(DAY 10) NUISANCE : TORT ARISING FROM PROPERTY USE Art. 694.

A nuisance is any act, omission, esta !is"ment, #siness, con$ition o% &'o&e't(, or anything else which: (1) Injures or endan ers the hea!th or sa"ety o" others# or ($) Annoys or o""ends the senses# or (%) &hoc's, de"ies or disre ards decency or (ora!ity# or (4) )*structs or inter"eres with the "ree +assa e o" any +u*!ic hi hway or street, or any *ody o" water# or (,) -inders or i(+airs the use o" +ro+erty. Art. 69.. The a*ate(ent o" a nuisance does not +rec!ude the ri ht o" any +erson injured to reco/er da(a es "or its +ast e0istence. Art. 699. The re(edies a ainst a +u*!ic nuisance are: (1) A +rosecution under the 1ena! 2ode or any !oca! ordinance: or ($) A ci/i! action# or (%) A*ate(ent, without judicia! +roceedin s. Art. .0%. A +ri/ate +erson (ay "i!e an action on account o" a +u*!ic nuisance, i" it is s+ecia!!y injurious to hi(se!". Art. .04. Any +ri/ate +erson (ay a*ate a +u*!ic nuisance which is s+ecia!!y injurious to hi( *y re(o/in , or i" necessary, *y destroyin the thin which constitutes the sa(e, without co((ittin a *reach o" the +eace, or doin unnecessary injury. 3ut it is necessary: (1) That de(and *e "irst (ade u+on the owner or +ossessor o" the +ro+erty to a*ate the nuisance# ($) That such de(and has *een rejected#
(%) That the a*ate(ent *e a++ro/ed *y the district hea!th o""icer and e0ecuted with the assistance o" the !oca! +o!ice#

(4) That the /a!ue o" the destruction does not e0ceed three thousand +esos. Art. .0,. The re(edies a ainst a +ri/ate nuisance are: (1) A ci/i! action# or ($) A*ate(ent, without judicia! +roceedin s. Art. .06. Any +erson injured *y a +ri/ate nuisance (ay a*ate it *y re(o/in , or i" necessary, *y destroyin the thin which constitutes the nuisance, without co((ittin a *reach o" the +eace or doin unnecessary injury. -owe/er, it is indis+ensa*!e that the +rocedure "or e0trajudicia! a*ate(ent o" a +u*!ic nuisance *y a +ri/ate +erson *e "o!!owed. Art. .0.. A +ri/ate +erson or a +u*!ic o""icia! e0trajudicia!!y a*atin a nuisance sha!! *e !ia*!e "or da(a es: (1) I" he causes unnecessary injury# or ($) I" an a!!e ed nuisance is !ater dec!ared *y the courts to *e not a rea! nuisance. CONCEPT Deri/ed "ro( the 4rench word nuire, which (eans to injure, hurt or har(. 5itera!!y: it (eans annoyance, or anythin that wor's hurt, incon/enience, or injury. 6uisance doctrine o+erates as a restriction u+on the ri ht o" the owner o" +ro+erty to (a'e such use o" it as he +!eases. 67I&A628 is a&&!ie$ to t"at c!ass o% )'on*s which arises from the unreasona*!e, unwarranta*!e, or un!aw"u! use *y a +erson o" his own +ro+erty,

Torts | Day 10 | 1

and which +roduces such (ateria! annoyance, incon/enience, disco("ort, or hurt, that the !aw wi!! +resu(e a conse9uent da(a e. Anythin that wor's an injury, har( or +rejudice to an indi/idua! or the +u*!ic is a nuisance. It e(*races *oth intentiona! har(s and those caused *y ne !i ence or rec'!essness. 5aw o" n#isance is a s# cate*o'( o% to't !a) in that the gravamen of the complaint in nuisance is the allegation of injury to person or property . Injury need not *e +hysica!, and can inc!ude injury to ri hts or +ro+erty enjoy(ent. To *e !ia*!e "or a nuisance, there (ust *e resu!tin enjoy(ent o" his !e a! ri hts. NUISANCE +s, TRESSPASS o A nuisance consists o" a #se o% one-s o)n &'o&e't( in such a manner as to cause injury to the +ro+erty or other ri ht or interest o" another, and enera!!y 'es#!ts %'om t"e commission o% an act e(on$ t"e !imits o% t"e &'o&e't( a%%ecte$, A tres+ass is a direct in"rin e(ent o" anot"e'-s 'i*"t o% &'o&e't(. An encroach(ent u+on the s+ace a*out another:s !and *ut not u+on the !and itse!" is a nuisance and not a tres+ass. (Conestee Mills v. Greenville) injury to another in the

In tres+ass, the injury is direct and i((ediate# in nuisance, it is conse9uentia!.

NUISANCE +s, NEG.IGENCE (1) As to 5ia*i!ity: there (ust *e so(e *reach o" duty. a. !ia*i!ity "or ne !i ence: *ased on a want o" care# *. !ia*i!ity "or nuisance: a +erson who creates or (aintains nuisance is !ia*!e "or the resu!tin injury to others re ard!ess o" the de ree o" care to a/oid the injury. ($) As to ;io!ation: a. 6uisance: /io!ation o" an a so!#te $#t(, the doin o" an act which is wron "u! in itse!"# *. 6e !i ence: /io!ation o" a 'e!ati+e $#t(, the "ai!ure to use the de ree o" care re9uired under +articu!ar circu(stances. (%) As to 2onse9uence: the da(a e is the necessary conse9uence o" what the de"endant is doin , or is incident to the *usiness itse!" a. 6uisance: a++!ies *. 6e !i ence: does not a++!y

It has *een he!d that where the acts or omissions constituting negligence are the identical acts which, it is asserted, give rise to a cause of action for nuisance , the ru!es a++!ica*!e to ne !i ence wi!! *e a++!ied.
Torts | Day 10 | 1

Ex. T"e #i!$in* o% a st'#ct#'e ma( e ne*!i*ence an$ at t"e same a n#isance 'en$e'in* t"e one c'eatin* it !ia !e )it"o#t &'oo% o% ne*!i*ence. <here howe/er, the !ia*i!ity o" the !essor o" a !and or *ui!din in a condition dan erous to the hea!th or sa"ety o" the +u*!ic de+ends u+on whether he 'new, or, with the e0ercise o" due care, ou ht to ha/e

'nown, o" its dan erous condition, an action *y one injured as a resu!t thereo" (ay ta'e the "or( o" one "or nuisance or one "or ne !i ence. o There (ay *e situations where what was !a)%#! in its o'i*in ma( t#'ne$ into a n#isance ( ne*!i*ence in maintenance . e

The coa! ho!e, *ui!t under a !icense, (ay in/o!/e a !ia*i!ity "or nuisance i" there is ne !i ence in co/erin it. The tu(*!edown house a*uttin on a hi hway is trans"or(ed into an un!aw"u! structure i" its ruinous condition is a (enace to the tra/e!er.

