1
'COMBINED EXTERNAL LOAD TESTS FOR
STANDARD AND COMPACT FLANGES'
by
David H Nash & Muhammad Abid
Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Strathclyde
Glasgow, Scotland, UK
ABSTRACT
The recognised standard method of gasketed flanged joint design contained within
most pressure vessel codes is that based on the Taylor Forge procedure
[1]
. This has, as its
basis, bolt load calculations, which are designed to apply sufficient load to both seat and
initialise the gasket, and to ensure sealing via a gasket when the operational pressure load is
present. The flange ring and hub transmit the bolt load to the gasket and must therefore be
stiff and flat. However, there are many real situations where additional loads arise through
external pulling and bending. This is commonly seen in piping systems and other flanged
pressure equipment.
Although the codes do not specifically address the 'combined load' problem, the
normal method for considering this additional load is to form an equivalent pressure. This
over-pressure is calculated by making the stress generated in the pipe or vessel wall, by the
external load, equal to a longitudinal pressure stress which may be tensile or compressive,
depending on the nature of the load. This results in an over-pressure which can therefore be
added to the operating pressure. For bending loads, no account is taken of the variation around
the circumference, or the change in gasket seating width, which will vary as the flange faces
rotate.
In order to assess the effects of external loading on flanges, a combined load test rig
has been constructed and a number of bolted flange assemblies examined including standard
ANSI joints and compact VERAX VCF joints (Figures 1a and b). These assemblies have been
strain gauged and tested for a variety of load conditions. Tests have been carried out using
hydraulic fluid as the main pressurising medium. The results of the individual tests and the
combinations of load are presented and discussed.
2
1. INTRODUCTION
Normal design and stress analysis of taper hub flanges on thin walled pipes is based on
achieving satisfactory performance for two loading conditions
[1]
. These comprise the 'bolt-up'
and 'operating' conditions. For the 'bolt-up' state, loading is applied through the bolts and
transmitted to the sealing gasket via ring flanges as shown in Figure 2a. Upon the application
of internal pressure, the 'operating' case, additional components are introduced as shown in
Figure 2b. In each of these conditions, the maximum moment is evaluated and a stress
analysis undertaken. The resulting direct stresses in the flange are limited to two-thirds of the
material yield stress and the longitudinal bending stress limited to yield.
Design and analysis based on both of these conditions relies on the evaluation of a ring
moment that is resisted by the flange ring and taper hub. When externally applied loads such
as dead weight, pulling or wind induced bending moments, thermal expansion or torsion loads
are present, consideration must be taken of the increase in longitudinal stress. Externally
applied bending causes the pipe or vessel to bend and at the flange locations will produce
compression at one location while producing tension at the opposite pole. In this case, the
flange must maintain a seal in order to prevent failure.
An 'equivalent pressure', p
e
, can be found
[2]
from equating longitudinal stresses as a
result of the effects of direct and bending loads by considering the system as a beam as
follows, for a pipe of mean diameter, D, thickness, t.
Longitudinal stress due to a direct load, W:-
Dt
W
t
D p
e
l
t
o = =
4
hence, equivalent pressure
2
4
D
W
p
e
t
=
Longitudinal stress due to a moment load, M:-
t D
M
t
D p
e
l
2
4
4 t
o = =
hence, equivalent pressure
3
16
D
M
p
e
t
=
This model, for externally applied loading, assumes axi-symmetric behaviour
throughout. In order to investigate the effect and validity of this axi-symmetric assumption, a
programme of experimental work was undertaken. In this programme, the aim was to
3
determine what, if any, non-symmetric responses were present in the jointed pipe connection
as a result of combinations of externally applied loading. Thereafter, by investigating
measured strain gauge data, a better understanding of the load distribution in the bolted
connection would be achieved.
For the purposes of comparison, a 4inch Class 900# ANSI standard joint with spiral
wound gasket was tested against a VERAX VCF metal-to-metal compact joint of a similar
duty with and without an 'O' ring seal. The ANSI joint requires 8 M30 bolts whereas the VCF
joint requires 16 M10 bolts. Thereafter, a comparison of the load carrying performance was
made using a 'linear interaction' approach and this then compared with the traditional
equivalent pressure model.
