D-+ main)+ O int i , DP for )Pi++,<P+ printf)Z%d[,i+P Q Answer: Compiler Wrror/ I$alue reVuired. Explanation: As .e :no. that increment operators return r$alues and hence it cannot appear on the left hand side of an assignment operation. 7DD+ $oid main)+ O int 4mptr, 4cptrP mptr , )int4+malloc)si*eof)int++P printf)Z%d[,4mptr+P int 4cptr , )int4+calloc)si*eof)int+,7+P printf)Z%d[,4cptr+P Q Answer: garbage?$alue < Explanation: The memor% space allocated b% malloc is uninitiali*ed, .hereas calloc returns the allocated memor% space initiali*ed to *eros. $oid main)+ O static int iP .hile)iA,7<+ )i@-+?i++/i??P printf)Z%d[, i+P Q Answer:
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7D;+

First Job. Dream Job. Freshersworld.com D-R(R Explanation: #ince i is static it is initiali*ed to <. Inside the .hile loop the conditional operator e$aluates to false, e&ecuting i??. This continues till the integer $alue rotates to positi$e $alue )D-R(R+. The .hile condition becomes false and hence, comes out of the .hile loop, printing the i $alue. 7DC+ main)+ O int i,7<,Y,-<P Y , i, Y?)i,Y+?i/Y/YP printf)0%d %d0,i,Y+P Q Answer: 7< 7< Explanation: The Ternar% operator ) ? / + is eVui$alent for if?then?else statement. #o the Vuestion can be .ritten as/ if)i,Y+ O if)i,Y+ Y , iP else Y , YP Q else Y , YP 7D(+ 7. const char 4aP -. char4 const aP D. char const 4aP ?!ifferentiate the abo$e declarations. Answer: 7. GconstG applies to char 4 rather than GaG ) pointer to a constant char + 4a,G9G / illegal a,06i0 / legal -. GconstG applies to GaG rather than to the $alue of a )constant pointer to char + 4a,G9G a,06i0 / legal / illegal

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First Job. Dream Job. Freshersworld.com D. #ame as 7. 7DR+ main)+ O int i,C,Y,7<P i,iJ,YJJ7<P printf)0%d %d0,i,Y+P Q Answer: 7 7< Explanation: The e&pression can be .ritten as i,)iJ,)YJJ7<++P The inner e&pression )YJJ7<+ e$aluates to 7 because Y,,7<. i is C. i , CJ7 is 7. 6ence the result. 7D'+ main)+ O int i,;,Y,RP Y , Y LL i++ JJ printf)0X"8 CA>0+P printf)0%d %d0, i, Y+P Q Answer: ;7 Explanation: Jh% 'oo$%an %3pr%ssion n%%ds to '% %va$&at%d on$( ti$$ th% tr&th va$&% of th% %3pr%ssion is not 5no;n. Y is not eVual to *ero itself means that the e&pressionNs truth $alue is 7. 1ecause it is follo.ed b% LL and tr&% 88 (an(thin=) =C tr&% ;h%r% (an(thin=) ;i$$ not '% %va$&at%d. #o the remaining e&pression is not e$aluated and so the $alue of i remains the same. #imilarl% .hen JJ operator is in$ol$ed in an e&pression, .hen an% of the operands become false, the .hole e&pressionNs truth $alue becomes false and hence the remaining e&pression .ill not be e$aluated. fa$s% 77 (an(thin=) =C fa$s% ;h%r% (an(thin=) ;i$$ not '% %va$&at%d. 7D=+ main)+ O register int a,-P printf)0Address of a , %d0,Ja+P printf)0Ualue of a , %d0,a+P Q Answer: Compier Wrror/ GJG on register $ariable
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First Job. Dream Job. Freshersworld.com Rule to Remember: & (address of ) operator cannot be applied on register variables 7;<+ main)+ O float i,7.CP s.itch)i+ O case 7/ printf)070+P case -/ printf)0-0+P default / printf)0<0+P Q Q Answer: Compiler Wrror/ s.itch e&pression not integral Explanation: K;itch stat%m%nts can '% app$i%d on$( to int%=ra$ t(p%s. 7;7+ main)+ O e&tern iP printf)0%dSn0,i+P O int i,-<P printf)0%dSn0,i+P Q Q Answer: Iin:er Wrror / 8nresol$ed e&ternal s%mbol i Explanation: The identifier i is a$ailable in the inner bloc: and so using e&tern has no use in resol$ing it. 7;-+ main)+ O int a,-,4f7,4f-P f7,f-,JaP 4f-+,4f-+,a+,-.CP printf)0Sn%d %d %d0,a,4f7,4f-+P Q Answer: 7( 7( 7( Explanation: f7 and f- both refer to the same memor% location a. #o changes through f7 and f- ultimatel% affects onl% the $alue of a.

