Macro Cell
GSM Network
RF Optimization
Workshop
Micro Cells
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AGENDA
Introduction
Single Band Optimization Philosophy
Network Optimization Process
Optimization Phases
Lucent BSS Optimization Parameters
Cell Selection/ Cell Reselection
Power Control
– Procedures
Handover
– Procedures
Drive Testing and Analysis
Drive Test Equipment
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Introduction
What is Optimization ?
- Activity of achieving and maintaining the required
quality as designed
Why Optimization ?
- Deviations between plan and reality
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What is Optimization ?
Design
Optimization Planning
Implementation
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Why Optimization ?
• Inaccuracy of radio planning
- Statistical variations in the path loss characteristics
- Finite terrain database resolution
• Implementation
- Antenna radiation pattern and effective radiated power
- Antenna pattern distortion
• Environment
- Seasonal environmental changes, e.g trees, leaves
- Environmental changes such as new highways, new buildings
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Single Band Optimization Philosophy
Coverage - Good signal level across the whole cell, coverage holes within
a cells service area must be minimized.
Interference - A reasonable level of interference must be contained at cells
service area in order to provide a quality air-interface.
air
Handover Behavior - The quality of the air-interface
air in a cell with respect
to handover behavior is good, no unnecessary handovers, Rxquality at
acceptable level, BTS & MS use minimum transmit power.
Traffic Distribution - The quality of the air-interface
air in a cell with respect
to traffic distribution is good, maximum amount of traffic can be handed.
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Optimization Phases
•Site Audit
Initial Optimization Proper Parameters use
•Proper
Verify Neighbors list
•Verify
Reviewing Frequency Plan
•Reviewing
c Verify existing coverage, site design objectives
•Verify
Analysis & Identification of Problem areas/cells
•Analysis
from PMS & drive test statistics,
•from
customer complaints
•customer
Primary Optimization Prioritization of problems
•Prioritization
Identify Solution and Implement
•Identify
Retest the problem areas
•Retest
c Consistency Check of the OMC database
•Consistency
tuning of parameters
•Fine-tuning
Maintenance Optimization On going process, weekly optimization
•On
• Database maintenance and consistency audits
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BSS parameters related to Optimization
CELL (RE) SELECTION
POWER CONTROL
HANDOVER CONTROL
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BSS parameters related to Optimization
Areas of improvement :
Minimization of interference
Handover behavior improvement
Traffic distribution
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Cell (Re)Selection
2 cell (re)selection
criteria:
C1 & C2
? ?
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Cell (Re)Selection
C1 Criteria
Used for cell selection and re-selection
re
C2 Criteria
Used in a hierarchical cell structure for re-
selection only
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Cell (Re)Selection
C1 = (A--Max(B,0))
where:
A = Received Level Average - RXLEV_ACCESS_MIN
B = MS_TXPWR_MAX_CCH - max.output power of the MS
Criteria met if C1> 0. MS will camp on to the cell with the highest
C1 value.
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Cell Reselect Hysteresis
Location Update 1
Location Update 2
LAC 1 LAC 2
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Cell Reselect Hysteresis
Reselect Hysteresis LAC
Reselect Hysteresis LAC
LAC 1 LAC 2
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Power Control
Signal Range (in dBm)
Level
0 Rxlevel < -110
1 -110
110 < Rxlevel < -109
2 -109
109 < Rxlevel < -108
3 108 < Rxlevel < -107
-108
.. ..
.. ..
.. ..
.. ..
.. ..
