Level 1 - Fundamental Training
Transmitter
Level 1 Fundamental Training
Level 1 - Transmitter
Contents
Topics: Types of Transmitter Outputs Analog Transmitter Smart Transmitter Fieldbus Transmitter Similarity between FF & PA Difference between FF & PA Benefits of FF against PA Exercise Slide No: 3-4 5-7 8 - 22 23 - 72
73 - 75
FF = Foundation Fieldbus PA = Profibus
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Transmitter
Transmitter Overview
Standard current or voltage signal (ANALOG) Standard current or voltage & digital signals (SMART) Only high speed digital signals (FIELDBUS) Output Signal
Transmitter
Analog/Smart/Fieldbus Electronics
(To translate useable electrical signal to standard electrical signal)
Input Signal Process Pressure
Transducer
Sensing element + Electrical Circuitry
(To convert mechanical to useable electrical signal)
Level 1 - Transmitter
Types of Transmitter Outputs
Analog Transmitters Pure Analog Signal 4-20 mA or 1-5V or 3-15 psi pneumatic signal Smart Transmitters Digital communication (diagnostic signal) superimposed on analog signal (4-20 mA or 1-5V) Profibus Transmitters High Speed Digital signal only Foundation Fieldbus Transmitters High Speed Digital signal only Control in the Field functionality
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Transmitter
Analog Transmitter Overview
Analog transmitter is made up of two basic component:
Sensor Module Analog Electronics
Signal from sensor module is amplified & translated into standard current or voltage signal by the electronics
Pressure Input Signal
Pressure Transducer Sensor Signal Conditioning Capacitance /
mV Signal
Zero Standard Output Signal Span
Eg).
Output = 4-20 mA current signal only
Level 1 - Transmitter
How Analog Transmitters Works ?
Sensor registers process variable. Sensor board outputs a corresponding electrical signal to output electronics. Signal conditioned & translated to a standard current signal Zero & Span Pots are used to set operating range.
Sensor Circuit Board Sensor Block PV
uF
Signal Conditioning
Zero Pot set 4 mA 4-20 mA Amplified value Current Only Signal Output set 20 mA value Span Pot Loop wire pair (Power Cable)
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Cable Link
Transducer
Output Electronics
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Transmitter
4-20 mA Current Loop
The voltage or current in the wire pair represents one process variable. Field Indicator
Current Loop Power Supply 4 to 20 mA
250
1-5V
Analog Transmitter
250
1-5V
To DCS, Recorders Control Loop To Control Room Device
4 - 20 mA
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Smart Transmitter
Smart transmitter is an intelligent device made up of modems, microprocessor and memory which allow : Remote Communication Diagnostics self-test functions
Pressure Input Signal Transducer
Pressure Sensor A/D EEPROM Data D/A
Capacitance / mV Signal
Resistance Module Temperature Sensor
Communications Standard Output Signal
Eg).
Output = 4-20 mA current & Digital HART Signal
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Transmitter
How Smart Transmitter Works ?
Sensor Module
PV Cable Link Sensor Block Electronics + Memory STORES: Correction Coefficient Module Information
mV/uF Digital; PV + Term. Temp Values Digital; corrected PV Value D/A Communication Temperature Sensor Memory
4-20 mA & digital communication signal
A/D
Smart Electronics
STORES: Sensor Performance Curve Range Values Transmitter Configuration
Bell 202 Physical Layer
Measures ambient/Terminal temp.
Loop wire pair (Power Cable)
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Analog vs Smart Transmitter
Real Time vs Sampling
Pressure Input 420 mA Output Sampling 420 mA Output
10
Analog output follow sensor Analog output instantaneously. Transmitter Analog output will be a continuous curve. Magnitude of sensor output Smart is sampled multiple times per Transmitter second to give discrete values. Analog output will undergo small step change with respect to sensor output.