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First Job. Dream Job. Freshersworld.com 7;D+ main)+ O char 4p,05""!0P char a2 3,05""!0P printf)0Sn si*eof)p+ , %d, si*eof)4p+ , %d, strlen)p+ , %d0, si*eof)p+, si*eof)4p+, strlen)p++P printf)0Sn si*eof)a+ , %d, strlen)a+ , %d0, si*eof)a+, strlen)a++P Q Answer: si*eof)p+ , -, si*eof)4p+ , 7, strlen)p+ , ; si*eof)a+ , C, strlen)a+ , ; Explanation: si*eof)p+ ,@ si*eof)char4+ ,@ si*eof)4p+ ,@ si*eof)char+ ,@ 7 #imilarl%, si*eof)a+ ,@ si*e of the character arra% ,@ C ?h%n si9%of op%rator is app$i%d to an arra( it r%t&rns th% si9%of th% arra( and it is not the same as the si*eof the pointer $ariable. 6ere the si*eof)a+ .here a is the character arra% and the si*e of the arra% is C because the space necessar% for the terminating >8II character should also be ta:en into account. 7;;+ #define !IF) arra%, t%pe+ si*eof)arra%+/si*eof)t%pe+ main)+ O int arr27<3P printf)ZThe dimension of the arra% is %d[, !IF)arr, int++P Q Answer: 7< Explanation: The si*e of integer arra% of 7< elements is 7< 4 si*eof)int+. The macro e&pands to si*eof)arr+/si*eof)int+ ,@ 7< 4 si*eof)int+ / si*eof)int+ ,@ 7<. int !IF)int arra%23+ O return si*eof)arra%+/si*eof)int +P Q main)+ O int arr27<3P printf)ZThe dimension of the arra% is %d[, !IF)arr++P Q Answer: 7
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7;C+

First Job. Dream Job. Freshersworld.com Explanation: Grra(s cannot '% pass%d to f&nctions as ar=&m%nts and on$( th% point%rs can '% pass%d. #o the argument is eVui$alent to int 4 arra% )this is one of the $er% fe. places .here 23 and 4 usage are eVui$alent+. The return statement becomes, si*eof)int 4+/ si*eof)int+ that happens to be eVual in this case. 7;(+ main)+ O static int a2D32D3,O7,-,D,;,C,(,R,',=QP int i,YP static 4p23,Oa,a+7,a+-QP for)i,<PiADPi+++ O for)Y,<PYADPY+++ printf)0%dSt%dSt%dSt%dSn0,4)4)p+i++Y+, 4)4)Y+p++i+,4)4)i+p++Y+,4)4)p+Y++i++P Q Q Answer: 7 D ; C ( R ' = 7 ; R C ' D ( = 7 D ; C ( R ' = 7 ; R C ' D ( =

Explanation: 4)4)p+i++Y+ is eVui$alent to p2i32Y3. 7;R+ main)+ O $oid s.ap)+P int &,7<,%,'P s.ap)J&,J%+P printf)0&,%d %,%d0,&,%+P Q $oid s.ap)int 4a, int 4b+ O 4a ], 4b, 4b ], 4a, 4a ], 4bP Q Answer: &,7< %,' Explanation:
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First Job. Dream Job. Freshersworld.com 8sing ] li:e this is a .a% to s.ap t.o $ariables .ithout using a temporar% $ariable and that too in a single statement. Inside main)+, $oid s.ap)+P means that s.ap is a function that ma% ta:e an% number of arguments )not no arguments+ and returns nothing. #o this doesnNt issue a compiler error b% the call s.ap)J&,J%+P that has t.o arguments. This con$ention is historicall% due to pre?A>#I st%le )referred to as \ernighan and Kitchie st%le+ st%le of function declaration. In that st%le, the s.ap function .ill be defined as follo.s, $oid s.ap)+ int 4a, int 4b O 4a ], 4b, 4b ], 4a, 4a ], 4bP Q .here the arguments follo. the )+. #o naturall% the declaration for s.ap .ill loo: li:e, $oid s.ap)+ .hich means the s.ap can ta:e an% number of arguments. 7;'+ main)+ O int i , -CRP int 4i tr , JiP printf)0%d %d0, 4))char4+i tr+, 4))char4+i tr+7+ +P Q Answer: 77 Explanation: The integer $alue -CR is stored in the memor% as, <<<<<<<7 <<<<<<<7, so the indi$idual b%tes are ta:en b% casting it to char 4 and get printed. 7;=+ main)+ O int i , -C'P int 4i tr , JiP printf)0%d %d0, 4))char4+i tr+, 4))char4+i tr+7+ +P Q Answer: -7 Explanation: The integer $alue -CR can be represented in binar% as, <<<<<<<7 <<<<<<<7. Kemember that the I>TWI machines are Msmall?endianN machines. Kma$$,%ndian m%ans that th% $o;%r ord%r '(t%s ar% stor%d in th% hi=h%r m%mor( addr%ss%s and th% hi=h%r ord%r '(t%s ar% stor%d in $o;%r addr%ss%s. The integer $alue -C' is stored in memor% as/ <<<<<<<7 <<<<<<7<.

