Basic principles of steel structures
Dr. Xianzhong ZHAO x.zhao@mail.tongji.edu.cn
Lecture Questionnaire (1)
Language preferred ( C = in Chinese, E = in English)
NO. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 other Oral Writing on the Presentation blackboard E C&E C E C C C E E E E C E C Handout & textbook E E E C E C C Coursework & Tick the one written exam you prefer E E E E E E E
From this course you prefer to: Learn steel struc. 1 2 3 in English format
Practise English
Syllabus
Aims
To introduce procedures for designing steel members and connections.
Syllabus (total 41 courses)
; Introduction =>2 ; Steel properties =>6 ; Tension members =>3 ; Compression members (Columns) =>7 ; Bending Members (Beams) =>8 ; Beam-columns =>7 ;Connections =>8
Coursework & Assessment
;
Assignment 1 ; Assignment 2 ; Assignment 3
Attendance, activities & Coursework Experiments EPUT Final written examination
30% 10% 60%
Introduction
Outlines
what is steel structure? why choose steel structures? where & when use steel structures? main structural types state-of-the-art and prospective market design concept & rationale of steel structures
Whats steel structure?
architecture structure steel structure
Architecture
Structure
Steel structure
Whats steel structure?
definition & scope
STEEL STRUCTURE: a structure which is made from organised combination of structural STEEL members designed to carry loads and provide adequate rigidity
Steel structure
PK
RC structure
steel structure, reinforced concrete (RC) structure, concrete-filled-
steel tubular (CFT) structure, steel-RC composite structure? steel shelf steel furniture steelwork of buildings, Steel structure? Yes, but bridges and civil eng. works in this course
Whats steel structure?
definition & scope
steel structures involve sub-structure or members in a building made from structural steel
SHANGHAI STADIUM Steel roof + concrete stand
SHANGHAI GRAND THEATER Steel roof + concrete columns
Whats steel structure?
definition & scope
structural member is physically distinguishable part of structure with independent structural function, e.g. member ()element()cable() and their combination
cable
Why use steel structure?
advantages ; High strength
The high ratio of strength to weight (the strength per unit weight)
; Excellent ductility and seismic resistance
Withstand extensive deformation without failure even under high tensile stress
; Elasticity, uniformity of material
Predictability of properties, close to design assumption
; Ease of fabrication and speed of erection
high ratio of strength to weight
By M.F.Ashby
10
Elasticity, ductility and uniformity of material
11
Ease of fabrication and speed of erection
12
Why use steel structure?
disadvantages : Susceptibility to corrosion
Maintenance costs / thin-walled structure
: Loss of strength at elevated temperature
Fireproofing costs
: Susceptibility to buckling
Slender member in compression
: Fatigue and brittle fracture
13
Where & when use steel structures?
; Long-span structures ; Multi-storey & high-rise buildings ; Buildings of heavy duty plants ; Tower & mast structures ; Portal frames ; Bridges ; Infrastructures ; Deployable structures ; Generalized structures: mechanical
14
Long-span structures
Airport terminals
Train stations Theatres Stadiums
Exhibition centres
15
High-rise buildings
World trade centre
CCTV
Tai-bei 101 Jinmao tower
16
Buildings of heavy duty plant
17
Tower & Mast structures
TV Tower Eiffel Tower TV Tower
18
Portal frames
19
Bridges
20
Infrastructures
21
Agricultural buildings
22
Sight-seeing
23
Deployable structures
Oh, he is coming
24
Generalized structures
25
Main structural types
buildings and bridges ; truss structures
Bar or truss members
; frame structures
Beams and columns
; beam bridge ; truss bridge
truss members
; grids structures
latticed structure or dome
; arch ; prestressed structures
; arch bridge ; cable-stayed bridge ; suspension bridge
26
Main structural types
buildings: truss structures
27
Main structural types
buildings: frame structures
28
Main structural types
buildings: grid /domes
29
Main structural types
buildings: prestressed structures
30
Main structural types
buildings: prestressed structures
31
Main structural types
bridges: truss bridges
32
Main structural types
bridges: arch bridges
33
Main structural types
bridges: cable-stayed bridges
34
Main structural types
bridge: suspension structures
35
State-of-the-art & prospective market
technology & economy
; technology
Accurate and automatic fabrication
; economy
Less construction time and less structural weight
; environment
Less wet work Reuse, Reduce & Recycle / removable
36
State-of-the-art & prospective
market for steel structures
2007 y > overall output of the world before 1966 2008 y > 2nd-8th output
No. 1 2
2007 2006 2005 2004 2003 Raw steel output, Mt 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 China Japan America Russia India Korea Germany Ukraine
Nations China Japan USA Russia Italy Korea Germany Ucran
Output/Mt 489.2 120.2 97.2 72.7 53.1 51.4 48.5 42.8
3 4 5 6 7 8
2~8 Sum.