NUISANCE based on their nature: PER SE / PER ACCIDENS 67I&A628 PER E! an act, occu+ation, or structure which is un9uestiona*!y a n#isance at a!! times and #n$e' an( ci'c#mstances, regardless of location or surroundings . A nuisance *ecause o" its inherent 9ua!ities, +roducti/e o" injury or dan erous to !i"e or +ro+erty without re ard to circu(stance. A house o" +rostitution is a nuisance per se aside "ro( *ein a +u*!ic nuisance# a(*!in houses. "ouses constructed without o/ern(enta! authority on +u*!ic streets and ri/er *eds "or they o*struct at a!! ti(es the "ree use *y the +u*!ic o" said +!aces. #s such, they may $e summarily removed without judicial proceedings. A!! s9uatters on o/ern(ent resett!e(ent +rojects, they can *e a*ated or ejected without judicia! +roceedin s. (Mendo%a vs. &ational "ousing #uthority , 1012)

67I&A628 PER #CC'(E& : an act, occu+ation, or structure, not a n#isance &e' se, *ut which ma( ecome a n#isance ( 'eason o% ci'c#mstances3 !ocation3 o' s#''o#n$in*s. =aisin and *reedin +i s in a house within city !i(its is a nuisance +er accidens.

The di""erence *etween nuisance per se and nuisance per accidens !ies in t"e &'oo%, not in the remedy. The res+onsi*i!ity "or a nuisance "or either sort is the sa(e. PER E PER #CC'(E& whether it is a nuisance or not is enera!!y a 9uestion o" "act the thin *eco(es a nuisance as de+ends u+on its !ocation and a (atter o" !aw surroundin s, the (anner o" its conduct or other circu(stances e0istence (ay *e +ro/ed +roo" o" the act and its without a showin o" s+eci"ic da(a es conse9uences is necessary. the ri ht to re!ie" is esta*!ished *y a/er(ent and +roo" o" the (ere act a""ects the i((ediate sa"ety o" e/en the (unici+a! authorities, +ersons and +ro+erty wou!d not ha/e the ri ht to co(+e! the a*ate(ent o" a (ay *e su((ari!y a*ated under +articu!ar thin or act as a the unde"ined !aw o" necessity nuisance without reasona*!e notice to the +erson a!!e ed to *e (aintainin or doin the sa(e at the ti(e and +!ace o" hearin *e"ore a tri*una! authori@ed to decide whether such a thin or act does in !aw constitute a nuisance (Monteverde vs. Generoso,

8>I&T862 8 A3AT8?8 6T

Torts | Day 10 | 1

19$A) o NUISANCE according to the extent or scope of their injurious effects : PU4.IC / PRI5ATE 1735I2 67I&A628: the doin o" or the "ai!ure to do so(ethin that injurious!y a""ects sa"ety, hea!th, or (ora!s o" the +u*!ic, or wor's so(e su*stantia! annoyance, incon/enience, or injury to the +u*!ic. It is a nuisance which causes hurt, incon/enience, or da(a e to the +u*!ic enera!!y, or such a +art o" the +u*!ic as necessari!y co(es in contact with it in the e0ercise o" a +u*!ic or co((on ri ht. It is a condition o" thin s which is +rejudicia! to the hea!th, co("ort, sa"ety, +ro+erty, sense o" decency, or (ora!s o" the citi@ens at !ar e, resu!tin either "ro( an act not warranted *y !aw, or ne !ect o" a duty i(+osed *y !aw.

1=I;AT8 67I&A628: one which /io!ates on!y +ri/ate ri hts and +roduces da(a e to *ut one or a "ew +ersons, and cannot *e said to *e +u*!ic. It has *een said to e0ist where one is injured in re!ation to a ri ht which he enjoys *y reason o" his ownershi+ o" an interest in !and, and where an indi/idua! wron arisin "ro( an unreasona*!e, unwarranta*!e, or un!aw"u! use o" one:s +ro+erty +roduces such (ateria! annoyance, incon/enience, disco("ort, or hurt that the !aw wi!! +resu(e a conse9uent da(a e. 1735I2 a""ects the +u*!ic at !ar e or such o" the( as (ay co(e in contact with it 1u*!ic nuisances are indicta*!e, the co(+!ainant need not ha/e +ro+erty or use interest in any +ro+erty a""ected *y the de"endant:s conduct. 1=I;AT8 a""ects the indi/idua! or a !i(ited nu(*er o" indi/idua!s on!y. +ri/ate nuisance are actiona*!e, either "or their a*ate(ent or "or da(a es, or *oth. Injuncti/e re!ie" (ay *e ranted a ainst a +ri/ate nuisance. The co(+!ainant see's to +rotect his own, current interest in the undistur*ed enjoy(ent o" or *ene"it "ro( +ro+erty. The +!ainti"" need not own the +ro+erty C he need on!y *e a !aw"u! occu+ant, or the ho!der o" one or (ore other use ri hts.

