MEM230 Mechanics of Materials

d0 d 1a. Stress/Strain P L0 L P

MEM
d d0 d0

P A0

L L0 L0

( )
1b. Constitutive relations (Linearly elastic)
E (G )

E=

2. Axially loaded members

Chapter 5
P

( )

= G=
=

G=

E 2(1 + )

P = = E A L

=
TL GI P

PL AE

3. Torsion

Bending and Shear Stresses in Beams

T = T IP

= = G =

4. Shear force and bending moment diagrams 5. Bending and shear stresses in beams 7. Analysis of stresses; Mohrs circles

dV = q dx

dM =V dx

M V

My I

VQ Ib

1 =
8. Applications of plane stress 9. Deflections of beams 10. Statically indeterminate beams 11. Columns Chapter 5 Bending and shear stresses in beams

pr pr 2 = t 2t

1 / 62

MEM230 Mechanics of Materials

MEM

Pure Bending
Pure bending = No shear, only bending
dM dx V = 0M = constant SinceV =

Simple Beam in pure bending (M = M1).

Cantilever beam in pure bending (M = M2).

Simple beam with central region in pure bending (Four-Point Bend)

2 / 62

Chapter 5 Bending and shear stresses in beams

MEM230 Mechanics of Materials

MEM

Curvature
Radius ofCurvature : Curvature :

: Radius of
Curvature

d = = ds 1
For Infinitesimal Deformation

ds = d

d ds dx = dx 1

Chapter 5 Bending and shear stresses in beams

3 / 62

MEM230 Mechanics of Materials

MEM

Sign Convention for Curvature

Recall Sign Convention for Bending Moment

A positive moment results in a positive curvature

Chapter 5 Bending and shear stresses in beams 4 / 62

MEM230 Mechanics of Materials

MEM

Basic Assumptions
For Beams under Pure Bending
y

z
L
L : Length h : Thickness b : Width o : Centroid q : Loading
Chapter 5 Bending and shear stresses in beams

h
o

x M

Beam is slender: L>>h, L>>b (Typically L/h > 10, L/b > 10) xy plane is a plane of symmetry Loading is applied in xy plane Beam deflects in xy plane Thickness of the beam, h, remains unchanged Axis of the beam coincides with the centroidal line of the cross section (to be proved later).
5 / 62

MEM230 Mechanics of Materials

MEM

Major Assumptions (For Pure Bending)

1. Cross sections (mn and pq) remain plane 2. Cross sections remain perpendicular to the axial of the beam
BEFOREDEFORMATION

AFTERDEFORMATION
Chapter 5 Bending and shear stresses in beams

3. For positive moments (hence positive curvature), lines on the lower part of the beam (nq) are elongated; those on the upper part (mp) are shortened 4. Somewhere between top and bottom there is a line whose length does not change, and is called Neutral Axis
6 / 62

MEM230 Mechanics of Materials

MEM

Normal Strain Due to Bending

ef = dx

x =

ef ef ( y )d dx = dx ef

BEFORE
:Radiusof
Curvature
e

dx ef = ( y )d y = dx dx

y dx dx dx y = = dx

x =

= y

AFTER

dx = d

Strains vary linearly with y Along x-axis (y = 0) strain is zero For a positive curvature, strains on upper part of the beam (y > 0) are negative (in compression) and those on lower part (y < 0) are positive (in tension)
7 / 62

Chapter 5 Bending and shear stresses in beams

MEM230 Mechanics of Materials

MEM
Ey = Ey

Normal Stress Due to Bending

Recall x = y

= y Linear Elastic x = E x =

For pure bending, the resultant of the normal stresses over the cross section must vanish y
y
dA

Fx = A x dA = 0 ydA = 0 A
Recall for centroid:

x
z L h o b M x
z o x

y = ydA A = 0
A

This implies that the x-axis must pass through the centroid of the cross section
8 / 62

Chapter 5 Bending and shear stresses in beams

MEM230 Mechanics of Materials

MEM

Flexural Formula
Recall x =

Ey

= Ey
dA y z

Moment due to xdA:

dM = ( x dA )y = Ey 2 dA

x
O

The resultant moment of the normal stress over the cross section must equal to the applied moment M

M M = x ydA = E y dA = EI z = = A A EI z
2
Chapter 5 Bending and shear stresses in beams 9 / 62

