DDC Controls and Software for the HVACR Lab

by Greg Jourdan Wenatchee Valley College Las Vegas, Nevada March 15-16th, 2010 2:30-4 PM

DDC Controls and Software for the HVAC Lab Agenda

1. Types and Level of Automation 2. HVAC DDC Control Principles 3. Open Protocol Control Principles 4. DDC Architecture 5. Examples of DDC Software Programs 6. Typical DDC Control Systems and Applications 7. Present and Future Trends in DDC Controls 8. Getting DDC Equipment in your Schools

DDC Controls Quiz

1. T F 2. T F DDC and PLCs are basically the same control devices. There are 3 key components of any DDC controls system.

3. T F
4. T F

BACNet, Lon, and Tridium are Open Software DDC Integration Tools
The thermistor is linear like the RTD.

5. T F

The Boolean Point is used for converting temperature sensors into useful information.

The Various Levels of DDC and Automation

Residential and Home Automation
Smart Homes, not widely adopted with HVAC Manufacturers Equipment Smart HVAC Systems, ie. Carrier, Nordyn

Commercial
DDC is Designed for Commercial Buildings Multiple Vendors

Industrial
PLCs, SCADA, Ladder Logic, Costly $$$

Residential and Home Automation

Commercial DDC Automation

Present DDC Control Vendors and Merger Corporations

Schneider

Industrial Automation

Evolution of Controls and DDC

PC Based DDC Control System

Trunk / Network Cable

Field Panel 1

Field Panel 2

Field Panel 3

LAN Devices

LAN Devices

Modern DDC Building Controls Utilize a Four Level Architecture

Sensor Level

Field Controller Level

Integration Level

Management Level

The Purpose of any Temperature Control System

Control systems are the brains of HVAC equipment to maintain human comfort. Pictured below is an AHU that serves only one zone. This type of AHU is called a single zone AHU. In the example, a temperature sensor (stat) sends a signal to a control panel, which sends a signal to a valve.

Three (3) Key Components of any Control System Include:

DDC Terminology Set Point and Offset

Set point is the desired condition of a variable that is to be maintained, such as temperature. In the example below, 75 degrees F. is the room temperature set point. Offset is the amount of difference between control point and set point in a proportional control system. In the example below, the offset is approximately 4F.

DDC Terminology Control Point

The Control Point is the actual temperature being sensed. The Control Point (temperature) may not be on the set point, but instead may be above or below it. Simply stated, set point is what you want, while control point is what you get.

DDC Terminology Throttling Range

System Throttling Range (STR) is the change in the measured variable (i.e. temperature) that causes the controlled device to travel from one end of its stroke to the other.

The DDC Control Cycle and Control Action Can be Very Accurate
Two Position Floating Action Proportional Action PI PID

Control Cycle Graph

Two Position (Old School-Not Accurate)

Two Position control action chart (heating action shown)

Floating Action Control

Floating Control Action

Proportional Action

Proportional Control Action

Proportional with Integral Control (PI)

Proportional Plus Integral (PI) Control Action

PID-Proportional Plus Integral & Derivative

Proportional Plus Integral Plus Derivative (PID) control action

Control Points for the DDC System

Four Types of Point Data Categories

Boolean - Represents a binary value with only

Numeric - Represents an analog value such as a
two states, such as "Off" or "On."

Enum - Represents an enumerated state (more String - A string of one or more ASCII characters
and often (if alpha-numeric) with some literal meaning. than two), such as a multi-speed fan with states "Off," "Slow," and "Fast." Enums are often called multi-states or discretes.

temperature, level, rate or similar floating point number, or a varying count (integer).

Control Points for the DDC

Eight Types of Control Points
Boolean
BooleanPoint A read only point
Facets Proxy Extension Out

Numeric
NumericPoint A read only point
Facets Proxy Extension Out

Enumerated
EnumPoint A read only point
Facets Proxy Extension Out

String
StringPoint A read only point
Facets Proxy Extension Out

BooleanWritable Extended to include

Priority controls Fallback property Override expiration 7 Commands On & Off timers

NumericWritable Extended to include

Priority controls Fallback property Override expiration 5 Commands

EnumWritable Extended to include

Priority controls Fallback property Override expiration 5 Commands

StringWritable Extended to include

Priority controls Fallback property Override expiration 5 Commands

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Sensors
A sensor monitors and measures a variable. The HVAC variables are temperature, humidity, flow, and pressure. Different types of signals are produced by different types of sensors. They include:
Electric Sensors Pneumatic Sensors

Electronic Sensors Examples of a sensor is shown here. While it may appear to be a thermostat, it is a remote sensor with a remote set point dial. The controller is in another location.

