Crane Loads & Wharf Structure Design: Putting the Two Together
AAPA Facilities Engineering Seminar January 2006 Jacksonville, Florida
Arun Bhimani, S.E. President Liftech Consultants Inc. Erik Soderberg, S.E. Principal Liftech Consultants Inc. www.liftech.net
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Crane Size Growth:
1st Container Crane & Jumbo Crane
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Crane Service Wheel Loads
Waterside Operating Wheel Loads
100 90 80
Wheel Load (t)
70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000
Year Manufactured
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Crane Loads
Crane loads increasing Codes becoming more complex Consequences of misapplication more severe Chance of engineering errors increasing
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Presentation Outline
The Problem Overview Wharf Designers Perspective Crane Designers Perspective Putting the Two Together Q&A and Feedback
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The Problem Overview
Consultant Port
Crane Purchaser
Wharf Designer Crane Supplier
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Crane Purchaser Difficulties
Purchaser specified
Allowable wheel load: 200 kips/wheel
Suppliers submit
Supplier A Supplier B Supplier C 180 k/wheel 200 k/wheel 220 k/wheel
Which suppliers are compliant?
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Crane Supplier Difficulty
Purchaser specified
Allowable wheel load: 200 kips/wheel In some cases, linear load (kips/ft)
Not defined
Operating or out-of-service? Unfactored or factored? Wind profile? Increase for storm condition?
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Wharf Designer Difficulty
Client provides limited crane load data No loading pattern No basis given Unfactored or factored? Same loads given for landside and waterside No details of wind or seismic criteria
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Wharf Designer Perspective
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Wharf Designer Perspective
Codes and Design Principle Crane Girder Design Design for Tie-down Loads Crane Stop Design Seismic Design Considerations
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Codes and Design Principle
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Design Codes & Standards
Crane
FEM, DIN, BS, AISC , Liftech
Wharf Structures
ACI 318 Building Code and Commentary ASCE 7-05 Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures AISC Steel Construction Manual
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Design Principle - Wharf Structure Design
Load Resistance Factored Design (LRFD) Required Strength Design Strength Required Strength = Service Loads * Load Factors Design Strength = Material Strength * Strength Reduction Factor
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Load Factors & Factors
ACI 318 Load Factors D L 1.7 1.6 W Concrete Factors Ten Comp Shear 0.85 0.75
1.3 0.90 0.75/.7 0 1.6* 0.90 0.70/.6 5 * 1.3 if directionality factor is not included
to 2002 1.4 2002+ 1.2
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Design Principle Soil Capacity
Allowable Stress Design Generally use service loads Factor of safety typically 2.0 for operating 1/3 increase for storm wind or overload
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Crane Girder Design
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Required Crane Geometry Data
Tie-downs Bumper Stowage pin Sill Beam
(n-1) S n = number of wheels per corner S = average wheel spacing
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C crane L
Typical Wheel Loading Geometry
Typical Wheel Spacing 7 at 5 9 7 at 5
Recommended Wheel Design Load Geometry 40 4 40
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Dead Loads and Live Loads
Wharf Loads D Wharf structure self weight L Wharf live load, includes containers and yard equipment (does not control) Crane Loads (ASCE 7-05) D Weight of crane excluding lifted load L Lifted load or rated capacity
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ACI Load Factors Crane Loading
ACI 318 Year to 2002 2002+ D 1.4 1.2 Load Factors L 1.7 1.6 Composite 1.45 1.30
Some designers treat crane dead load as live load and use the 1.6 factor. This results in 23% overdesign; 1.6 / 1.3 = 1.23.
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Example Combination Table: Service Wheel Loads
Mode Operating Stowed WOP1 WOP2 WOP3 WOP4 WS1 Dead Load DL 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 Trolley Load TL 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 Lift System LS 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 Lifted Load LL 1.0 1.0 1.0 Impact IMP 0.5 Gantry Lateral LATG 1.0 Op. Wind Load WLO 1.0 1.0 Stall Torque Load STL 1.0 Collision Load COLL 1.0 Storm Wind Load WLS 1.0 Earthquake Load EQ Allowable Wheel LS 50 x S 70 x S Loads (tons/wheel) WS 65 x S 90 x S S = Average spacing, in meters, between the wheels at each corner.
