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Calculus 2 Summary

This document summarizes various trigonometric identities, parametric equations, vector valued functions, vectors, and multivariable calculus concepts. It also summarizes several common tests used to determine if infinite series converge or diverge, including the geometric series test, integral test, p-series test, direct comparison test, limit comparison test, alternating series test, ratio test, and root test. Each test has specific criteria for determining convergence or divergence.

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499 views2 pages

Calculus 2 Summary

This document summarizes various trigonometric identities, parametric equations, vector valued functions, vectors, and multivariable calculus concepts. It also summarizes several common tests used to determine if infinite series converge or diverge, including the geometric series test, integral test, p-series test, direct comparison test, limit comparison test, alternating series test, ratio test, and root test. Each test has specific criteria for determining convergence or divergence.

Uploaded by

dukefvr41
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Trigonometric Identities

2 2
2 2
2 2
sin cos 1
1 tan sec
cot 1 csc
x x
x x
x x
+ =
+ =
+ =

2 2
2
2
sin 2 2sin cos
cos 2 cos sin
1 2sin
2cos 1
x x x
x x x
x
x
=
=
=
=

1
cot
tan
1
sec
cos
1
csc
sin
x
x
x
x
x
x
=
=
=

Parametrics
dy
dt
dx
dt
dy
dx
= ,
( )
2
2
dy d
dx dt
dx
dt
d y
dx
=
2 2 b
a
dx dy
Length dt
dt dt
| | | |
= +
| |
\ \


2 2
2
b
x axis
a
dx dy
Surface Area y dt
dt dt

| | | |
= +
| |
\ \


2 2
2
b
y axis
a
dx dy
Surface Area x dt
dt dt

| | | |
= +
| |
\ \



Vector Valued Functions
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) r t x t i y t j z t k = + +


Position = ( ) r t

, Vel= ( ) '( ) v t r t =

, Accel= ( ) '( ) a t v t =


Speed= [ ] [ ] [ ]
2 2 2
( ) '( ) '( ) '( ) v t x t y t z t = + +


Unit Tangent Vector:
'( )
( )
'( )
r t
T t
r t
=


Unit Normal Vector:
'( )
( )
'( )
T t
N t
T t
=
T
d v a
a v a T
dt v

= = =


2 2
N T
v a
a v T a N a a
v

= = = =




Arc Length = [ ] [ ] [ ]
2 2 2
'( ) '( ) '( )
b
a
x t y t z t dt + +


Vectors
terminal initial terminal initial
, Component Form x x y y =
2 2 2
x y x
v v v v = + +


x x y y z z
u v v u v u v u = + +


x y z
x y z
i j k
u v u u u
v v v
=




Angle btwn vctrs: cos
u v
u v


=


Proj
v
v u
u v
v v





Equation of Plane:
0 0 0
, ,
( ) ( ) ( ) 0
n normal vector a b c
a x x b y y c z z
= =
+ + =


Angle between planes:
1 2
1 2
cos
n n
n n


=



Distance point (Q) to plane containing P:
PQ n
d
n


Polars Polars Polars Polars
2 2
r x y = + , tan
y
x
=
cos x r = , sin y r =
2
1
2
b
a
Area r d =


2
2
b
a
dr
Arc Length r d
d

| |
= +
|
\


' sin cos
' cos sin
r r
Slope
r r


+
=


2 2
2 cos ( ')
b
x axis
a
Surface Area r r r d


2 2
2 sin ( ')
b
y axis
a
Surface Area r r r d


Multivariable
partial derivrespect to x
( , )
slope of in x-direction
x
f
f x y
f x

= =



Differential:
z z
dz dx dy
x y

= +


Directional Deriv:
( , ) ( , ) cos ( , )sin
u x y
D f x y f x y f x y = +
Gradient:
f f
f i j
x y

= +



Tangent Plane: Tan to f(x,y,z)=c at ( )
0 0 0 0
, , P x y z =
( ) ( ) ( )
0 0 0 0 0 0
( ) ( ) ( ) 0
x y z
f P x x f P y y f P z z + + =
Normal Line:
( )
( )
( )
0 0
0 0
0 0
x
y
z
x f P t x
y f P y
z f P z
= +
= +
= +

Chain Rule:
dw w dx w dy w dz
dt x dt y dt z dt

= + +


Implicit:
( , )
( , )
x
y
f x y dy
dx f x y

= , when ( , ) 0 f x y =
If 0
x y
f f = = , then ( , ) f a b at ( , ) a b is a
max if
2
0 and 0
xx xx yy xy
f f f f < >
min if
2
0 and 0
xx xx yy xy
f f f f > > .
saddle point if
2
0
xx yy xy
f f f < .
Summary of Convergence Tests
Name Test comments
Geometric
Series Test
If a
n
is a geometric sequence,
1
n
n
a

converges iff 1. r <


1
1
1
n
n
a
a
r

=
=


Divergence
Test
If lim 0
n
a
a

, then
1
n
n
a

diverges.
lim 0
n
a
a

= does
NOT prove
convergence
Integral Test
If a
n
=f(x) is a positive, decreasing, and continuous
function on [k, ) , then
n
n k
a

and ( )
k
f x dx

both
converge or both diverge.
1
n
n
a

( )
k
f x dx


p-Series
1
1
p
n
n

diverges if 1 p , and converges if 1 p > .




Direct
Comparison
Test
Let 0
n n
a b < for all n, then if
1
n
n
b

converges, then
1
n
n
a

converges, and
1
n
n
a

diverges, then
1
n
n
b

diverges.

Limit
Comparison
Test
0, 0
n n
a b > > , and lim
n
n
n
a
L
b

= , where L is a positive
finite number, then both
1
n
n
a

and
1
n
n
b


converge or both diverge.

Alternating
Series Test
Let 0
n
a > .
1
( 1)
n
n
n
a

and
1
1
( 1)
n
n
n
a

converge iff
lim 0
n
n
a

= and
1 n n
a a
+
< for all n.
If lim 0,
n
n
a

the
series diverges.
Ratio Test




1
lim
n
n
n
a
L
a
+

= .
1
n
n
a

converges when L<1.


1
n
n
a

diverges when L>1.


Inconclusive if
L=1.

Root Test



lim
n
n
n
a L

= .
1
n
n
a

converges when L<1.


1
n
n
a

diverges when L>1.


Inconclusive if
L=1.

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