INTRODUCTION

For the understanding of human behavior in general and individual behavior in particular, a study of culture and personality is essential. This study of culture & personality lies at the meeting place of three long established sister disciplines namely psychology, sociology & anthropology. A physical environment is necessary for physical growth and maturation of the individual. But for the mental development of the individual, a social surrounding is necessary with whom the individual has to interact. social response socialization process begins with intimate contact of the mother & substitutes. The human personality is mostly acquired from the social environment. Though it is a physiological necessity of the infant to adopt with the physical environment, social adjustment seems important also for this purpose. This social environment which plays a vital role in the growth of personality includes culture, tradition and manners etc. The cultural patterns are transmitted traditionally from generation to generation through family, school, religion & customs etc. This transmission is acquired. Every individuals behavior is connected with a social situation and all social behaviors are cultural behavior.

What is culture Culture is a complex word meaning several thins. We actually use the term quite often and in various contexts. Dictionary gives its meaning as the training and refinement of mind, tastes and manners, the intellectual side of civilization. Culture consists of the learned and organized pattern of behavior of a particular society culture has a tremendous impact on human social behavior & socialization process. Culture consists of the learned & organized pattern of behavior characteristic of a particular society. We speak of culture in connection with behavior of people guided by moral values & human relations. We denote it by action, behavior & attitudes considered useful for the interest of the society or of a certain social group. We also mean it by standards of living, of habitation and clothing, of language, of thought and of work. Hence, culture provides a broad frame of reference for the existence and growth of the human beings. Social psychologists distinguish between material and non-material culture. The former includes technology, art forms, architecture, material goods & equipments used in daily life, in household, agriculture, trade and commerce, warfare and other social activities.
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Non-material culture includes literature, myths, intellectual traditions, beliefs legends and other forms of oral & written traditions.

Definitions of culture According to UNESCO Culture is usually interpreted as art. Edward B.Tylor in 1871: Culture, or civilization, is that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, law, morals, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society. Linton(1936) defines, Culture as the sum total of behavior pattern, attitudes and values shared and transmitted by the members of a given society. A.L. Kroeber and Clyde Kluckhon cited 164 definition of culture, ranging from learned behavior to ideas in the mind, a logical construct, a statistical fiction, a psycnic defence mechanism, and so on. Culture is a communication, communication culture.
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 Culture is the systems of knowledge shared by a relatively large group of people. G. Hofstede (1984) culture is the colleveive programming of the mine which distinguishes the members of one category of people from another. T. Parson (1949), Culture consists in those pattersn relative to behavior and the products of human action which may be inherited, that is, passed on from generation to generation independently of the biological genes.

Characteristics of culture 1. Culture is learnt: Culture is not or instinct, it is only learn tendency or instinct, it is only learned ways of behaving. For example, wearing clothes, combing hair, wearing ornaments, cooking the food, drinking from a glass, and reading a newspaper are cultural patterns of behavior which are learned by the individual. 2. Culture is social: Culture does not exist in isolation. It originates & develops through social interactions and is shared by the members of the society. It is the culture which helps the man to develop human qualities in a human environment. Culture is a product of the society, and human beings are both producer and product of the culture. 3. Culture is shared: Robert Bierstedt said that culture is something adopted, used believed, practiced or possessed by more than one person. It depends on group life for its existence. Culture exist whom it is shared by people, and perish when people reject it. 4. Culture is continuous and cumulative : Culture exists as a continuous flow of processes. It is a growing whole that involves the achievement of the past and the present, and provisions for the future

achievement of mankind. Hence, social psychologists, called culture as social heritage or the memory of the human race. 5. Culture is handed down: Culture is transmitted from one generation to the next not through genes but by means of socialization. As a human being, we are alike in many ways because cultural norms have been handed over to us for generations. 6. Culture is dynamic and adaptive : Though culture is relatively stable it is not altogether static. It is subject to slow but constant changes. Change and growth are latent in every culture. We find amazing growth in the present Indian culture when we compare it with the culture of the Vedic time. Culture is hence a dynamic phenomenon. Culture is also responsive to the changing conditions of the physical world. It intervenes in the natural environment and helps man in his process of adjustment. Just as we houses shelter us from storm, so does our culture help us to survive from natural danger. Hence, culture is highly adaptive. 7. Culture is normative and expressive: Culture is a normatic system by which there is social control in the people of sanctions. These sanctions lead people to follow the accepted moral and ethical norms. Culture is expressive and so on. Finally, culture is a system of ideas
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which enable the members of society to interpret the world meaningfully.