MEM230 Mechanics of Materials

MEM

Flexural Formula
y

M Recall = = EI z
M

dA y z

x
O

Recall x = E x = Ey

M My (Ey ) = x = Ey = Iz EI z

My x = Iz

I z = y 2 dA = MomentofInertia(Chapter12)
A
Chapter 5 Bending and shear stresses in beams 10 / 62

MEM230 Mechanics of Materials

MEM

Normal Stresses Due to Bending

My x = Iz

Stresses vary linearly with y

Neutral Axis (y = 0) = 0, = 0
Chapter 5 Bending and shear stresses in beams

11 / 62

MEM230 Mechanics of Materials

MEM
y

Flexural Formula

z y

M
O

M x

My x = Iz
M x

y M x

TwoIssues:(1)Centroid,(2)MomentofInertiaIz
Chapter 5 Bending and shear stresses in beams 12 / 62

MEM230 Mechanics of Materials

MEM

Moment of Inertia (Chapter 12)

I x = y 2 dA
A

I y = x 2 dA
A

Example: A Rectangular Shape

y bh 3 I x = y dA = y (bdy ) = = h 2 A 3 h 2 12
2 h2 3 2 h2

hb 3 I y = x dA == A 12 h 2 hb 3 I BB = y (hdy ) = 0 3
2
Chapter 5 Bending and shear stresses in beams 13 / 62

MEM230 Mechanics of Materials

MEM

Moment of Inertia (Appendix D, pp.891-896)

I x = y 2 dA ,I y = x 2 dA
A A

bh 3 hb 3 Ix = ,I y = 12 12
Chapter 5 Bending and shear stresses in beams

Ix = Iy =

r 4
4

d 4
64
14 / 62

Memorize the moments of inertia of these two cross sections!

MEM230 Mechanics of Materials

MEM

Moment of Inertia: Parallel-Axis Theorem

I x = y 2 dA ,I y = x 2 dA
A A

GivenIxc ,Iyc (orIx,,Iy),determineIx,Iy (orIxc ,Iyc)

I x = (y + d1 )2 dA
2 = y 2 dA + 2d1 ydA + d1 dA 2 = I xc + Ad1

I y = (x + d2 )2 dA

Centroid
Chapter 5 Bending and shear stresses in beams

2 = x 2 dA + 2d2 xdA + d2 dA 2 = I yc + Ad2

15 / 62

MEM230 Mechanics of Materials

MEM

Moment of Inertia: Parallel-Axis Theorem

2 2 I x = I xc + Ad1 ,I y = I yc + Ad2

Example:

bh 3 Ix = 12

Determine IBB

By definition

I BB = y 2 dA =
A

3 hb y 2 (hdy ) = 3

By Parallel-Axis Theorem

I BB = I x + Ad 2
3 bh h bh = + (bh ) = 12 3 2 3
Chapter 5 Bending and shear stresses in beams 16 / 62

MEM230 Mechanics of Materials

MEM

Moment of Inertia: Parallel-Axis Theorem

2 2 I x = I xc + Ad1 ,I y = I yc + Ad2

2 I x1 = I xc + Ad1 2 I x 2 = I xc + Ad2
2 ) + Ad22 I x 2 = (I x1 Ad1 2 2 ) = I x1 + A(d2 d1

NOTE :I x 2 I x1 + Ad 2 ! ! !
17 / 62

Chapter 5 Bending and shear stresses in beams

MEM230 Mechanics of Materials

MEM
y

Moment of Inertia Composite Area

y
20mm 20 mm

y
80 mm

c
C x

x1

60mm

d1 = 40 mm
d2 = 40 mm

+
x2

e
60 mm

C
40 mm

20mm 20mm 40mm 20 mm

20 mm

d
80 mm

(1 ) (1 ) (1 ) 2 Ix = Ix 1 + A d1
(1 ) (2 ) (3 ) Ix = Ix + Ix + Ix

(3) (3 ) (3 ) 2 Ix = Ix 3 + A d3
2

(80)(20)3

= 5.946 10 6 mm 4

12 = 2.613 10 6 mm 4

+ (20 80 )(40 )