&2)18

=8?8DB

TEST OF A PU4.IC NUISANCE

The distinction *etween a +u*!ic nuisance and a +ri/ate nuisance !ie in the e6tent o' sco&e o% its in7#'io#s e%%ect. The test o" a +u*!ic nuisance is the &ossi i!it( o% in7#'( o' anno(ance not to t"e &# !ic3 #t to a!! )"o come )it"in its s&"e'e,

o o

there is a tendency to the annoyance o" the +u*!ic, *y an in/asion o" its ri hts which a!! are entit!ed to e0ercise i" they see "it. that acts or conditions (ay *e *ene"icia! to the +u*!ic in so(e de ree wi!! not +re/ent the( "ro( *ein a nuisance, i" their e""ects are such as to "a!! within the de"inition o" a nuisance. Example! A +ri/ate *as'et*a!! court *ui!t on o/ern(ent !and de/oted to +u*!ic use, constitutes a +u*!ic nuisance as we!! as nuisance +er se and, there"ore, can *e su((ari!y a*ated. T"e %act t"at it is a!so #se$ as a +en#e %o' &# !ic meetin*s $oes not ma8e it !ess a n#isance,

1u*!ic nuisance a!ways arise out o" un!aw"u! acts, and an act cannot *e a nuisance i" it is !aw"u!, or is authori@ed *y a /a!id statute or ordinance, or is i(+erati/e!y de(anded *y +u*!ic con/enience.

MI9ED NUISANCES A nuisance (ay *e *oth +u*!ic and +ri/ate in character# it (ay *e a +u*!ic nuisance *ecause it /io!ates +u*!ic ri hts to the injury o" (any +ersons, and it (ay a!so *e +ri/ate in character in that it +roduces s+ecia! injury to +ri/ate ri hts to any e0tent *eyond the injury to the +u*!ic. Example! o A house a*uttin on a street rai!way trac' is a +ri/ate nuisance to the rai!way co(+any and a +u*!ic nuisance *ecause it o*structs the street. o =aisin and *reedin ani(a!s (+i s, oats and shee+) "or co((ercia! +ur+oses in a /icinity that is "ast *eco(in a "ashiona*!e residentia! district and where it is shown that the +!ace where the ani(a!s are 'e+t are "ound to *e unsanitary on account o" the o""ensi/e odors, +ernicious to hea!th, co(in "ro( (anure scattered therein, sta nant water, etc. constitutes *oth +u*!ic and +ri/ate nuisance.

The 'ee+in or stora e o" aso!ine (ay constitute a nuisance, either +ri/ate or +u*!ic. <hether or not it *eco(es a nuisance de+ends u+on the !ocation, the 9uantity, and other surroundin circu(stances. <hi!e it wou!d not necessari!y de+end u+on the de ree o" care used in the stora e, the (anner in which the tan's are constructed and o+erated (ay *e considered. ()avier v. *%aeta)

NOISE AS A NUISANCE D868=A55B: e/eryone is *ound to *ear the ha*itua! or custo(ary incon/eniences that resu!t "ro( the +ro0i(ity o" others, and so !on as this !e/e! is not sur+assed, he (ay not co(+!ain a ainst the(. o 37T: i" the +rejudice e0ceeds the incon/eniences that such +ro0i(ity ha*itua!!y *rin s, the nei h*or who causes such distur*ance is he!d res+onsi*!e "or the resu!tin da(a e, *ein ui!ty o" causin nuisance.

<-86 A2TI)6A358 o A noise (ay constitute an actiona*!e nuisance# it (ust *e a noise )"ic" a%%ects in7#'io#s!( t"e "ea!t" o' com%o't o% o'$ina'( &eo&!e in t"e +icinit( to an #n'easona !e e6tent. Injury to a +articu!ar +erson in a +ecu!iar +osition or o" s+ecia!!y sensiti/e characteristics wi!! not render the noise an actiona*!e nuisance.
Torts | Day 10 | 1

T8&T:

<hether ri hts o" +ro+erty, hea!th, or co("ort are so injurious!y a""ected *y the noise in 9uestion that the su""erer is su*jected to a !oss which oes *eyond the reasona*!e !i(it i(+osed u+on hi( *y the condition o" !i/in , or o" ho!din +ro+erty, in a +articu!ar !oca!ity in "act de/oted to uses which in/o!/e the e(ission o" noise a!thou h ordinary care is ta'en to con"ine it within reasona*!y *ounds.

ATTRACTI5E NUISANCE D868=A5 =758 Cthat when +eo+!e co(e to the !ands or +re(ises o" others "or their own +ur+oses, without ri ht or in/itation, they (ust ta'e the !ands or +re(ises as they see the(. I" they are e0+osed to injury "ro( unseen dan ers, the 'es&onsi i!it( t"e'e%o' is #&on t"emse!+es. (%A A(. Eur. $d A04.) 8>281TI)6 C An e0ce+tion to the ru!e a*so!/in "ro( !ia*i!ity owners or occu+ants o" +re(ises, in re"erence to injuries sustained *y +ersons tres+assin u+on their +ro+erty, is the soFca!!ed Gatt'acti+e n#isanceH doctrine. Thus, one )"o maintains on "is &'emises dan erous instru(enta!ities or a++!iances o% a c"a'acte' !i8e!( to att'act c"i!$'en in &!a( , and who "ai!s to e0ercise ordinary care to +re/ent chi!dren "ro( +!ayin therewith or resortin thereto, is !ia !e to a c"i!$ o% ten$e' (ea's )"o is in7#'e$ t"e'e ( , e/en i" the chi!d is technica!!y a tres+asser in the +re(ises. ( "idalgo Enterprises, 'nc. v. +alandan)

3A&I& )4 5IA3I5ITB. C"ound in the enera! ru!es which deter(ine the duty o" an owner or occu+ant to tres+assers and the de ree o" care which (ust *e e0ercised toward chi!dren o" tender years. P'esence o% c"i!$'en to o e antici&ate$ C

D868=A5 =758: an owner or occu+ant (ust e0ercise ordinary care to +re/ent an injury to a tres+asser whose +resence u+on the +re(ises is reasona*!y to *e antici+ated. )ne who (aintains u+on his +re(ises an instru(enta!ity or conditions attracti/e to chi!dren is *ound to antici+ate the +resence o" chi!dren who wi!! *e a!!ured to and u+on the +re(ises *y the attraction, and to e0ercise ordinary care "or the sa"ety o" such chi!dren. The use o" the e0+ression G att'acti+e n#isanceH is to desi nate a c!ass o" cases within the enera! ru!e that one is !ia*!e "or injury resu!tin to another "ro( "ai!ure to e0ercise the de ree o" care co((ensurate with the circu(stances. e ta8en %o' t"ei' sa%et(.

