MISRIMAL NAVAJEE MUNOTH JAIN ENGINEERING

COLLEGE, CHENNAI - 97
DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS
MATHEMATICS (MA2111)
FOR
FIRST SEMESTER ENGINEERING STUDENTS
ANNA UNIVERSITY SYLLABUS
This text contains some of the most important short answer (Part A) and long
answer (Part B) questions and their answers. Each unit contains 30 university
questions. Thus, a total of 150 questions and their solutions are given. A student
who studies these model problems will be able to get pass mark (hopefully!!).
Prepared by the faculty of Department of Mathematics
SEPTEMBER, 2010
www.engg-maths.com
Functions of Several Variables
2
UNIT IV FUNCTIONS OF SEVERAL VARIABLES
SHORT ANSWER
Problem 1: Using the definition of total derivative, find the value of
du
dt
given
u = y
2
- 4ax, x = at
2
; y = 2at.
Solution:
du u dx u dy
dt x dt y dt
c c
= +
c c
(1)
( ) | |
2
4
4
2
2 2 2 ,
4
u y ax
u
a
x
u
y
y
at y at given
at
=
c
=
c
c
=
c
= =
=

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )( )
2 2
1 4 2 4 2
8 8
0
du
a at at a
dt
a t a t
= +
= +
=
Problem 2: State Eulers theorem on homogeneous functions.
Solution: If u be a homogenous function of degree n in x and y then
u u
x y nu
x y
c c
+ =
c c
.
Problem 3: If
1
sin ,
x y
u
x y

=
+
Find
u u
x y
x y
c c
+
c c
Solution: Given:
1
sin
x y
u
x y

=
+
sin
x y
u
x y

=
+
Let ( ) , sin
x y
f x y u
x y

= =
+
( ) ( ) , ,
t x t y x y
f tx ty f x y
t x t y x y

= = =
+ +
f is a homogenous function of degree 0 in x and y
Hence using Eulers theorem,
Functions of Several Variables
3
( )( )
( ) ( )
0 0
sin sin
. ., 0
f f
x y f
x y
u u
i e x y
x y
c c
+ = =
c c
c c
+ =
c c
cos cos 0
. ., 0
u u
x u y u
x x
u u
i e x y
x y
c c
+ =
c c
c c
+ =
c c
Problem 4: If cos , sin x r y r u u = = find
r
x
c
c
Solution: Given cos , sin x r y r u u = =
2 2 2 2 2 2
cos , sin x r y r u u = =
( )
| |
2 2 2 2 2 2
2 2 2
2
2
2 2
2 2 2 2
cos sin
cos sin
1
. .,
1
2
2
x y r r
r
r
r
i e r x y
r x x
x
x r
x y x y
u u
u u
+ = +
( = +

=
=
= +
c
= = =
c
+ +
Problem 5: If
( )
2 2
log u x xy y = + + , prove that 2
u u
x y
x y
c c
+ =
c c
.
Solution: Given
( )
2 2
log u x xy y = + +
Here u is not a homogeneous function
2 2 u
e x xy y = + +
u
e is a homogeneous function of degree 2 in x, y
By Eulers theorem, we have
( ) ( )
2
2
2
u u u
u u u
x e y e e
x y
u u
xe ye e
x y
u u
x y
x y
c c
+ =
c c
c c
+ =
c c
c c
+ =
c c
Problem 6: Find
du
dt
if
2 2 2
, , 2 u x y x at y at = + = = .
Functions of Several Variables
4
Solution: .
du u dx u dy
dt x dt y dt
c c
= +
c c
(1)
2 2
2
2
4
u x y
u
x
x
u
y
y
at
= +
c
=
c
c
=
c
=
2
2
x at
dx
at
dt
=
=
2
2
y at
dy
a
dt
=
=
( ) ( )( ) ( ) ( )
( )
2
2 3 2
2 2
1 2 2 4 2
4 8
4 2
du
at at at a
dt
a t a t
a t t
= +
= +
= +
Problem 7: If cos sin , x r and y r u u = = evaluate
( )
( )
,
,
x y
r u
c
c
.
Solution:
( )
( )
2 2
cos sin ,
,
sin cos ,
cos sin
x x
r r x y
y y r r
r
r r
u u u
u u u
u
u u
c c
c c c
= =
c c c
c c
( = + =