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First Job. Dream Job. Freshersworld.com 7C<+ main)+ O int i,D<<P char 4ptr , JiP 4++ptr,-P printf)0%d0,i+P Q Answer: CC( Explanation: The integer $alue D<< in binar% notation is/ <<<<<<<7 <<7<77<<. It is stored in memor% )small?endian+ as/ <<7<77<< <<<<<<<7. Kesult of the e&pression 4++ptr , - ma:es the memor% representation as/ <<7<77<< <<<<<<7<. #o the integer corresponding to it is <<<<<<7< <<7<77<< ,@ CC(. 7C7+ #include Astdio.h@ main)+ O char 4 str , 0hello0P char 4 ptr , strP char least , 7-RP .hile )4ptr+++ least , )4ptrAleast + ?4ptr /leastP printf)0%d0,least+P Q Answer: < Explanation: After MptrN reaches the end of the string the $alue pointed b% MstrN is MS<N. #o the $alue of MstrN is less than that of MleastN. #o the $alue of MleastN finall% is <. !eclare an arra% of > pointers to functions returning pointers to functions returning pointers to characters? Answer: )char4)4+) ++ )4ptr2>3+) +P main)+ O struct student O char name2D<3P struct date dobP QstudP struct date
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7C-+

7CD+

First Job. Dream Job. Freshersworld.com O int da%,month,%earP QP scanf)0%s%d%d%d0, stud.rollno, Jstudent.dob.month, Jstudent.dob.%ear+P

Jstudent.dob.da%,

Q Answer: Compiler Wrror/ 8ndefined structure date Explanation: Inside the struct definition of MstudentN the member of t%pe struct date is gi$en. The compiler doesnNt ha$e the definition of date structure )for.ard reference is not allo.ed in C in this case+ so it issues an error. 7C;+ main)+ O struct dateP struct student O char name2D<3P struct date dobP QstudP struct date O int da%,month,%earP QP scanf)0%s%d%d%d0, stud.rollno, Jstudent.dob.month, Jstudent.dob.%ear+P

Jstudent.dob.da%,

Q Answer: Compiler Wrror/ 8ndefined structure date Explanation: "nl% declaration of struct date is a$ailable inside the structure definition of MstudentN but to ha$e a $ariable of t%pe struct date the definition of the structure is reVuired. 7CC+ There .ere 7< records stored in Zsomefile.dat[ but the follo.ing program printed 77 names. Ehat .ent .rong? $oid main)+ O struct student O char name2D<3, rollno2(3P QstudP 9IIW 4fp , fopen)Zsomefile.dat[,[r[+P .hile)Bfeof)fp++
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First Job. Dream Job. Freshersworld.com O fread)Jstud, si*eof)stud+, 7 , fp+P puts)stud.name+P Q Q Explanation: fread reads 7< records and prints the names successfull%. It .ill return W"9 onl% .hen fread tries to read another record and fails reading W"9 )and returning W"9+. #o it prints the last record again. After this onl% the condition feof)fp+ becomes false, hence comes out of the .hile loop. 7C(+ Is there an% difference bet.een the t.o declarations, 7. int foo)int 4arr23+ and -. int foo)int 4arr2-3+ Answer: >o Explanation: 9unctions can onl% pass pointers and not arra%s. The numbers that are allo.ed inside the 23 is Yust for more readabilit%. #o there is no difference bet.een the t.o declarations. Ehat is the subtle error in the follo.ing code segment? $oid fun)int n, int arr23+ O int 4p,<P int i,<P .hile)i++An+ p , Jarr2i3P 4p , <P Q Answer & Explanation: If the bod% of the loop ne$er e&ecutes p is assigned no address. #o p remains >8II .here 4p ,< ma% result in problem )ma% rise to runtime error Z>8II pointer assignment[ and terminate the program+. Ehat is .rong .ith the follo.ing code? int 4foo)+ O int 4s , malloc)si*eof)int+7<<+P assert)s B, >8II+P return sP Q Answer & Explanation:
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7CR+