(40)(60)3

12 = 0.720 10 6 mm 4

+0

(2 ) (2 ) (2 ) 2 Ix = Ix + A d2 2

= 2.613 106 mm 4
Chapter 5 Bending and shear stresses in beams 18 / 62

MEM230 Mechanics of Materials

MEM
y

Moment of Inertia Composite Area

y
20mm

60mm

c
100 mm

d
C x

e
C x

60 mm

20mm 20mm 40mm 20 mm 80 mm

(1 ) (1 ) (1 ) 2 Ix = Ix + A d1 1

20 mm

20 mm

(2 ) (2 ) (2 ) 2 Ix = Ix 2 + A d2

Ix = Ix Ix Ix

(1 )

(2 )

(3)

= 5.946 10 6 mm 4

(80)(100)3

12 = 6.666 10 6 mm 4

+0

(20)(60)3

12 = 0.360 10 6 mm 4
(3 ) (2 ) = Ix Ix

+0

= 0.360 10 6 mm 4
Chapter 5 Bending and shear stresses in beams 19 / 62

MEM230 Mechanics of Materials

MEM
yc

Moment of Inertia Composite Area

yc
20mm 20 mm

yc

d1

C1

c
y1

x1 xc
y
60 mm

60mm

C
y

xc x

C C

d2
2

xc x2 x

x
80 mm

y2

20mm 40mm 20mm

40 mm
(i ) I xi

Ai

yi Qi = Ai yi
112,000 72,000 184000
= 184 ,000 = 46mm 4 ,000
I x1 =
(2 ) Ix 2 (1 )

di = y i y
24 -16

Ai di2
921,600 614,400

(i ) (i ) Ix = I xi + Ai di2

c d

1,600 70 2,400 30 4,000

y=

= 53,333 12 (40)(60)3 = = 720 ,000 12

(80 )(20)3

974,933 1,334,400 2,309,333

Qi Ai

Chapter 5 Bending and shear stresses in beams

20 / 62

MEM230 Mechanics of Materials

MEM

Relationships Between Bending Moments and Curvatures.

M EI

Relationships Between Bending Moments and Normal Stresses

My x = I
Chapter 5 Bending and shear stresses in beams 21 / 62

MEM230 Mechanics of Materials

MEM

Maximum Stresses at a Cross Section

y max = c1 y min = c 2

My x = I

1 =

Mc1 M I = , S1 = S1 c1 I

2 =

I M ( c 2 ) M = , S2 = S2 c2 I

S1 and S2 are known as the Section Muduli of the crosssectional area. (See Appendix E)
22 / 62

Chapter 5 Bending and shear stresses in beams

MEM Section Moduli for Doubly Symmetric Shapes

MEM230 Mechanics of Materials

Rectangular:

Circular:

bh 3 I= 12 h c1 = c 2 = 2 bh 2 Ah = S= 6 6
Mc M c1 = c 2 1 = 2 = = I S M I max = , S= S c
Chapter 5 Bending and shear stresses in beams

I=

d 4
64

d c1 = c 2 = 2 d 3 Ad = S= 32 8

23 / 62

MEM Example 5-3 Maximum Stresses in a Beam

MEM230 Mechanics of Materials

RA =

(1.5 )(22 )(11) + (12 )(22 9 )

22 RB = 12 + (1.5 )(22 ) 23.59 = 21.41k

= 23.59k

M max = (23.59 )(9 )

(1.5 )(9 )2
2

= 151.6k ft

Cross Section:
I=

(8.75 )(27 )3

12 I 14 ,352 S= = = 1,063in 3 27 2 c

= 14 ,352in 4

max
Chapter 5 Bending and shear stresses in beams

M max 151.6 1,000 12 = = = 1,710psi S 1,063

24 / 62

MEM230 Mechanics of Materials

MEM

Example 5-4 Singly Symmetric Shapes

Cross Section

Reactions:
RA RB RA =

(3.2 )(4.5 )(3.0 2.25 )

3. 0

= 3.6k,RB = 10.8k

Shear Force and Bending Moment:

0 x < 3 .0
V = 3.6 3.2 x ;M = 3.6 x 1.6 x 2

3.0 x 4.5 V = 3.6 3.2 x + 10.8 = 14.4 3.2 x

M = 3.6 x 1.6 x 2 + 10.8(x 3.0 ) = 32.4 + 14.4 x 1.6 x 2

Maximum Bending Moments:

