Api 688
Api 688
Api 688
comm
mend
ded P
Practtice 6
688
Pulsattion and Vibra
ation Co
ontrol in
n Positive Disp
placem
ment
Machinery Systems
S
s for Pe
etroleum
m, Petro
ochemical, an
nd
al Gas Industrry Services
Natura
FIRST EDITIION | APRIL 20
012 | 128 PAGE
ES | $151.00 | PRODUCT NO. C689801
The purpose
e of this docum
ment is to provvide guidance on
o the
application of
o pulsation an
nd vibration co
ontrol requirem
ments
found in the
e API purchasin
ng specifications for positive
displacemen
nt machinery. The fundamen
ntals of pulsatiion
and piping system
s
analysis are presente
ed in this Part.
The text beg
gins with an ovverview of the fundamentals
f
of
pulsation an
nd mechanical theory in Secttion 3. The inte
ent of
Section 3 is to introduce terminology and define the
elements off the analysis process.
p
Sectio
on 4 begins witth a
discussion of
o the acousticc and mechanical modeling
techniques associated witth the differentt design
philosophiess, which emph
hasize either pu
ulsation or
mechanical control, and concludes
c
with a discussion on
o the
appropriate selection of a Design Approa
ach and Philossophy.
Section 5 discusses the efffects of pulsa
ation on the
accuracy of various types of flow measu
urement device
es.
Section 6 su
ummarizes the
e requirementss for documentting
study resultss. Section 7 offfers guidance on the
performance
e of field testin
ng to validate the
t results of the
t
design proce
ess and to trou
ubleshoot pulssation or vibrattion
problems. Finally,
F
methodologies for con
nducting a dyn
namic
analysis of the
t compresso
or or pump valvve performancce are
described in
n Section 8. Th
he material in this
t Part is gen
nerally
applicable to
o all types of positive
p
displaccement machinery.
Part 2 dealss specifically with
w reciprocating compressors
and provide
es commentaryy regarding eacch paragraph of
o
Clause 7.9 of
o API 618, 5th
h Edition. It is the
t intent of th
he API
Subcommitttee on Mechan
nical Equipmen
nt that similar
material be provided on re
eciprocating pu
umps and scre
ew
compressorrs in future edittions.
www.api.org
(+1) 303
3-397-2740
applicable.
APII members receeive a 30% disscount where a
Contents
Page
Part 1: Pulsation and Vibration Control Fundamentals for Positive Displacement Machinery
1
Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
3
3.1
3.2
4
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
4.5
Fundamentals of Modeling. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Overview of Acoustic Modeling. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Overview of Mechanical Modeling. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Concurrent Acoustical and Mechanical Design. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Design Philosophies For Varying Degrees Of Acoustic And Mechanical Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Design Approach and Philosophy Selection Guidelines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
66
66
73
73
74
76
5
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4
5.5
5.6
5.7
Flow Measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Flow Measurement by Measuring Differential Pressure (DP) - Orifice Plate, Nozzle, and Venturi . . . . .
Flow Measurement by Turbine Flowmeters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Flow Measurement by Vortex Flowmeters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Flow measurement by ultrasonic flowmeters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Flow Measurement by Coriolis Flowmeters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
78
78
80
80
80
81
82
82
6
6.1
6.2
7
7.1
7.2
7.3
7.4
7.5
7.6
Field testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Confirmation that Design Requirements Have Been Met . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Vibration Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Excessive Pressure Drop . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Premature Valve Failure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Driver Overload . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Failure to Deliver Expected Flow. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
89
89
89
90
90
90
90
8
8.1
8.2
8.3
8.4
90
90
91
91
93
Figures
1
Piston Motion and Velocity for a Slider Crank Mechanism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2
Single Acting Compressor Cylinder with Rod Length/Stroke = and No Valve Losses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
3
Symmetrical, Double Acting Compressor Cylinder with Rod Length/Stroke = and
No Valve Losses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
v
Contents
Page
4
5
6
7
9
8
10
12
11
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
47
Contents
Page
46
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
58
59
61
62
63
65
67
70
71
71
81
85
85
86
86
87
92
Tables
1
Frequency Factors for Various Pipe and Support Arrangements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
2
Example of a Maximum Span Table for 25 Hz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
3
Effect of Pipe Support Structures on Mechanical Natural Frequencies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
4
Generic Piping Shaking Force Criterion from Clause 7.9 of the 5th Edition of API 618 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
5
Generic Piping Shaking Force Criterion from Clause 7.9 of the 5th Edition of API
Based on Pipe Size . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
6
Overview of Pulsation Impact on Various Flowmeters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
7
Compressor Geometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
8
Operating Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
9
Gas Composition. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
10 Lowest Mode Shape and Mechanical Natural Frequency. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
11 Recommended Design Results for Cylinder Stretch Load Case . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
12 Expected Results. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
Contents
Page
General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
Comments On API 618, 5th Edition, Clause 7.9 Pulsation and Vibration Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
API 618 Annex M (informative) Design Approach Work Process Flowcharts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
API 618 Annex N (informative) Guideline for Compressor Gas Piping Design and Preperation
for an Acoustic Simulation Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
API 618 Annex O (informative) Guidelines for Sizing Low Pass Acoustic Filters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
API 618 Annex P (informative) Piping and Pulsation Supression Device Shaking Force Guidelines . . . . . . . 122
Figures
618-4Piping Design Vibration at Discrete Frequencies108
M-1 Design Approach 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
M-2 Design Approach 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
M-3 Design Approach 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
O-1 Nonsymetrical Filter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
P-1 Non-dimensional Piping Shaking Force Guidelines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
P-2 Non-dimensional Pulsation Supression Device Shaking Force Guidelines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
P-3 Shaking Forces along the Piping Axis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
P-4 Shaking Forces along the Pulsation Supression Device Axis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
P-5 Examples of Shaking Force Restraints. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
113
114
115
119
123
123
124
124
126
Tables
618-6Design Approach Selection97
N-1 Compressor Data Required for Acoustic Simulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
P-1 Cylinder Assembly Weights Possibly Requiring Strengthening . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127