Physics I: PH1010

Mahaveer K. Jain Physics Department R.No. HSB213A EPABX: 4880 Email: mkjain@iitm.ac.in

PH6_L1

 Welcome to IIT Madras and welcome to PH 1010 Course A bit of Introduction about the Course A few Dos and Donts in this Course

PH6_L1

PleaserememberthatALLofyouequallycompetent Soyou areallhere YouallhavedoneenoughofPhysicsandSolvedverymany problems AllofyouhavetoiledfortheJEEandotherExaminations Ifyouarenotintelligent,youwillnotbehere Youareherewithagreatambitionoflearning Youareallherewithaspecificpurpose:ofgettingagood BTechDegreeofworldstandard WewanttoseeyouasGOODTECHNOCRATS ThefoundationofGoodTechnologyisclearbasicPhysics ThisPhysicswelearninthiscoursePH1010.
PH6_L1 3

OurClassTimeTable: ClassRoom:CRC102 Monday:Lecture/TUTORIAL Tuesday:Lecture Wednesday:Lecture

:6th Hour:2 2:50PM :8th Hour:3:504:40PM :8th Hour:3:504:40PM

Weproposetoconduct:MIDSEMESTERexam(exactdatewill beannouncedshortly) EndSemesterexam: NOVEMBER25(THURSDAY)

Tutorialisproblemsolvingclass YouwillbegiventheTutorialsheetsONEWEEKinadvance Youhavetocomepreparedtotheclassandmaybeoneofyou willbeaskedtosolvetheproblems

PH6_L1

Incaseofanyneedandnecessity,wemayaskyoutocomeforan extraclass OnTHURSDAY7th Hour(D2Slot):2:553:45Hrs Twoclassrepresentative

AllCourserelatedmaterial: Syllabus Lecturepresentations Problemsheets Solutions willbepostedat: http://www.physics.iitm.ac.in/index_files/courses/PH1010.html

PH6_L1

Syllabus
Velocity, Momentum, Force, Torque, Field [Electric, Magnetic, Gravitational,.], etc. Polar coordinates Symmetry [cylindrical, spherical] Unit vectors in Cartesian and polar coordinates. Conservative vector fields and their potential functions: examples (gravitational and electrostatic) Gradient of a scalar field Equipotentials States of Equilibrium Work and Energy, Conservation of energy Motion in a central force and conservation of angular momentum
PH6_L1 6

Syllabus
Continuity equations and conservation principles for matter, energy and electrical charge. Flux: divergence of a vector; Applications: Fluid Dynamics Gauss theorem Physical applications in gravitation, Fluid Dynamics and electrostatics Irrotational versus rotational vector fields Physical significance of circulation, CURL of a vector field Stokes theorem, Applications: Magnetostatics, Electrostatics and Fluid Dynamics

PH6_L1

syllabus
Oscillatory motion Wave motion in one dimension Wave equation and travelling wave solutions Wave velocity, group velocity and dispersion Shallow water waves Wave equation in three dimensions, spherical waves

PH6_L1

ATTENDANCE
We teach concepts There is no single Text book This is the reason why YOU SHOULD ATTEND ALL THE CLASSES 100% attendance is an ABSOLUTE requirement

***If you pass an examination in the second

References

1. Kittel C, Knight W.O and Ruderman M.A, Mechanics Berkeley Physics Course, Vol.1, Tata McGraw-Hill 2. Purcell E.M, Electricity and Magnetism, Berkeley Physics Course, Vol.2, Tata McGraw-Hill 3. Crawford F.S, Waves and Oscillations, Berkeley Physics Course, Vol.3, Tata McGraw-Hill 4. The Feynman Lectures on Physics, Vol.1 and Vol.2 5. Davis D., -Classical Mechanics 6. Kleppner and Kolenkow- An Introduction to Mechanics 7. Schaums outline series- Theory and problems of vector analysis

PH6_L1

10

Asyouallknow: ThereareonlyFOURforcesinNature: Gravitational Electromagnetic StrongNuclearforce WeakNuclearforce Ifyouknowhowmanyforcesareactingonabody,youcancalculate themotionofthebodyatanygiventime. But,weencounterforceswhichwedonotknow:Frictionalforce

Frictionisimportantformotion(withoutfriction,thebodyslipsorskids) FrictionisaNONCONSERVATIVEforce.
PH6_L1 11

WhatisConservativeforce? WhatisaNONCONSERVATIVEForce? Howdoyoudefineit? ForcemethodsofsolvingproblemsinPhysicsisratherlimited. So,whatisthenextalternative?