2. EXPERIMENTAL SETUP
To examine the effect of differing combinations of externally applied load, a test rig
was designed to work in tandem with an existing Instron testing machine. Loading is applied
using a combination of systems incorporating a pump, rams and a screw driven test machine.
The application of the tensile and four point bending loads is shown in Figure 3. Pressure
loading is applied to the assembled joint via a manually operated hand pump, with a 500Bar
capacity. Pressure gauges on the pump and on the assembly record the internal pressure. Axial
tension load is applied via two symmetric parallel shafts loaded by hydraulic cylinders. This
tensile load is transferred to the pipe by the use of heavy end plates and a pin-type connector,
which locates the assembly and the loaded shafts. The end plates are deemed rigid enough to
transfer the load from the shafts to the pipe assembly. However, these were strain gauged as a
precaution, and load levels monitored. Four point bending was achieved by the use of the
testing machine cross head together with a custom-built load applicator. This arrangement
applied load to the upper portion of the joint using a load spreader device and this reacted by
two frictionless loose saddles, which allowed the joint to rotate in the axial plane. Details of
the experimental layout can be viewed in Figures 5-7.
2.1 Preloading of VCF and ANSI Joints
A bolt pre-loading calibration test was undertaken in the testing machine for each
flange style under consideration. A single strain bolt was gauged at four 90 locations and
tested in a bolt calibration unit with the testing machine. For the VCF compact joint, a pre-
load of 75% of the yield strength of the bolt material was employed. This is the value
4
recommended by the supplier for a VCF joint. Yield strength of the bolt material was 640
N/mm
2
and so the applied pre-load stress was 480 N/mm
2
. Using this procedure, the bolt was
torqued up to achieve the pre-load stress measured by strain gauges on the calibration bolt and
a torque of about 65 Nm was noted from the torque wrench. This torque was then applied to
each bolt in sequence during assembly.
A nominal pre-load of 50% yield of the ANSI bolting (361 N/mm
2
) was chosen for the
ANSI flanged joint. This is the maximum load used typically by the oil and gas industry
[8]
.
The associated ASME standard
[9]
does not specify a magnitude of pre-load for the bolts, only
a minimum seating stress that relates to the gasket style and composition. The pre-load for the
ANSI joint was based partly on the practical basis that most fitters of flanged joints tighten the
bolts as hard as possible.
Each bolt was tightened by increasing the torque and strain was recorded for each bolt.
Copper-slip lubricant was used on the thread of the bolts. A maximum torque of 505 Nm was
applied as suggested by industry standards when using copper-slip lubricant. The torque was
applied in four stages i.e. 210, 310, 400 and 505 Nm. It is noted that, for bolts of this size, it is
recommended that a hydraulic bolt tensioner be employed. Four strain gauges were placed on
the bolt at angles of 90 degree and a quarter bridge circuit was made to note the behaviour of
bending along-with the axial stresses (tension) in the bolts. Bolts were tightened with the
torque wrench (capacity 200~810 Nm) and it was found quite difficult to tighten the bolts as
for this at least two personnel were required. In addition, this assembly was also clamped on
the floor to prevent it from rotating. It is worth noting that for the VCF joint the M10 bolts
were very easy to tighten by hand by one fitter using a ring spanner and torque wrench.
During tightening, the following procedures were adopted. To achieve uniform joint
load/stress distribution the bolts were tightened in four stages, representing approximately
40%, 60%, 80% and 100% of the required torque values. At each stage of tightening, bolts
were tightened in a controlled sequence as follows:
- 8 bolt flange 1, 5, 3, 7, 2, 6, 4, 8
- 16 bolt flange 1, 9, 5, 13, 3, 11, 7, 15, 2, 10, 6, 14, 4, 12, 8, 16
Finally all the bolts were chased round using 100% torque value until no nut movement
occurred.