(+ ) Mmax = M (x = 1.125m ) = 2.025N m

( ) M max = M (x = 3.0m ) = 3.6N m

Chapter 5 Bending and shear stresses in beams 25 / 62

MEM230 Mechanics of Materials

MEM

Example 5-4 Singly Symmetric Shapes

Simplified
Ai

yi
6

Qi
19,872 38,400 2 97,672

(i ) I zi = bh 3 12

di
12.48

Ai di2
515,845

(i ) (i ) Iz = I zi + Ai di2

c d, e

3,312

39,744 512,000 2

555,589 956,586 2 2,468,761

960 2 40 5,232

- 21.52 444,586 2

y = c1 =

Qi Ai

= 18.48mm,c 2 = h c1 = 61.52mm
26 / 62

Chapter 5 Bending and shear stresses in beams

MEM230 Mechanics of Materials

MEM

Example 5-4 Singly Symmetric Shapes

I z = 2.469 10 6 mm 4

Iz = 133,600mm 3 c1 I c 2 = 61.52mmS2 = z = 40 ,100mm 3 c2 c1 = 18.48mmS1 =

at x = 1.125 m,M = 2.025 kN m M 2.025 kN m = = 15.2MPa S1 133,600mm 3

1 = 2 =

M 2.025 kN m = = 50.5MPa S2 40,100mm 3 M 3.6 kN m = = 26.9MPa 3 S1 133,600mm

at x = 3.0 m,M = 3.6 kN m

( tensile )max = 50.5MPa

1 = 2 =

compressive max

= 89.8MPa

M 3.6 kN m = 89.8MPa = 3 S2 40,100mm

27 / 62

Chapter 5 Bending and shear stresses in beams

MEM230 Mechanics of Materials

MEM

Design of Beams for Bending Stresses

S=

allow

M max

Which cross section is the most efficient one?

Chapter 5 Bending and shear stresses in beams 28 / 62

MEM230 Mechanics of Materials

MEM
I M max S= = c allow

Design of Beams for Bending Stresses

I. Circular Cross Sections
d
Area = I=

d 3
64

,c =

d 2

d
4

Scircle =

d 3
32

= 0.0982d 3

II. Square Cross Sections

h h
Area = h 2 h4 h ,c = I= 12 2
Compare to a circular cross section of identical area

Area = h =
2

d 2
4
3

h =
3

d
2

= 0.886d

Ssquare

I h 1 d = 0.116d 3 = 1.181Scircle = = = c 6 6 2
29 / 62

Chapter 5 Bending and shear stresses in beams

MEM230 Mechanics of Materials

MEM
I M max S= = c allow

Design of Beams for Bending Stresses

III. Rectangular Cross Sections
Compare to a circular cross section of identical area

h b
b=h n
h2 Area = bh = n bh 3 h4 I= = 12 12n h c= 2

h 2 d 2 Area = bh = = h = n 4
3 3

n d 2

Srect

I h 1 n = 0.116 nd 3 = = = d c 6n 6n 2

n=1

n = 1 :S = 0.116d 3 = SSquare = 1.181Scircle

n = 2 :S = 0.164d 3 = 1.41Ssquare = 1.67Scircle n = 10 :S = 0.367 d 3 = 3.16Ssquare = 3.74Scircle

n=2 n = 10
30 / 62

Chapter 5 Bending and shear stresses in beams

MEM230 Mechanics of Materials

MEM

Design of Beams for Bending Stresses

Relative Efficiency of Various Beam Shapes

S=

allow

Mmax

,or max

M max = S

Sc

1.18Sc Good

1.67Sc 3.74Sc Better More efficient, but unstable

9.48Sc Extremely efficient and stable

31 / 62

Chapter 5 Bending and shear stresses in beams

MEM230 Mechanics of Materials

MEM

Properties of Structural-Steel Shapes

Appendix E, pp. 897 - 902

Wide-Flange Sections (W Shapes)

I-Beam Sections (S Shapes)

Channel Sections (C Shapes)

Angle Sections with Equal Legs (L Shapes)

Chapter 5 Bending and shear stresses in beams

Angle Sections with Unequal Legs (L Shapes)

