ASSIGNMENT # 1 Submitted to: Ms.
Mariyam Akram
Submitted By: Zain Ul Abidin
Registration Number: SP09-BBA-150
1. The Behavioral Perspective:
This perspective views behavior (except for genetically determined behavior) as the result of environmental experience! Environmental experience (also called learning) is the sum total of all life experiences that the individual has been subjected to in the past and to the new experiences that will impinge on his or her behavior. For the behavioral perspective the emphasis is on factors in the environment that influence behavior.
2. The Humanistic perspective:
The humanistic perspective focuses on the positive image of what it means to be human. Human nature is viewed as basically good, and humanistic theorists focus on methods that allow fulfillment of potential. Abraham Maslow proposed that an individual is motivated by a hierarchy of needs. Basic needs must be met before higher ones can be satisfied. Arranged in order from lowest to highest (in a hierarchy), the needs are physiological (satisfaction of hunger and thirst) safety (security) belongingness and love (being loved, avoiding loneliness) esteem (achievement, recognition, selfesteem) selfactualization (realization of one's full potential).
Maslow also believed that the achievement of selfactualization is often marked by peak experiences, feelings of incredible peace and happiness in the course of life activities.
3.
The Psychodynamic Perspective:
The term psychodynamic perspective refers to the theories and therapies developed by Sigmund Freud and supported by his followers. In addition to Freud, others who researched and practiced the psychodynamic approach, based on Freudian principles, include Adler, Erikson, and Jung. Some examples of assumptions that drive the psychodynamic approach are:
The unconscious is one of the most powerful affects on behavior and emotion. No behavior is without cause and is therefore determined. Childhood experiences greatly affect emotions and behavior as adults. The id, ego, and super-ego make up personalty. The drives behind behavior are a) the lift instinct and sex drive and b) death instinct and aggressive drive. Various conflicts throughout childhood development shape overall personality.
4. The Cognitive Perspective:
During the 1960s, a new perspective known as cognitive psychology began to take hold. This area of psychology focuses on mental processes such as memory, thinking, problem solving, language and decision-making. Influenced by psychologists such as Jean Piaget and Albert Bandura, this perspective has grown tremendously in recent decades.
Cognitive psychologists often utilize an information-processing model, comparing the human mind to a computer, to conceptualize how information is acquired, processed, stored, and utilized.
5. The Biological Perspective:
The study of physiology played a major role in the development of psychology as a separate science. Today, this perspective is known as biological psychology. Sometimes referred to as biopsychology or physiological psychology, this point of view emphasizes the physical and biological bases of behavior.
Researchers who take a biological perspective on psychology might look at how genetics influence different behaviors or how damage to specific areas of the brain influence behavior and personality. Things like the nervous system, genetics, the brain, the immune system, and the endocrine systems are just a few of the subjects that interest biological psychologists.
This perspective has grown significantly over the last few decades, especially with advances in our ability to explore and understand the human brain and nervous system. Tools such as MRI scans and PET scans allow researchers to look at the brain under a variety of conditions. Scientists can now look at the effects of brain damage, drugs, and disease in ways that were simply not possible in the past.
6. The Sociocultural Perspective:
Sociocultural perspective is the belief that a person's way of thinking is dependent on the environment he was raised in. An example of this is a child who was born to a poor family will grow up and grow old to be poor also. Likewise, a child reared in a wealthy family will remain rich.