CULTURE AND PSYCHOLOGY Biological factors play a key role in organizing and regulating many aspects of human behavior. But human beings are different from most other animals because they are different from most other animals because they are at the same time social and cultural beings. They also possess highly, sophisticated tools to make their learning experiences cumulative. With the help of biological equipments, they interact with environment and create varieties of things that constitute their culture. The kind of house they live in, dress they wear, language they speak, relationship they maintain, the pattern of marriage they endorse all of these bear indelible influence of their culture. Hence, culture and behavior of human beings are inseparable. Classical psychologist did not infact, pay heed to culture as a source and context of influence. On human behavior and experience. With an indomitable desire to follow the models of physical and natural science, they tacitly assumed that human beings are same all across the globe. This resulted in the development of a context-free psychology subscribed to the SOR framework for the analysis of human behavior. As a result, the cultural context was not of much relevance to such endeavors, which is most part developed into a culture blind psychology.
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Gradually it was realized that there is a need to take culture seriously to understand and explain the large scale human differences across the world. In the recent past, psychologists have shown much interest in understanding the role of culture in mental processes and behavior. This has resulted in new subfields of psychology called cultural psychology, cross cultural psychology, and indigenous psychology. Cultural psychology asserts that human behavior is culturally constituted or patterned. Thus culture and behavior of human beings cannot be understood in isolation. There is no psychic unit of human kind and therefore, study of psychology means only as it is embedded in the culture. Cross cultural psychology tries to understand the nature of human diversity at the level of the individual, and to re-determine the existing psychological knowledge across various cultural contexts. Finally, cross cultural psychology seeks to integrate the finings from different cultures and to create psychology that is universal. Indigenous psychology tries to understand people in their own terms from an insiders perspective. It involves psychological knowledge that is native and not transplanted from another region. It is the system of psychological thoughts and practices that is rooted in a particular tradition.

THE INDIAN CULTURE

India is a one of the few countries in the world which has very ancient culture and civilization. Indias cultural history of several thousand years, show a subtle but strong thread of continuity in the assimilative power of the culture and the unique display of unity in diversity. The department of culture in the ministry of Tourism and culture play a vital role in the preservation, promotion and dissemination of Indian Art and Culture. Some of the present objectives of the Indian cultural policy are: Preservation of cultural heritage of India Inculcation of culture conscientiousness among the people. Promotion of high standards of performing and creative arts. Upholding the pluralistic traditions of the Indian culture. Relationship between culture and human behavior Since culture through its influence shapes ones personality it is impossible to study a personality in the proper perspective without knowing his cultural pattern. This, anthropologists emphasize the role of different cultural pattern in the solution of life problems. The vicious individuals are moulded through the cultural norms, customs and traditions. Our standard of justice, our
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behavioural patterns, our reaction to other people, our decency and attitudes are all based upon the prevalent culture to which we belong. Idea of shame and guilt, good and bad are social-cultural concepts. What is bad in one culture and therefore prohibited may be considered a basic requirement in another culture. In western countries use of wine to a limited amount is not a matter of shame, rather a requirement like food and water. But in our culture it is considered as a derogatory behavior. Nakedness was the accepted norm in the primitive culture and use of clothes was considered as a matter of shame and ridicule. Even today in the Malkangiri district of Orissa, tribals of upper Banda do not clover most part of their body with clothes and the women shave their head as per their culture norm. anybody who deviates from this, is punished. Thus, nakedness is not a shame there, while it is a shame in the non-tribal districts of Orissa. Shame is a habit pattern determined by the rules of given group. The habit pattern is determined by the culture, which is transmitted from generation to generation. There is however a change in the cultural pattern when people try to modify it by accepting the habit patterns of other cultures and other occupations. Occupation is not merely based on economic considerations but also on a cultural standards. Culture develops code of honour and duty for every occupation. A doctors code of honour is that he should not leave the city
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when there is epidemic. A judges code of honour is that he should be above temptations. A teachers code of honour is that he should not only teach but also guide the students in proper direction and teach them social and moral values. Each occupational group therefore acquires a force, a manner which helps him to judge and behave accordingly. Culture is not a privilege of the rich alone. Culture refers to the total work of life in every society. Thomas suggests that culture may be defined as the material social value of any group of people whether savage or civilized. Culture grows in the society, changes in the society and extinguishes in the society and its existing individual members culture sets a chief framework within which the human individuals learns to function with the fellow men. An individual born with some potentialities is a reacting organism. In a given social cultural environment. Being helpless at the time of birth, the way in which he handles the frustrations and disappointment of his life depends upon the prevailing culture. From the very moment of his birth the different customs, traditions, attitudes and value systems of the society shape his experience and behaviour and by the time he can talk, he becomes a little preacher of his culture.

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Certain Neo Freudians like Kardinar introduced basic personality patters to explain the general way in which the people of a particular society function with their fellow beings. He gave the example of Balinese culture where mothers make their own children jealous by fondling other children in their presence. Therefore, a common trait of jealous and dreamy nature is developed in every Balinese personality. Mead similarly gives the example of Japanese who she says are quite inconsistent and unpredictable in their behavior. Sometimes they are very peaceful but a other time they act in an aggressive manner. This so happens as in the Japanese culture parents give complete freedom to heir children from infancy till 5-6 years. But after this age he has to obey the parent and teachers. Which becomes a difficult job for the child to adjust with them. Thus, there is adjustment problem. According to a study of the Readers Digest, Americans may be slightly more honest than Europeans but Scandianavians are the most outstanding of all. The Magazine planted 200 wallets containing $50 in street, shops and other public areas across Europe and watched to see what happened when they were discovered by passers by.