485.9
37
State-of-the-art & prospective
market for steel structures
Crude steel consumed kg/head
Regional Kg/head 2006 Coastal Central
Forecast average 2017 = 550kg/head
434 227 2007-2017
170
Western
Kg/head 2017 750 450 National average 2007 = 340kg/head Coastal Central
360
Western
Data: CRU, NBS, CISA
38
State-of-the-art & prospective
100,000
market for steel structures
Steel
140000
50,000
Wooden R.C
Residential Housing
2004 128163
120000
100000
Steel R.C Others
0
80000
2000 80715
60000
year1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
40000
M/ton
JAPAN CHINA steel used in buildings
20000
Steel structure 2%4%
1985 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
steel structure R.C structure
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Design concept & rationale
ensure strength, stability and stiffness
Stiff Strength stability Light
All OK !
Not stiff enough (need bigger E)
Not stable enough
Not strong enough (need bigger y )
Too heavy (need lower )
40
Design concept & rationale
Loads structural system erection
tio ac
Steel
metallurgy
fabrication Member + connection
Force, deformation
Strength, stability , rigidity
SR
Performance required: Safety, serviceability, durability
41
Loads
action
Design concept & rationale
struc tural mode l
member connection actions
? ? ?
element restraint loading
42
Design concept & rationale
member connection actions
? ? ?
element restraint loading
Analytical model
43
Loads
action
Design concept & rationale
force ation m r o f de
Mechanics of materials Structural analysis Elastic mechanics Plastic mechanics
44
Design concept & rationale
Loads structural system erection
tio ac
Steel
metallurgy
fabrication Member + connection
Force, deformation
Strength, stability , rigidity
SR
Performance: Safety, serviceability, durability
45
Design concept & rationale
Steel Tension member Compression member Beam Beam-column connection Strength, stability , rigidity metallurgy
fabrication Member + connection
Mechanics of materials You got a high level?
46
Design concept & rationale
fs
objective
SR S Sa Sn SnRn
fR
R Rn Ra
subjective
Sn Rn
fR-S
SdRd
Sn
Rn
Acceptable:
point of view of safety point of view of economy
Rd-Sd
47
Design concept & rationale
DESIGN METHOD ASD SnRn/K LRFD SSnRn/R
Sa Sn Rn Ra
fd
48
Design concept & rationale
49
possible failure modes
; brittle / ductile fracture of steel
members or connections ; global buckling of structures/members ; local buckling ; excessive development of plastic deformation ; loss of geometry stability ; fatigue failure
50
possible failure modes
brittle / ductile fracture of steel members or connections
51
possible failure modes
global buckling of structures/members
52
possible failure modes
local buckling
53
possible failure modes
MCP-1
MPP-1
excessive development of plastic deformation
54
possible failure modes
; loss of geometry stability ; fatigue failure
55
possible failure modes
your task:
Prevent all these failure modes
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