MechanicalAdvantage SimpleMachines
Machines and Mechanical Advantage
Machines can give two types of advantage: a. They can change the direction of an input force b. They b Th can multiply th input force. lti l the i tf
How Force Multiplication Happens
Machines can change an input force by changing the distance the force is applied Increasing the distance the input force is applied will i ill increase th output force the t t f
Changing Direction
Multiplying Force
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How Force Multiplication Happens
Work that goes into a system is equal to the work that comes out when there is no friction. work in = work out Since W = F d (Work = force distance) : force in distance in = force out distance out Fin din = Fout dout Fin din
a. Using a larger input distance with a smaller input force can do the same work output. Fin din
Fout
dout
b. If you reduce the output distance then your output f force will i ill increase. Fin din
Fout
dout
Fout
dout
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c. This means we can have a small input force create a large output force.
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Force Multiplication Example: A 225 N force is needed to lift a box 1 m high. How much force is needed if a 3 m ramp is used? Fin = 225 N din = 1 m Fout = ? dout = 3 m
Mechanical Advantage in Action
Using a 3 m ramp made the job three times easier!
Fin din = Fout dout = W (225 N)(1 m) = Fout (3 m) = 225 Nm or J Fout = 225 Nm = 75 N 3m
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MechanicalAdvantage SimpleMachines
Mechanical Advantage
a. Mechanical Advantage (MA) = how much a machine multiplies the force. b. Ideal Mechanical Advantage (IMA) = perfect MA based on the ratio of din to dout.
What the MA Values Mean
If MA is greater than 1: Force advantage The machine increases the force but requires you to move a larger distance. Ex. A car jack helps by having a large MA
F MA out Fin
d IMA in d out
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If MA is less than 1: Distance advantage The machine increases the distance and speed but reduces the force. Ex. Your bicep muscle contracts a little to move your whole forearm
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There is no unit for MA or IMA!!
Mechanical Advantage Examples What is mechanical advantage of using a ramp that is 10m long and 2m high?
Mechanical Advantage Examples If you push down on a car jack with 2N of force and lift a car that is 1000N in weight, what is the mechanical advantage? Fin = 2N Fout = 1000N
din = 10m dout = 2m
IMA
d in 10m 5 d out 2m
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MA
Fout 1000 N 500 Fin 2N
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Mechanical Efficiency
Friction and other energy losses will cause machines to have less than the expected output
Mechanical Efficiency Example
A pulley is used to lift a rock to perform 1000 J of work. The amount of energy used to perform the work was 1200 J. Wout = 1000 N Win = 1200 N
Wout MA Win IMA
Wout 100% Win
This is a percentage, so multiply by 100%
1000 J 100% 83.3% 1200 J
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MechanicalAdvantage SimpleMachines
Compound Machines
Compound Machine: a machine made of more than one simple machine. The MA and IMA becomes the product of all of the combined machines. A pair of scissors uses two first-class levers joined at a common fulcrum; each lever arm has a wedge that cuts into the paper.
SimpleMachines
Six simple machines are divided into two families:
Lever family:
MA MA1 MA2 MA... IMA IMA1 IMA2 IMA...
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Inclined plane family:
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3ClassesofSimpleLevers
Allleversuseafulcrum.Thisisapivotpoint.
Pulleys
The pulley itself acts as a fulcrum IMA = number of ropes pulling upward
SingleFixedPulley MovablePulley BlockandTackle
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WheelandAxle
The center of the steering is the axle. The very center acts as the fulcrum IMA = ri / ro
InclinedPlane(Ramp)
This reduces the force needed to lift an object by sharing it over a longer distance. Longer Ramp = More mechanical advantage
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MechanicalAdvantage SimpleMachines
Wedge
This is an incline plane that pushes into an object Thinner Wedge = More mechanical advantage
Screw
This is an incline plane that is wrapped around a cylinder. The distance is spread out over each turn. More turns = More mechanical advantage
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Compound Machines
Compound Machine: a machine made of more than one simple machine
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