Problem 8: If
2 2
2 , u xy v x y = = and cos , sin x r y r u u = = . Evaluate
( )
( )
, u v
ru
c
c
without
actual substitution.
Solution:
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
2 2
2 cos sin
2 2 cos sin
2 2 sin cos
, , ,
, , ,
u xy u x y x r y r
u v x y
y x
x x r r
u v x u
x y r r
y y
u u x x
x y r u v u v x y
v u y y r x y r
x y r
u u
u u
u u
u u
u
u u
u
= = = =
c c c c
= = = =
c c c c
c c c c
= = = =
c c c c
c c c c
c c c c c c c
= =
c c c c c c c
c c c c
Functions of Several Variables
5
( )( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2 2 2
2 2 2
2
2 3
2 2 cos sin
2 2 sin cos
4 4 cos sin
4 cos sin
4 cos sin 1
cos sin
cos sin
cos sin
,
4 4
,
y x r
x y r
y x r r
x y r
x y r
x y r r
r r
r
r
u v
r r r
r
u u
u u
u u
u u
u u
u u
u u
u u
u

= +
= + +
= + + =
+ = +
= +
( = +

=
c
= =
c

Problem 9: If
x y u u
u yf g find x y
y x x y
| | c c | |
= + +
| |
c c
\ .
\ .
Solution:
x y
u yf g
y x
| |
| |
= +
| |
\ .
\ .
2
1
' '
u x y y
yf g
x y y x x
| || | c | | (
= +
| | |
(
c
\ .
\ .\ .
2
' '
x y y
f g
y x x
| |
| |
=
| |
\ .
\ .
2
1
' '
1
' '
u x x y
yf f g
x y y x x
x y x y
f f g
y x y x x
( | | c | |
= + +
| | (
c
\ .
\ .
| | | | | |
= + +
| | |
\ . \ .
\ .
' ' '
u u x y y x y x
x y xf xf yf g yf
x y y x x y x y
| | | | | | c c | | | |
+ = + + =
| | | | |
c c
\ . \ .
\ . \ . \ .
Problem 10: If
'
x y z u u u
u find x y z
y z x x y z
c c c
= + + + +
c c c
Solution:
x y z
u
y z x
= + +
2
1 u z
x y x
u x z
x
x y x
c
=
c
c
=
c
Functions of Several Variables
6
2
2
1
1
0
u x
x y z
u x y
y
y y z
u y
z z x
u y z
z
z z x
u u u
x y z
x y z
c
=
c
c
=
c
c
=
c
c
=
c
c c c
+ + =
c c c
Problem 11: Find
du
dt
when
2
sin , ,
t
x
u x e y t
y
| |
= = =
|
\ .
Solution:
Problem 12: Find the Taylors series expansion of x
y
near the point (1,1) up to the first
degree terms.
Solution:
Function Value at (0,0)
( ) , ,
y
f x y x =
1 f =
1
log
y
x
y
y
f yx
f x x

=
=
1
0
x
y
f
f
=
=
By Taylor theorem
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
, , , , ..
x y
f x y f a b hf a b kf a b
(
= + + +

Here a = 1, b = 1
h = x - a = x - 1
k = y b = y - 1
x
y
= 1 + [(x - 1)(1) + (y - 1)0] += 1 + (x - 1) +
2
2
1
cos cos 2
1
cos 2 cos
1 2
cos
t
t
t
du u dx u dy
dt x dt y dt
x x x
e t
y y y y
x x x
e t
y y y y
x xt
e
y y y
c c
= +
c c
| | | |
= +
| |
\ . \ .
| |
=
|
\ .
(
=
(

Functions of Several Variables
7
Problem 13: Find the Taylors series expansion of e
x
sin y near the point 1,
4
t | |

|
\ .
up to
the first degree terms.
Solution:
Function
Value at 1,
4
t | |

|
\ .
( ) , , sin
x
f x y e y =
1 1
1
sin
4 2
f e e
t

(
= =
(

sin
cos
x
x
x
y
f e y
f e y
=
=
1 1
1 1
1
sin
4 2
1
cos
4 2
x
y
f e e
f e e
t
t


(
= =
(

(
= =
(

By Taylor theorem
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
1
, , , ,
1!
x y
f x y f a b hf a b kf a b ( = + +

( ) ( ) | |
2 2
1
, 2 , , ...
2!
xx xy yy
h f a b hk f a b k f a b ( + + + +

Here a = -1, b =
4
t
h = x - a = x + 1
k = y - b = y -
4
t
( ) ( )
( )
1 1 1
1
, 1, 1 1, 1,
4 1! 4 4 4
1 1 1 1
sin 1 , ,
1! 4 2 2 2
1 1 1
4
1! 2 2 2
x y
x
y
f x y f x f y f
e y e x e y f e
y
x
e e e
t t t t
t
t

