SG2524, SG3524 REGULATING PULSE WIDTH MODULATORS

SLVS077D APRIL 1977 REVISED FEBRUARY 2003

D Complete Pulse-Width Modulation (PWM) D D D

Power-Control Circuitry Uncommitted Outputs for Single-Ended or Push-Pull Applications Low Standby Current . . . 8 mA Typ Interchangeable With Industry Standard SG2524 and SG3524

SG2524 . . . D OR N PACKAGE SG3524 . . . D, N, OR NS PACKAGE (TOP VIEW)

description/ordering information

The SG2524 and SG3524 incorporate all the 9 8 functions required in the construction of a regulating power supply, inverter, or switching regulator on a single chip. They also can be used as the control element for high-power-output applications. The SG2524 and SG3524 were designed for switching regulators of either polarity, transformer-coupled dc-to-dc converters, transformerless voltage doublers, and polarity-converter applications employing fixed-frequency, pulse-width modulation (PWM) techniques. The complementary output allows either single-ended or push-pull application. Each device includes an on-chip regulator, error amplifier, programmable oscillator, pulse-steering flip-flop, two uncommitted pass transistors, a high-gain comparator, and current-limiting and shutdown circuitry. ORDERING INFORMATION
TA INPUT REGULATION MAX (mV) PACKAGE PDIP (N) 0C to 70C 30 SOIC (D) SOP (NS) PDIP (N) 25C to 85C 20 SOIC (D) Tube of 25 Tube of 40 Reel of 2500 Reel of 2000 Tube of 25 Tube of 40 Reel of 2500 ORDERABLE PART NUMBER SG3524N SG3524D SG3524DR SG3524NSR SG2524N SG2524D SG2524DR SG2524 SG3524 SG3524 SG2524N TOP-SIDE MARKING SG3524N

IN IN+ OSC OUT CURR LIM+ CURR LIM RT CT GND

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

16 15 14 13 12 11 10

REF OUT VCC EMIT 2 COL 2 COL 1 EMIT 1 SHUTDOWN COMP

Package drawings, standard packing quantities, thermal data, symboliztion, and PCB design guidelines are available at www.ti.com/sc/package.

Please be aware that an important notice concerning availability, standard warranty, and use in critical applications of Texas Instruments semiconductor products and disclaimers thereto appears at the end of this data sheet.

PRODUCTION DATA information is current as of publication date. Products conform to specifications per the terms of Texas Instruments standard warranty. Production processing does not necessarily include testing of all parameters.

Copyright 2003, Texas Instruments Incorporated

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SG2524, SG3524 REGULATING PULSE WIDTH MODULATORS

SLVS077D APRIL 1977 REVISED FEBRUARY 2003

functional block diagram

VCC 15 Reference Regulator Vref Vref 12 11 13 14 3 Vref COL 1 EMIT 1 COL 2 EMIT 2 OSC OUT 16 REF OUT

Vref RT 6 Oscillator Vref IN IN+ COMP CURR LIM+ CURR LIM 2 9 4 5 10 1 k 10 k GND 8 Vref + 1

CT 7

Comparator Error Amplifier

SHUTDOWN

NOTE A: Resistor values shown are nominal.

absolute maximum ratings over operating free-air temperature range (unless otherwise noted)
Supply voltage, VCC (see Notes 1 and 2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 V Collector output current, ICC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 mA Reference output current, IO(ref) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 mA Current through CT terminal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 mA Operating virtual junction temperature, TJ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150C Package thermal impedance, JA (see Notes 3 and 4): D package . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73C/W N package . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67C/W NS package . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64C/W Lead temperature 1,6 mm (1/16 inch) from case for 10 seconds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260C Storage temperature range, Tstg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65C to 150C
Stresses beyond those listed under absolute maximum ratings may cause permanent damage to the device. These are stress ratings only, and functional operation of the device at these or any other conditions beyond those indicated under recommended operating conditions is not implied. Exposure to absolute-maximum-rated conditions for extended periods may affect device reliability. NOTES: 1. All voltage values are with respect to network ground terminal. 2. The reference regulator may be bypassed for operation from a fixed 5-V supply by connecting the VCC and reference output (REF OUT) pin both to the supply voltage. In this configuration, the maximum supply voltage is 6 V. 3. Maximum power dissipation is a function of TJ(max), JA, and TA. The maximum allowable power dissipation at any allowable ambient temperature is PD = (TJ(max) TA)/JA. Operation at the absolute maximum TJ of 150C can impact reliability. 4. The package thermal impedance is calculated in accordance with JESD 51-7.