32 / 62

MEM230 Mechanics of Materials

MEM

Properties of Structural-Steel Shapes

Appendix E, pp. 897 - 902

Example: W 30 X 211
W Shape
tf

Depth

Weight / foot Weight perfoot

Area d :Depth t w :Webthickness b f :Flangewidth t f :Flangethickness I 1 :Momentofinertiaw.r.t.axis1 1 S1 :Sectionmodulusw.r.t.axis1 1 r1 :Radiusofgyrationw.r.t.axis1 1 I 2 :Momentofinertiaw.r.t.axis2 2 S2 :Sectionmodulusw.r.t.axis2 2

211 lb 62.0in 2 30.94in 0.775in 15.105in 1.315in 10300in 4 663in 3 12.9in 757in 4 100in 3

tw

bf
Chapter 5 Bending and shear stresses in beams

r2 :Radiusofgyrationw.r.t.axis2 2 3.49in
33 / 62

MEM230 Mechanics of Materials

MEM

Design of Beams for Bending Stresses

EXAMPLE: Conventional Lumbers vs Engineered Lumbers

Conventional 2 x 10 11 2in Lumbers

GPI 20 Wood I-Beams

1 3 4 in 1 3 8 in

9 1 8 in

x x
91 4in

117 8 in 1 4 in 1 3 8 in

GeorgiaPacificCo.April2005

A = 2(1.75 )(1.375 ) + (0.25 )(9.125 ) = 7.094 in 2

A = (1.5 )(9.25 ) = 13.875in I=

(1.5 )(9.25 )

12 I 98.93 S= = = 21.39in 3 c 4.625

= 98.93in 4

(1.75 )(1.375 )3 (0.25 )(4.5625 )3 2 I = 2 + (1.75 )(1.375 )(5.25 ) + 12 12 = 133.40 + 1.98 = 135.38in 4 I 133.40 3 4 S = = = 22 . 47 in I I flange = 133.40in c 5.9375
34 / 62

Chapter 5 Bending and shear stresses in beams

MEM230 Mechanics of Materials

MEM

Design of Beams for Bending Stresses

Design the wood beam using Appendix F
allow = 1,800 psi
Weightdensity :w = 35lb ft 2
Mmax
S=

qL2 (420 )(12 )(12 )2 = = = 90 ,702lb in 8 8

= 90 ,702 = 50.40in 3 1,800

allow

M max

Mmax =

qL 8

FromAppendixA,choosea3 12beam
S = 52.73in 3 ,w = 6.8lb ft M max S=

( q + w )L2 =
8 =

= 92 ,189lb in

allow

M max

92 ,189 = 51.22in 3 < 52.73in 3 1,800

35 / 62

Chapter 5 Bending and shear stresses in beams

MEM230 Mechanics of Materials

MEM

Design of Beams for Bending Stresses

Design a post using solid wood and aluminum tube
M max = Ph = (12 kN)(2.5 m ) = 30 kN m

SolidWoodPost
Swood =
3 d1

32

allow

M max

= 2 10 6 mm 3

d1 = 273 mm

AluminumTubePost
t
d2

t = d2 8

I2 =

[ d 64

4 2

4 (d2 2t )4 = 0.03356d2

SolidWood : allow = 15 MPa AluminumTube : allow = 50MPa

Chapter 5 Bending and shear stresses in beams

4 I 2 0.03356d2 M = max = 600 10 3 mm 3 S2 = = allow c d2 2 d2 = 208 mm

36 / 62

MEM230 Mechanics of Materials

MEM

Design of Beams for Bending Stresses

Design a structural steel beam of wide-flange shaped DetermineMmax duetoloadonly DeterminerequiredSreq SelectatrialbeamfromTableE1,getS RecalculateMmax andSreq
No

IsS>Sreq?
Yes

allow = 18 ,000psi
Chapter 5 Bending and shear stresses in beams

Stop
37 / 62

MEM230 Mechanics of Materials

MEM

Design of Beams for Bending Stresses

Design a structural steel beam of wide-flange shaped Loadqonly:
R A = 18 ,860 lb, RB = 17 ,140 lb