Example: S = 1.5 m, Allowable LS Operating = 50 t/m * 1.5 m = 75 t/wheel
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Example Combination Table: Factored Wheel Loads
Mode Operating Stowed WOP1 WOP2 WOP3 WOP4 WS1 Dead Load DL 1.2 1.2 1.0 1.0 1.2 Trolley Load TL 1.2 1.2 1.0 1.0 1.2 Lift System LS 1.2 1.2 1.0 1.2 Lifted Load LL 1.6 1.6 1.0 Impact IMP 0.8 Gantry Lateral LATG 0.8 Stall Torque Load STL 1.0 Collision Load COLL 1.0 Storm Wind Load WLS 1.6 Earthquake Load EQ Allowable Wheel LS 60 x S 80 x S Loads (tons/wheel) WS 75 x S 100 x S S = Average spacing, in meters, between the wheels at each corner.
Example: S = 1.5 m, Allowable WS Storm = 100 t/m * 1.5 m = 150 t/wheel
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Tie-down Design
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Multiple Tie-downs at a Corner
Uneven tie-down forces
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Causes of Uneven Distribution
Some reasons why forces are not evenly distributed: Crane deflection Contruction tolerances Wharf pins not centered Links not perfectly straight due to friction
Undeflected Shape Deflected Shape
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Tie-down Loads typically provide the service corner uplift Manufacturers
force Needed data: Factored corner uplift force Distribution between tie-downs Direction of force (allow for slight angle)
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Crane Stop Design
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Bumper Load Provided by Manufacturer
Rated Bumper Reaction Bumpers sized for collision at maximum gantry speed
40
ga s
oil
Displacement
metering pin
Does not address runaway crane
35
30
25
V runaway crane
20
V gantry V slow
15
10
0
1 4 9 1 4 1 9 2 4
Displacement
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Recommended Crane Stop Design Load Tipping Force
H= maximum load that can develop, i.e. the load at which the crane tips. D = crane weight H = approximately 0.25 x D per stop
Stability Stool H
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H D
Wharf Seismic Design Crane Loading
The mass of typical jumbo A-frame cranes can be ignored For certain wharves and cranes, a time-history analysis may be necessary Large, short duration wheel loads can be ignored Localized rail damage may occur The crane may derail
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Crane Designer Perspective
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Crane Designer Perspective
Basic Loads Storm Wind Load Load Combinations and Factors Tie-down Loads
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Basic Loads
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Dead and Live Loads
Dead Loads Live Loads
LL: Rated container load DL: Crane structure weight TL: Trolley structure weight LS: Lift System Weight Cran e Trolley Lift Syste m Rated Load
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Inertial Loads
IMP: Vertical impact due to hoist acceleration Lateral due to trolley acceleration Lateral due to gantry acceleration
LATT: LATG:
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Overload
COLL: Collision SNAG: Snagging headblock STALL: Stalling hoist motors
Normally do not control
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Environmental Loads
WLO: Wind load operating (In-Service) WLS* : EQ: Wind load storm (Out-of-Service) Earthquake load
*Often a major source of
discrepancies
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Wind Load, Out-of-Service
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WLS: Out-of-Service Wind
Wind Force = A x Cf x qz A = Area of crane element Cf = Shape coefficient (including shielding) qz = Dynamic pressure, function of:
Mean recurrence interval (MRI) Gust duration
2 Vref , where V is a location-specific, coderef
From wind tunnel testing
specified reference wind speed Exposure (surface roughness)
Need to clearly specify
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Shape Coefficient, Cf
Empirical values: FEM, BSI, etc. Wind tunnel tests are more accurate Boundary layer Angled wind effects Shielding effects
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Angled Wind
Wind Tunnel Test Liftech Equations Fx
Reaction
Fz
45
90
135
180
Fz
Wind Direction, Degrees
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Fx
WLS: Mean recurrence interval (MRI)
Wind Force = A x Cf x qz A = Area of element Cf = Shape coefficient (including shielding) qz = Dynamic pressure, function of:
Mean recurrence interval (MRI) Gust duration
2 Vref , where V is a location-specific, coderef