+
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SG2524, SG3524 REGULATING PULSE WIDTH MODULATORS

SLVS077D APRIL 1977 REVISED FEBRUARY 2003

recommended operating conditions

MIN VCC Supply voltage Reference output current Current through CT terminal RT CT TA Timing resistor Timing capacitor SG2524 Operating free-air temperature free air SG3524 8 0 0.03 1.8 0.001 25 0 MAX 40 50 2 100 0.1 85 70 UNIT V mA mA k F C

electrical characteristics over recommended operating free-air temperature range, VCC = 20 V, f = 20 kHz (unless otherwise noted)
reference section
PARAMETER Output voltage Input regulation Ripple rejection Output regulation Output voltage change with temperature Short-circuit output current VCC = 8 V to 40 V f = 120 Hz IO = 0 mA to 20 mA TA = MIN to MAX TEST CONDITIONS SG2524 MIN TYP 4.8 5 10 66 20 0.3% 50 1% MAX 5.2 20 SG3524 MIN TYP 4.6 5 10 66 20 0.3% 50 1% mA MAX 5.4 30 UNIT V mV dB mV

Vref = 0 100 100 For conditions shown as MIN or MAX, use the appropriate value specified under recommended operating conditions. All typical values, except for temperature coefficients, are at TA = 25C Standard deviation is a measure of the statistical distribution about the mean, as derived from the formula:
N

(x n * X) 2 s +
n+1

N*1

oscillator section
PARAMETER fosc Oscillator frequency Standard deviation of frequency fosc Frequency change with voltage Frequency change with temperature Output amplitude at OSC OUT TEST CONDITIONS CT = 0.001 F, RT = 2 k All values of voltage, temperature, resistance, and capacitance constant VCC = 8 V to 40 V, TA = MIN to MAX TA = 25C CT = 0.01 F, TA = 25C 3.5 MIN TYP 450 5% 1% 2% V s MAX UNIT kHz

tw Output pulse duration (width) at OSC OUT TA = 25C 0.5 For conditions shown as MIN or MAX, use the appropriate value specified under recommended operating conditions. All typical values, except for temperature coefficients, are at TA = 25C Standard deviation is a measure of the statistical distribution about the mean, as derived from the formula:
N

(x n * X) 2 s +
n+1

N*1

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SG2524, SG3524 REGULATING PULSE WIDTH MODULATORS

SLVS077D APRIL 1977 REVISED FEBRUARY 2003

error amplifier section

PARAMETER VIO IIB Input offset voltage Input bias current Open-loop voltage amplification VICR CMMR B1 Common-mode input voltage range Common-mode rejection ratio Unity-gain bandwidth Output swing TA = 25C TEST CONDITIONS VIC = 2.5 V VIC = 2.5 V 72 1.8 to 3.4 70 3 SG2524 MIN TYP 0.5 2 80 MAX 5 10 60 1.8 to 3.4 70 3 3.8 SG3524 MIN TYP 2 2 80 MAX 10 10 UNIT mV A dB V dB MHz V

TA = 25C 0.5 3.8 0.5 For conditions shown as MIN or MAX, use the appropriate value specified under recommended operating conditions. All typical values, except for temperature coefficients, are at TA = 25C

output section
PARAMETER V(BR)CE Vsat VO tr tf Collector-emitter breakdown voltage Collector off-state current Collector-emitter saturation voltage Emitter output voltage Turn-off voltage rise time VCE = 40 V IC = 50 mA VC = 20 V, RC = 2 k IE = 250 A 17 TEST CONDITIONS MIN 40 0.01 1 18 0.2 50 2 TYP MAX UNIT V A V V s s

Turn-on voltage fall time RC = 2 k 0.1 For conditions shown as MIN or MAX, use the appropriate value specified under recommended operating conditions. All typical values, except for temperature coefficients, are at TA = 25C.

comparator section
PARAMETER Maximum duty cycle, each output Zero duty cycle VIT Input Inp t threshold voltage at COMP oltage Maximum duty cycle TEST CONDITIONS MIN 45% 1 3.5 V A TYP MAX UNIT

IIB Input bias current 1 For conditions shown as MIN or MAX, use the appropriate value specified under recommended operating conditions. All typical values, except for temperature coefficients, are at TA = 25C.

current limiting section

PARAMETER VI V(SENSE) Input voltage range (either input) Sense voltage at TA = 25C Temperature coefficient of sense voltage V(IN ) V(IN ) 50 mV V(COMP) = 2 V mV, (IN+) (IN) TEST CONDITIONS MIN 1 to1 175 200 0.2 225 TYP MAX UNIT V mV mV/C

All typical values, except for temperature coefficients, are at TA = 25C.

total device
PARAMETER Ist Standby current TEST CONDITIONS VCC = 40 V, IN, CURR LIM+, CT, GND, COMP, EMIT 1, EMIT 2 grounded, IN+ at 2 V, All other inputs and outputs open MIN TYP 8 MAX 10 UNIT mA

All typical values, except for temperature coefficients, are at TA = 25C.

