Cellular Telephony Architecture
Radio tower
PSTN Telephone Network
Mobile Switching Center
Duplex Communication - FDD
FDD: Frequency Division Duplex
Mobile Terminal M
Forward Channel Reverse Channel
Base Station B
Forward Channel and Reverse Channel use different frequency bands
Access Methods
Frequency Frequency Time Frequency
FDMA
Time
TDMA
CDMA
Time
Very Basic Cellular/PCS Architecture
Public Switched Telephone Network
Mobile Switching Center (MSC) Mobility Database Base Station Controller
Radio Network
Base Station (BS)
Mobile Station
Clusters
A cluster is a group of cells
No channels are reused within a cluster
A seven Cell Cluster
Example - Frequency Spectrum Allocation in U.S. Cellular Radio Service Forward Channel Reverse Channel
991 992
1023
799
991 992
1023
799
824-849 MHz Channel Number Reverse Channel 1 <=N <= 799 991 <= N <= 1023
869-894 MHz Center Frequency (MHz) 0.030N + 825.0 0.030(N-1023) + 825.0
Forward Channel 1 <=N <= 799 0.030N + 870.0 991 <= N <= 1023 0.030(N-1023) + 870.0 (Channels 800-990 are unused) Channel bandwidth is 45 MHz
Frequency Reuse
Only a small number of radio channel frequencies were available for mobile systems
Therefore engineers had to find a way to reuse radio channels to carry more than one conversation at a time The solution the industry adopted was called frequency reuse. Implemented by restructuring the mobile telephone system architecture into the cellular concept
Frequency Reuse
The concept of frequency reuse is based on assigning to each cell a group of radio channels used within a small geographic area
Cells are assigned a group of channels that is completely different from neighbouring cells The coverage area of cells is called the footprint and is limited by a boundary so that the same group of channels can be used in cells that are far enough apart
Frequency Reuse
Cells with the same number have the same set of frequencies
Frequency Reuse
Cell Frequency Reuse
Frequency Reuse using 7 frequencies allocations
f2 f7 f3 f1 f6 f4 f5 f2 f2 f7 f3 f7 f1 f1 f6 f4 f6 f5 f5
f2 f7 f3 f1 f6 f4 f5 f3 f2 f7 f3 f4 f1 f6 f4 f5
Each cell is generally 4 to 8 miles in diameter with a lower limit around 2 miles.
Locating Cells
N=19 (i= 3, j=2)
Cell Splitting
Allows urban centres to be split into as many areas as necessary for acceptable service levels in heavy-traffic regions, while larger, less expensive cells can be used to cover remote rural regions
Cellular Concept with Sectors
frequency re-use
base station
Hand-off
The final obstacle in the development of the cellular network involved the problem created when a mobile subscriber moved from one cell to another during a call
Looking to PCS from different Angles
PSTN (Telephone Network) Wireless Access Internet
Mobile Users -Cell phone users -Cordless phone users
Mobile Users -Laptop users -Pocket PC users -Mobile IP, DHCP enabled computers
Telecom People View
Data Networking People View
Telecom and Data Networking
Telecom Interest Data Networking Interest
- Voice Transmission - Frequency Reuse - Handoff Management -Location Tracking -Roaming -QoS -GSM, CDMA, Cordless Phones, -GPRS, EDGE
-Radio Propagation -Link Characteristics -Error Models -Wireless Medium Access (MAC) - Error Control
-Data Transmission -Mobile IP (integrating mobile hosts to internet) -Ad-hoc Networks -TCP over Wireless -Service Discovery
Major Mobile Radio Standards USA
Standard Type Year Intro 1983 1991 1993 1993 1993 1994 1994 Multiple Access FDMA TDMA FH/Packet CDMA Simplex TDMA TDMA/FDMA Frequency Band (MHz) 824-894 824-894 824-894 824-894 1800-2000 Several 1850-1990 1850-1990 Modulation
AMPS USDC CDPD IS-95 FLEX
Cellular Cellular Cellular Cellular/PCS Paging
FM DQPSK GMSK QPSK/BPSK 4-FSK GMSK DQPSK
Channe l BW (KHz) 30 30 30 1250 15 200 300
DCS-1900 PCS (GSM) Cordless/PC PACS
S
Major Mobile Radio Standards Europe
Standard Type Year Intro 1985 1986 1990 1985 1993 1989 1993 1993 Multiple Access FDMA FDMA TDMA FDMA FDMA4 FDMA TDMA TDMA Frequency Band (MHz) 900 890-960 890-960 450-465 Several 864-868 1880-1900 1710-1880 Modulation
ETACS NMT-900 GSM C-450 ERMES CT2 DECT
Cellular Cellular Cellular/PCS Cellular Paging Cordless Cordless
FM FM GMSK FM 4-FSK GFSK GFSK GMSK
Channe l BW (KHz) 25 12.5 200KHz 20-10 25 100 1728 200
DCS-1800 Cordless/PC
S
Example - Frequency Spectrum Allocation in U.S. Cellular Radio Service Forward Channel Reverse Channel
991 992
1023
799
991 992
1023
799
824-849 MHz Channel Number Reverse Channel 1 <=N <= 799 991 <= N <= 1023
869-894 MHz Center Frequency (MHz) 0.030N + 825.0 0.030(N-1023) + 825.0
Forward Channel 1 <=N <= 799 0.030N + 870.0 991 <= N <= 1023 0.030(N-1023) + 870.0 (Channels 800-990 are unused) Channel bandwidth is 45 MHz
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2G Technologies
cdmaOne (IS-95)
Uplink Frequencies (MHz) Downlink Frequencies 824-849 (Cellular) 1850-1910 (US PCS) 869-894 MHz (US Cellular) 1930-1990 MHz (US PCS) FDD CDMA BPSK with Quadrature Spreading 1.25 MHz 1.2288 Mchips/sec 64 CELP at 13Kbps EVRC at 8Kbps
GSM, DCS-1900
890-915 MHz (Eurpe) 1850-1910 (US PCS) 935-960 (Europa) 1930-1990 (US PCS)
IS-54/IS-136 PDC
800 MHz, 1500 Mhz (Japan) 1850-1910 (US PCS) 869-894 MHz (Cellular) 1930-1990 (US PCS) 800 MHz, 1500 MHz (Japan) FDD TDMA /4 DQPSK 30 KHz (IS-136) (25 KHz PDC) 48.6 Kbps (IS-136) 42 Kbps (PDC) 3 VSELP at 7.95 Kbps
Deplexing Multiple Access Modulation Carrier Seperation Channel Data Rate Voice Channels per carrier Speech Coding
FDD TDMA GMSK with BT=0.3 200 KHz 270.833 Kbps 8 RPE-LTP at 13 Kbps
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GSM Speech Signal Processing
GSM Networks
12
GSM Signaling Protocol Architecture
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GSM and CDMA Coverage Map Worldwide
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Upgrade Paths for 2G Technologies
IS-95 GSM IS-136 PDC GPRS IS-95B HSCSD EDGE
2G
2.5G
3G
cdma200-1xRTT W-CDMA cdma2000-1xEV,DV,DO TD-SCDMA cdma200-3xRTT EDGE
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