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In its July 1996 edition the magazine reports 116 of the Wallets i.e. 58 percent were returned to their owners. In a similar study in USA 67 per cent of wallets were returned. Those cultural anthropologists more inclined to psychology then to anthropology opine that the human nature is made by culture. His behavior, and function is also directed by culture. Society puts its own stamp upon the individual through its culture patters. For instance, Americans are said to be more competitive and develop materialistic tendency as they are taught from the early childhood to complete and secure the highest position in the society. Their aspiration level is quite high. Some times, they are shown the map of white house or the real white house and taught to aspire for the post of president of USA. This type of competitive attitude in Americans is due to the impact of their culture. In the similar way each and every society has it culture patterns, style of living, way of dealing with people and so on. Each culture being different from the other has a different type of frame of reference which determines his occupational efficiency. By participating in the common life of groups, the individual s life is influenced by the culture patterns of the group. By giving the individual a status, a certain category, the culture makes a person out of an individual and
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a home is made out of a house. Without any culture a person may behave like an animal. The personality of life organization varies with cultural differences. Comparison of three different cultures by Margent Mead adds evidence to this. She found that three tribes such as Arapesh, Muddugamour, Tchambuli in the south sea of pacific ocean vary greatly in behaviour pattern because of different cultural influences. In Arapesh tribe child parent relationship is good. Children get sufficient feeding and affection. So they are peace loving, unaggressive, non competitive. On the other hand, Muddugamour tribe is highly aggressive unfriendly, quarrelsome, as from the childhood they do not know what affection. They are from the very early period frustrated in their basic needs of food and love. On the contrary the dreamy state of behaviour of Balinese people is not due to the feeding environment but due to the handling of the child by the mother. While the Arapesh people consider growing food and growing children the greatest adventure of their life, the Muddugamours find greatest satisfaction is competitive activity and fighting. Tchambuli people give importance mainly to ceremonies, festivals, and crafts. In this culture,

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women have real power. They go for fishing, perform trading and business. They are more adventurous in counting and love making than men. The above comparison of the mode of behaviour and manners of some cultures proves that culture. Sets a standard or limit to the way in which man behaves. From the moment of birth the customs and belief pattern under which a baby is born shape his experience, his cognitive organization and ultimately his entire behavior. Human behavior thus varies considerably under different socio-cultural patterns, so much so that normal human behaviour becomes a relative term. Ruth Benedict opines that a culture pattern may be regarded as a set of widely shared ways of behaving in a society together with the beliefs that accompany them. The study of culture is therefore to understand the factors, roots of various motives, beliefs, attitudes, interests and value systems. Different need sand motives are satisfied in a social context and in the manner the culture sanctions and the cultural framework determines. The basic cultural values are socialized through these motives. In some cultures fat persons are appreciated while in some cultures slim and then women are highly praised in the marriage market. Various complex needs like the need for prestige,
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power, recognition, status, self-esteem, acquisition etc are guided and moulded and hence vary from culture to culture through culturally determined social context, works through parents, teachers, school mates, neighborhood and peers etc. culture thus gives content and direction to the individual learning. It is the culture of an individual which indirectly sets the limit on the nature of learning and perception, the dos and donots. What is donot or out thing in one culture may be a do and in thing. In another culture. The culture therefore sets the basic characteristics of ones personality and determines to a great extent whether a person would be aggressive or submissive, dominant or subdued, cooperative or non cooperative. The questions why even in the same culture, people vary in their personality pattern ? The cultural anthropologists argue that who one individual is exposed to similar environmental factors and events in life that comprise a culture. The various agents of culture like the family, school, neighborhood etc are free to mould the person differently of course within certain limitation. Thus within unity there is also diversity of behavior. Further differences in personalities in the same culture are noticed because of differences among people in hereditary characteristics and biological endowments. Hence the influence of culture is also restricted and limited by hereditary qualities and biological characteristics.
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Man is neither a raw organism or a blank sheet of paper which can be compared with the manufacturing of automobiles on a mechanical manner. In view of the restriction imposed by the innate characteristics of an individual, personality cannot be viewed as a total outcome of culture alone. The overemphasis of the impact of cultural on human personality by the cultural anthropologists has therefore been criticized by many. Culture can never determine completely and fully the individuals life organization and personality patterns. Nevertheless culture gives content and direction to the individuals learning, habit pattern attitudes, values, cooperation, conflicts and other interactional processes. Psychologists, sociologists and anthropologists hold the common view that culture sets the limit and influences human personality in an indirect manner through the various agents of socialization.