( | | | | | | | |
= + + +
| | | | (
\ . \ . \ . \ .
( | | | | | |
= + + +
| ( | |
\ . \ . \ .
(

(
+
= + +
(
(

Problem 14: If ( ) 1 , x u v y uv = = find
( )
( )
,
,
x y
u v
c
c
.
Solution:
( )
( )
,
,
x x
u v x y
v y u v
u v
c c
c c c
=
c c c
c c
Functions of Several Variables
8
( )
( )
1
1
1
x u v y uv
v y
v v
u u
x y
u u
v v
v u
v u
u uv uv
u
= =
c c
= =
c c
c c
= =
c c

=
= +
=
Problem 15: If x + y + z = u, y + z = uv, z = unw find
( )
( )
, ,
, ,
x y z
u v w
c
c
.
Solution:
( ) ( )
( )
2 2 3
2
1
(1 )
1 0
1 0
0
1
x u y z u uv u v
y uv z uv uvw uv w
z uvw
x x x
u v w
v u
y y y
J v vw u uw uv
u v w
vw uw uv
z z z
u v w
v u
v u R R R
vw uw uv
uv u v uv u v
= + = =
= = =
=
c c c
c c c

c c c
= =
c c c
c c c
c c c

= +
= + = (

LONG ANSWER
Problem 16: If x = rcos , y = rsin , prove that
(
(

|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
+ |
.
|

\
|
c
c
=
c
c
+
c
c
2
2
2
2
2
2
y
r
x
r
r
1
y
r
x
r
(i)
0) y 0, (x 0
y

(ii)
2
2
2
2
= = =
c
c
+
c
c
Solution:
Functions of Several Variables
9
x = rcos , y = rsin .
x
2
+ y
2
= r
2
and tan = y/x
Differentiating r
2
= x
2
+ y
2
partially w.r.t x, we get
r
x
x
r
i.e., 2x
x
r
2r. =
c
c
=
c
c
(1)
Differentiating r
2
= x
2
+ y
2
partially w.r.t y, we get
r
y
y
r
i.e., 2y
y
r
2r. =
c
c
=
c
c
(2)
(

+ =
(
(

|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
+ |
.
|

\
|
c
c

2
2
2
2
2
2
r
y
r
x
r
1
y
r
x
r
r
1
) y (x
r
1
.
r
1
2 2
2
+ =
r
1
= (3)
Differentiating (1) partially w.r.t x, we get
r
1
1.
x
r
r
1
x
x
r
2 2
2
+
c
c
|
.
|

\
|
=
c
c
r
1
r
x
.
r
x
2
+ |
.
|

\
|
=
Simarly from (2), we get,
r
1
1.
y
r
r
1
y
y
r
2 2
2
+
c
c
|
.
|

\
|
=
c
c
r
1
r
y
.
r
y
2
+
|
.
|

\
|
=
r
2
) y (x
r
1
y
r
x
r
2 2
3 2
2
2
2
+ + =
c
c
+
c
c

r
2
r
1
+ =
r
1
= (4)
From (3) and (4), we get,
(
(

|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
+ |
.
|

\
|
c
c
=
c
c
+
c
c
2
2
2
2
2
2
y
r
x
r
r
1
y
r
x
r
Problem 17: If z = f(x + ay) + g(x - ay) - ay) cos(x
2a
x
2
+ , show that
ay) sin(x
y
z
x
z
a
2
2
2
2
2
+ =
c
c

c
c
Functions of Several Variables
10
Solution:
Differentiating the given equation partially w.r.t x, we get,
ay).1 sin(x
2a
x
ay) cos(x
2a
1
ay).1 (x g ay).1 (x f
x
z
2 2
+ + + ' + + ' =
c
c
Again partially differentiating w.r.t x, we get,
ay) sin(x
2a
1
ay) sin(x
2a
1
ay) (x g ay) (x f
x
z
2 2 2
2
+ + + + ' ' + + ' ' =
c
c
ay) cos(x
2a
x
2
+ +
ay) cos(x
2
x
ay) (x g a ay) (x f a
x
z
a
2 2
2
2
2
+ + ' ' + + ' ' =
c
c
ay) sin(x + + (1)
Similarly differentiating the given equation twice partially w.r.t y, we get
ay).a sin(x
2a
x
ay).(-a) (x g ay).a (x f
y
z
2
+ + ' + + ' =
c
c
2
2
2 2
2
2
ay).a cos(x
2a
x
ay).(-a) (x g ay).a (x f
y
z
+ + ' ' + + ' ' =
c
c
ay) cos(x
2
x
ay) (x g a ay) (x f a
2 2
+ + ' ' + + ' ' = (2)
From (1) and (2), we get,
ay) sin(x
y
z
x
z
a
2
2
2
2
2
+ =
c
c

c
c
Problem 18: Show that
(

+ +
+ +
= =
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
cz by ax
z y x
sin u u where tan 2
z
u
z.
y
u
y.
x
u
x.
3 3 3
1 -
Solution: We have,
(