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SG2524, SG3524 REGULATING PULSE WIDTH MODULATORS

SLVS077D APRIL 1977 REVISED FEBRUARY 2003

PARAMETER MEASUREMENT INFORMATION

VREF VCC = 8 V to 40 V 15 VCC SG2524 or SG3524 10 2 10 k 1 9 1 k 4 5 2 k CT 7 6 RT CT RT GND 8 SHUTDOWN IN+ IN COMP CURR LIM+ CURR LIM COL 2 COL 1 EMIT 2 EMIT 1 13 12 14 11 Outputs OSC OUT REF OUT 3 16 (Open) VREF 0.1 F 2 k 1W 2 k 1W

2 k

10 k

2 k

Figure 1. General Test Circuit

VCC Circuit Under Test 2 k Output Output 10% TEST CIRCUIT 10% 0 V tf tr VCC 90% 90%

VOLTAGE WAVEFORMS

Figure 2. Switching Times

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SG2524, SG3524 REGULATING PULSE WIDTH MODULATORS

SLVS077D APRIL 1977 REVISED FEBRUARY 2003

TYPICAL CHARACTERISTICS
OPEN-LOOP VOLTAGE AMPLIFICATION OF ERROR AMPLIFIER vs FREQUENCY
90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 10 100 RL is resistance from COMP to ground 1k 10 k 100 k 1M 10 M 100 1 2 4 7 10 20 40 70 100 RT Timing Resistance k RL = 1M VCC = 20 V TA = 25C f osc Oscillator Frequency Hz 400 k 100 k 40 k CT = 0 CT = 0.001 F CT = 0.003 F CT = 0.01 F

Open-Loop Voltage Amplification of Error Amplifier dB

OSCILLATOR FREQUENCY vs TIMING RESISTANCE

Output Dead Time s

RL = 1 M RL = 300 k RL = 100 k RL = 30 k Frequency Hz

10 k 4k CT = 0.03 F CT = 0.1 F VCC = 20 V TA = 25C

1k 400

Figure 3
OUTPUT DEAD TIME vs TIMING CAPACITANCE
10

Figure 4

0.4

0.1 0.001

0.01 0.004 0.04 CT Timing Capacitance F

0.1

Figure 5

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SG2524, SG3524 REGULATING PULSE WIDTH MODULATORS

SLVS077D APRIL 1977 REVISED FEBRUARY 2003

PRINCIPLES OF OPERATION
The SG2524 is a fixed-frequency pulse-width-modulation (PWM) voltage-regulator control circuit. The regulator operates at a fixed frequency that is programmed by one timing resistor, RT, and one timing capacitor, CT. RT establishes a constant charging current for CT. This results in a linear voltage ramp at CT, which is fed to the comparator, providing linear control of the output pulse duration (width) by the error amplifier. The SG2524 contains an onboard 5-V regulator that serves as a reference, as well as supplying the SG2524 internal regulator control circuitry. The internal reference voltage is divided externally by a resistor ladder network to provide a reference within the common-mode range of the error amplifier as shown in Figure 6, or an external reference can be used. The output is sensed by a second resistor divider network and the error signal is amplified. This voltage is then compared to the linear voltage ramp at CT. The resulting modulated pulse out of the high-gain comparator then is steered to the appropriate output pass transistor (Q1 or Q2) by the pulse-steering flip-flop, which is synchronously toggled by the oscillator output. The oscillator output pulse also serves as a blanking pulse to ensure both outputs are never on simultaneously during the transition times. The duration of the blanking pulse is controlled by the value of CT. The outputs may be applied in a push-pull configuration in which their frequency is one-half that of the base oscillator, or paralleled for single-ended applications in which the frequency is equal to that of the oscillator. The output of the error amplifier shares a common input to the comparator with the current-limiting and shut-down circuitry and can be overridden by signals from either of these inputs. This common point is pinned out externally via the COMP pin, which can be employed to either control the gain of the error amplifier or to compensate it. In addition, the COMP pin can be used to provide additional control to the regulator.