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A/D Conversion
D/A Conversion
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Transmitter
HART Protocol
Highway Addressable Remote Transducer
An open protocol Users are not locked into a single supplier
+0.5 mA 0 mA 0.5 mA
11
Freq. Shift Binary Status
1200 Hz 2200 Hz
1 0
20 mA
1200 Hz 2200Hz HART protocol uses a frequency shift keying based on Bell 202 physical layer to superimpose digital communication on to the 4 - 20 mA current loop.
Analog Output representing process variable
Average modulating current signal is ZERO
Digital Communications (HART Protocol) Therefore HART protocol does NOT affect 4-20 mA signal 4 mA
Level 1 - Transmitter
4-20 mA Current Loop
The voltage or current in the wire pair represents one Modulating Current process variable.
Field Indicator
12
Communication Signal
Current Loop Power Supply 4 to 20 mA
250
1-5V
Smart Transmitter
250
1-5V
To DCS, Recorders Control Loop To Control Room Device
4 - 20 mA
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Transmitter
HART Communications
E=IR
0.5 mA * 250 = 0.125 V
13
Modulating Voltage Communication Signal Physical layer = BELL 202 FSK Transmission Rate = 1.2kbit/s
Modulating Current Communication Signal
Z S
To Establish Communication with HART Communicator
+
COMM
TEST
4 - 20 mA
Minimum 250 Ohms !
FIELD TERMINALS
Average HART voltage signal = 0.3 V
Power Supply
Communication signal riding on 44-20 mA Analog signal
But HART Circuit recognize at least 0.125 V as a valid signal
Level 1 - Transmitter
Remote Communication with HART protocol
Control System
14
150
Fuse Box Power Supply Marshaling Panel
Chart Recorder
100
HART Junction Box communicator can be connected to any points in the loop having at least 250
Where to establish communication with the Smart Transmitter?
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Transmitter
HART Communicator for Smart Transmitter
Communicator MUST hold the Device Descriptor files for that particular Device Model to establish communication. Download DDs Device Version. Software Rev.
Communicator Module Memory Stores configurations for future use & DDs
15
Field Upgrade-able Latest device versions & software revisions can be added-on for advanced functions.
275 Memory
SMART Transmitter Memory
Configuration data stored in the electronics
Working memory Holds the connected transmitters configuration
Data Pack Optional, holds transmitter configurations for future use
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Multidropping is possible with Digital Transmitters
Maximum 15 HART devices can be multi-dropped.
16
Only Digital Communication Signals
Power Supply
4-20 mA + Digital Comm. Signal 4 mA
250
ica te
Stand-alone Address = 0
Assigned Polling Address via Communicator
m u 3 nica - - - - - - - - - - - - 15 te
Poll Poll 2 15 Address Address
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Co mm un
Co m
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Transmitter
Smart Transmitter performs continuous diagnostics
Process Variable Out of Range 3.9 Analog Output (mA) 4 Normal Operating Range 20 20.8
17
3.75
22 LOW HIGH
Hardware Alarm
Diagnostic Information:
Process Alarm
Pressure drop below 4 mA point Output current fixed at 3.9 mA Pressure rise above 20 mA point Output current fixed at 20.8 mA Alarm message displayed
Hardware Failure Alarm
HIGH or LOW User selectable by a jumper switch on the electronics During failure Output current fixed at either HIGH or LOW value
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Advantages of Smart Transmitter
Process Variable Reading
Can read the Process Variable when the 420 mA points are exceeded 200 140 80
18
PV = 40 psi AO = 3.9 mA
4 mA
20 mA
PV = 160 psi AO = 20.8 mA
Multiple Digital Outputs
Primary = Digital representation of Process Pressure Secondary = Temperature inside Sensor Module 3rd = Not used on this Model 4th = Not used on this Model
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Transmitter
Benefits of Smart Transmitter Against Analog Transmitter
The digital format of the smart transmitter makes the following characteristics possible: Higher accuracy More Features Wider Rangeability Simplified Maintenance Easier Commissioning Multiple Sensor Readout Better Electronic Stability