+ +
+ +
=
cz by ax
z y x
u sin
3 3 3
Let f(x, y, z) =
cz by ax
z y x
3 3 3
+ +
+ +
(1)
f(tx, ty, tz) =
ctz bty atx
z t y t x t
3 3 3 3 3 3
+ +
+ +
= t
2
f(x, y, z)
f(x, y, z) is a homogeneous function of degree 2.
By Eulers theorem,
2.f
z
f
z.
y
f
y.
x
f
x. =
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
(2)
From (1), we have, f = sin u
x
u
u. cos
x
f
c
c
=
c
c

y
u
u. cos
y
f
c
c
=
c
c
and
z
u
u. cos
z
f
c
c
=
c
c
Functions of Several Variables
11
Substituting these in (2), we get,
u 2.sin
z
u
u. z.cos
y
u
u. y.cos
x
u
u. x.cos =
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
u 2.tan
z
u
z..
y
u
y.
x
u
x. =
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
Problem 19: Find
dx
du
if u = x
2
y and x
2
+ xy + y
2
= 1
Solution:
We have
dx
dy
.
y
u
x
u
dx
du
c
c
+
c
c
=
= 2xy + x
2
.
dx
dy
(1)
Let f(x, y) = x
2
+ xy + y
2
- 1
Then
x 2y
y) (2x
y
f
x
f
dx
dy
+
+
=
c
c
c
c
=
From (1)
x 2y
y) (2x
. x 2xy
dx
du
2
+
+
+ =
2y x
y x 2x y 2x 4xy
2 3 2 2
+
+
=
2y x
) 2x xy x(4y
2 2
+
+
=
Problem 20: If u = f(x, y) and x = rcos , y = rsin , prove that
2
2
2
2
2

u
r
1
r
u
y
u
x
u
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
+ |
.
|

\
|
c
c
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
+ |
.
|

\
|
c
c
Solution:
x = rcos
rsin

x
cos
r
x
=
c
c
=
c
c
y = rsin
rcos

y
sin
r
y
=
c
c
=
c
c
We have
r
y
.
y
u
r
x
.
x
u
r
u
c
c
c
c
+
c
c
c
c
=
c
c
i.e., .sin
y
u
.cos
x
u
r
u
c
c
+
c
c
=
c
c
(1)
Also we have

y
.
y
u

x
.
x
u

u
c
c
c
c
+
c
c
c
c
=
c
c
Functions of Several Variables
12
i.e., .rcos
y
u
) .(-rsin
x
u

u
c
c
+
c
c
=
c
c
.cos
y
u
.sin
x
u

u
r
1
c
c
+
c
c
=
c
c
(2)
Squaring and adding (1) and (2), we get,
( ) ( ) cos sin
y
u
sin cos
x
u

u
r
1
r
u
2 2
2
2 2
2 2
2
2
+
|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
+ +
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
=
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
+
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
2
2
y
u
x
u
|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
+
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
=