E6t'a &'eca#tions to o

the tender a e o" the chi!d re9uires the owner to ta'e +recautions "or sa"ety that he wou!d not *e *ound to ta'e "or the +rotection o" an adu!t. e e6&ecte$

C"i!$'en actin* #&on t"ei' instincts an$ im&#!ses to o

I" they !ea/e e0+osed to the o*ser/ation o" chi!dren anythin te(+tin to the( which they, in their i((ature jud (ent, (i ht natura!!y su++ose

Torts | Day 10 | 1

2hi!dren, where/er they o, (ust *e e0+ected to act u+on chi!dren:s instincts and i(+u!ses, and others, who are char ea*!e with a duty o" care and caution toward the(, (ust ca!cu!ate accordin !y.

they were at !i*erty to hand!e or +!ay with, it shou!d *e e0+ected that such !i*erty wi!! *e ta'en. A115I2ATI)6 T) 3)DI8& )4 <AT8= enera!!y is not a++!ica*!e to *odies o" water, arti"icia! as we!! as natura!, in the a$sence of some unusual condition or artificial feature other than the mere water and its location. T"#s3 a swi((in +oo! or +ond or reser/oir o" water is not considered an attracti/e nuisance. G6ature has created strea(s, !a'es and +oo!s which attract chi!dren. 5ur'in in their waters is a!ways the dan er o" drownin . A ainst this dan er, chi!dren are ear!ier instructed so that they are su""icient!y +resu(ed to 'now the dan er# and if the owner of private property creates an artificial pool on his own property, merely duplicating the work of nature without adding any new danger, I he is not !ia*!e *ecause o" ha/in created an attracti/e nuisance.H (-ida! o 8nter+rises, Inc. /. 3a!andan)

D8D=88 )4 2A=8 =8J7I=8D. C 6o one is an insurer o" the sa"ety o" chi!dren (ere!y *ecause he is the owner o" +!aces or a++!iances that (ay a++ea! to their youth"u! "ences. O'$ina'( o' 'easona !e ca'e o A !andowner has a ri ht to (aintain a dan erous instru(enta!ity on his +re(ises that are attracti/e to chi!dren, &'o+i$e$ "e e6e'cises o'$ina'( ca'e o' 'easona !e ca'e to +re/ent the( "ro( *ein injured whi!e +!ayin therewith. ta'e such (easures or +recautions: i/in warnin o" dan er, erectin uards, +ro/idin "ences or *arricades, insta!!in sa"ety de/ices, or "urnishin other (eans, as are reasona*!y su""icient to +re/ent tres+assin *y chi!dren It is the failure to take such precautions which authorizes a recovery under the doctrine of attractive nuisance.

Remote o' im&'o a !e in7#'ies o An owner o" !and is not 'e:#i'e$ to &'o+i$e a*ainst 'emote o' im&'o a !e in7#'ies to c"i!$'en who ca(e u+on the +re(ises, *ut on!( a*ainst s#c" in7#'ies as can e 'easona !( antici&ate$ to occur "ro( the o*ject or instru(enta!ity in/o!/ed. Any re9uire(ent m#st not e so one'o#s as to ma,e ownership or possession of property $urdensome instead of $eing profita$le or enjoya$le.

;it"o#t se'io#s incon+enience an$ *'eat e6&ense to o)ne' o There is no duty to ta'e +recautions where to do so wou!d *e i(+ractica*!e, unreasona*!e, or into!era*!e.
Torts | Day 10 | 1

The duty to sa"e uard the dan erous attraction is su*ject to the 9ua!i"ication t"at it can e $one )it"o#t se'io#s incon+enience an$ *'eat e6&ense to t"e o)ne', Example: one of the reasons given for the general rule that a fire escape is not an attractive nuisance is that it is impractica$le to construct fire escapes so that they will serve usefully for the purpose for which they are intended and yet $e inaccessi$le to adventurous children.

A6TI2I1ATI)6 )4 I6E7=8D 2-I5D:& 1=8&8628 The de"endant is not !ia*!e un!ess he 'new, or reasona*!y ou ht to ha/e 'nown, that the structure or instru(enta!ity was a!!urin to chi!dren and endan ered the(. G'o#n$ %o' antici&atin* c"i!$-s &'esence o C )ne o" the essentia! conditions o" !ia*i!ity under the doctrine o" attracti/e nuisance is that there (ust ha/e *een round "or antici+atin the +resence o" the injured chi!d, since, un!ess the +resence o" the injured chi!d is reasona*!y to *e antici+ated, the duty o" ta'in +recautions "or his sa"ety does not arise. The owners o" !and are not re9uired in usin it "or !e iti(ate +ur+oses to uard a ainst e/ery +ossi*!e dan ers to chi!dren. To chi!dren whose +resence u+on the +re(ises cannot *e reasona*!y antici+ated, they owe no duty to 'ee+ their !and "ree "ro( dan erous conditions. The owner:s 'now!ed e o" the chi!d:s +eri! (ay a++ear "ro( the nature and 'ind o" attraction or "ro( the !ocation and accessi*i!ity o" the attraction.

Reason Fo' C"i!$-s P'esence o The reason for an injured child-s presence upon the premises is im&o'tant in $ete'minin* )"et"e' t"e &'o&'ieto' s"o#!$ "a+e antici&ate$ "is &'esence. It (ay *e shown that the chi!d was u+on the +re(ises "or another reason, as where the chi!d was *rou ht u+on the +re(ises *y his +arent when the !atter entered on a +ersona! errand# or where the chi!d was +resent *y in/itation o" one not authori@ed *y the owner or occu+ant to act in this res+ect# or where he was (ere!y usin the +re(ises "or a shortcut, or as a /anta e +oint "or /iewin an inde+endent attraction u+on other +re(ises. C"i!$-s &'esence $#e to t"e att'action It (ust *e shown that the +resence o" the chi!d was due to the attraction. <here a chi!d is in a +!ace where he has a ri ht to *e, there is no reason "or antici+atin its +resence.