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STANDARDS OF REFERENCE OF CULTURE AND BEHAVIOR

Behaviour

Culture: Framework, meditation, censorship, standards of reference, transmitter & sharing

Biology providing the enabling role

Environment: extent of behaviour possible

Behaviour as a function of biology environment and culture

The following are some references to explain the interface of culture and behaviour: 1. The mediating mechanism : There is no denying of the fact that biological factors and environmental contingencies play significant roles in the determination of the human behavior. In most of the situations of behavior development, biological factors play a general
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enabling role and environmental, conditions provide the extent to which the behaviours can be acquired. On the other side, the culture provides the framework, the mediating mechanism, and the standards of reference for the behavior to develop. No normal behavior can ever grow beyond provisions and censorship of the culture. 2. Sharing System: Most of the human behaviours can be explained as a shared way of cultural life of a group of social interacting people. These behaviours are transmitted from generation to generation through socialization and another related processes. Culture is created through interactions between persons and their surroundings, hence it is an inter-subjective or shared reality. Like different colors in a painting, people use the available natural and human resources to achieve the desired outcomes. In this way, behavior becomes a collective and shared utilization of natural and human resources to achieve the desired outcomes. 3. Transmitting Agency : One important feature of culture behavior relationship is that culture transmits learned behavior from one generation to the other within a community which ensures sustenance of a culture. Culture is a product of past human behaviour and is also a shaper of future aspirations of the human beings.
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4. Framework of behaviour : The behaviours of people in a society or community are regulated by a framework provided by that culture. For example, the rituals of a marriage functioning any community are largely conducted by methods and practices provided in that culture without questioning its rationality. any attempt to behave beyond the framework is objected and looked down upon. 5. Standard of reference : Behaviours of people in a community are judged appropriate only in reference to the standards provided by that community for that behavior. For example, dating before marriage is judged as immoral in all Indian societies, while the same is considered as appropriate behavior in the Western societies. 6. Censorship: Culture provides a censor board for controlling the behavior of people in a community. People cannot behave as independently as they wish. For example, many people in Southern India are vegetarians: girls in villages are not allowed to put on dress of their choice and people are not allowed to talk loudly in the presence of elders. The censorship of culture helps people to show cultural manners.

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RELIGION AS A CULTURAL SYSTEM

India is a multi religious and multiethnic country. Committed to secularism, it provides freedom to its subjects to pursue any religious faith. The traditions, customs, rituals, and festivals of different religions largely shape the belief systems of their adherents. The religious beliefs about god, rebirth, principles of karma, purusarth, soul, atman, and spiritual life are significant in shaping the social and emotional life of Hindus. Likewise, the concepts such as Allah, Ramjan, Roja, Id-ul-fitur,, Id-ul-Juha and Namaj have significant influences in the social development of muslims. This is also equally true about all other religious. Religious practices provide opportunities to people to inculcate various social behaviours and allow people to become effective members of the group. It also helps them to adapt and cope with stresses of life. One of the most influential figures in the social-scientific approach to religion is the anthropologist is Clifford Greetz. In an easy tiled Religion as a cultural system (1965) the spelled out a definition of religion that many others have borrowed, adapted, and employed in studying religion. Greetzs definition gives us a starting place for understanding religion in this social scientific way. It suggests that every group and every individual may have a
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religion even of no one in that group believes in a god or an after life or any of the more familiar trappings of organized religion. Every group has a religion because every group has some overall framework that all its members share in common, to make sense out of life and guide behavior. According to Greetz, religion is 1. A system of symbols, 2. Which acts to establish powerful, pervasive and long-lasting moods and motivations in men 3. By formulating conception of a general order of existence and 4. Clothing those conceptions with such and area of factuality that 5. The moods and motivations seem uniquely realistic. Hence, religion is simultaneously considered as broad part of the cultural bases of behavior.

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CULTURE AND RELIGIOUS VALUES

Most of our values of life are framed by our culture with respect to religion. These values create a lot of individual differences among people across different cultures. The following are some important values which are significantly shaped by the culture: Achievement- To become ambitious, and influential in life. Benevolent : To be helpful, loyal, caring and loving. Conformity : To be obedient, disciplined, polite, and respectful to elders. Hendoism To seek for pleasure and enjoyment of life. Power To seek for authority and wealth. Security to be in order and in safety for self and others Stimulation to have varieties, and have an exciting and daring life. Tradition To be humble, devout and accepting life as it happens. Universalism- To have respect for justice, equality, fraternity, peace, beauty, nature and wisdom. Nevertheless, culture is the centre of a society and without culture no society can even exist. Man is born in the environment of culture in which he seeks his way of behaving and acting in a given society. Thus God wombs have borne bad sons William Shakespeare
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REVIEW OF LITERATURE
A number of field and laboratory studies have been conducted to find out the relationship between individuals culture and behavior link. According to a study of the Readers Digest Americans may be slightly more hones that Europeans but Scandianavians are the most outstanding of all. The magazine planted 200 Wallets containing $ 50 in street, shops and other public areas across Europe and Watched to see what happened when they were discovered by passerby. In July 1996 edition the magazine reports 116 of the Wallests ice, 58% were returned to their owners. In a similar study in USA 67% of Wallets were returned. The personality of life organization varies with cultural differences. Comparison of three different cultures by Margent Mead adds evidence to this. She found that three tribes such as Arapesh, Muddugamour, Tchambuli in the South sea of pacific ocean vary greatly in behavior pattern because of different cultural influences.