2
2
2
2
2

u
r
1
r
u
y
u
x
u
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
+ |
.
|

\
|
c
c
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
+ |
.
|

\
|
c
c
Problem 21: Expand x
2
y + 3y - 2 in powers of (x -1) and (y + 2) using Taylors
theorem
Solution:
Let f(x, y) = x
2
y + 3y - 2
( )
{
} ) b , a (
yyy
f .
3
) b y (
xyy
f
2
) b y )( a x ( 3
) b , a (
xxy
f ). b y (
2
) a x ( 3 ) b , a (
xxx
f .
3
) a x (
3!
1
) b , a (
yy
f .
2
) b y ( ) b , a (
xy
f ).. b y )( a x ( 2 ) b , a (
xx
f ..
2
) a x (
2!
1
) b , a (
y
f ). b y ( ) b , a (
x
f ). a x ( b) f(a, ) y , x ( f
+ + +
+ +
+ + +
+ + + =
(8)
Putting a = 1, b = -2
f (1, -2) = 1
2
.(-2) + 3(-2)-2 = -10
4 ) 2 , 1 ( f xy 2 ) y , x ( f
x x
= =
4 ) 2 , 1 ( f y 2 ) y , x ( f
xx xx
= =
4 ) 2 , 1 ( f 3 x ) y , x ( f
y y
2
= + =
0 ) 2 , 1 ( f 0 ) y , x ( f
yy yy
= =
2 ) 2 , 1 ( f x 2 ) y , x ( f
xy xy
= =
0 ) y , x ( f ) y , x ( f ) y , x ( f
xyy yyy xxx
= = =
2 ) 2 , 1 ( f 2 ) y , x ( f
xxy xxy
= =
The partial derivatives of order 4 and higher orders are 0.
Substituting in (8) we get,
Functions of Several Variables
13
( ) ( ) 2 ). 2 y .( ) 1 x .( 3
! 3
1
0 . ) 2 y ( 2 ). 2 y )( 1 x ( 2 ) 4 .( ) 1 x (
2!
1
4 ). 2 y ( ) 4 ).( 1 x ( 10 - 2 y 3 y x
2 2 2
2
+ + + + + +
+ + + + = +
( ) ) 2 y .( ) 1 x ( ) 2 y )( 1 x .( 2 1 x 2 ) 2 y ( 4 ) 1 x ( 4 10
2 2
+ + + + + + =
Problem 22: Find the maximum and minimum values of f(x, y) = x
3
+ y
3
- 3axy.
Solution:
f(x, y) = x
3
+ y
3
- 3axy
f
x
= 3x
2
- 3ay
f
y
= 3y
2
- 3ax
At the stationary points f
x
= 0 and f
y
= 0
i.e., 3x
2
- 3ay = 0
and 3y
2
- 3ax = 0
i.e., x
2
= ay and y
2
= ax
i.e., x
4
= a
2
y
2
i.e., x
4
= a
3
x
i.e., x (x
3
- a
3
) = 0
i.e., x = 0 or x = a
When x = 0, we get, y = 0 and when x = a, we get, y = a
The stationary points are (0,0) and (a, a)
Now r = f
xx
= 6x
s = f
xy
= -3a
t = f
yy
= 6y
rt - s
2
= 6x.6y (-3a)
2
= 36xy - 9a
2
(i) At (0, 0), rt - s
2
= -9a
2
< 0
At (0, 0), f(x, y) has neither a maximum nor a minimum.
i.e., (0, 0) is a saddle point.
(ii) At (a, a), rt - s
2
= 36a
2
- 9a
2
= 27a
2
> 0
Also at (a, a), r = 6a.
If a > 0, then r > 0 and hence f(a, a) is a minimum value.
If a < 0, then r < 0 and hence f(a, a) is a maximum value. The maximum or minimum
value at (a, a) is f(a, a) = -a
3
.
Problem 23: Find the maxima or minima of f(x, y) = 2(x - y)
2
- x
4
- y
4
Solution:
f(x,y) = 2(x - y)
2
- x
4
- y
4
f
x
= 4(x - y) - 4x
3
f
y
= -4(x - y) - 4y
3
r = f
xx
= 4 - 12x
2
Functions of Several Variables
14
s = f
xy
= -4
t = f
yy
= 4 - 12y
2
Stationary points are obtained by solving f
x
= 0 and f
y
= 0.
i.e., x y - x
3
= 0 (1)
and -(x - y) - y
3
= 0 (2)
Adding (1) and (2) x
3
+ y
3
= 0
i.e., (x + y)(x
2
xy + y
2
) = 0
x = -y or x
2
xy + y
2
= 0 (Check: x
2
xy + y
2
> 0, always)
Putting in (1) x = -y, we get,
-2y + y
3
= 0
i.e., y(y
2
- 2) = 0
i.e., y = 0, 2 - , 2
The corresponding x values are 0, 2 , 2
The stationary points are (0, 0), ) 2 , 2 (- and ) 2 - , 2 (
Now rt - s
2
= (4 - 12x
2
) (4 - 12y
2
) - 16 and r = 4 - 12x
2
(i) At (0, 0), rt - s
2
= 16 - 16 = 0. This case needs further information.
Now f(0, 0) = 0
For points along the x-axis, where y = 0 we have f(x, y) = 2x
2
- x
4
= x
2
(2 - x
2
) which is
positive for points in the neighbourhood of (0, 0).
Again for points along the line y = x we have f(x, y) = -2x
4
which is negative. Thus in
the neighbourhood of (0, 0) there are points where f(x, y) > f(0, 0) and there are points
where f(x, y) < f(0, 0). Hence f(0, 0) is not an extreme value.
(i) At ( ) ( ) 2 , 2 and 2 , 2
We get, rt - s
2
= (4 - 24)(4 - 24) - 16 = 400 - 16 = 384.
i.e., rt - s
2
> 0
Also r = 4 - 24 = -20 < 0
Hence f(x, y) has maximum values at ( ) ( ) 2 , 2 and 2 , 2
The maximum value is ( ) ( ) 2 , 2 2 , 2 f or f
i.e., ( ) ( ) 8 4 4 2. 2 f
2
2 2 , 2 = =
or ( ) ( ) 8 4 4 2. - 2 f
2
2 2 , 2 = =
Problem 24: Find the minimum value of x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
where ax + by + cz = p.
Solution:
Method 1. Let f(x, y, z) = x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
(1)
To find the constrained minimum of f(x, y, z) subject to the condition.
ax + by + cz = p (2)
i.e.,
c
by ax p
z