Mmax occursatx1
V = RA qx1 = 0 x1 = 9.43 ft
M max
S=
2 qx1 = R A x1 = 88 ,920lb ft 2

allow

M max

= 59.3in 3

From Table E-1 we choose W 12 50

allow = 18 ,000psi
Chapter 5 Bending and shear stresses in beams

S = 64.7in 3 ,w = 50lb ft
38 / 62

MEM230 Mechanics of Materials

MEM

Design of Beams for Bending Stresses

Design a structural steel beam of wide-flange shaped
w = 50lb ft
3 Selected W 12 50: S = 64.7in ,w = 50lb ft

Loadqandweightw:
R A = 19 ,380 lb, RB = 17 ,670 lb

Mmax occursatx1
19,380

V = RA (q + w )x1 = 0 x1 = 9.454 ft
2 qx1 M max = R A x1 = 91,610lb ft 2 M S = max = 61.1in 3 < 64.7in 3

5,220 5,370 17,670

allow

The W 12 50 beam is still satisfactory

W 10 54 S = 60.0in 3 W14 43 S = 62.7in 3 W 16 40 S = 64.7in 3 w = 55lb ft w = 43lb ft w = 40lb ft
39 / 62

allow = 18 ,000psi
Chapter 5 Bending and shear stresses in beams

MEM230 Mechanics of Materials

MEM

Design of Beams for Bending Stresses

Design the posts for a wood dam
q0 = hs M max S= q 0 h h h 3 s = = 2 3 6

allow

M max

h 3 s I b3 = = = 6 allow c 6

13

h 3 s b= allow
PostSpacing :s = 0.8 m DamHeight :h = 2.0m Wood : allow = 8.0MPa
Chapter 5 Bending and shear stresses in beams

= 9.81kN m 3 b = 199mm

40 / 62

MEM230 Mechanics of Materials

MEM

Bending Moments and Shear Forces in Beams

r F2 r F3 r F2

r (L) fi

Resultant Force r (L) r Fi = fi

r F1

r F4

r F1

r r r r F = F1 + F2 + Fi = 0

Normal Stresses and Shear Stresses

Chapter 5 Bending and shear stresses in beams

Resultant Shear Force and Bending Moment

41 / 62

MEM230 Mechanics of Materials

MEM

Shear Stresses in Beams

dM V= dx

Chapter 5 Bending and shear stresses in beams

42 / 62

MEM230 Mechanics of Materials

MEM

Effects of Shear Strain

Pure Bending Assumption: Cross sections remain plane

Warping of the cross sections of a beam due to shear strains.

The effect of shear strain becomes negligible when the aspect ratio, L/h, of the beam is greater than 10.
Chapter 5 Bending and shear stresses in beams 43 / 62

MEM230 Mechanics of Materials

MEM
Recall =

F1 :ResultantforceonA1

F1 = 1 dA =

h2

y1

My dA I

M1

V1

1 =

My I

y
A1
x dx V2

My I

FBD from y = y1 to y = h/2

Mh
2 y1 y1
2 =

M2

(M + dM )y
I

z
V=
V 0 implies bending moment varies along the length of the beam
Chapter 5 Bending and shear stresses in beams

M + dM

F2 : Resultant force on A1

dM dx

F2 = 2 dA
dx

=
b

h2

(M + dM )y
I

y1

dA

Neutral Axis
44 / 62

MEM230 Mechanics of Materials

MEM

Shear Stresses in Beams

F1 = 1dA
y1

h2

F2 = 2 dA
y1

h2

h2

y1

1 =

(M + dM )y My 2 = I I

My dA I

=
h2

h2

(M + dM )y
I

y1

dA

F3 = F2 F1 =

(dM )y
I

y1

dA
45 / 62

Chapter 5 Bending and shear stresses in beams

MEM230 Mechanics of Materials

MEM
dx b

Shear Stresses in Beams

dx
L

F2 F1 F1 F3

dM h 2 F2 F3 = F2 F1 = ydA I y F3 ShearStress : = ave = Bottom Area ofthe sub element F3 V h2 dM 1 h 2 = ave = y ydA = y ydA bdx dx bI bI
1