19
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Fieldbus Application
Can be used for control applications: pressure, temperature, level & flow Supports Intrinsic Safety (I.S.) with bus powered devices
FF PA
20
Safe area
PS PC T
Control System SB 1 2
Hazardous Area
T
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Transmitter
Fieldbus Network Standard
IEC 1158-2 Standard
Operator Interface Junction Boxes Terminator
FF PA
21
Power Supply 9~32 V
Couplers
H1 Segment 1 Terminator Power Filter
Local Operator Interface
Configurator Power Filter
Level 1 - Transmitter
Fieldbus Supports Multiple Topology
Topology describes the Shape of the Network
Control Highway Fieldbus I/O
FF PA
22
Junction Box
Point to Point
Branch
Daisy Chain
Tree
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Transmitter
FoundationTM Fieldbus Communication Protocol
FF PA
23
Protocol FoundationTM Fieldbus protocol is the same on both Highway 1 and 2 Physical Layer Highway 2 for Local and Wide Area Network communications. (100 Mbits/sec or 1 Gbits/sec)
Industry Standard Ethernet Highway 1 for Process Automation
(31.25Kbits/sec)
Uses existing cabling Power & Signal Intrinsic Safe Field Devices
Level 1 - Transmitter
FoundationTM Fieldbus Topology
FF PA
24
Speed 100 Mbits/s High Speed Ethernet Highway 2
Highway 1 to 2 Bridge
Speed 31.25 Kbits/s Highway 1
Control Valves
On/Off Actuators
Txs
Motor Starters
Temp Tx
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Transmitter
Profibus Communication Protocol and Physical Layer Family
(Up to 12Mbits/sec @ 100 metres)
Signal (RS485) CNC Devices Computer to Computer Profibus DP for Devices
FF PA
25
Profibus FMS for Local Area Network communications.
(Up to 1.2Mbits/sec @ 200 metres)
Signal (RS-485) Distributed Input/Output Systems Non Intrinsic Safe Field Devices Profibus PA for Process Automation (31.25Kbits/sec) Uses existing cabling Power & Signal Intrinsic Safe Field Devices
Level 1 - Transmitter
Profibus Topology
Up to 12Mbits/s @ 100 metres
FF PA
26
FMS
PLC Up to 1.2Mbits/sec @ 200 metres 31.25 or 62 Kbits/s
DP
DP
Power Supply 31.25 Kbits/s
DP to PA Converter
On/Off Actuators Motor Starters
PA
Single point of Failure
Control Valves
Txs Level 1 - Transmitter
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Transmitter
What is Fieldbus?
Fieldbus is a network Devices sit in parallel between the wires Transmission Rate = 31.25 kbit/s
FF PA
27
Fieldbus Segment
Only Digital Communication Signals
Terminator Power Conditioner Fieldbus Power Supply
Terminator
Monitor or Control Field Devices
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H1 - 31.25 kbit/s Field Devices
FF PA
28
Can be powered directly from the fieldbus segment Can operate on wiring previously used for 4-20 mA devices
H1 Fieldbus Segment (wire-pair)
Power Supply Power Conditioner
Field Devices powered from fieldbus
Standard (4-20 mA) Wire-pair
Power & communication on the same pair of wires.
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Transmitter
H1 Signal Transmission
Wave shape at sending device
I (Current) V (Voltage)
FF PA
Wave shape on fieldbus
29
0.75 - 1 V pp Variable 0 Time 16 - 20 mA pp
Power 9 to 32 V
Time
Equivalent Circuit Diagram
100 Power = Max. 32 V 1F Terminator Device
100 1F Terminator
Level 1 - Transmitter
Terminators
R-C circuit impedance matching module to prevent distortion & signal loss due to reflection at the ends of fieldbus cable for voltage mode signal on the segment
Trunk Terminator Power Conditioner Terminator
FF PA
30
Power Supply
100 Ohms 1uF Spur Ground
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Transmitter
Power Conditioning
Ordinary power supply will absorb signal on the cable trying to maintain constant voltage level on the cable Therefore, has to be conditioned for fieldbus by putting an inductor between power supply & fieldbus wiring
Active filter, equivalent to:
FF PA
31
Power Supply For Multiple Segments
100 Ohms 10 mH
Power Conditioner Ground
Fieldbus
All ground terminals should be connected to Instrument Ground Bar or Earth Ground
Level 1 - Transmitter
Segment Power
FF PA
32
The voltage supplied to the fieldbus cable can be as high as 32 V. The voltage at any device can be as low as 9 V for the device to operate correctly.