From wind tunnel testing
specified reference wind speed Exposure (surface roughness)
Need to clearly specify
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Mean Recurrence Interval
Probability of Speed Being Exceeded Years in Operation MRI 10 yrs 25 yrs 50 yrs 100 yrs 1 10 .10 .64 .04 .34 .02 .18 .01 .10 25 .93 .64 .40 .22 50 .99 .87 .64 .39 100 .99997 .98 .87 .64
Example: Chance of 50-yr wind being exceeded in 25 years: 40%
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WLS: Gust duration
Wind Force = A x Cf x qz A = Area of crane element Cf = Shape coefficient (including shielding) qz = Dynamic pressure, function of:
Mean recurrence interval (MRI) Gust duration
2 Vref , where V is a location-specific, coderef
From wind tunnel testing
specified reference wind speed Exposure (surface roughness)
Need to clearly specify
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Gust Duration
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Wind Speed vs. Gust Duration
1.52
Example: converting 10min speed to 3-sec speed
Vt / Vhour
Vhourly V3 = V10 min V 10 min
V3 sec V hourly
1 V3 = V10 min (1.52) 1.04 V3 = V10 min (1.46)
1.04
Ratio of probable maximum speed averaged over t seconds to hourly mean speed. Reference, ASCE 7-05. 47 of 85
Gust Duration (seconds)
Code Gust Durations
Code definitions of basic wind speed
Code Gust Duration MRI
EN 1991-14 FEM 1.004 ASCE 7-02 HK 2004
10 min 10 min 3 sec 3 sec
50 yrs 50 yrs 50 yrs 50 yrs
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Typical Pressure Profiles
200 175 150
Smooth gradien t Steppe d profile
Height, m
125 100 75 50 25 0 500
Shape of profile depends on surrounding surface roughness
1000
1500
2000
Wind pressure, Pa
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Variation in WLS
Variable MRI Gust duration Profile Variation 25 to 50 yrs 3 sec to 10 min Open terrain to ocean exposure Effect on V Effect on F * 7.5% 15.6% 46% 5-10% 113% 10-20%
*See later slides for effect on calculated tie-down load!
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Recommendations for Specifying WLS
Return Period Use 50-yr MRI
Basic wind speed Gust duration Use local civil code Profile Other factors Shape coefficients Wind tunnel tests
Do not mix and match between codes for pressure and load factors !
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Corner Reactions Angled Wind
Do not use spreadsheet ! Use frame analysis program Frame stiffness is significant to reactions
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Load Combinations Crane Design
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Load Combinations
Load combinations
Operating Overload Storm wind (out-of-service)
Design approaches
Generally Allowable Stress Design (ASD)
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Operating Condition Loads
DL: LL: Crane weight* Rated container load
IMP & LAT: Inertial loads WLO: Wind load, in service
*Excluding Rated Load
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Out-of-Service & Overload
DL: WLS: Crane weight* Wind load storm (out-of-service)
Overload Conditions (in and out-of-service)
*Including trolley and lift system
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Recommendations
Requesting crane wheel load data Specify wind criteria Ask for basic loads Combine per ACI load factors Requesting crane bids Provide factored load tables Ask to fill in tables Specify allowable factored loads
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Tie-down Loads
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Tie-Down Failures
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Wind Load & Crane Reactions
Fwind D A B F stow pin
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F tiedown
F gantry
Error in Calculated Tie-down Force
Ratio of moments:
Fwind h Overturning Moment = = B Righting Moment D 2
Fwind D B A Fstow pin F gantry Ftie-down
Error in calculated tie-down force: error in wind force, if e =
FTiedown, Actual FTiedown,Calculated
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1 B (1 + e )FWind h D 2 (1 + e ) 1 A = = 1 B 1 FWind h D 2 A
Error in Tie-down Force
5
Tiedown Force Ratio (Actual/Calculated)
4 3
20% error in V 10% error in V 5% error in V
2 1
No error in V
0 1
, Overturning Moment / Righting Moment
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Example:
Error in wind speed = 10%; = 1.4 Error in wind pressure = 21%
5
Tiedown Force Ratio (Actual/Calculated)
4 3
20% error in V 10% error in V 5% error in V
2 1
No error in V
0 1
Error in calculated tie-down force = 74% !