Dan*e's to )"ic" $oct'ine a&&!ica !e<not a&&!ica !e . o the dan er to the chi!d *e caused *y the attraction itse!", or *y so(ethin with which the attraction *rin s the chi!d in contact.
Torts | Day 10 | 1

A++!ica*!e "or the +rotection o" e/en a (edd!in chi!d# *ut it does not +rotect a chi!d a ainst the owner o" the +re(ises i" the dan er was not an incident to the +!ace, *ut was created *y the chi!d hi(se!". The character o" the dan er, as o+en and o*/ious, or hidden and !atent, is an i(+ortant consideration. The doctrine is !i(ited in its a++!ication to cases where the dan er is !atent, and a""ords no *asis "or a reco/ery where the injury co(+!ained o" was +roduced *y a +eri! o" an o*/ious or +atent character. A dan er which is not on!y o*/ious *ut natura!, considerin the instru(enta!ity "ro( which it arises, is not within the (eanin o" the attracti/e nuisance doctrine, "or the reason that an owner or occu+ant is entit!ed to assu(e that the +arents or uardian o" a chi!d wi!! ha/e warned hi( to a/oid such a +eri!. Pits an$ e6ca+ations on !an$ em o$( no $an*e's t"at a'e not 'ea$i!( a&&a'ent to e+e'(one, e/en to /ery youn chi!dren. 4or this reason, the +ro+rietor is under no o*!i ation, as a ru!e, to "ence or otherwise uard such +!aces, and he wi!! not *e !ia*!e "or injuries to chi!dren who (ay ha/e "a!!en therein.

o o o

6or is the !andowner !ia*!e "or injuries sustained *y earth "a!!in into e0ca/ations as a resu!t o" the e(*an'(ent *ein under(ined *y chi!dren. Dan*e's o% an o'$ina'( c"a'acte' as t"ose %'om %i'e an$ steam3 ma(3 "o)e+e'3 e so concea!e$ as to a#t"o'i=e a 'eco+e'(, The a*e o% t"e in7#'e$ c"i!$ is mate'ia! consi$e'ation in deter(inin whether the +eri! was one which he shou!d ha/e reco ni@ed. #gain, a child-s ,nowledge of the danger may $e inferred from the fact that he has $een warned thereof.

A4ATEMENT OF NUISANCE AND RECO5ERY OF DAMAGES, The action to a ate and the action to 'eco+e' da(a es are distinct re(edies either or $oth o" which the +!ainti"" (ay +ursue at his e!ection. The a*ate(ent o" a nuisance (ay ha/e ta'en +!ace a"ter injury or da(a e has a!ready *een caused. The injured +erson (ay sti!! reco/er da(a es resu!tin "ro( or rowin out o" the nuisance which has *een a*ated. .he rule is just and serves to discourage and punish anyone who causes a nuisance. The owner o" +ro+erty a*ated as a nuisance is not entit!ed to co(+ensation un!ess he can show that the a*ate(ent is unjusti"ied.

ACTION FOR DAMAGES AGAINST A NUISANCE, The action "or da(a es +er(its the +!ainti"" to reco/er "or a!! da(a es caused u+ to the ti(e o" the suit i" the nuisance was such that the de"endant (ay *e e0+ected to a*ate it. I" the de"endant "ai!s to a*ate the nuisance, its continuance constitutes a new nuisance and i/es rise to another action "or da(a es, as where the de"endant re+eated!y "!oods the +!ainti"":s !ands. 4#t i" the nuisance cannot *e a*ated or is such that the court wi!! not enjoin its continuance, a!! da(a es (ust *e o*tained in one action. The ri ht to successi/e actions ser/es the dou*!e +ur+ose o" co(+ensatin the +!ainti"" and inducin the de"endant to a*ate the nuisance. In addition, it +re/ents one +erson "ro( +ractica!!y co(+e!!in another to se!! a !e a! ri ht.

Torts | Day 10 | 1

.IA4I.ITY FOR DAMAGES IN CASE OF E9TRA> ?UDICIA. A4ATEMENT OF NUISANCE, Artic!e .0. +ro/ides "or two rounds to ho!d a +ri/ate +erson or +u*!ic o""icia! e0trajudicia!!y a*atin a nuisance !ia*!e "or da(a es. It ser/es the $#a! &#'&ose o" +ro/idin a sort o" deterrent a ainst the i(+ro/ident or unreasona*!e resort to the re(edy *y unscru+u!ous +arties A6D at the sa(e ti(e a""ords the /icti( a ci/i! re(edy to reco/er da(a es without +rejudice to such other re(edies ranted *y !aw.

STRICT .IA4I.ITY OF EMP.OYER TO PAY FOR DEAT@ OR IN?URIES TO EMP.OYEES A't, 1A11, O)ne's o% ente'&'ises and ot"e' em&!o(e's are o$liged to pay compensation for the death of or injuries to their la$orers, wor,men, mechanics or other employees , e+en t"o#*" t"e e+ent ma( "a+e een &#'e!( acci$enta! o' enti'e!( $#e to a %o't#ito#s ca#se, i" the death or +ersona! injury arose out o" and in the course o" the e(+!oy(ent . The e(+!oyer is a!so !ia*!e "or co(+ensation i" the e(+!oyee contracts any i!!ness or disease caused *y such e(+!oy(ent or as the 'es#!t o% t"e nat#'e o% t"e em&!o(ment . '/ ."E M' "#P 0# (1E .* ."E EMP2*3EE4 *0& &*.*R'*1 &EG2'GE&CE, *R 5*21&.#R3 #C., *R (R1&6E&&E , ."E EMP2*3ER "#22 &*. +E 2'#+2E /*R C*MPE& #.'*& . <hen the em&!o(eeBs !ac8 o% $#e ca'e cont'i #te$ to "is $eat" o' in7#'( , the co(+ensation sha!! *e e:#ita !( 'e$#ce$. o o The !an ua e o" the +ro/ision indicates that the sa(e is strict !ia*i!ity *ecause !ia*i!ity e0ists e/en i" the cause is +ure!y accidenta!. &ote! i" the death or injury is due to the ne !i ence o" a "e!!owFwor'er, the !atter and the e(+!oyer sha!! *e so!i$a'i!( !ia !e "or co(+ensation. I" a fellow7wor,er-s intentional or malicious act is the on!y cause o" the death or injury, the em&!o(e' s"a!! not e ans)e'a !e , 7658&& it shou!d *e shown that the !atter did not e0ercise due di!i ence in the se!ection or su+er/ision o" the +!ainti"":s "e!!owFwor'er (1$1., 622)