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Cultural anthropologists opine that behaviour and functions of human beings are directed by their culture. For example, Americans show more competitive attitude and materialistic tendency because of the influence of their culture. The was used by Richard Hoggart in 1964 when he founded the Birmingham Centre of Contemporary cultural studies or CCCS. It has since become strongly associated with stuart Hall, who succeded Hoggard as director. Culture, thus gives contest and direction to the individuals learning, habit pattern, attitudes, values conflicts, and other interactional processes.

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METHODS OF STUDY
Objective of the study The purpose is to findout variations of behavior among 5 different culturalreligious group. Hypothesis 1. The behavior of individual would vary according to culture to culture 2. Group orientation behavior will be high than self orientation. Sample The name, sex and religion of the 50 individuals used in this study are described below

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SL. NO. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

NAME

SEX

RELIGION

ADITYA GHOSH BINITA RAY POOJA AGRAWAL SHRABANI SAMANTA NITISHA MOHANTY P. BHARGAWI HAREKRUSHNA SAHOO SURAJ SINGH SATYAJEET ROY V. VENKAR RAMA RAO

MALE FEMALE FEMALE FEMALE FEMALE FEMALE MALE MALE MALE MALE

HINDUISM HINDUISM HINDUISM HINDUISM HINDUISM HINDUISM HINDUISM HINDUISM HINDUISM HINDUISM

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SL. NO. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

NAME

SEX

RELIGION

MUNEERA KHAN ROMANA KHAN RAHUL ANJUM HEENA KHAN JASMINE KHAN SAMINA PARWEEN NARGIS BANU ROSINA MEMON MD. BAKHTIAR FORPZ RAZA

FEMALE FEMALE MALE FEMALE FEMALE FEMALE FEMALE FEMALE MALE MALE

MUSLIM MUSLIM MUSLIM MUSLIM MUSLIM MUSLIM MUSLIM MUSLIM MUSLIM MUSLIM

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SL. NO. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

NAME

SEX

RELIGION

NATASHA CHAWLA NAVJEET KAUR GURPREET SINGH KULDEEP GAGAN HARPREET KULARI ALISHA CHAWLA GAGANDEEP SINGH HASMIT KAUR SUKWINDAR JETHI AMANDEEP SINGH

FEMALE FEMALE MALE MALE FEMALE FEMALE MALE FEMALE MALE MALE

SIKHISM SIKHISM SIKHISM SIKHISM SIKHISM SIKHISM SIKHISM SIKHISM SIKHISM SIKHISM

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SL. NO. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

NAME

SEX

RELIGION

CHRISTINA EKKA ALEXANDER TOPNO DAVID NANDA ROBIN KHALKO DHIRAJ JOSEPH DANIEL JOSEPH REVIKA D SAUZA JOHN HENRY SALONA NELSON JESSY BARLA

FEMALE MALE MALE FEMALE MALE MALE FEMALE MALE FEMALE FEMALE

CHRISTIANISM CHRISTIANISM CHRISTIANISM CHRISTIANISM CHRISTIANISM CHRISTIANISM CHRISTIANISM CHRISTIANISM CHRISTIANISM CHRISTIANISM

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SL. NO. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

NAME

SEX

RELIGION

PARUL JAIN MINU JAIN GHOSAL NIYATI JAIN AKASH JAIN RACHITA JAIN ANSHUL JAIN AMAN GHOSAL YAMINI JAIN AKANSHA JAIN PRATIK JAIN