Power Supply
VPS
Power Conditioner VPC
V1 Iq1 Iq2
V2 Iq3
V3 Iqn
Vn
VPS - VPC < 32 v Vn > 9v
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Transmitter
Common Physical Layer
Wiring Savings are the same
FF PA
33
Before
After
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Common Physical Layer
FF PA
34
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Transmitter
Common Network Components
FF PA
35
Terminator
Cap
Brick
Gland
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FOUNDATION Fieldbus Architecture
3 main components
Key F.F Technology Differentiator Interface for user interaction through Blocks
FF PA
36
Field Device 1
Field Device 2
User Layer
User Layer
Communication Stack
Protocol Stacks handles Communications Device connection to network
Communication Stack
Physical Layer
Physical Layer
Fieldbus Network
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Transmitter
Physical Layer
FF PA
37
Composed of physical medium (eg. wire-pair) Receives massage from the communication stack & converts the message into physical signals on the fieldbus wire to a digital representation that a micro-processor can understand Manchester Encoding Technique 31.25 Kbaud
Physical Layer
FOUNDATION fieldbus H1 Segment
Level 1 - Transmitter
Physical Layer
FF PA
38
Fieldbus signals are encoded using Manchester Encoding Data is combined with clock signal to create synchronous serial signal.
Fieldbus Messages
CLOCK 1 Bit Time 1 0
Voltage
DATA
Time
+ ENCODING -
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Transmitter
Communications Stack
FF PA
39
Device communication software provides encoding & decoding of user layer messages provides deterministic control of message transmission provide message transfer Communication Data Link Layer (DLL) Stack Controls transmission of messages onto the fieldbus through the Link Active Scheduler (LAS) Physical Layer Provides various possibilities for application layer to send data to FOUNDATION fieldbus H1 Segment other stations
Level 1 - Transmitter
Communications Stack
Link Active Scheduler (LAS) Only one LAS per Fieldbus Segment If the LAS fail, a Backup LAS (LM) will become active
Traffic police for segment 1
Controller LAS
FF PA
40
Bridge LAS
BD
LM
BD
LM
Link 1 or Segment 1
Traffic police for segment 2
BD
BD
LM
LM
Link 2 or Segment 2
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Transmitter
User Layer
Provides the interface for user interaction with the system Blocks - resource, transducer, and function Supports DDs to allow host system to know device capabilities Key FF technology differentiator
FF PA
41
User Layer
Communication Stack
Physical Layer
FOUNDATION fieldbus H1 Segment
Level 1 - Transmitter
User Layer - Resource Block
Describes characteristics of device Dev Type Dev Rev Mode Master Reset Monitors over-all device status Only one resource block in each device
FF PA
42
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Transmitter
User Layer - Transducer Block
Interface device hardware to function block Input transducer block processing of sensor signal such as characterization & trimming Output transducer block processing of actuator & feedback signal
Factory & User Characterization Temperature Channel Pressure
FF PA
43
Unit
Trim
Sensor
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User Layer - Function Block
Performs the basic time-critical functions: measurement control & control-selection calculation & signal selection alarm actuation & etc. Configurations are built using function blocks
FF PA
44
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User Layer - Function Block
Function blocks can be linked together
FF PA
45
within a device and/or to other devices
Function blocks can be distributed to the devices
download via the Host
Control is distributed on the wire
OUT IN BCKCAL_IN OUT
AI-110
TAG: LT108
PID-110
TAG: DVC108
H1 PID-110
CAS_IN BCKCAL_OUT
AI-110
AO-110
LT DVC
AO-110
TAG: DVC108
Level 1 - Transmitter
Control Anywhere
FF PA
46
FOUNDATION Fieldbus devices have the capability to support field-based control TODAY Regulatory control without the cost of a DCS or Controller!