62 -49
49 < Rxlevel < -48
63 Rxlevel > -48
SIGNAL LEVELS
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Power Control
Signal Range (in BER)
Quality
0 BER < 0.2
1 0.2 < BER < 0.4
2 0.4 < BER < 0.8
3 0.8 < BER < 1.6
4 1.6 < BER < 3.2
5 3.2 < BER < 6.4
6 6.4 < BER < 12.8
7 BER > 12.8
SIGNAL QUALITY LEVELS
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Handover Control
TYPES OF HANDOVERS Preprocessing to support the
following handover types:
Mandatory HO Internal Intra-Cell Handover (BSC-
RXQUAL controlled)
RXLEVEL Internal Inter-Cell Handover (BSC-
controlled)
DISTANCE
External Inter-Cell Handover (MSC-
controlled)
Power Budget HO Inter Cell Handover may occur
Duration of stay counter from:
(Hierarchical Cell) SDCCH to SDCCH
SDCCH to TCH (directed retry)
TCH to TCH
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Handover Control
Rxlevel
SERVER
(received
by MS)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
HO_MARGIN
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------
NEIGHBOR
Handover
Time
Power Budget Handover Margin
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Handover Procedures
HO Process Handover Algorithm Basic Steps
BTS measures the UL and DL
measurements every 480 ms. – HO Measurement Averaging
RXLEV-XL (Preprocessing)
RXQUAL-XL
– HO Threshold Comparisons
RXLEV-NCELL(1-6)
DIST (timing advance)
– HO Target Cell Identification
BTS reports measurements to BSC.
BSC calculates the averaged – HO Decision (BSC internal or
parameters using a sliding window: MSC)
AV-RXLEV-HO
AV-RXQUAL-XL-HO – HO Execution (BSC internal or
AV-RXLEV-SCELL MSC)
AV-RXLEV-NCELL(I)
AV-DIST
BSC decides the HO execution by
comparing with threshold values.
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BSS Optimization Parameters
Performance Determinants Discontinuous Transmission
Coverage Decreases interference level
Interference Saves battery power (uplink)
Handover Behaviour
Traffic Distribution
Frequency Hopping
Decrease interference
Suppress Rayleigh Fading
Optimization Solutions
Enable/Disable GSM features
Power Control
BSS parameters
Saves battery power
Neighbour cell lists Decrease interference level
Antenna tilt, height & azimuth
Frequency changes
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Network Parameter and
Performance Determinants
Adjustments
Performance Enable
BSS Para- N'bour Antenna Frequency
Determinants GSM
meters Cell List Tilt, etc Change
Features
Coverage
Interference
HO Behavior
Traffic Distribution
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Network Parameter and
Performance Determinants
Adjustments
Performance Enable
BSS Para- N'bour Antenna Frequency
Determinants GSM
meters Cell List Tilt, etc Change
Features
Coverage * * *
Interference * * * * *
HO Behavior * *
Traffic Distribution * * *
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Drive Testing and Analysis
• Trouble Ticket
- Is a document by which various problems reported
by customers are passed along through the
organization
- Must reply upon experience and knowledge to
determine which option to overcome the problem
- Different scenarios can be followed to solve the
problem, such as drive testing, parameters changes,
antenna adjustment, etc…..
- To verify if the problem is not related to MS itself
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Drive Testing and Analysis
• Air Interface Information
- RXLEVEL
- RXQUALITY
- BCCH, BSIC of the serving cell
- BCCH, BSIC and RXLEVEL of the 6 best neighbours
- TIMING ADVANCE
- GSM BEST SERVER
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Drive Testing and Analysis
• Drive Testing
- Propagation Measurements
- Mobile Network Performance Monitoring
•Quality Assessment
•Optimization
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Drive Testing and Analysis
• Drive Tests for Optimization
- Initial network coverage verification and
benchmarking
- Verification before and after changes
- Locating and measuring interference
- Locating areas where traffic problems exist
- Locate coverage holes
- Preventive maintenance
- Simultaneous measurements of the other networks
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Drive Testing and Analysis
Drive Test Data Collection
- CELL ID including BSIC, LAC, and time slot
- RXLEVEL for the serving and the neighbour cells
- RXQUALITY for the serving cell
- BCCH, BSIC for the serving and the neighbour cells
- TIMING ADVANCE
- TRANSMIT POWER
- GPS POSITION DATA
- TIME STAMPS
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Drive Testing and Analysis
Drive Test Route Planning
- Primary route(street level)
Includes all major roads,highways and wide thoroughfares
- Secondary route(street level)
Includes all streets, subdivisions and compounds when
accessable
- Miscellaneous routes (in-building
building and special locations)
Includes golf courses, beach resorts, shopping mails,
department stores, convention centers, hotels and resorts
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Drive Testing and Analysis
Performance Problems that often encountered:
- Cell Dragging
- Dropped Calls
- Ping-Ponging
- System Busy
- Handover boundary
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Drive Testing and Analysis
Cell Dragging - Calls may drag a cell beyond the desired
handover boundary. This might result dropped calls or bad
Rxquality.