7C'+

First Job. Dream Job. Freshersworld.com assert macro should be used for debugging and finding out bugs. The chec: s B, >8II is for error/e&ception handling and for that assert shouldnNt be used. A plain if and the corresponding remed% statement has to be gi$en. 7C=+ Ehat is the hidden bug .ith the follo.ing statement? assert)$al++ B, <+P Answer & Explanation: Assert macro is used for debugging and remo$ed in release $ersion. In assert, the e&perssion in$ol$es side?effects. #o the beha$ior of the code becomes different in case of debug $ersion and the release $ersion thus leading to a subtle bug. Rule to Remember: LonMt &s% %3pr%ssions that hav% sid%,%ff%cts in ass%rt stat%m%nts. $oid main)+ O int 4i , <&;<<P // i points to the address ;<< 4i , <P // set the $alue of memor% location pointed b% iP Q Answer: 8ndefined beha$ior Explanation: The second statement results in undefined beha$ior because it points to some location .hose $alue ma% not be a$ailable for modification. Jhis t(p% of point%r in ;hich th% non,avai$a'i$it( of th% imp$%m%ntation of th% r%f%r%nc%d $ocation is 5no;n as Eincomp$%t% t(p%E. #define assert)cond+ if)B)cond++ S )fprintf)stderr, 0assertion failed/ %s, file %s, line %d Sn0,#cond,S HH9IIWHH,HHII>WHH+, abort)++ $oid main)+ O int i , 7<P if)i,,<+ assert)i A 7<<+P else printf)0This statement becomes else for if in assert macro0+P Q Ans.er/ >o output Explanation: The else part in .hich the printf is there becomes the else for if in the assert macro. 6ence nothing is printed.
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7(<+

7(7+

First Job. Dream Job. Freshersworld.com The solution is to use conditional operator instead of if statement, #define assert)cond+ ))cond+?)<+/ )fprintf )stderr, 0assertion failed/ S %s, file %s, line %d Sn0,#cond, HH9IIWHH,HHII>WHH+, abort)+++ >ote/ 6o.e$er this problem of Zmatching .ith nearest else[ cannot be sol$ed b% the usual method of placing the if statement inside a bloc: li:e this, #define assert)cond+ O S if)B)cond++ S )fprintf)stderr, 0assertion failed/ %s, file %s, line %d Sn0,#cond,S HH9IIWHH,HHII>WHH+, abort)++ S Q 7(-+ Is the follo.ing code legal? struct a O int &P struct a bP Q Ans.er/ >o Explanation: Is it not legal for a structure to contain a member that is of the same t%pe as in this case. 1ecause this .ill cause the structure declaration to be recursi$e .ithout end. Is the follo.ing code legal? struct a O int &P struct a 4bP Q Answer: Xes. Explanation: 4b is a pointer to t%pe struct a and so is legal. The compiler :no.s, the si*e of the pointer to a structure e$en before the si*e of the structure is determined)as %ou :no. the pointer to an% t%pe is of same si*e+. This t%pe of structures is :no.n as Mself?referencingN structure. Is the follo.ing code legal? t%pedef struct a O int &P aT%pe 4bP
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7(D+