LetQ =

h2

y1

ydA

VQ = bI
46 / 62

Chapter 5 Bending and shear stresses in beams

MEM230 Mechanics of Materials

MEM

Shear Stresses in Rectangular Beams

Q=
A1
y
h2 y1

ydA = FirstmomentofA1w.r.tthez axis

h2 1h h b 2 = A1 y1 = b y1 y1 + y1 = y1 22 2 4 2
2 VQ V b h 2 V h 2 2 = = y1 = y1 bI bI 2 4 2I 4

h y1 = 2

= 0 = min

Parabolic Distribution
(y
1 =0

= max

Vh 2 Vh 2 12 3 V = = = 1.5 ave 3= 8I 8 bh 2 bh
47 / 62

Chapter 5 Bending and shear stresses in beams

MEM230 Mechanics of Materials

MEM

Example 5-11
Normal and Shear Stresses at Point C
bh 3 I= = 5.333in 4 12

QC = AC yC
MC = 17 ,920lb in VC = 1,600lb
My = I VQ = Ib

= (1.0 )(1.5 ) = 1.5in 3

C =

MC yC I (17 ,920)(1.0 ) = = 3,360psi 5.333 VCQC (1,600 )(1.5 ) = = 450psi (5.333)(1.0 ) Ib

48 / 62

C =

Chapter 5 Bending and shear stresses in beams

MEM230 Mechanics of Materials

MEM

Example 5-12
Maximum Permissible Load
Mmax = Pa , Vmax = P
I bh 3 12 bh 2 S= = = ,A = bh 6 c h2

max

allow bh 2 Mmax 6 Pa Bending = = 2 Pmax = S bh 6a

2 bh 3Vmax 3P Shear = = allow Pmax 2A 2bh 3
h = 150 mm

max =

b = 100 mm

allow = 11MPa allow = 1.2MPa

Bending Shear Pmax = 8.25kN,Pmax = 12.0kN,

Chapter 5 Bending and shear stresses in beams

49 / 62

MEM230 Mechanics of Materials

MEM

Shear Stresses in Circular Beams

The exact distribution of shear stress in a beam of circular cross section is very complicated and only that along the neutral axis can be determined relatively easily.

r 2 4 r I= , Q = Ay = 4 2 3

r 4

3 2r = 3

max =

4V 4V VQ = = = 1.33 ave 2 3r 3A bI
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Chapter 5 Bending and shear stresses in beams

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Shear Stresses in the Webs of Beams with Flanges

web

VQ V 2 2 2 ) ) = = b(h 2 h1 + t (h1 4 y1 It 8 It

3 bh 3 (b t )h1 1 3 3 ( ) I= = bh 3 bh1 + th1 12 12 12

Chapter 5 Bending and shear stresses in beams

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Shear Stresses in the Webs of Beams with Flanges

b

v =

VQ V h h = b y1 + y1 bI bI 2 2 h2 2 y 1 4

V = I

h h 1 2 2

y1

F3

h h1 1 h h1 s + VQ V 2 2 2 2 2 = h = t flange I I h h1 2 2 V s(h + h1 ) = I 4

b
h h 1 2 2

h
s y

F3

h >> v
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Chapter 5 Bending and shear stresses in beams

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Shear Stresses in the Webs of Beams with Flanges

Example 5-14. Shear stresses in the web of a wide-flange beam.

Example 5-15. Shear stresses in the web of a T-Beam.

Chapter 5 Bending and shear stresses in beams

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Built-Up Beams and Shear Flow

Shear Flow
dx b

Built-Up Beams
s
dx

F2 F1 F1 F3 F2

Two 2 x 4 nailed together

dM n =Number ofrows ofnails ShearForce :F3 = ydA I F =Strength ofeach nail F3 dM VQ = ydA = ShearStress : = nF Shearforceprovidedbynails f = = bdx dxbI bI s NailSpacing F dM 1 VQ nF = ShearFlow : f = 3 = ydA Nail Spacing : s = dx dx I I f
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Built-Up Beams and Shear Flow

VQ f= I

Chapter 5 Bending and shear stresses in beams

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Built-Up Beams and Shear Flow

Box Beams
V = 10.5 kN F = 800 N

I=

(210 )(280 )3 (180 )(200 )3

12 12 = 264.2 10 6 mm 4

Q = (180 )(40 )(140 20 ) = 864 10 3 mm 3

VQ (10.5 10 3 )(864 10 3 ) N f = 34 . 3 = = I 264.16 10 6 mm s= 2 F 2(800 ) = = 46.6mm f 34.3
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Chapter 5 Bending and shear stresses in beams

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Built-Up Beams and Shear Flow