=
Functions of Several Variables
15
f(x, y, z) = x
2
+ y
2
+
2
c
by ax p
(

f
x
= 2x +
2
c
2
(p ax - by)(-a)
f
y
= 2y +
2
c
2
(p ax - by)(-b)
r = f
xx
= 2 +
2
2
c
a 2
s = f
xy
=
2
c
ab 2
t = f
yy
= 2 +
2
2
c
b 2
The stationary points are obtained by solving f
x
= 0 and f
y
= 0.
i.e., c
2
x a (p ax - by) = 0 (1)
and c
2
y b (p ax - by) = 0 (2)
b(1) a(2) gives bc
2
x ac
2
y = 0
i.e., c
2
(bx - ay) = 0
i.e., bx = ay
i.e., x = y
b
a
Substituting in (1) 0 aby
b
ay
a ap y
b
ac
2
2
= + +
0 by
b
y a
p y
b
c
2 2
= + +
y (a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
) = bp
2 2 2
c b a
bp
y
+ +
=

2 2 2
c b a
ap
y
b
a
x
+ +
= = and
2 2 2
c b a
cp
c
by ax p
z
+ +
=

=
The only stationary point is
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ + + + + +
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
c b a
cp
,
c b a
bp
,
c b a
ap
rt - s
2
=
4
2 2
2
2
2
2
c
b a 4
c
b
2 2
c
a
2 2
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
0
c
a 4
c
b 4
4
2
2
2
2
> + + = at all points.
Also r > 0 at all points.
f(x, y, z) is minimum at the stationary point and the minimum value is
2
2 2 2
2
2 2 2
2
2 2 2
c b a
cp
c b a
bp
c b a
ap
|
.
|

\
|
+ +
+ |
.
|

\
|
+ +
+ |
.
|

\
|
+ +
=
Functions of Several Variables
16
2 2 2
2
c b a
p
+ +
=
Method 2.
We use Lagranges method. Let f(x, y, z) = x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
.
(x, y, z) = ax + by + cz - p and F(x, y, z) = f(x, y, z) + (x, y, z) where is the
Lagrange multiplier.
Then F(x, y, z) = x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
+ (ax + by + cz - p)
The stationary points are obtained by solving
F
x
= 2x + a = 0 (1)
F
y
= 2y + b = 0 (2)
F
z
= 2z + c = 0 (3)
and F

= ax + by + cz - p (4)
From (1),
2
a
x =
From (2),
2
b
y =
From (3),
2
c
z =
From (4), p
2
c
. c
2
b
. b
2
a
. a =
|
.
|

\
|
+
|
.
|

\
|
+
|
.
|

\
|

2 2 2
c b a
p 2

+ +

=
,
c b a
ap
x
2 2 2
+ +
= ,
c b a
bp
y
2 2 2
+ +
=
2 2 2
c b a
cp
z
+ +
=
The only stationary point is
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ + + + + +
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
c b a
cp
,
c b a
bp
,
c b a
ap
The minimum value of
2
2 2 2
2
2 2 2
2
2 2 2
c b a
cp
c b a
bp
c b a
ap
) z , y , x ( f |
.
|