APPLICATION INFORMATION oscillator

The oscillator controls the frequency of the SG2524 and is programmed by RT and CT as shown in Figure 4. f [ 1.30 R C T T

where: RT is in k CT is in F f is in kHz Practical values of CT fall between 0.001 F and 0.1 F. Practical values of RT fall between 1.8 k and 100 k. This results in a frequency range typically from 130 Hz to 722 kHz.

blanking
The output pulse of the oscillator is used as a blanking pulse at the output. This pulse duration is controlled by the value of CT as shown in Figure 5. If small values of CT are required, the oscillator output pulse duration can be maintained by applying a shunt capacitance from OSC OUT to ground.

synchronous operation
When an external clock is desired, a clock pulse of approximately 3 V can be applied directly to the oscillator output terminal. The impedance to ground at this point is approximately 2 k. In this configuration, RTCT must be selected for a clock period slightly greater than that of the external clock.

Throughout these discussions, references to the SG2524 apply also to the SG3524.

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SG2524, SG3524 REGULATING PULSE WIDTH MODULATORS

SLVS077D APRIL 1977 REVISED FEBRUARY 2003

APPLICATION INFORMATION synchronous operation (continued)

If two or more SG2524 regulators are operated synchronously, all oscillator output terminals must be tied together. The oscillator programmed for the minimum clock period is the master from which all the other SG2524s operate. In this application, the CTRT values of the slaved regulators must be set for a period approximately 10% longer than that of the master regulator. In addition, CT (master) = 2 CT (slave) to ensure that the master output pulse, which occurs first, has a longer pulse duration and, subsequently, resets the slave regulators.

voltage reference
The 5-V internal reference can be employed by use of an external resistor divider network to establish a reference common-mode voltage range (1.8 V to 3.4 V) within the error amplifiers (see Figure 6), or an external reference can be applied directly to the error amplifier. For operation from a fixed 5-V supply, the internal reference can be bypassed by applying the input voltage to both the VCC and VREF terminals. In this configuration, however, the input voltage is limited to a maximum of 6 V.
REF OUT 5 k 2.5 V R2 + 5 k R1 5 k R2 To Negative Output Voltage V + 2.5 V R1 ) R2 R1 V + 2.5 V 1 * R2 R1 To Positive Output Voltage 5 k R1 2.5 V + REF OUT

Figure 6. Error-Amplifier Bias Circuits

error amplifier
The error amplifier is a differential-input transconductance amplifier. The output is available for dc gain control or ac phase compensation. The compensation node (COMP) is a high-impedance node (RL = 5 M). The gain of the amplifier is AV = (0.002 1)RL and easily can be reduced from a nominal 10,000 by an external shunt resistance from COMP to ground. Refer to Figure 3 for data.

compensation
COMP, as previously discussed, is made available for compensation. Since most output filters introduce one or more additional poles at frequencies below 200 Hz, which is the pole of the uncompensated amplifier, introduction of a zero to cancel one of the output filter poles is desirable. This can be accomplished best with a series RC circuit from COMP to ground in the range of 50 k and 0.001 F. Other frequencies can be canceled by use of the formula f 1/RC.

Throughout these discussions, references to the SG2524 apply also to the SG3524.

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SG2524, SG3524 REGULATING PULSE WIDTH MODULATORS

SLVS077D APRIL 1977 REVISED FEBRUARY 2003

APPLICATION INFORMATION shutdown circuitry

COMP also can be employed to introduce external control of the SG2524. Any circuit that can sink 200 A can pull the compensation terminal to ground and, thus, disable the SG2524. In addition to constant-current limiting, CURR LIM+ and CURR LIM also can be used in transformer-coupled circuits to sense primary current and shorten an output pulse should transformer saturation occur. CURR LIM also can be grounded to convert CURR LIM+ into an additional shutdown terminal.

current limiting
A current-limiting sense amplifier is provided in the SG2524. The current-limiting sense amplifier exhibits a threshold of 200 mV 25 mV and must be applied in the ground line since the voltage range of the inputs is limited to 1 V to 1 V. Caution should be taken to ensure the 1-V limit is not exceeded by either input, otherwise, damage to the device may result. Foldback current limiting can be provided with the network shown in Figure 7. The current-limit schematic is shown in Figure 8.
11 14 R1

EMIT 1 EMIT 2 SG2524

VO I O(max) + + 1 Rs 200 mV ) R2 O R1 ) R2 V

R2 CURR LIM CURR LIM+ 5 4

I Rs

OS

200 mV Rs

Figure 7. Foldback Current Limiting for Shorted Output Conditions

COMP

CT

Comparator Error Amplifier Constant-Current Source

CURR LIM

CURR LIM+

Figure 8. Current-Limit Schematic

Throughout these discussions, references to the SG2524 apply also to the SG3524.