FEMALE FEMALE FEMALE MALE FEMALE MALE MALE FEMALE FEMALE MALE

JAINISM JAINISM JAINISM JAINISM JAINISM JAINISM JAINISM JAINISM JAINISM JAINISM

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Tools used One questionnaire is used in this investigation i.e. culture- Behaviour link pen, pencil, paper, calculator, scale etc. Test used The culture Behaviour link questionnaire was developed by H.C.Mishra, G.C.Mishra and K. Varadwaj. Description about the test The instrument used in this study was the culturel behavior link developed by H.C.Mishra, G.C.Mishra and K. Varadwaj. (2007). The scale consists of 14 items in the form of statements to which the subject is requested to judge each of the statements in their own reference and to choose a position in 9- point scale (1-9scale) with : (A) False (B) True. Scoring key A scoring pattern is developed in such a way that the subject scores were added for items 1,2,4,5,8,10,13 and 14 to get subjects self orientation behavior and scores for items 3,4,6,7,.9,11 and 12 to get their group
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orientation behavior as a result to compare and see how they very with respect to different cultural groups. Administration of the test In this test my subjects responses were tested. Here, they were instructed to answer the 14 items as they are acquainted with. Although, there is change of difference in everyones response. Some of the individuals were little bit confused when they cant understand the proper meaning of the statement but due to the gradual schedule they better understood the task and gave their level best of their mental ability level best of their mental ability as learned and set by their religious beliefs or culture . as this study was based on different religious groups was based on different religious groups hence it was littler bit difficult on my part for the administration but my part for the administration but rather the cooperation of my subject I would not be able to complete the task. On the given period of time.

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Result Table 1 It represents the item-wise responses and its related score for each subject of Hinduism:
SL . N O. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 NAME RELEVANT ITEMS OF DIMENSION SELF ORIENTATION ADITYA GHOSH BINITA RAY POOJA AGRAWAL SHRABANI SAMANTA NITISHA MOHANTY P. BHARGAWI HAREKRUSHNA SAHOO SURAJ SINGH SATYAJEET ROY V. VENKAR RAMA RAO 1,2,4,5,8,10,13 and 14 1,2,4,5,8,10,13 and 14 1,2,4,5,8,10,13 and 14 1,2,4,5,8,10,13 and 14 1,2,4,5,8,10,13 and 14 1,2,4,5,8,10,13 and 14 1,2,4,5,8,10,13 and 14 1,2,4,5,8,10,13 and 14 1,2,4,5,8,10,13 and 14 1,2,4,5,8,10,13 and 14 GROUP ORIENTATION 3.4.6.7.9,11 and 12 3.4.6.7.9,11 and 12 3.4.6.7.9,11 and 12 3.4.6.7.9,11 and 12 3.4.6.7.9,11 and 12 3.4.6.7.9,11 and 12 3.4.6.7.9,11 and 12 3.4.6.7.9,11 and 12 3.4.6.7.9,11 and 12 3.4.6.7.9,11 and 12 TOTAL SCORE SELF ORIENTATI ON 28 51 35 44 53 25 36 27 42 48 GROUP ORIENTATIO N 32 42 21 38 24 37 20 43 53 21 Total Mean 720/10 GRAND TOTAL 60 93 56 82 77 62 56 70 95 69 720 72

The lord lives in the heart of every creature. He turns them round & round upon the wheel of Maya. Take refuge utterly in him. By his grace you will find supreme peace, & the state which is beyond all change Hinduism

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Result Table 2 It represents the item-wise responses and its related score for each subject of Muslims:

SELF ORIENTATION 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 MUNEERA KHAN ROMANA KHAN RAHUL ANJUM HEENA KHAN JASMINE KHAN SAMINA PARWEEN NARGIS BANU ROSINA MEMON MD. BAKHTIAR FIROZ RAZA 1,2,4,5,8,10,13 and 14 1,2,4,5,8,10,13 and 14 1,2,4,5,8,10,13 and 14 1,2,4,5,8,10,13 and 14 1,2,4,5,8,10,13 and 14 1,2,4,5,8,10,13 and 14 1,2,4,5,8,10,13 and 14 1,2,4,5,8,10,13 and 14 1,2,4,5,8,10,13 and 14 1,2,4,5,8,10,13 and 14

GROUP ORIENTATION 3.4.6.7.9,11 and 12 3.4.6.7.9,11 and 12 3.4.6.7.9,11 and 12 3.4.6.7.9,11 and 12 3.4.6.7.9,11 and 12 3.4.6.7.9,11 and 12 3.4.6.7.9,11 and 12 3.4.6.7.9,11 and 12 3.4.6.7.9,11 and 12 3.4.6.7.9,11 and 12

SELF ORIENTATI ON 35 44 49 45 50 42 57 30 35 40

GROUP ORIENTATIO N 56 50 49 43 45 51 42 24 29 30 Total Mean 850/10

850 85

A Muslim is one who surrender to the will of Allah & in a establisher of peace while Islam means establishment of peace, Muslim means one who establishes peace through his actions & conduct Islam
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GRAND TOTAL 91 94 92 88 95 93 99 64 64 70

SL. NO.

