The document discusses encoding and modulation techniques used in digital communications. Encoding converts digital or analog information into digital signals, while modulation converts digital signals into analog signals for transmission. There are four main types of encoding depending on whether the input and output are digital or analog. Common encoding techniques include unipolar, NRZ, Manchester, and bipolar, while modulation techniques include ASK, FSK, PSK, and QAM. Pulse code modulation is used to convert analog signals like voice into digital PCM signals using sampling, quantization, and encoding.
The document discusses encoding and modulation techniques used in digital communications. Encoding converts digital or analog information into digital signals, while modulation converts digital signals into analog signals for transmission. There are four main types of encoding depending on whether the input and output are digital or analog. Common encoding techniques include unipolar, NRZ, Manchester, and bipolar, while modulation techniques include ASK, FSK, PSK, and QAM. Pulse code modulation is used to convert analog signals like voice into digital PCM signals using sampling, quantization, and encoding.
The document discusses encoding and modulation techniques used in digital communications. Encoding converts digital or analog information into digital signals, while modulation converts digital signals into analog signals for transmission. There are four main types of encoding depending on whether the input and output are digital or analog. Common encoding techniques include unipolar, NRZ, Manchester, and bipolar, while modulation techniques include ASK, FSK, PSK, and QAM. Pulse code modulation is used to convert analog signals like voice into digital PCM signals using sampling, quantization, and encoding.
The document discusses encoding and modulation techniques used in digital communications. Encoding converts digital or analog information into digital signals, while modulation converts digital signals into analog signals for transmission. There are four main types of encoding depending on whether the input and output are digital or analog. Common encoding techniques include unipolar, NRZ, Manchester, and bipolar, while modulation techniques include ASK, FSK, PSK, and QAM. Pulse code modulation is used to convert analog signals like voice into digital PCM signals using sampling, quantization, and encoding.
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Encoding and Modulation
N N N N
Baud rate Pulse encoding (digital to digital) Modulation (digital to analog) Pulse code modulation
Encoding N
There are four types:
N N N N
Digital information, digital signal Analog information, digital signal Digital information, analog signal Analog information, analog signal
N N
Modulation - data onto analog signal Encoding - data onto digital signal
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Encoding vs Modulation x(t) g(t) digital or analog x(t) Encoder digital Decoder g(t)
t (a) Encoding onto a digital signal
S(f) m(t) digital or analog s(t) Modulator analog fc (a) Modulation onto an analog signal fc Demodulator m(t)
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Digital Data, Digital Signals
N
Categories of this encoding are:
N N
Unipolar - one voltage level used. Polar - two voltage levels are use. Examples NRZ, NRZ-L, NRZ-I, RZ and Manchester encoding Bipolar - ones are represented by alternating positive and negative voltages: examples include AMI, B8ZS, HDB3.
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Baud rate N
Also known as Signalling rate or modulation rate.
N N N N
Signal elements per second (baud). The rate at which signal elements are transmitted. bit rate = baud rate x M where M is the number of bits per signal element for two-level signalling (binary), bit rate is equal to the baud rate.
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Criteria for Digital Encoding Formats
N
Various techniques are compared in terms of the following:
N N N N N N
Reduced bandwidth. Ease of synchronization. No zero frequency component (DC). Possible error detection. Reduced cost and complexity. Immunity to noise and interference.