Host
Valve Transmitter
BKCAL_IN OUT IN OUT BKCAL_OUT CAS_IN
FIELDVUE
AI
PID
AO
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Transmitter
Device Descriptor (DDs)
FF PA
47
a driver for the fieldbus device New devices are added to the fieldbus by simply connecting the device to the fieldbus segment and providing the control system or host with the DDs. to achieve interoperability allows operation of devices from different suppliers on the same fieldbus network with only one version of the host human interface
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Device Descriptor (DDs)
contains standard device descriptions from the fieldbus foundation.
Universal parameters Function block parameters Transducer block parameters
FF PA
48
incremental device descriptions from the suppliers
Manufacturer specific parameters
Standard DDs To Host System
Incremental DDs
. . .
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Transmitter
Automatic Address Assignment
A number of devices may be connected to the
FF PA
49
bus at the same time. A configuration utility in the host then automatically assigns an unused address to each device. The user does not need to understand how to assign hardware addresses.
Plug and Play Transmitters This enables fast and safe commissioning of the
Fieldbus Network No dip switches or software pre-configuration required
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Polarity Insensitive Devices
Fisher-Rosemount Provide Polarity Insensitive
FF PA
50
Foundation Fieldbus Devices
This enables fast and safe commissioning of the
Fieldbus Network
Rack Room Marshalling Panel
Wiring crossover is NO PROBLEM!
+ Host Termination Panel Home Run Cable Junction Boxes
Field Junction Boxes
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Transmitter
On-Line Expansion
Devices may be connected to the bus On-Line
FF PA
51
and used in Control Strategies without shutting down the Control System This maximises device flexibility, availability and ultimately process through put.
Why Stop the process when you want to add a Field
Device ?
Level 1 - Transmitter
Tag Search
Foundation Fieldbus provides a service for
FF PA
52
finding devices or Function Blocks by TAG. Variables can also be found searching: TAG.Desired Parameter
Can you remember the Transmitters Hardware
Address that you are looking for ? Extremely useful feature during plant start-up and operation.
FT102A or CTL01C03A01
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Transmitter
Unique ID
Foundation Fieldbus provides a UNIQUE ID
FF PA
53
(Serial Number) in each Device. This Enables Device traceability from initial device manufacture. The UNIQUE ID contains the Device Manufacturer, Model Number, Location, Time and Date the devices operating system was downloaded .
Useful for life Cycle Management and Material
Management Provides Device Traceability
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Trend Collection In Fieldbus Devices
FF PA
54
Trend Collection
Last 16 (Values + Status) + Timestamp of Last Value Collected
Transd. Block
AI
PID
AO
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Transmitter
Common sense of time
FF PA
55
All devices in the network share a common sense
of time, which allows precise scheduling of activities. The Application Clock Time Distribution function synchronises all Fieldbus devices. The devices maintain their application clocks between synchronisation messages.
The application time enables the devices to time
stamp data (variables, alarms etc.) at source. Scheduling between devices provides tighter control.