O;NER OF ANIMA.S A't, 211C, The +ossessor o" an ani(a! or whoe/er (ay (a'e use o" the sa(e is 'es&onsi !e %o' t"e $ama*e which it (ay cause, although it may escape or $e lost. This 'es&onsi i!it( s"a!! cease on!y in case the da(a e shou!d co(e "ro( "orce (ajeure or "ro( the "au!t o" the +erson who has su""ered da(a e. (190,) o The !an ua e o" the +ro/ision re/ea!s an e+i$ent intent to ma8e t"e &ossesso' o' )"oe+e' ma8es #se o% t"e anima!3 !ia !e in$e&en$ent o% %a#!t . 8>281TI)6: when the da(a e was caused *y "orce (ajeure or *y the +erson who su""ered the da(a e. (De"iras /. 8scaKo). That the owner or +osssesor o" the ani(a! is sti!! !ia*!e e/en i" da(a e was caused *y the ani(a! throu h the "au!t o" third +ersons. I" the acts o" a third +erson cannot *e "oreseen or +re/ented, then the situation is si(i!ar to that o" "orce (ajeure and the +ossessor is not !ia*!e. The 2i/i! 2ode +ro/ision is a++!ica*!e whether the ani(a! is do(estic, do(esticated or wi!d. (;esti! /s. IA2, 19A9).

Torts | Day 10 | 1

PROPRIETOR OF 4UI.DING<T@ING Art. $191. 1ro+rietors sha!! a!so *e res+onsi*!e "or da(a es caused: (1) 3y the e0+!osion o" (achinery which has not *een ta'en care o" with due di!i ence, and the in"!a((ation o" e0+!osi/e su*stances which ha/e not *een 'e+t in a sa"e and ade9uate +!ace# ($) 3y e0cessi/e s(o'e, which (ay *e har("u! to +ersons or +ro+erty# (%) 3y the "a!!in o" trees situated at or near hi hways or !anes, i" not caused *y "orce (ajeure# (4) 3y e(anations "ro( tu*es, cana!s, sewers or de+osits o" in"ectious (atter, constructed without +recautions suita*!e to the +!ace. (190A) Art. $19$. I% $ama*e re"erred to in the two +recedin artic!es shou!d *e the 'es#!t o% an( $e%ect in t"e const'#ction mentione$ in Artic!e 1.$%, the third +erson su""erin da(a es (ay +roceed on!y a ainst the en ineer or architect or contractor in accordance with said artic!e, within the +eriod therein "i0ed. (1909) Art. $19%. The "ea$ o% a %ami!( that !i/es in a *ui!din or a +art thereo", is 'es&onsi !e %o' $ama*es ca#se$ ( t"in*s t"'o)n o' %a!!in* %'om t"e same. (1910) o %rd +ersons who su""ered da(a es (ay +roceed on!y a ainst the en ineer or architect or contractor i" the da(a e re"erred to in Artic!es $190 and $191 shou!d *e the resu!t o" any de"ect in construction. 6e/erthe!ess, e/en in the a*sence o" the a*o/eF9uoted +ro/isions, actions "or da(a es in the situations s+eci"ied thereunder can sti!! e maintaine$ #n$e' A'tic!e 21AD *ecause any da(a e (ay *e considered as da(a e resu!tin "ro( the +ro+rietor:s "ai!ure to e0ercise due care in the (aintenance o" his *ui!din and that he used his +ro+erty in such a way that he injured the +ro+erty o" another.

$nd +ara ra+h o" Artic!e $191: &2 considered the e0cessi/e s(o'e a nuisance that (i ht *rin a*out de+reciation in the /a!ue o" adjoinin +ro+erties. -owe/er, the 2ourt ru!ed that there is no certain +ecuniary standard *y which such da(a e can *e (easured, and in that sense the threatened injury is irrepara$le and may appropriately $e restrained $y injunction ()!!endor" /. A*raha(son). The "act that the +ro+erty is !eased or in usu"ruct wi!! not e0e(+t the owner "ro( !ia*i!ity "or his duty to (a'e necessary re+airs re(ains a!thou h the +ro+erty is !e a!!y in the +ossession and contro! o" another. The !essee or the usu"ructuary is o*!i ed to noti"y or ad/ise the owner o" the need "or ur ent or e0traordinary re+airs. (Arts. ,9%, 166%.) The "ai!ure o" the !essee or usu"ructuary to i/e this notice wi!! entit!e the owner to rei(*urse(ent, "or the da(a es he (ay ha/e *een re9uired to +ay third +arties injured *y the co!!a+se o" the +ro+erty.

PRODUCT / SER5ICE .IA4I.ITY Art. $1A.. ?anu"acturers and +rocessors o" "oodstu""s, drin's, toi!et artic!es and si(i!ar oods s"a!! *e !ia*!e "or death or injuries caused *y any no0ious or har("u! su*stances used, a!thou h no contractua! re!ation e0ists *etween the( and the consu(ers. (n) o 1=)D72T 5IA3I5ITB 5A<

Torts | Day 10 | 1

o/erns the !ia*i!ity o" (anu"acturers and se!!ers "or da(a es resu!tin "ro( de"ecti/e +roducts. 5ia*i!ity "or de"ecti/e +roducts (ay *e ase$ on "raud, warranty, ne !i ence, or strict !ia*i!ity. (2ocaF2o!a 3ott!er:s 1hi!i++ines /s. 2A, 199%). Cons#me' Act o% t"e P"i!i&&ines F !aw that is (eant to +rotect the consu(ers *y +ro/idin "or certain sa"e uards when they +urchase or use consu(er +roducts. The +o!icy state(ent stated in Art. $ o" the !aw re/ea!s the enera! +!an i(+!e(ented in its s+eci"ic +ro/isions