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SG2524, SG3524 REGULATING PULSE WIDTH MODULATORS

SLVS077D APRIL 1977 REVISED FEBRUARY 2003

APPLICATION INFORMATION output circuitry

The SG2524 contains two identical npn transistors, the collectors and emitters of which are uncommitted. Each transistor has antisaturation circuitry that limits the current through that transistor to a maximum of 100 mA for fast response.

general
There are a wide variety of output configurations possible when considering the application of the SG2524 as a voltage-regulator control circuit. They can be segregated into three basic categories:

D Capacitor-diode-coupled voltage multipliers D Inductor-capacitor-implemented single-ended circuits D Transformer-coupled circuits

Examples of these categories are shown in Figures 9, 10, and 11, respectively. Detailed diagrams of specific applications are shown in Figures 1215.
D1 VI VO VI > VO

D1

VI

VO VI < VO

D1 VO VI | +VI | > | VO |

Figure 9. Capacitor-Diode-Coupled Voltage-Multiplier Output Stages

Throughout these discussions, references to the SG2524 apply also to the SG3524.

10

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SG2524, SG3524 REGULATING PULSE WIDTH MODULATORS

SLVS077D APRIL 1977 REVISED FEBRUARY 2003

APPLICATION INFORMATION

VI

VO VI > VO

VI

VO VI < VO

VO VI | +VI | < | VO |

Figure 10. Single-Ended Inductor Circuit

VI VO VO

Throughout these discussions, references to the SG2524 apply also to the SG3524.

Push-Pull Flyback

VI

Figure 11. Transformer-Coupled Outputs

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11

SG2524, SG3524 REGULATING PULSE WIDTH MODULATORS

SLVS077D APRIL 1977 REVISED FEBRUARY 2003

APPLICATION INFORMATION
VCC = 15 V

15 k 5 k 0.1 F 5 k 5 k 1 2 16 2 k 6 IN IN+ REF OUT RT

15 VCC SG2524 EMIT 1 COL 1 1N916 11 12 20 F + 1N916 5 V 20 mA

COL 2 13 EMIT 2 14 CURR LIM+ . CURR LIM COMP GND 8 4 5

0.01 F

7 C T 10 SHUTDOWN 3 OSC OUT

1N916 9 +

50 F

Figure 12. Capacitor-Diode Output Circuit

VCC = 5 V 1N916 15 V + 100 F 25 k 5 k 1 5 k 5 k 2 k IN 15 VCC SG2524 EMIT 1 COL 1 COL 2 EMIT 2 11 12 13 14 1 M 300 200 20T 0.1 F 50T 50 F 50 F 50T 1N916 TIP29A + 20 mA + 15 V

2 IN+ 16

REF OUT

6 R T

0.02 F

4 7 C T CURR LIM+ 10 5 SHUTDOWN CURR LIM 3 9 OSC OUT COMP GND 8

1N916

2N2222 510

620

0.001 F 4.7 F + 1

Input Return

Figure 13. Flyback Converter Circuit

Throughout these discussions, references to the SG2524 apply also to the SG3524.

12

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SG2524, SG3524 REGULATING PULSE WIDTH MODULATORS

SLVS077D APRIL 1977 REVISED FEBRUARY 2003

APPLICATION INFORMATION
VCC = 28 V TIP115

0.9 mH

5 k 5 k 5 k 0.1 F 3 k 5 k 1 2 16 6 7 0.02 F 10 IN IN+

15 11 EMIT 1 SG2524 12 COL 1 COL 2 EMIT 2 CURR LIM+ 13 14 4 3 k 1N3880 VCC

5V 1A

500 F

REF OUT RT CT

5 SHUT CURR LIM DOWN 3 9 OSC OUT COMP GND 8

0.001 F 50 k 0.1 Input Return

Figure 14. Single-Ended LC Circuit

VCC = 28 V 1 k 1W 11 1 k 1W

5 k 5 k 5 k 0.1 F 5 k 1 IN

15 VCC

TIP31A

TIR101A 1 mH + + 5V 5A

2 IN+ 16 6

EMIT 1 SG2524 12 COL 1 COL 2 EMIT 2 CURR LIM+ 13 100 14 4

100

20T 20T

5T 5T

1500 F

REF OUT RT

2 k

7 C T 0.01 F

TIP31A

10 SHUT 5 CURR LIM DOWN 9 3 COMP OSC OUT GND 8

0.001 F 20 k

0.1 + 100 F

Figure 15. Push-Pull Transformer-Coupled Circuit

Throughout these discussions, references to the SG2524 apply also to the SG3524.

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13

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