\
|
+ +
+ |
.
|

\
|
+ +
+ |
.
|

\
|
+ +
=
( )
2
2 2 2
2 2 2 2
c b a
) c b a ( p
+ +
+ +
=
2 2 2
2
c b a
p
+ +
=
Problem 25: If u = a
3
x
2
+ b
3
y
2
+ c
3
z
2
, where x
-1
+ y
-1
+ z
-1
= 1, show that stationary
value of u is given by , y , z
a b c
x
a b c
= = =

Solution: Given u = a
3
x
2
+ b
3
y
2
+ c
3
z
2
and x
-1
+ y
-1
+ z
-1
- 1 = 0.
Functions of Several Variables
17
Let F(x, y, z) = a
3
x
2
+ b
3
y
2
+ c
3
z
2
+
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ + 1
z
1
y
1
x
1

The stationary points are given by,

\
|
2
x
1
. = 0 (1)
F
y
= 2b
3
y +
|
|
.
|

\
|
2
y
1
. = 0 (2)
F
z
= 2c
3
z +
|
.
|

\
|
2
z
1
. = 0 (3)
F

= 1
z
1
y
1
x
1
+ + = 0 (4)
From (1) 2a
3
x
3
- = 0
i.e.,
a
1
2

x
3
1
|
.
|

\
|
=
Similarly from (2) and (3) we get,
c
1
2

z ,
b
1
2

y
3
1
3
1
|
.
|

\
|
= |
.
|

\
|
=
substituting for x, y, z in (4) we get
0 1 ) c b a (

2
3
1
= + + |
.
|

\
|
i.e.,
a
1

2
3
1
E
= |
.
|

\
|
i.e., a
2

3
1
E = |
.
|

\
|

a
a
a
1
2

x
3
1
E
= |
.
|

\
|
=
Similarly y =
b
a E
and z =
c
a E
.
Hence the stationary value of u is given by x =
a
a E
, y =
b
a E
, z =
c
a E
.
Problem 26: Find the minimum distance from the point (3, 4, 15) to the cone
x
2
+ y
2
= 4z
2
.
Solution: Let (x, y, z) be any point on the cone x
2
+ y
2
= 4z
2
. Then its distance from the
point (3, 4, 15) is . ) 15 z ( ) 4 y ( 3) - (x d
2 2 2
+ + = First we find the minimum value
of d
2
subject to the condition x
2
+ y
2
= 4z
2
.
Let F(x, y, z) =
2 2 2
) 15 z ( ) 4 y ( 3) - (x + + + (x
2
+ y
2
- 4z
2
)
Functions of Several Variables
18
The stationary points are given by,
F
x
= 2(x - 3) + 2x = 0 (1)
F
y
= 2(y - 4) + 2y = 0 (2)
F
z
= 2(z -15) - 8z = 0 (3)
F

= x
2
+ y
2
- 4z
2
= 0 (4)
From (1),
1
3
x
+
=
From (2),
1
4
y
+
=
From (3),
4 1
15
z

=
Substituting in (4),
2 2 2
4 1
15
4
1
4
1
3
|
.
|

\
|

= |
.
|

\
|
+
+ |
.
|

\
|
+
i.e., 25(1 - 4)
2
= 4.225 (1 +)
2
i.e., 6
1
4 1
=
+

From
2
1 -
get we 6
1
4 1
= =
+

From
2
7 -
get we 6
1
4 1
= =
+

When =
2
-1
, we get x = 6, y = 8, z = 5.
When =
2
-7
, we get x = -6/5, y = -8/5, z = 1.
Thus the stationary points are (6, 8, 5) and (-6/5, -8/5, 1).
Distance of (6, 8, 5) from (3, 4, 15) is
2 2 2
) 15 5 ( ) 4 8 ( ) 3 6 ( d + + =
5 5 125 = =
Distance of (-6/5, -8/5, 1) from (3, 4, 15) is d =
2 2 2
) 15 1 ( ) 4 ( ) 3 (
5
8
5
6
+ +

196
25
784
25
441
+ + =
5 7 245 196 49 = = + =
The minimum distance from the point (3, 4, 15) to the cone x
2
+ y
2
= 4z
2
is 5 5 .
Problem 27: If x = r sin cos , y = r sin sin , z = r cos ,
show that sin r
) , , r (
) z , y , x (
2
=
c
c
.
Solution:
x = r sin cos
sin . sin r

x
, cos . cos r

x
, cos sin
r
x
=
c
c
=
c
c
=
c
c
Functions of Several Variables
19
y = r sin sin
cos . sin r

y
, sin . cos r

y
, sin sin
r
y
=
c
c
=
c
c
=
c
c
z = r cos
. 0

z
, sin r

z
, cos
r
z
=
c
c
=
c
c
=
c
c
) , , r (
) z , y , x (

z
r
z

y

y
r
y

x

x
r
x
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
=
c
c
0 sin r - cos
cos sin r sin cos r sin sin
sin sin r cos cos r cos sin
=
= sin cos [r
2
sin
2
cos ] - r cos cos [-r sin cos cos ] +
(-r sin sin )[-r sin
2
sin r cos
2
sin ]
= r
2
sin
3
cos
2
+ r
2
sin
3
sin
2
+ r
2
sin cos
2
cos
2