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Unipolar N N N
Binary 1 is encoded as a positive value; Binary 0 as zero voltage, or an idle line. Unipolar encoding is simple and primitive. The average amplitude of a unipolar signal is nonzero. This creates a DC component. Some transmission media cannot handle that. When a signal is not varying (e.g. long runs of 1s or 0s), the receiver cannot determine the beginning and ending of each bit. Module 5 slide 7
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Non-return to zero (NRZ)
N
In NRZ-L, the level of signal depends on the type of bit it represents. A positive voltage represents binary 1, and a negative voltage represent binary 0. In NRZ-I, the transition between a positive and a negative voltage represents a 1 bit. A 0 bit is represented by no change. An advantage of NRZ-I over NRZ-L is that signal changes every time a 1 bit is transmitted, it enables synchronization. Module 5 slide 8
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Manchester encoding N
In Manchester encoding, the transition at the middle of the bit is used for both synchronization and bit representation. N N
In Differential Manchester encoding, the transition at the middle of the bit is used only for synchronization. N N N
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Always a transition in middle of interval. Binary 0 = transition at beginning of interval. Binary 1 = no transition at beginning of interval. Module 5
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Bipolar encoding N
Bipolar encoding uses three voltage levels: positive, negative and zero. N
Bipolar-AMI N N N
0 bit = no line signal 1bit = positive or negative level, alternating for successive ones. This encoding achieves two things: first, the DC component is zero, and second, a long run of 1s stays synchronized. 0 bit = positive or negative level, alternating for successive zeros 1 bit = no line signal Module 5 slide 10
Pseudoternary N N
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Digital Data, Analog Signals
N N N N
Modem - to produce signals in the voice frequency range (300-3400Hz). Carrier signal is a sine wave. Modulation - to superimpose digital data on a carrier signal. One or more characteristics of carrier is changed N
Amplitude, Frequency or Phase.
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Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK)
N N
In ASK, the amplitude of the carrier signal is varied to represent binary 1 or 0. Two binary values are represented by two different amplitudes the carrier. N N N
Binary 1 = Acos(2pi f_c t). Binary 0 = 0. Where f_c is the carrier frequency.
N N
Inefficient and susceptible to noise. Optical fiber channels.
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Frequency-shift-keying (FSK) N N
In FSK, the frequency of the carrier signal is varied to represent binary 1 or 0. The two binary values are represented by two different frequencies. N N
Binary 1 = Acos(2 pi f_1 t). Binary 2 = Acos(2 pi f_2 t).
N N N CSE3318
Full-duplex operation over voice grade lines. High-frequency operation. Used in some local area networks. Module 5 slide 13
Phase-shift-keying (PSK) N N
In ASK, the phase of the signal is varied to represent binary 1 or 0. The phase of the carrier signal is shifted to represent data. In the binary case: N N
Binary 1 = A cos(2 pi f_c t + pi). Binary 0 = Acos(2 pi f_c t).
N N N
4,8,16 levels of signalling possible. High efficiency. High speed modems.
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QPSK N
4PSK; the phase of the carrier signal is shifted to represent data.
N N N N
Binary 00 = A cos(2 pi f_c t ). Binary 01 = Acos(2 pi f_c t+pi/2) Binary 11 = Acos(2 pi f_c t+pi) Binary 10 = Acos(2 pi f_c t + 3pi/2)
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Quadrature amplitude modulation
N N
In QAM, both the phase and amplitude of the carrier signal vary. QAM enables a higher data transmission than other modulation methods.
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Analog-to-digital encoding N N
This is called pulse code modulation (PCM). PCM involves sampling, quantizing each sample to a set number of bits, and then assigning voltage levels to the bits. The term sampling means measuring the signal at regular intervals.
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Pulse amplitude modulation (PAM)
N
The first step of PCM is called PAM. This method takes analog information, samples and generates a series of pulses based on the results of the sampling. According to the Nyquist theorem, the sampling rate must be at least two times the highest frequency.
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Voice Digitization N N N N
Normal voice signal bandwidth 4kHz. Sampling rate 8000/sec. 8 - bit encoding (256 levels) 64 kbps - PCM signal
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PCM PAM signal
Analog voice signal
Sampling
Quantizer and compander
PCM signal
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Quantization N N N
n-bit encoding, there are only 2^n - levels Signal level x approximated by the nearest quantization level. SNR due to this noise is given by N
SNR = 6n , approximately
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Companding N N N N
Lower amplitudes are more affected by the quantization noise. Uniform quantizing is not effective Non uniform quantizing More gain to weak signals