Dec!a'ation o% 4asic Po!ic(. C It is the +o!icy o" the &tate to +rotect the interests o" the consu(er, +ro(ote his enera! we!"are and to esta*!ish standards o" conduct "or *usiness and industry. Towards this end, the &tate sha!! i(+!e(ent (easures to achie/e the "o!!owin o*jecti/es: a) +rotection a ainst ha@ards to hea!th and sa"ety# *) +rotection a ainst dece+ti/e, un"air and unconsciona*!e sa!es acts and +ractices# c) +ro/ision o" in"or(ation and education to "aci!itate sound choice and the +ro+er e0ercise o" ri hts *y the consu(er# d) +ro/ision o" ade9uate ri hts and (eans o" redress# and e) in/o!/e(ent o" consu(er re+resentati/es in the "or(u!ation o" socia! and econo(ic +o!icies. 1ri/ity o" contract is not re9uired under Artic!e $1A. *ecause it e0+ress!y a!!ows reco/ery a!thou h no contractua! re!ation e0ists. Gsha!!H indicates that the !ia*i!ity o" the (anu"acturer and +rocessor is strict. )udge anco e0+!ained that: GThat Artic!e $1A. is inc!uded in 2ha+ter on JuasiF de!icts is o" no (o(ent *ecause it does not preclude an action $ased on negligence for the same act of using noxious or harmful su$stance in the manufacturer or processing of the foodstuffs, drin,s, toilet articles or similar goods which caused the death or injury co(+!ained o", i% t"e in7#'e$ &a't( o&ts to 'eco+e' on t"at t"eo'(. And e/en under that theory it see(s o*/ious that +roo" o" ne !i ence is !i'ewise unnecessary *ecause it is su*su(ed "ro( the (ere a!!e ation and +roo" o" the essentia! "acts constitutin the cause o" action under this artic!e. In this res+ect strict !ia*i!ity in tort is indistin uisha*!e "ro( !ia*i!ity "or 9uasiFde!ict. T"e $istinction !ies in t"e 8in$ o% 'eco+e'a !e $ama*es an$ $e%enses a+ai!a !e #n$e' eac" ca#se o% action )"ic" )i!! e $isc#sse$ se&a'ate!(.H

RE CONSUMER ACT +is>E>+is STRICT .IA4I.ITY The +ro*!e( that is encountered in justi"yin strict !ia*i!ityunder Artic!e $1A. o" the 2i/i! 2ode is not +resent in the strict !ia*i!ity +ro/isions o" the 2onsu(er Act *ecause t"e !an*#a*e o% t"e a&&!ica !e &'o+ision is c!ea' an$ #nmista8a !e . Artic!e 9. o" the statute e0+ress!y +ro/ides "or !ia*i!ity "or de"ecti/e +roducts Ginde+endent!y o" "au!t.H .he provision is $road enough to cover cases governed $y #rticle 89:; of the Civil Code. A't, 0A, 2ia$ility for the (efective Products. C Any Fi!i&ino o' %o'ei*n (anu"acturer, +roducer, and any i(+orter, sha!! *e !ia !e %o' 'e$'ess, inde+endent!y o" "au!t, "or da(a es caused to consu(ers $y defects resulting from design, manufacture, construction, assem$ly and erection, formulas and handling and ma,ing up, presentation or pac,ing of their products, as well as for the insufficient or inade<uate information on the use and ha%ards thereo". A &'o$#ct is $e%ecti+e when it does not o""er the sa"ety ri ht"u!!y e0+ected o" it, ta'in re!e/ant circu(stances into consideration, inc!udin *ut not !i(ited to:

Torts | Day 10 | 1

a) +resentation o" +roduct# *) use and ha@ards reasona*!y e0+ected o" it# c) the ti(e it was +ut into circu!ation. A +roduct is not consi$e'e$ $e%ecti+e *ecause another *etter 9ua!ity +roduct has *een +!aced in the (ar'et. The (anu"acturer, *ui!der, +roducer or i(+orter sha!! not *e he!d !ia*!e when it e/idences: a) that it did not +!ace the +roduct on the (ar'et# *) that a!thou h it did +!ace the +roduct on the (ar'et such +roduct has no de"ect# &trict !ia*i!ity e/en e0tends to ser/ices under Artic!e 99 o" the 2onsu(er Act which i(+oses !ia*i!ity "or de"ecti/e ser/ice Ginde+endent!y o" "au!t.H &er/ice under Artic!e 99 (eans, Gwith res+ect to re+air and ser/ice "ir(s, ser/ices su++!ied in connection with a contact "or construction, (aintenance, re+air, +rocessin , treat(ent or c!eanin o" oods or o" "i0tures on !and, or distri*ution o" oods, or trans+ortation o" oods.H.

PERSONS .IA4.E I(+osed on the (anu"acturer. any +erson who (anu"actures, asse(*!es or +rocesses consu(er +roducts, e0ce+t that i" the oods are (anu"actured, asse(*!ed or +rocessed "or another +erson who attaches his own *rand na(e to the consu(er +roducts, the !atter sha!! *e dee(ed the (anu"acturer. In case o" I?1)=T8D 1=)D72T&, the (anu"acturer:s re+resentati/es or, in his a*sence, the i(+orter, sha!! *e dee(ed the (anu"acturer. o Thus, a su+er(ar'et that se!!s certain +roducts usin its own trade(ar', is considered the (anu"acturer e/en i", in "act, it was +roduced *y another +erson or entity.