Suggestions:
• Create an appropriate neighbour cell list
• Change HO parameters such as thresholds, margin, cell
baring, etc
• Check serving cell’s cell identifier in the neighbour cell’s
neighbour list
• Check neighbour cell’s BCCH, BSIC, LAC, Cell ID, etc
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Drive Testing and Analysis
Dropped Calls - Caused by either RF environments or
incorrect system parameters
Suggestions:
• Check if an appropriate neighbour cell list is defined
• Check HO parameters
• Existing or new coverage holes
• Interference, Co-channels,
channels, Adjacent channels or External
interference
• Serving cells might go down, coverage smaller as before
• Abnormalities such as call setup failure
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Drive Testing and Analysis
Ping Ponging - Serving keep changing and as a result of
bad audio quality
Suggestions:
• Check if an appropriate neighbour cell list is defined
• Check HO parameters
• Interference, Co-channels,
channels, Adjacent channels or External
interference
• Lack of dominant server
• Poor coverage
• Not optimal antenna configuration
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Drive Testing and Analysis
System Busy - System busy on several call attempts and
site appears consistently on the traffic report
Suggestions:
Short Term
• Reduce the traffic on the congested cell/site. However, the
proposed changes MUST NOT create any unacceptable
problems such as coverage holes, dropped calls, etc
Shot term solutions are re-design
design the antenna configuration,
Add additional RTs, Change BTS configuration
Long Term
• Build a new cell site to off-load
load traffic
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Drive Testing and Analysis
Handover Boundary - Handovers do not occur at the
desired HO boundary, the result is an imbalance in traffic
distribution across the system
Suggestions:
• Check if an appropriate neighbour cell list is defined
• Check HO parameters
• Inappropriate antenna configurations of the serving and
neighbour cells
• Interference, Co-channels,
channels, Adjacent channels or External
interference
• No TCH available (neighbour cells congestion)
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Drive Test Equipment
Typical example of drive test equipment components:
• Test Mobile phone
• Scanning receiver
• Transceiver system
• Antennas
• GPS
• Visual display unit
• Microphone
• Loudspeaker box
• Laptop computer
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Drive Test Equipment
ERICSSON TEMS 900/1800 COMARCO WIRELESS
Test 2 Network simultaneously Test 4 networks simultaneously
Full Layer 2 & 3 decoding GSM 900/1800, ETACS, AMPS
Control of Layer 3 msg Partial Layer 2 & 3 decoding
Forced selection of idle and Fast scanning receiver, GSM RF
dedicated mode Spectrum
Filtering msg streams Ability to display adjacent channel
Rxqual in idle mode interference screen
Sending SMS Noise measurements
SIM card information
SAFECO WALKABOUT
In-building coverage
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Drive Test Equipment
AGILENT TECHNOLOGIES(HP) QVOICE98
Test 4 networks simultaneously Test 4 networks simultaneously
Fast scanning receiver, UL & DL Evaluate measurement both way
Frequency Hopping Table Good Presentation
Spectrum Analysis Capable on measuring MOS,
Channel Power Speech Quality, Rxquality, Rxlevel
CW Measurement
Interference Measurement
GSM Broadcast Channel Analysis
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