2.2 Joint Assembly Loading
5
A complete understanding of the loading exerted on the flanged joint can only be
achieved by means of a multi-load step procedure. This method permits an examination of the
flanged joint at each stage of the loading process. That is to say, load at the initial contact step,
the bolt-up step and/or the final step after the internal pressure, bending moment or axial force
has been applied. This allows for a better understanding of the complete installation procedure
in terms of stressing and deformation rather than being limited to an analysis of the final
condition only.
The joint size under consideration is a 4inch class 900
#
assembly. The ANSI 900
#
joint
has a maximum working pressure of 153bar at room temperature, with a 50% higher proof
test pressure (1.5153 = 230 bar or 23 N/mm
2
). This test pressure was calculated on the basis
of the rules for test pressure found in BS 1560 Section 3. Therefore by using the multi-load
step approach the sequence interrupts the pumping at 80bar, 160bar and then at 230bar whilst
continuously recording the measurements. After proper and careful assembly of the apparatus
and pre-loading, internal pressure was then applied in the above manner. For comparison
purposes, the same proof test pressure was used for both the ANSI and VCF joints.
The following loading conditions were applied;
- Internal pressure only - Internal pressure + bending moment
- Axial Force only - Internal pressure + axial force
- Bending moment only - Internal pressure + bending moment + axial load
3. THEORETICAL LOAD CAPACITY OF JOINT
When engineering a bolted joint of any kind, the most important part of the work is to
establish the magnitude and the character of the applied loads, either by detailed computation,
actual measurements or by experience
[7]
. In those special cases, where large bending moments
or axial loads are expected, an analysis of the effects is possible by use of superposition,
providing linear relationships are maintained. The design criterion is such that a breakaway
situation should be avoided, i.e. that in particular, no bolt may develop excessive plastic
deformation
[6]
.
It follows that the relationship between various load cases using designations is:
6
0 . 1
max max max
s + +
F
F
M
M
P
P
where;
P = Actual fluid pressure applied (230bar)
M = Actual bending moment applied (15.8kNm)
F = Actual axial force applied (480kN)
P
max
= Max. permissible fluid pressure (153bar)*
M
max
= Max. permissible bending moment (24kNm)
F
max
= Max. permissible bolt preload (480kN)
The magnitudes of the loads were determined as follows. For P, this was the test
pressure given by 1.5 design pressure for pipe. The additional moment and force are based
on the load which was able to be applied by the equipment used in the laboratory. The
maximum values were established from code rules i.e. P
max
is based on permissible code
limiting values. M
max
is evaluated from bending stress calculation and F
max
is based on
available remaining bolt preload. Maximum values are based on the 2/3rd of the yield strength
(354 N/mm
2
) of the material for the flanges and pipe i.e. 248.2 N/mm
2
.
It was assumed that actual pipe data do permit such loads to be transmitted, as in many
cases the bolted joint is much stronger than the attached pipe. This may make the flange neck
fail in an ANSI joint, whilst the VCF joint remains intact. The following tables list the load
carrying capacities for the 4 inch 900
#
class joints as calculated, recommended (by codes
where appropriate) and from the experiments.
Table 1. ANSI joint loads for all three (combined) loads acting at the same time
Nom.
size
(inch)
Nom.
size
(mm)
Pipe
OD
(mm)
Actual
P
(bar)
Calculated
P
max
(bar)
Actual
M*
(kNm)
Calculated
M
max
**
(kNm)
Actual
F
(kN)
Calculated
F
max
(kN)
4 100 114.3 230 400 8.71 24 121 480
Table 2. VCF joint loads without O-ring for single loading only i.e. no combined loading
Nom.
size
(inch)
Nom.
size
(mm)
Pipe
OD
(mm)
Actual
P
(bar)
Calculated
P
max
(bar)
Actual
M*
(kNm)
Calculated
M
max
**
(kNm)
Actual
F
(kN)
Calculated
F
max
(kN)
4 100 114.3 230 400 4.55 24 525 480
Table 3. VCF joint loads with O-ring for all three (combined) loads at the same time
Nom.