Trades(an (Artic!e 9A, 2onsu(er Act) )rdinari!y is not !ia*!e "or da(a es caused *y de"ecti/e +roducts under the 2onsu(er Act. 5ia*!e on!y when: o o o it is not +ossi*!e to identi"y the (anu"acturer, *ui!der, +roducer or i(+orter# the +roduct is su++!ied, without c!ear identi"ication o" the (anu"acturer, +roducer, *ui!der or i(+orter# and he does not ade9uate!y +reser/e +erisha*!e oods.. Gthe +arty (a'in +ay(ent to the da(a ed +arty (ay e0ercise the ri ht to reco/er a +art o" the who!e o" the +ay(ent (ade a ainst the other res+onsi*!e +arties, in accordance with their +art or res+onsi*i!ity in the cause o" the da(a e e""ected.H

It sha!! inc!ude a su++!ier or distri*utor i": o the se!!er is a su*sidiary or a""i!iate o" the su++!ier or distri*utor#

Torts | Day 10 | 1

&e!!er a +erson en a ed in the *usiness o" se!!in consu(ers.

consu(er +roducts direct!y to

o o

the se!!er interchan es +ersonne! or (aintains co((on or o/er!a++in o""icers or directors with the su++!ier or distri*utor# or the su++!ier or distri*utor +ro/ides or e0ercises su+er/ision, direction or contro! o/er the se!!in +ractices o" the se!!er.H (Artic!e 4L*nM). )n the other hand, a distri*utor and a su++!ier are de"ined as "o!!ows:

REASONS ;@Y .IA4I.ITY IS IMPOSED ON MANUFACTURERS 1. The consu(er "inds it too di""icu!t to +ro/e ne !i ence a ainst the (anu"acturer. 2. &trict !ia*i!ity +ro/ides an e""ecti/e and necessary incenti/e to (anu"acturers to (a'e their +roducts as sa"e as +ossi*!e. 3. Res ipsa loquitur is in "act a++!ied, in so(e case, to i(+ose !ia*i!ity u+on +roducers who ha/e not in "act *een ne !i ent# there"ore ne !i ence shou!d *e dis+ensed with. 4. =e+uta*!e (anu"acturers do in "act stand *ehind their +roducts, re+!acin and re+airin those which +ro/e to *e de"ecti/e# and (any o" the( issue a ree(ents to do so. There"ore, a!! shou!d *e res+onsi*!e when injury resu!ts "ro( a nor(a! use o" a +roduct. 5. The (anu"acturer is in a *etter +osition to +rotect a ainst har(, *y insurin a ainst !ia*i!ity "or it, and, *y addin the costs o" the insurance to the +rice o" the +roduct, to +ass the !oss on to the enera! +u*!ic.

MEANING OF DEFECTI5E PRODUCT A'tic!e 0A of the Consumer #ct conte(+!ates (4) 'inds o" de"ects in +roducts: 1. ?anu"acturin De"ect C de"ects resu!tin "ro( (anu"acture, construction, asse(*!y and erection. 2. Desi n De"ect C de"ects resu!tin "ro( desi n and "or(u!as. 3. 1resentation De"ect C de"ects resu!tin "ro( hand!in , (a'in u+, +resentation or +ac'in o" the +roducts. 4. A*sence o" A++ro+riate <arnin C de"ect resu!tin "ro( the insu""icient or inade9uate in"or(ation on the use and ha@ards o" the +roducts.

.ACF OF ;ARNING: DUTY TO ;ARN A't, AG en%o'ce accurate products o% t"e Cons#me' Act e0+ress!y states as a +o!icy that the State s"a!! com&#!so'( !a e!in*, and %ai' &ac8a*in* to ena$le the consumer to o$tain information as to the nature, <uality and <uantity of the contents of consumer and to facilitate his comparison of the value of such products .

The o*!i ation is +ri(ari!y i(+osed on the (anu"acturer 8>281TI)6: the who!esa!er or retai!er (ay ha/e such o*!i ation i" they: (Artic!e .6). o o o are en a ed in the +ac'a in or !a*e!in o" such +roducts# +rescri*e or s+eci"y *y any (eans the (anner in which such +roducts are +ac'a ed or !a*e!ed# ha/in 'now!ed e, re"use to disc!ose the source o" the (is!a*e!ed or (is+ac'a ed +roducts.

?ini(u( !a*e!in re9uire(ents: whether it is "!a((a*!e or in"!a((a*!e# directions "or use, i" necessary# warnin o" to0icity# watta e, /o!ta e or a(+eres# or +rocess o" (anu"acture used i" necessary.

Torts | Day 10 | 1

Any word, state(ent or other in"or(ation re9uired sha!! a++ear on the !a*e! or !a*e!in with such cons+icuousness as co(+ared with other words, state(ents, desi ns or de/ices therein, and in such ter(s as to render it !i'e!y to *e read and understood *y the ordinary indi/idua! under custo(ary conditions o" +urchase or use. o PROOF OF DEFECT 4re9uent!y the +roduct in dis+ute wi!! ha/e *een destroyed, *eyond any +ossi*i!ity o" ana!ysis, or *e so co(+!e0 that a +!ainti"" wou!d ha/e a reater di""icu!ty in deter(inin the +resence o" de"ect than wou!d the (anu"acturer. In (ost cases, +roo" o" the de"ect (ust necessari!y *e *y circu(stantia! e/idence and in"erence as we!! as o+inion o" e0+erts. 6o enera! ru!e can ade9uate!y a++!y to the wide ran e o" such cases, each in/o!/in a di""erent (i0ture o" "act and in"erence, *ut "unda(enta! to any case is that so(e de"ect (ust *e +ro/ed. St'ict!( s&ea8in*, res ipsa lo<uitur has no a&&!ication to a st'ict !ia i!it( case *ecause determination of negligence is not material. -owe/er, the "act that the +roduct went wron (ay, in +ro+er cases, i/e rise to a +er(issi*!e in"erence that it was de"ecti/e and that the de"ect e0isted when it !e"t the hands o" the de"endant.

DEFENSES Artic!e 9.: +ro/ides that the (anu"acturer, *ui!der, +roducer or i(+orter sha!! not *e he!d !ia*!e when it e/idences: 1. that it did not +!ace the +roduct on the (ar'et# 2. that a!thou h it did +!ace the +roduct on the (ar'et such +roduct has no de"ect# 3. that the consu(er or a third +arty is so!e!y at "au!t. Artic!e 99 +ro/ides that the su++!ier o" the ser/ices sha!! not *e he!d !ia*!e when it is +ro/en: 1. that there is no de"ect in the ser/ice rendered# 2. that the consu(er or third +arty is so!e!y at "au!t.

Torts | Day 10 | 1