Electronic Sensors Include:

Resistance sensors are Resistance Temperature Devices (RTDs), and are used in measuring temperature. Voltage sensors could be used for temperature, humidity and pressure. Current sensors could be used for temperature, humidity, and pressure. The typical current range is 4 to 20 mA (milliamps).

Temperatures Sensors Can be either Thermocouple, RTD, or Thermistor. This Chart Compares the Advantages and Disadvantages.

Modern HVAC DDC Sensors Include

Humidity and Temperature Transmitters

CO2 for Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) Utilizing Demand Ventilation

Power Meters Branch Circuit Monitors Energy Meters

Controllers Can Include:

Electric Controls Pneumatic Controls

DDC Controls Electronic Controls

Controllers Principles The Controller Receives the Input and Processes an Output

The DDC Controller Has 3 Functions 1. Receives the Input From the Sensor 2. Performs a Logic Function 3. Processes an Output

Basic DDC-Electronic Control System

Direct Digital Control System

DAMPER DUCT ELECTRIC MOTOR

DIGITAL COMPUTER With INTERFACE HARDWARE

SPACE

ELECTRIC OPERATOR

VALVE

PNEUMATIC OPERATOR DISCHARGE SENSORS

E-P TRANSDUCER

VALVE

FINAL CONTROL ELEMENTS

Controlled Devices Dampers and Valves

Automatic Control Typical Multiblade Dampers

Typical Single - and Double-Seated Two-Way Valves

Typical Three-Way Mixing and Diverting Valves

Controlled Devices 2-Way & 3-Way Control Valves

DDC Control Systems Use Control Valves That Are

Fully Electronic 3-Way Control Valves Not commonly used 2-Way Control Valves Used with DP sensors and VSD pump systems Pressure Independent Characterized Control Valves (PICCV) No Cv required, reduced pumping costs, higher efficiency, easy to balance

Controlled Devices Economizer Damper Actuators

Direct Connect Actuator

Damper Connected to Actuator Via Shaft and Coupling

Damper Actuators are Controlled by Either a Voltage (2-10vdc) or Current (4-20ma) Signal from the Controller

Courtesy Belimo

Electronic ASDs, VFDs Adjustable Speed Drives

Vary Frequency of Motor

Often Called VSDs or VFDs

Used with Any Variable Motor Speed

Control Application

Adjustable Speed Drives Turn AC to DC and Back to AC (Pulsed PWM)

Variable Frequency Drives (VFDs) are Becoming Standard Equipment On: Towers VAV Fans Pumps Chillers

Example of DDC Controls

Example of DDC Control Heating Coil Control With Reset

Example of DDC Control Converter Control With Reset

Variable Speed Pumps are Used in HVAC Projects for Energy Conservation The Westin Building: Hydronic System VSDs match calculated Building Demand to
Cooling Tower tonnage

VSD Drives on Fans to Maintain Static Pressure for Energy Conservation

Many Factory Built-Up AHUs Are VAV with DDC Controls

http://www.mmtmagazine.org/page/indexa916.html?id=44

Modern Control Systems Tie All Building Systems Together Via a Standardized Networks (TCP/IP, BACnet, LON)

HVAC Life Safety Systems Lighting Security Chillers Boilers Building Switchgear

DDC Software is Integrated into the Building Systems

Current automation systems allow communications with multiple vendors
Fire alarm, security Lighting, fan units PLCs (Programmable Logic Controllers) Boilers and chillers

BACnet Software Standard Protocol

BACnet, Developed by ASHRAE

True, Non-proprietary, Open Protocol

(Industry Standardized) Multiple Vendor Controllers

BACnet Connectivity

Third Party Interface vs. BACNet Gateway

LonWorks Platform (Open Protocol)

LonTalk and the Neuron Chip

BACnet is the Preferred and Fastest Growing Network Standard

Units (1000s) BACnet Lon Proprietary BACnet
Revenue (mill $)

