L ecture 5 A tomic T heory, Subatomic Particles and Isotopes

The Atom (Section 4.10) Atomic Theory and the Structure of the Atom (Chapter 5.1-5.5)

A toms
The atom is the smallest repeating unit of an element that still retains the properties of that element.

How do we know this?

What are atoms made of?

What makes an atom of hydrogen different from an atom of iron?

A tomic T heory: John Dalton

(19th century)

Dalton based his atomic theory on both his own observations in meteorology and the work of several other scientists such as Joseph Proust: T he L aw of Definite Proportions (Proust 1799) - any sample of a given compound always contains the same proportion by mass of its constituent elements ex. - Dalton interpreted this as evidence for the existence of a fundamental particle of oxygen which
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DaltonsAtomicTheory(originalversionearly1800s)
(A tomic T heory of M atter)
All matter is made up of small, neutral particles called atoms. There are 118+, different types of atoms each one a different element. All atoms of a given element are identical to one another (original version). All atoms of a given element are similar to one another (modern version). Atoms of a given element are different from those of any other element. Atoms of one element combine with atoms of other elements to form compounds. A compound always has the same relative numbers and types of atoms. During a chemical reaction, changes occur only in the way atoms are grouped together ie. atoms are neither created nor destroyed in chemical reactions
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A Prediction based on the A tomic T heory:

Atoms of a given pair of elements could combine in different proportions and produce different compounds. ex. N nitrogen and O oxygen 1:1 1:2 2:1 NO nitrogen monoxide, NO2 nitrogen dioxide, N2O dinitrogen oxide,

Three different pure substances (compounds) each with its own distinct set of chemical and physical properties but made up from the same two 5 elements.

T he Structure of the A tom - Subatomic Particles

Experiments in the late 19th/early 20th century revealed the existence of three subatomic particles: the electron, the proton and the neutron E lectrons: 1890sJ.J.Thomson- The Cathode-Ray Expt. Protons: 1911 Ernst Rutherford - The Gold Foil Expt.

Neutrons: 1932 James Chadwick and others

J.J. T homson : T he C athode-Ray E xperiment

cathode-rays generated by applying a voltage across two electrodes in a near-evacuated sealed tube the beam of particles originated at the negative electrode and travelled towards the positive electrode found the beam of particles could be deflected from its straight-line path by an applied electrical field or applied magnetic field

J.J. T hompson
Results and O bservations: -cathode rays deflected in manner expected for negatively charged particles i.e. repelled by the external negative electrode -electrodes made of any element could be made to emit these tiny negatively charged particles -measured charge-to-mass ratio of the particle and found the particle had a negligible mass Conclusion:

J.J.ThompsonsAtomicModel
-theorized that since atoms are electrically neutral, electronsaredistributedrandomlyinadiffusecloudof positive charge -plum puddingmodel:raisinsdispersedinapudding.

Plum Pudding Model

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Discovery of the Nucleus - T he Gold Foil E xperiment

1911 Ernest Rutherford -explored the nature of the positive charge in the atom E xperiment: -directed positively charged alpha particles (helium ion with a +2charge~7000timesheavierthanane)towardsanultrathin sheet of gold metal foil Prediction:

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RutherfordsGoldFoilExperiment
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S o m e a lp h a U ra n iu m s o u rc e o f a lp h a p a rtic le s (e m b e d d e d in a le a d b lo c k to a b s o rb m o s t o f th e ra d ia tio n ) p a rtic le s a re s c a tte re d

M o s t p a rtic le s p a s s s tra ig h t th ro u g h fo il

Beam of a lp h a p a rtic le s L u m in e s c e n t s c re e n to d e te c t s c a tte re d a lp h a p a rtic le s

T h in m e ta l fo il

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T he Nucleus
Results and O bservations : -most alpha particles passed straight through as expected -some were deflected with large angles -1 in 20,000 were reflected straight back!
+

Conclusions:

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T he Nucleus
Nucleus: -dense centre of positive charge surrounded by moving, negatively charged electrons. -positive charge must balance the negative charge of the total number of electrons Protons (symbolized by p +): -particle of positive charge, contained in the nucleus -same magnitude of charge as the electron (e-) -much greater mass than an electron (~1800 x mass of e-) -number of protons must be equal to the number of electrons
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T he L ast Subatomic Particles T he Neutron

Neutrons: 1932 Chadwick and others -realized that the total mass of an atom could not be accounted for by -most nuclei also contain neutral particles called -slightly larger mass than a proton but no charge

-neutrons and protons collectively called

Most elements can have atoms with different numbers of neutrons

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ReviseDaltonsAtomicTheory
All atoms of the same element contain the same number of protons and electrons. but

Atoms of a given element may have different numbers of neutrons.

All atoms of a given element are similar to one another

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Model of the A tom (not to scale)

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1o-Fsx A kv Z k

T he Nuclear A tom nucleus: - dense centre of positive charge

- contains (+)ve charged protons and neutral particles, neutrons

electrons: - very small particles of (-)ve charge - occupy the space around the nucleus

mass: - protons and neutrons make up most of the mass of an atom

ep+ Charge Relative Mass

no

neutral: - same number of protons and electrons in an atom most of the atom is empty space

The chemistry of an atom arises from its electrons

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Symbolic Description of an A tom

A tomic Number (Z)

A Z

element symbol

- unique to each element

- equal to the in the nucleus (also equal to the number of electrons in the neutral atom) M ass Number (A) - equal to the in the nucleus of the atom - always a whole number
14 7

16 8

O
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How many protons, neutrons, electrons are in 42 one atom of 20 C a

A) 20, 42, 20 B) 22, 42, 22 C) 42, 62, 20 D) 20, 42, 22 E) 20, 22 ,20

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Isotopes and Isobars

Isotopes - atoms of the same element with the same number of protons, but with different number of neutrons
Tritium
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6C

13

6C

14

6C

H 1
1

H 1
2

Deuterium

Isobars - atoms that have the same mass number but different atomic number (so they are different elements)
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6C

14

N
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O ther A tomic Species

Ions -obtained when electrons are added to, or removed from a neutral species C ation -a positively charged ion -the result of 1 or more electrons from a neutral species

A nion -a negatively charged ion -the result of a neutral species

1 or more electrons
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Note: The formation of ions is only ever due to the addition or loss of electrons.

Protons cannot be removed or added to atomic or other species under normal chemical circumstances
The loss or gain of electrons from an atom does not affect the atomic number (Z) or the mass number (A) of the element(i.e.itdoesntchangethenumberofprotonsor neutrons, just the number of electrons).
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How many electrons are in the ions 12

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Mg2+

and

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F ? 9

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M ass of an A tom
A tomic M ass (weight) ex. one atom of 12C weighs 1.99 x 10-23 grams A tomic M ass Unit A M U a unit of mass, set relative to a standard mass definition: mass of 1 atom of
12C=12.00000amu

12.0000 amu = 1.99 x 10-23 grams 1 amu = 1.66 x 10-24 grams

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A tomic M asses of the E lements

atomic masses of the individual elements are generally shown on the periodic table (under the element symbol) represents the average mass, in amu, of an atom of the element, considering the relative percent abundance of all the isotopes of that element A tomic mass of C given as 12.011 amu
12 C

98.98% 13 C 1.11% 14 C <0.01 %

12.000 amu x 0.9898 13.003 amu x 0.0111 14.003 amu x 0.0001

11.866 amu 0.144 amu 0.001 amu

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W eighted average, atomic mass of C : 12.011 amu

T he Periodic T able of the E lements

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