Box Beams

Q = (200 )(20 )(180 10 ) = 680 10 3 mm 3

V = 3.2 kN I=

F = 250N

Q = (160 )(20 )(180 10 ) = 544 10 3 mm 3 2 FI s= = 97.9mm VQ

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(200 )(360 )3 (160 )(320 )3

s=

2 FI = 78.3mm VQ

12 12 = 340.69 10 6 mm 4

Chapter 5 Bending and shear stresses in beams

MEM230 Mechanics of Materials

MEM

Example An Overhand Built-up Beam

An overhang beam as shown is made of two 2 x 6 (50 mm x 150 mm) southern pine nailed together with two rows of nails. (a) Will the beam be able to support the load if the allowable normal stress of southern pine is 15 MPa? (b) What is the maximum nail spacing if the allowable shear load of each nail is 2,000 N?

q = 5 kN m
A 3.0m RA
Reactions:
B

150 mm

50 mm

C 1.5 m RB
Nails
50 mm
150 mm

q(4.5 ) + RB (3.0 ) = 0 RB = 16.875kN 2 Fv = q(4.5) + RA + RB = 0 RA = 5.625kN

M@ A =

Cross Section

Chapter 5 Bending and shear stresses in beams

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Example - Built-up Beams (Continued)

Shear Force and Bending Moment
q = 5 kN m

0.0m x 3.0 m V = 5.625 5 x

B

A
R A = 5.625kN
5.625kN 1.125m
(+ ) Mmax

3.0 m

1.5 m

RB = 16.875 kN
7.5 kN

M = 5.625 x 2.5 x 2 3.0m x 4.5 m V = 5.625 5 x + 16.875 = 22.5 5 x

M = 5.625 x 2.5 x 2 + 16.875( x 3) = 50.625 + 22.5 x 2.5 x 2

9.375 kN 3.164kN m

Extreme Values of M: V = 0 x = 1.125 m

(+ ) M max = M( x =1.125 ) = 3.164kN m

( ) M max

5.625 kN m

( ) M max = M( x = 3.0 ) = 5.625kN m

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Chapter 5 Bending and shear stresses in beams

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Example - Built-up Beams (Continued)

Cross Sectional Properties
150mm
75mm

50 mm
150 mm

125mm

50mm

A1 y1 + A2 y 2 A1 + A2 (150 50 )(25 ) + (50 150 )(50 + 75 ) = = 75mm (150 50 ) + (50 150 ) (150 )(50 )3 I= + (150 )(50 )(75 25 )2 12 (50 )(150 )3 + + (150 )(50 )(125 75 )2 12 = 53.125 10 6 mm 4 y= I 53.125 10 6 mm 4 S1 = = = 708.3 10 3 mm 3 c1 75mm I 53.125 10 6 mm 4 S2 = = = 425.0 10 3 mm 3 c2 125mm

Chapter 5 Bending and shear stresses in beams

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Example - Built-up Beams (Continued)

Normal Stress due to Bending
q = 5 kN m
A
R A = 5.625kN
(+ ) Atx = 1.125m,M max = 3.164kN m
+ 3,164 Mmax t = = = 7.44MPa 425.0 10 6 S2 + 3,164 Mmax c = = = 4.47MPa 708.3 10 6 S1

3.0 m
3.164kN m

1.5 m

RB = 16.875 kN

5.625 kN m

( ) Atx = 3.0m,M max = 5.625kN m

M max 5.625 t = = = 7.94MPa S1 708.3 10 6 M max 5.625 c = = = 13.24MPa S2 425.0 10 6

allow = 15.0 MPa

Chapter 5 Bending and shear stresses in beams

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Example - Built-up Beams (Continued)

Maximum Nail Spacing
150mm
75mm

q = 5 kN m
50 mm
150 mm

A
RA = 5.625 kN
5.625 kN

3.0 m

1.5 m

125mm

RB = 16.875 kN
7.5 kN

50mm

9.375 kN

Nails are to resist the shear flow between the two 2 x 6

Q = (150)(50)(75 25) = 375.0 103 mm 3

VQ (9 ,375 )(375.0 10 6 ) 3 N = = f = 66 . 18 10 6 I 53.125 10 m 2F 2 2 ,000 s= = = 0.0604m = 60.4mm 3 f 66.18 10

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Chapter 5 Bending and shear stresses in beams