Lon

Proprietary

1998
2001

145
183

44
58

588
717

110
231

43
61

604
684

2008

747

90

947

648

78

821

* Units sold and revenue for BACnet, LonWorks, and proprietary systems in the building automation industry, 1998-2008 (Source: Frost & Sullivan, North American Building Protocol Analysis, 2001 #A143-19)

DDC Networks Have Lot of Connections And Dont Always Communicate between the Various Vendors
Application A Application B Application C

Niagara Normalizes All Systems BACNet or LON Network

Application A Application B Application C

DDC Control Systems Schematics are done on AutoCAD

Drawings are sent via email As Built Modifications are easy to change

Example of DDC AutoCAD Boiler Controls

Typical DDC AutoCAD-Example Schematic

Actuator

Sensors

Controller

Typical DDC Software Controls on Factory AHUs Economizer Example

Sensors Controller

Actuator

Typical DDC Software Controls on Factory AHUs Economizer Example

Sensors Controller

Actuator

Typical Controls on Factory AHUs Example of Program for Siemens Controls

Typical Controls on Factory AHUs- Example of Program for Siemens Controls

Typical DDC Controls AHUs-Example of Automated Logix Graphics Display

Present and Future DDC Systems Are Using

Smart Card Access Employee ID Card Physical Access Badge Remote Access Token Combines function into a single smart card on a USB stick

Present and Future Control Systems are Using

PDAs by the building operators are used as diagnostic and maintenance tools.

Present and Future Control Systems Will Be Able to Do Anything Money Will Buy Including:
Using Cloud Height Ceilometers

Owners can know the weather without going outside. Performance and reliability in all weather conditions up to 25,000 feet GPS Tracking Systems on each individual in the Building
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Present and Future Controls are Using Wireless Mesh Networks

Wireless Networks Include: Wibree Bluetooth ZigBee

Present and Future Controls are Using Wireless Power Meters

Present and Future DDC Controls are Smart at the Field Level

Telephone Thermostats

Talking Thermostats

Smart Air Velocity Sensors

Present and Future DDC Controls are Smart and on the Internet WEB

Present and Future DDC Building Control Systems Will

Control Individual Lighting Monitor Each Tenants Total KwH Power Control RH and CO2 Provide Customers Options to Control Individual Space or Cubicle Areas via the Web

Present and Future DDC Control Systems Can Use

Door Lock ID tags to always tell management where you are in the building. Radio frequency ID systems which allow you to track building inventory and manage information with reliability, even in harsh industrial environments.

DDC Challenges and Obstacles for HVAC Instructors and Students

DDC Building Systems are becoming more complex. Information Tech (IT) Departments need to be involved in maintenance of building controls Future trends and demands for skilled labor is creating shortages (not enough people entering blue collar trades)

DDC HVAC Controls Changes and Challenges

Building Controls are Evolving to become: Totally Integrated Modern Sensors and Instrumentation Devices will be Adopted Maintaining Building Efficiencies and Comfort at Minimum Costs will be more complex. Challenges and Obstacles will be a continued shortage of skilled labor.

Getting Started with DDC at your HVAC School

Network with Industry
Work as Summer Interns Develop or Buy Updated Curriculum

Getting Started with DDC at your HVAC School

Get the DDC Equipment Donated is Ok, New is Better Start Writing Grants

Answers to DDC Controls Quiz

1. 6. T TF F 2. 7. T TF F DDC and PLCs are the HVAC Systems costbasically over 35% ofsame control thedevices. energy in the typical building. There are 3 key components of any The minimum CFM requirements for a DDC controls system. home is based on the number of people.

3. T F 8. T F
4. T F

5. 9. TT F F 10.T F

BACNet, Lon, and Tridium are Open According to EPA and WHO, Americans Software DDC Integration Tools spend approximately 90% of their time The thermistor is indoors. linear like the RTD. The Boolean Point is above used for converting High return air CO2 1000 ppm is temperature sensors an indication of into IAQuseful problems. information. Vents, chimneys, flues must be at least 10 from outside air intakes.

DDC Controls and Software for the HVACR Lab

by Greg Jourdan Wenatchee Valley College Any Questions? Thank You

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