+ r
2
sin cos
2
sin
2

= r
2
sin
3
+ r
2
sin cos
2

= r
2
sin (sin
2
+ cos
2
)
= r
2
sin
Problem 28: If u = x + y + z, uv = y + z, uvw = z, show that v u
) w , v , u (
) z , y , x (
2
=
c
c
Solution: Given u = x + y + z (1)
uv = y + z (2)
uvw = z (3)
Using (2) in (1), we get,
x = u- (y + z)
i.e., x = u uv
i.e., x = u (1- v) (4)
Using (3) in (2) we get,
y = uv z
i.e., y = uv uvw
y = uv(1 - w) (5)
0
w
x
u, -
v
x
v, - 1
u
x
(4) From =
c
c
=
c
c
=
c
c
uv -
w
y
w), - u.(1
v
y
w), - v.(1
u
y
(5) From =
c
c
=
c
c
=
c
c
uv
w
z
uw,
v
z
vw,
u
z
(3) From =
c
c
=
c
c
=
c
c
Functions of Several Variables
20
uv wu vw
uv w) - u(1 w) - v(1
0 u - v - 1
) w , v , u (
) z , y , x (
=
c
c
= (1 - v) [u
2
v (1 - w) + u
2
vw] + u [uv
2
(1 - w) + uv
2
w]
= (1 - v) (u
2
v) + u
2
v
2
= u
2
v
Problem 29: Examine the functional dependence of the functions
y x
y x
u

+
= and
2
) y x (
xy
v

= . If they are dependent, find the relation between them.

+
=

2 2
) y x (
y 2
) y x (
) y x ( ) y x (
x
u

+
=
c
c
2 2
) y x (
x 2
) y x (
) y x ( ) y x (
y
u

+ +
=
c
c
2
) y x (
xy
v

3 4
2
) y x (
) y x ( y
) y x (
) y x .( 2 . xy y . ) y x (
x
v

+
=

=
c
c
4
2
) y x (
) y x ( 2 . xy x . ) y x (
y
v

+
=
c
c
3
) y x (
) y x ( x

+
=
=
c
c
y) (x,
v) (u,
y
v
x
v
y
u
x
u
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
3 3
2 2
) y x (
) y x ( x
) y x (
) y x ( y
) y x (
x 2
) y x (
y 2

=
= 0
u and v are functionally dependent.
Now
2 2
2
2
) y x (
xy 4
) y x (
) y x (
v 4 u

+
=
2
2
) y x (
xy 4 ) y x (

+
=
2
2
) y x (
) y x (

=
Functions of Several Variables
21
= 1
The relation between u and v is u
2
- 4v = 1.
Problem 30: Are the functions f
1
= x + y + z, f
2
= x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
and f
3
= xy + yz + zx
functionally dependent? If so, find the relation between them.
Solution: f
1
= x + y + z
1
z
f
, 1
y
f
, 1
x
f
1 1 1
=
c
c
=
c
c
=
c
c
f
2
= x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
z 2
z
f
, y 2
y
f
, x 2
x
f
2 2 2
=
c
c
=
c
c
=
c
c
f
3
= xy + yz + zx
y x
z
f
, x z
y
f
, z y
x
f
3 3 3
+ =
c
c
+ =
c
c
+ =
c
c
Hence,
y x x z z y
z 2 y 2 x 2
1 1 1
) z , y , x (
) f , f , (f
3 2 1
+ + +
=
c
c
z x y x z y
x 2 z 2 x 2 y 2 x 2
0 0 1
+
=
= 2(y - x)(x - z) - 2(x - y)(z - x)
= 0
The functions f
1
, f
2
and f
3
are functionally dependent.
2 2
1
z) y (x f + + =
= x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
+ 2(xy + yz + zx)
= f
2
+ 2f
3
i.e., 0 2f - f - f
3 2
2
1
= is the relation between f
1
, f
2
and f
3
.
Subtracting column1 from
column 2 and column 3