Level 1 - Transmitter
A Typical Plant Today
Control in the Control System
FF PA
56
DCS
Proprietary Bus
AI AI
PID PID
AO AO Profibus DP
DP/PA Coupler
4 - 20 mA
Profibus PA
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Transmitter
A Typical Plant Today
FF PA
57
DCS
Foundation Fieldbus
PID PID AI AI
PID PID AI AI
AO AO
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Standard Function Blocks
Basic
FF PA
58
Discrete Input Discrete Output Analogue input Analogue Output PID, PI, I Control P, PD Control Control Selector Manual Loader Bias/Gain Station Ratio Station
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Standard Function Blocks
Advanced
FF PA
59
Pulse Input Complex Analogue Output Complex Discrete Output Step Output PID Device Control Setpoint Ramp Generator Splitter Input Selector Signal Characteriser Lead Lag
Dead time Arithmetic Calculate Integrator(Totaliser) Timer Analogue Alarm Discrete Alarm Analogue Human Interface Discrete Human Interface
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Online Control Strategy Modification
FF PA
60
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Transmitter
Online Control Strategy Modification
FF PA
61
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A PLC Based System
Information Mapping in a PLC Based System
FF PA
62
DCS
Data Base Locations
4 - 20 mA
Proprietary Bus
Profibus DP
DP/PA Link Device
Profibus PA
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Transmitter
FoundationTM
Fieldbus Host
FF PA
63
Information location with FoundationTM Fieldbus
DCS
Foundation Fieldbus
Data Base Location
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Device Description Coverage
FF PA
64
Supplier A
pH Sensor Diag Functionality A
Sensor Diag Material Maintenance Log Auto Calb Functionality B
Supplier B
Interoperability via specifications
TAG Descriptor Status PV1 -- DP PV2 -- Ambient Temp
Process Temp
Functionality C Pressure Flow Comp Material
Supplier C
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Device Description Coverage
FF PA
65
Supplier B Supplier A
Functionality B Functionality A Interoperability via DDL and Function Blocks
Functionality C
Supplier C
Level 1 - Transmitter
Future Proof the Investment
to upgrade a FoundationTM Fieldbus Device by download the new DDs to it.
FF PA
66
Full Device Description (DD) support enables you
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Transmitter
Future Proof the Investment
To upgrade a Profibus PA Device
FF PA
67
First find out which PA Communication Profile it is using. Version 1.0, 2.0, 2.1, 2.2 or 3.0. Then find out if the hardware of your device can support the new PA Communication Profile. Check the host PA Communication Profile. Then return the device to the factory for the device to be upgraded. This upgrade can be performed on site if you have the correct revision of the device flashing tool and trained maintenance staff.
Profibus PA = High Cost of ownership
Level 1 - Transmitter
Device Status
All connectable variables have STATUS. STATUS reflects the measurement health and
FF PA
68
Predictive Device failure analysis.
Value: 234.5 m3/h Status: Good, Bad Sub-Status: Description of Fault Limit : High, Low, Constant or not limited Predictive Analysis : Impulse Line Plugging
AI AI
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Transmitter
Predictive Device Failure Analysis
predictively detect device failures. This can be applied to the primary sensing element, the transmitter and/or the final actuator.
FF PA
69
With Advanced Diagnostic Functionality we can
Blockage
Level 1 - Transmitter
Exercise
1. Define Foundation fieldbus. 2. State 2 distinguish difference between Foundation fieldbus and HART protocol. 3. State 2 similarities between Foundation fieldbus and HART protocol. 4. Name the three main layers of the Foundation Fieldbus Architecture. 5. Which one of the above layer is the key differentiator of Foundation Fieldbus Technology?
70
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Exercise
6. Name the device in a fieldbus segment that acts as a traffic police to control the transmission of messages. 7. Name the block via where calibration is performed on the Foundation fieldbus device? 8. Name the block via where measurement configurations are made on the Foundation fieldbus device? 9. What is the allowable/required voltage range at any device in a fieldbus segment for the device to operate correctly. 10.Name the 2 special components that are required in a fieldbus segment to reduce signal distortion.
71
Level 1 - Transmitter
Exercise
72
Rosemount measurement transmitters falls into the following categories: A. Analog B. Smart C. Foundation Fieldbus D. Profibus PA Select the category that best suits the following statements: 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. Outputs only 4-20 mA current. Enable control in the field. Outputs only digital signal related PV. Communication signal superimposed onto the 4-20 mA current signal. Uses BELL 202 physical layer for communication. Has built in function blocks such as AI, and PID. Made up of A/D modem, Micro-processor & D/A modem. Uses LAS to synchronize communication. [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ]
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