size
(inch)
Nom.
size
(mm)
Pipe
OD
(mm)
Actual
P
(bar)
Calculated
P
max
(bar)
Actual
M*
(kNm)
Calculated
M
max
**
(kNm)
Actual
F
(kN)
Calculated
F
max
(kN)
4 100 114.3 230 400 5.85 24 172.5 480
* A four point bending is applied ** A three point bending is applied
From the above tables, it is now possible to establish the ratio of load carrying capacity for
each load in turn. For example, from Table 1, the ratio of actual pressure applied to the
7
calculated maximum is 230/400= 0.575 i.e. 57.5% of the available capacity has been used.
Therefore 42.5% potentially remains available for used by the external moment and force.
Calculations have been performed for the three cases examined and are shown below:
From Table 1
0 . 1
max max max
s + +
F
F
M
M
P
P
= 230/400 +8.71/24 + 121/480 = 1.19 ~ 19 % higher
From Table 2
0 . 1
max max max
s + +
F
F
M
M
P
P
Superposition relationship is not obtained as assembly was
damaged during handling.
From Table 3
0 . 1
max max max
s + +
F
F
M
M
P
P
= 230/400 +5.85/24 + 172.5/480 = 1.18 ~ 18 % higher
The measured load values show ratios greater than 1, which strictly speaking, should not be
permissible. If P=P
max
, then no moment or force is permissible. Correspondingly if M=M
max
,
then no force or pressure loading is permissible, and so on. However, the tabulated loads were
applied in the experiments to show that increases beyond the superposition limit can be
achieved by careful assembly of the joint and that higher performance is available.
4. RESULTS SUMMARY
Single and combined load tests were performed for ANSI flange joint and VERAX
VCF compact flange joints (including and excluding secondary O-ring seal). A summary of
the results is given below for the pre-loading case, for the internal pressure case and for the
case of all three load applied simultaneously.
4.1 Bolt pre-loading
The maximum strains measured in the bolts of VCF flange joint are significantly less
than the ANSI flange joint during pre-loading and required tightening torque per bolt is much
higher for the ANSI joint. The level of control achieved in the VCF joint is significantly
higher than the ANSI due to the relative sizes of the bolts in each joint. The ANSI joint
required two strong persons who yet struggled to load the joint uniformly. The VCF joint was
successfully loaded by one person without undue distress.
8
4.2 Internal pressure loading only
Comparing the two joint styles for internal pressure loading only, up to the maximum
proof test pressure, the strain in the ANSI joint bolts is about 10 times higher than the VCF
joint. For pressures above the proof test pressure, the strain in both joints rise but the final
strain in the VCF joint bolts constantly remains lower than the ANSI joint bolts. The higher
strain noted in the ANSI joint bolts may be due to bending which arises due to flange rotation.
As a consequence of the greater number of smaller bolts, the load in the VCF joint is equally
distributed among the bolts and no rotation exists.
For both flange styles, up to the proof test pressure of 230bar, the hoop strain at the
hub of the flange is less than at the pipe section, whereas the axial strain is a little higher at the
hub than at the pipe section. As the pressure rises to a pressure of 400bar (1.74 times the proof
test pressure), the strains at the hub of the flange and pipe section are nearly the same for both
cases. The magnitude of the axial strain at the hub is three times more than at that of the pipe
section. For the ANSI joint, due to its larger dimensions and taper hub, both the axial and
hoop strains are less than the VCF joint. However, for both cases, the overall maximum stress
calculated from the maximum strain (either hoop or axial) are less than 2/3 of the yield stress
of flange and pipe material. Measured strains in the pipe section are the same for both joint
styles.
4.3 Fully combined loading - Internal pressure plus bending plus axial load
This is the most critical condition as all three loads were applied simultaneously on the
test rig. For the ANSI joint, internal pressure and axial force were applied for the specified
limit, whereas bending (vertical load) was applied more than the recommended value. For the
VCF joint internal pressure was only up to the specified limit whereas axial force and bending
were applied 1.4 times more than the specified limits. The tests were stopped at these levels
because the maximum load achievable by the rig had been reached. At no point had leakage
been detected.