7(;+

First Job. Dream Job. Freshersworld.com QaT%pe Answer: >o Explanation: The t%pename aT%pe is not :no.n at the point of declaring the structure )for.ard references are not made for t%pedefs+. 7(C+ Is the follo.ing code legal? t%pedef struct a aT%peP struct a O int &P aT%pe 4bP QP Answer: Xes Explanation: The t%pename aT%pe is :no.n at the point of declaring the structure, because it is alread% t%pedefined. Is the follo.ing code legal? $oid main)+ O t%pedef struct a aT%peP aT%pe someUariableP struct a O int &P aT%pe 4bP QP Q Answer: >o Explanation: Ehen the declaration, t%pedef struct a aT%peP is encountered bod% of struct a is not :no.n. This is :no.n as Mincomplete t%pesN. $oid main)+ O printf)Zsi*eof )$oid 4+ , %d SnZ, si*eof) $oid 4++P printf)Zsi*eof )int 4+ , %d Sn[, si*eof)int 4++P printf)Zsi*eof )double 4+ , %d Sn[, si*eof)double 4++P printf)Zsi*eof)struct un:no.n 4+ , %d Sn[, si*eof)struct un:no.n 4++P Q
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First Job. Dream Job. Freshersworld.com Answer : si*eof )$oid 4+ , si*eof )int 4+ , si*eof )double 4+ , si*eof)struct un:no.n 4+ , Explanation: The pointer to an% t%pe is of same si*e. 7('+ char input#tring27<<3 , O<QP To get string input from the :e%board .hich one of the follo.ing is better? 7+ gets)input#tring+ -+ fgets)input#tring, si*eof)input#tring+, fp+ Answer & Explanation: The second one is better because gets)input#tring+ doesnGt :no. the si*e of the string passed and so, if a $er% big input )here, more than 7<< chars+ the charactes .ill be .ritten past the input string. Ehen fgets is used .ith stdin performs the same operation as gets but is safe. Ehich $ersion do %ou prefer of the follo.ing t.o, 7+ printf)Z%s[,str+P // or the more curt one -+ printf)str+P Answer & Explanation: refer the first one. If the str contains an% format characters li:e %d then it .ill result in a subtle bug. $oid main)+ O int i,7<, Y,-P int 4ip, Ji, 4Yp , JYP int : , 4ip/4YpP printf)Z%d[,:+P Q Answer: Compiler Wrror/ Z8ne&pected end of file in comment started in line C[. Explanation: The programmer intended to di$ide t.o integers, but b% the Zma&imum munch[ rule, the compiler treats the operator seVuence / and 4 as /4 .hich happens to be the starting of comment. To force .hat is intended b% the programmer, int : , 4ip/ 4YpP // gi$e space e&plicit% separating / and 4 //or int : , 4ip/)4Yp+P // put braces to force the intention .ill sol$e the problem.

7(=+

7R<+

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First Job. Dream Job. Freshersworld.com 7R7+ $oid main)+ O char chP for)ch,<PchA,7-RPch+++ printf)Z%c %d SnZ, ch, ch+P Q Answer: Implementaion dependent Explanation: The char t%pe ma% be signed or unsigned b% default. If it is signed then ch++ is e&ecuted after ch reaches 7-R and rotates bac: to ?7-'. Thus ch is al.a%s smaller than 7-R. Is this code legal? int 4ptrP ptr , )int 4+ <&;<<P Answer: Xes Explanation: The pointer ptr .ill point at the integer in the memor% location <&;<<. main)+ O char a2;3,06WII"0P printf)0%s0,a+P Q Answer: Compiler error/ Too man% initiali*ers Explanation: The arra% a is of si*e ; but the string constant reVuires ( b%tes to get stored. 7R;+ main)+ O char a2;3,06WII0P printf)0%s0,a+P Q Answer: 6WII%aB`aBa???a``B Explanation: The character arra% has the memor% Yust enough to hold the string Z6WII[ and doesnt ha$e enough space to store the terminating null character. #o it prints the 6WII correctl% and continues to print garbage $alues till it accidentall% comes across a >8II character. 7RC+ main)+
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First Job. Dream Job. Freshersworld.com O int a,7<,4YP $oid 4:P Y,:,JaP Y++P :++P printf)0Sn %u %u 0,Y,:+P Q Answer: Compiler error/ Cannot increment a $oid pointer Explanation: Uoid pointers are generic pointers and the% can be used onl% .hen the t%pe is not :no.n and as an intermediate address storage t%pe. >o pointer arithmetic can be done on it and %ou cannot appl% indirection operator )4+ on $oid pointers. 7R(+ main)+ O O O Q printf)0%d0,i+P Q printf)0%d0,i+P Q int iP 7RR+ rintf can be implemented b% using HHHHHHHHHH list. Answer: Uariable length argument lists 7R'+ char 4some9un)+ O char 4temp , Zstring constant0P return tempP Q int main)+ O puts)some9un)++P Q Ans.er/ string constant Explanation/ e&tern int iP int i,-<P const $olatile unsigned i,D<P printf)0%d0,i+P

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First Job. Dream Job. Freshersworld.com The program suffers no problem and gi$es the output correctl% because the character constants are stored in code/data area and not allocated in stac:, so this doesnNt lead to dangling pointers. 7R=+ char 4some9un7)+ O char temp2 3 , Zstring0P return tempP Q char 4some9un-)+ O char temp2 3 , OMsN, MtN,NrN,NiN,NnN,NgNQP return tempP Q int main)+ O puts)some9un7)++P puts)some9un-)++P Q Ans.er/ 5arbage $alues. Explanation/ 1oth the functions suffer from the problem of dangling pointers. In some9un7)+ temp is a character arra% and so the space for it is allocated in heap and is initiali*ed .ith character string Zstring[. This is created d%namicall% as the function is called, so is also deleted d%namicall% on e&iting the function so the string data is not a$ailable in the calling function main)+ leading to print some garbage $alues. The function some9un-)+ also suffers from the same problem but the problem can be easil% identified in this case.

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