NAME

RELEVANT ITEMS OF DIMENSION

TOTAL SCORE

Result Table 3 It represents the item-wise responses and its related score for each subject of Sikhism:
SL. NO. NAME RELEVANT ITEMS OF DIMENSION SELF ORIENTATION 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 NATASHA CHAWLA NAVJEET KAUR GURPREET SINGH KULDEEP GAGAN HARPREET KULARI ALISHA CHAWLA GAGANDEEP SINGH HASMIT KAUR SUKWINDAR JETHI AMANDEEP SINGH 1,2,4,5,8,10,13 and 14 1,2,4,5,8,10,13 and 14 1,2,4,5,8,10,13 and 14 1,2,4,5,8,10,13 and 14 1,2,4,5,8,10,13 and 14 1,2,4,5,8,10,13 and 14 1,2,4,5,8,10,13 and 14 1,2,4,5,8,10,13 and 14 1,2,4,5,8,10,13 and 14 1,2,4,5,8,10,13 and 14 GROUP ORIENTATION 3.4.6.7.9,11 and 12 3.4.6.7.9,11 and 12 3.4.6.7.9,11 and 12 3.4.6.7.9,11 and 12 3.4.6.7.9,11 and 12 3.4.6.7.9,11 and 12 3.4.6.7.9,11 and 12 3.4.6.7.9,11 and 12 3.4.6.7.9,11 and 12 3.4.6.7.9,11 and 12 TOTAL SCORE SELF ORIENTATI ON 31 52 28 34 27 54 30 48 26 43 Total Mean 770/10 GROUP ORIENTATIO N 45 24 46 32 41 20 47 38 54 50 GRAND TOTAL 76 76 74 66 68 74 77 86 80 93 770 77

If a man sings of God & hears of him, and lets love of God sprout within him, am his sorrows shall vanish and in his mind, god will bestow abiding peace. Sikshism

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Result Table 4 It represents the item-wise responses and its related score for each subject of Christianism:
SL. NO. NAME RELEVANT ITEMS OF DIMENSION SELF ORIENTATION 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 CHRISTINA EKKA ALEXANDER TOPNO DAVID NANDA ROBIN KHALKO DHIRAJ JOSEPH DANIEL JOSEPH REVIKA D SAUZA JOHN HENRY SALONA NELSON JESSY BARLA 1,2,4,5,8,10,13 and 14 1,2,4,5,8,10,13 and 14 1,2,4,5,8,10,13 and 14 1,2,4,5,8,10,13 and 14 1,2,4,5,8,10,13 and 14 1,2,4,5,8,10,13 and 14 1,2,4,5,8,10,13 and 14 1,2,4,5,8,10,13 and 14 1,2,4,5,8,10,13 and 14 1,2,4,5,8,10,13 and 14 GROUP ORIENTATION 3.4.6.7.9,11 and 12 3.4.6.7.9,11 and 12 3.4.6.7.9,11 and 12 3.4.6.7.9,11 and 12 3.4.6.7.9,11 and 12 3.4.6.7.9,11 and 12 3.4.6.7.9,11 and 12 3.4.6.7.9,11 and 12 3.4.6.7.9,11 and 12 3.4.6.7.9,11 and 12 TOTAL SCORE SELF ORIENTATI ON 26 52 58 44 28 36 50 22 48 30 Total Mean 750/10 GROUP ORIENTATIO N 38 24 20 26 34 32 46 58 28 50 GRAND TOTAL 64 76 78 70 62 68 96 80 76 80 750 75

All things exist for would peace perfect liberty kyodan blessed are the peacemakers for they shll be called sons of god.

Christianity

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Result Table 5 It represents the item-wise responses and its related score for each subject of Jainism:

SELF ORIENTATION 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 PARUL JAIN MINU JAIN GHOSAL NIYATI JAIN AKASH JAIN RACHITA JAIN ANSHUL JAIN AMAN GHOSAL YAMINI JAIN AKANSHA JAIN PRATIK JAIN 1,2,4,5,8,10,13 and 14 1,2,4,5,8,10,13 and 14 1,2,4,5,8,10,13 and 14 1,2,4,5,8,10,13 and 14 1,2,4,5,8,10,13 and 14 1,2,4,5,8,10,13 and 14 1,2,4,5,8,10,13 and 14 1,2,4,5,8,10,13 and 14 1,2,4,5,8,10,13 and 14 1,2,4,5,8,10,13 and 14

GROUP ORIENTATION 3.4.6.7.9,11 and 12 3.4.6.7.9,11 and 12 3.4.6.7.9,11 and 12 3.4.6.7.9,11 and 12 3.4.6.7.9,11 and 12 3.4.6.7.9,11 and 12 3.4.6.7.9,11 and 12 3.4.6.7.9,11 and 12 3.4.6.7.9,11 and 12 3.4.6.7.9,11 and 12

SELF ORIENTATI ON 43 22 36 50 44 28 34 26 32 40

GROUP ORIENTATIO N 55 42 48 26 44 56 46 60 48 50 Total Mean 83/10

830 83

The whole of the torch is for the purpose of promoting peace. Jainism

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GRAND TOTAL 98 64 84 76 88 84 80 86 80 90

SL. NO.