At the full load condition, strains were recorded for both flange styles. The maximum
overall stress calculated from the measured strains showed that the magnitudes were still less
than the material allowables. The maximum stress for the bolt is also less than allowable
stress of the bolt material. Maximum stress for the flange material was found to be larger than
2/3 of yield stress but was slightly less than the yield stress of flange material. Some of the
strain gauges in the axial direction of the ANSI joint hub were showing some type of residual
plastic strain, this being attributed to flange rotation and hub bending. It is important to note
9
that axial strains noted higher compared to the hoop strains in all the cases. At the hubs of
each of the flanges, a comparison of the hoop strains show higher levels in the ANSI flange
joint, whereas for the VCF joint, axial strains were comparatively higher than those seen in
the ANSI joint, this being attributed to the increased material in the ANSI joint configuration.
Measured results in the pipe wall section in both the axial and hoop directions were very
similar, as expected. For the ANSI joint, higher strains were also noted in the bolts as
compared with VCF joint, this as a consequence of bolts bending.
In considering the load capacities of the joint as per the superposition equation, the
strains and stresses are found to be well within the allowable ranges at the load levels applied.
Stresses at high pressure loading were also found acceptable. In general, the strains in the
ANSI joint bolts are quite high for every type of loading but were within the allowable range.
As no visible bending is observed in the VCF joint bolts due to flange rotation, so no high
strains were expected or recorded. The recorded high strains in the ANSI joint are due to
flange rotation during pre-loading and this effect is maintained during the various different
loadings - there is no correction of the initial rotation during pressure loading and subsequent
external loading. This can often be the cause of leakage due to fatigue and gasket crushing or
seal damage.
4.4 Comparison with Equivalent Pressure Approach
The load values denoted in Table 1 can be converted to an equivalent pressure on the
basis of matching the longitudinal stresses generated by the applied pressure, moments and/or
forces. For the loads shown in Table 1, the equivalent pressure for an applied force of 121kN
is 106.7bar, this evaluated using a 120mm effective diameter. For the applied moment of
8.71kNm, an equivalent pressure of 256.7bar results. These are significantly higher pressures
than the specified internal pressure of 153bar. If these additional pressures are added to the
designated maximum of 230bar (at test condition), a total pressure of 593.4bar results. This is
much greater that the 400bar used in the test programme. This result indicates that the
equivalent pressure approach is very conservative compared with measured results.
5. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS
A comparative study of standard ANSI and compact VCF flanged bolted joints has
been undertaken. An experimental programme has been devised to examine pressure, external
force and moment loads applied singly and in combinations. The ANSI and VCF joints have
10
very different characteristics and can be both made to perform well under laboratory
conditions.
However, experience gained during this work has shown that care must be taken
during pre-load to ensure a 'well-made' joint. Pre-loading of the VCF to 80% of the bolt yield
can be done with confidence. Larger diameter bolts cannot be adequately tensioned with
confidence by feel only. With an adequate amount of pre-load, the amount of external load
taken up by the bolts is negligible. Achieving the correct load via torque is essential and hence
calibration should be mandatory. The correct use of a torque wrench can be useful but
achieving the specified torque does not guarantee the desired bolt tension.
A superposition approach has been established for estimating the load capacities of the
joints under combinations of load. This is directly compared with the traditional 'equivalent
pressure method'. Examining the experimental results indicates the axial and bending loads
used in conjunction with the internal pressure as applied to the joints can safely be quite high.
This arises since the equivalent pressures required to generate the same longitudinal stress are
more than double the test pressure. Since this is not expected in normal practice, the
equivalent pressure approach is deemed very conservative. From this work, by using the
superposition equation, charts could be constructed to establish the flange joint capacity for
combinations of load in conjunction with the major pressure load by varying these parameters
one by one.