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, Overturning Moment / Righting Moment
Stability Load Factors
Load BSI
Dead Load TL + LS Wind Load, 50-year MRI 1.0 1.0 1.2
Factor ACI
0.9 0.9 1.3*
FEM
1.0 1.0 1.2
* 1.6 with ASCE 7-02 directionality factor
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Uplift: Factored vs. Service
Service Load Dead Load Wind Load Calculated Uplift -500 +450 -50 No Uplift Factored
Load Factor
x 0.9 = x 1.3 =
-450 +585 +135 Uplift
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Putting the Two Together
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Problem Recap
Crane supplier and wharf designer work with incomplete and inconsistent data Reasons: Crane supplier generally uses Service Load approach Wharf designer generally uses Factored Load approach Neither knows what basis the other uses
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Solution
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Crane purchaser provide or facilitate detailed information Port Crane Purchaser Wharf Designer Crane Supplier
sing Mi s k Lin
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Obtain From Wharf Designer
Assumed wheel arrangement Service or factored Load factors Load combinations for operating, overload, and out-of-service conditions Complete wind criteria Allowable wheel loads, kips/ft*
* Crane supplier tends to provide kips/wheel
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Example Combination Table: Service Wheel Loads
Mode Operating Stowed WOP1 WOP2 WOP3 WOP4 WS1 Dead Load DL 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 Trolley Load TL 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 Lift System LS 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 Lifted Load LL 1.0 1.0 1.0 Impact IMP 0.5 Gantry Lateral LATG 1.0 Op. Wind Load WLO 1.0 1.0 Stall Torque Load STL 1.0 Collision Load COLL 1.0 Storm Wind Load WLS 1.0 Earthquake Load EQ Allowable Wheel LS 50 x S 70 x S Loads (tons/wheel) WS 65 x S 90 x S S = Average spacing, in meters, between the wheels at each corner.
Example: S = 1.5 m, Allowable LS Operating = 50 t/m * 1.5 m = 75 t/wheel
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Example Combination Table: Factored Wheel Loads
Mode Operating Stowed WOP1 WOP2 WOP3 WOP4 WS1 Dead Load DL 1.2 1.2 1.0 1.0 1.2 Trolley Load TL 1.2 1.2 1.0 1.0 1.2 Lift System LS 1.2 1.2 1.0 1.2 Lifted Load LL 1.6 1.6 1.0 Impact IMP 0.8 Gantry Lateral LATG 0.8 Stall Torque Load STL 1.0 Collision Load COLL 1.0 Storm Wind Load WLS 1.6 Earthquake Load EQ Allowable Wheel LS 60 x S 80 x S Loads (tons/wheel) WS 75 x S 100 x S S = Average spacing, in meters, between the wheels at each corner.
Example: S = 1.5 m, Allowable WS Storm = 100 t/m * 1.5 m = 150 t/wheel
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Ask Crane Supplier For
Wheel arrangement Wheel loads for individual loads Combined wheel loads for operating, overload, and out-of-service conditions Complete wind criteria used and basis for shape factors Individual and corner factored loads for tie-downs including direction of loading
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Example Design Basic Load Table
Wharf Designer needs from Crane Supplier
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Recap
Obtain detailed crane and wharf design data Stick to one crane design code Stick to one wharf design code Use consistent design basis Facilitate communication
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Q&A
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Crane Loads & Wharf Structure Design: Putting the Two Together
Thank you
This presentation will be available for download on Liftechs website: www.liftech.net
Arun Bhimani, S.E. President Liftech Consultants Inc. www.liftech.net
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Erik Soderberg, S.E. Principal Liftech Consultants Inc.