NAME

RELEVANT ITEMS OF DIMENSION

TOTAL SCORE

FINAL RESULT TABLE RELIGIONS HINDUISM MUSLIM SIKHISM CHRISTIANISM JAINISM TOTAL SCORE 720 850 770 750 830 MEAN 72 85 77 75 53 2.36 NOT SIGNIFICANT AT 0.05 & 0.01 LEVEL F PROBABILITY

Graph The Bar-diagram shows the result of five different cultural religious groups where OY = mean value& OX=Religions

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DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION

It is our common experience that there are wide variations in the behavior of people coming from different culture & religion. These behaviousr are meaningful when interpreated in the light of the cultural religions context in which they occur. For e.g. Greeting someone is a very familiar experience but its behavioural expressions differs a lot. Handshake, saying hello, namaskar, hugging, kissing, folding hands, waving hands & lying down near the feet- all these behaviours can serve equally well to express greetings if presented in appropriate cultural settings. Hence, Edward B. Tylor has defined culture as that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, moral, law, custom and any other capabilities & habits acquired by, human beings as a member of society.Again, religious practices provide opportunities to people to inculcate various social behaviours and allow people to become effective members of the group. In this study I have tested my subjects responses by using the instrument named Cultural-Behaviour Link, which consists of 14 items in the form of
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statements and to choose a position in the 9-point scale with : (A) False (B) True. In their own reference to get subjects Self orientation behavior (1,2,5,8,10,13 & 14) and :group orientation behavior (3,4,6,7,9,11 & 12) as a result to compare and see how they vary with respect to different cultural groups. However, the final result table indicates about the 5 different religions (i.e. Hinduism, Muslim, Sikhism, Christianism & Jainism) with the total score of 720, 850, 770, 750, & 830 respectively. Moreover, the calculated mean value for the total scores are 72, 85, 77, 75, & 83 simultaneously which depicts F(ANOVA)= 2.36 showing the probability as not significant at 0.05 & 0.01 levels. Henceforth, the data are represented in the graphical form of the mean values (OY) & religious groups (OX),. Thus, the result clearly shows equality trend that there is no difference between the cultural religious behavior link. Nevertheless, it can be said that being wide variations in the behavior of people coming from different religions makes : 5 different fingers in the breadth of one closed palm and an eco -friendly life in the country examined ahead.

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LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY

The samples taken in this study could be less. The time spent for the administration of the study could be attempted on a controlled short coming. Tools used in this study may be shorten for not creating so much confusion in the mind of pupil. The budget made limitations impractical to access how narrative based processing might have influenced participants long term thinking over multiple days.

The only reason for time is so that everything doesnt happen at once.

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REFERENCES
1. H. C. Mishra, G.C.Mishra, Keka Varadwaj (2007), Fundamentals of applied psychology, part II 2. Dr. Mohanty, G. B.- Text Book of Psychology, Part II 3. WWW. Css forum.com.rk> sociology various definitions of culture css forums. 4. www.goodreads.com/quotes/heritage 5. Inracherus-Greets summary 6. Arweck. E & Neshitt. E (2010) youngs people identity formation mixed faith familys continuity or discomtinuity of religious tradition journal of coorary religion. 7. Sahu K. Binod, OES statistics in psychology & education. 8. Appendices : Tables Table F-ratios for level of significance. 9. www.behaviour advisor,com/c-culture/religion 10.en.wikipedia-org/wiki/evolutionary origin of religions. 11.www.gmu.edu/...smoker.html 12.Hofstede. G (1197) cultures & organizational software of the mind new York MCGraw Hill

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13.Li & Karakowsky (2001) implication of cultural differences for cross cultural management research & practice. The journal of psychology.

Assessing the performance is most important Swami Vivekananda

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APPENDIX
CULTURE BEHAVIOUR LINK Use the questionnaire on the individuals come from different cultural backgrounds. Request them to judge each of the statements in their own reference and choose a position in the 9-point scale. False 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 True 1. I tend to do my own things and most people in my family do the same. 2. I shall lit6 my life independently of others as much as possible. 3. I feel it a great pleasure of life to be part of ,a large group of people. 4. . When faced with a difficult problem, I always consult my friends and relatives widely. 5. The most important thing in my life is to make myself happy. 6. I wish that my parents should live with me when I became capable of supporting them. 7. What I look for in a job is a friendly group of coworkers. 8. I would rather struggle through a problem by myself than discuss it with my friends.

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9. I would help within my means if a relative told me that he is in difficulty. 10.It does not matter to me how my country is viewed in the eyes of other nations. 11.One of the pleasure of my life is to be related interdependently with others. 12.I like to live close to my friends . 13.What happens to me is my own doing. 14. I strongly believe that human beings should prefer to live their own way.

Add the score for items 1,2,5,8,10,13 & 14 to get individuals 'selforientation' behaviour and score for items 3,4,6,7,9,11 & 12 to get their 'group orientation' behaviour. Compare and see how they vary with respect to different cultural groups.

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