The technical benefits and drawbacks of the joints are demonstrated by the two main
flange characteristics i.e. joint strength under working pressure and sealing ability. Although
no leakage was observed for both the ANSI and VCF joints, so by comparing the overall
results, the VCF joint is found more effective as has already been proved by stress
analysis
[5],[7]
. In addition it is considered that, due to its low weight, easy handling, low risk,
less maintenance, and smaller physical size, the VCF has the advantage over the ANSI flange
joint.
In spite of all these benefits, some precautions have to be taken when using the VCF
joint, as it requires suitable handling, proper bolt pre-loading, complete unit assembly prior to
welding to the pipes or valves.
Finally up to the experimental maximum pressure of 400bar (2.61 times the working
pressure), no leaks were observed at the joint for both systems. In the present study, tests were
not performed for the failure situation (leakage), however one of the VCF joints without O-
ring was damaged during experiments although care was taken during experiments. Even so,
11
for the internal pressure loading case it showed good behaviour achieving at least the proof
test load (230bar) but was found leaking before reaching 400bar. Similarly good performance
was observed in tests performed for axial and bending loads without internal pressure loading.
It is noted that these measured results were for a single pipe size only and that similar
performance cannot be guaranteed across the entire range of sizes.
6. REFERENCES
(1) Waters, E. O., Wesstrom, D. B., Rossheim, D. B., and Williams, F. S. G., , Formulas for
Stresses in Bolted Flanged Connections, Transactions of ASME, Vol. 59, p 161. 1937.
(2) Bednar, H H Pressure vessel design handbook 2
nd
Edition, van Nostrand Reinhold, 1982.
(3) BS 1560:Part 3:Section 3.1:1989 'Circular flanges for pipes, valves and fittings (Class
designated). Steel, cast iron and copper alloy flanges. Specification for steel flanges',
British Standards Institution, London.
(4) BS 3381:1989 'Specification for spiral wound gaskets for steel flanges to BS 1560',
British Standards Institution, London.
(5) Power, D J, 'A study of conventional and unconventional flanged pipe joint styles using
non linear finite element analysis techniques', MPhil Thesis, University of Strathclyde,
Glasgow, August 1997.
(6) Laviolette, D, Nica, A, Chaaban, A, Marchand, L, and Shirazi-Adl, A, 'Mechanical
behaviour of pressurised bolted joints subject to external bending loads', 7
th
ICPVT,
Volume 2, pp117-122, ASME 1996.
(7) Nash, D H and Abid, M, 'Experimental and analytical study of compact flange joints
subjected to combined loading', Private Report to Shell UK, August 1998.
(8) ES/090, Tables of Bolt Load, Shell Standard.
12
(9) ANSI B16.5-1996, 'Specification for Plate Flanges, American National Standards
Institution, USA
(10) Webjorn, J, 'The Bolted Joint a Series of Problem', Linkping Studies in Science and
Technology, Dissertation No. 130, Appendix A.
(11) Abid, M, Nash, D H and Webjorn, J, 'The Stamina of Non-Gasketed, Flanged Pipe
Connections', FATIGUE 2000, Cambridge, UK, April 2000.
13
Figure 1a ANSI Joint Style Figure 1b Verax VCF Joint Style
Flange ring
Direction of rotation
Direction of rotation
Centre of rotation
Gasket
Outer corner
of Shoulder
Bolt load
Bolt load
Flange ring
Direction of rotation
Direction of rotation
Centre of rotation
Gasket
Outer corner
of Shoulder
Bolt load
Bolt load
Pressure
End load
Pressure
End load
Pressure
load
Figure 2a Bolt-up condition Figure 2b Operating condition schematics
Figure 3 Experimental Layout
Load from screw driven
test machine
Load spreader
Heavy rigid
blocks
Bolted joint
Pipe saddles
Axial load applied via
parallel hydraulic rams
(not shown for clarity)
14
Figure 4 Bolt Calibration Unit
Figure 5 Compact VCF joint under bending load only Figure 6 ANSI joint subject
to tensile load only
15
Figure 7 ANSI joint subject to pressure, bending and tensile loads