Energymethods: Howmanyenergiesarethere?PotentialandKinetic Whatisconservationofenergy? Whatistherelationbetweenenergyandforce?

Ifaforceisappliedtomovethistable: Iamapplyingtheforce,butthetableisnotmovingatall Tellme,howmuchworkisdone? Theearthismovingroundthesun:howmuchworkisdone? Whatistheforceinvolved? Whenanelectronismovingroundthenucleus,howmuchworkisdone? Whatistheenergyinvolved?Whereitcomesfrom? IfImoveanobjectinanyarbitrarydirectionandifIcometothesamepoint asIstarted,howmuchworkisdone? Howmuchenergyisspent?

PH6_L1

13

Imagineabodyismovingundertheinfluenceofaforce: Say,anelectronismovingundertheinfluenceof electricand magnetic forces Describethemotion. HowareyouapplyingtheElectricfield+and ve plates Howareyouapplyingthemagneticfield? N SorS Nw.r.t towhat

PH6_L1

14

DirectionMUSTbespecifiedtostateyourproblem. Thebodycanmovewithuniformvelocityorwith uniformacceleration Howdoyoudescribethemotion? Directionshouldbespecifiedtodescribethemotion? Howdoyouexpressthedirection?

PH6_L1

15

Ifthebodyismovingwithconstantaccelerationandiftheframeof referencealsomoveswithsameacceleration,howdoyou describethemotion? WhatisanINERTIALFrame? WhatisNewtonianspace? Howmanycoordinatesyourequiretospecifyabody? Whatisageneralizedcoordinate?

PH6_L1

16

Types of Energy
Example: Falling Body KineticEnergy EK = mv2/2 PotentialEnergy EP = mgh RestEnergy ER = mc2

v h

PH6_L1

17

Classical Physics
Picture prior to 20th Century: Energy andmatter wereseparateanddistinct substances. Althoughappearingcontinuoustothenaked eye,matterwascomposedofdiscrete,localized atoms. Light wasaformofelectromagneticwave, the vibrationofacontinuouscosmicfield,the aether, andregardedasaformof"pureenergy." Gravity wasacontinuousactionatadistance field.
PH6_L1 18

Modern Physics
Current picture: Energyandmatterarethesamestuff: E=mc2 Thediscrete natureofmatterisconfirmed.Energyisalso discrete. Thereisnoevidence foranaether oranyothercontinuous mediuminuniverse.Lightiscomposedofparticulatematter: photons. Fieldsarecomposedofdiscreteparticles("quanta"). Generalrelativityexplainsgravity intermsofthecurvatureof space ratherthanasaforcefield.

PH6_L1

19

Matter Molecules

Atoms

Nuclei and Electrons

Protons and Neutrons

Quarks
PH6_L1 20

Let us come back to the problem of Forces :

PH6_L1

21

The Standard Model of Forces

PH6_L1

22

The Cosmos
Mass Budget

Radiation

0.005 %

Ordinary visible matter

0.5 %

Nature of dark matter and dark energy

Ordinary nonluminous matter

3.5 %

But not immaterial since carry mass.

Exotic dark matter

26 %

Even more exotic dark energy

70 %
PH6_L1 23

PH6_L1

24

So, it is all the same whether we talk of - Forces - Matter - Energy It is only the language of Physics. The Conservation of Energy, Conservation of Matter and Conservation of Charge are of fundamental importance These are the basic laws of Nature These basic laws of Nature can also be Derived from Symmetry .
PH6_L1 25

TransformationsandInvariance Transformations Changesfromone referenceframe to another.

Invariance A physics equation is invariant if it does not change under a transformation.

Covarient : The formula looks the same but meaning of each term is different

PH6_L1

26