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Block Diagram Techniques in Control Engineering

This document summarizes a lecture on control engineering block diagrams. It discusses how block diagrams are used to represent the relationships between input, output, and transfer functions of systems. It presents different forms of block diagrams including cascade, parallel, and feedback forms. It also describes how to reduce complex block diagrams into equivalent single transfer functions through algebraic operations and provides examples. Signal flow graphs are also introduced as an alternative representation of control systems.

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Miera Smaelz
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196 views21 pages

Block Diagram Techniques in Control Engineering

This document summarizes a lecture on control engineering block diagrams. It discusses how block diagrams are used to represent the relationships between input, output, and transfer functions of systems. It presents different forms of block diagrams including cascade, parallel, and feedback forms. It also describes how to reduce complex block diagrams into equivalent single transfer functions through algebraic operations and provides examples. Signal flow graphs are also introduced as an alternative representation of control systems.

Uploaded by

Miera Smaelz
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Control Engineering (BDA 30703) Lecture #05

By : Dr Salihatun Md Salleh Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering & Manufacturing, Universiti Teknologi Tun Hussein Onn

2012

Block Diagram
Normally relation between input signal X(s), Output signal Y(s), and transfer function, G(s), are visualize in block diagram. To describe the relationship between the output and the input a block diagram is used as shown in Fig. 1.
Input TRANSFER FUNCTION Output

X(s)

Y(s)

X(s)

Y(s)

G(s)

One advantage of using s-domain is that the output signal Y(s) is the result of the multiplication between the input signal X(s) and the transfer function G(s). This cannot be done in t-domain.

Figure 2 The space shuttle consists of multiple subsystems. Can you identify those that are control systems, or parts of control systems?

Figure 3 Components of a block diagram for a linear, time-invariant system

Forms of Block Diagram


1. Cascade Form 2. Parallel Form 3. Feedback Form

Figure 4 a. Cascaded subsystems; b. equivalent transfer function

Figure 5 a. Parallel subsystems; b. equivalent transfer function

Figure 6 a. Feedback control system; b. simplified model; c. equivalent transfer function

Block Diagram Algebra

Figure 7 Block diagram (R ( s ) + X ( s ) ) * G ( s ) = C ( s ) algebra for summing R( s) * G ( s) + X ( s ) * G ( s ) = C ( s ) junctions equivalent forms for moving a block a. to the left past a summing junction; b. to the right past a summing junction R(s) * G (s) + X (s) = C (s)

1 G (s) * R (s) + * X (s) = C (s) G (s)

Figure 8 Block diagram algebra for pickoff points equivalent forms for moving a block a. to the left past a pickoff point; b. to the right past a pickoff point

Reduction of Block Diagram


Example 1:
Figure 9 Block diagram for Example1

Figure 10 Steps in solving Example 1: a. collapse summing junctions; b. form equivalent cascaded system in the forward path and equivalent parallel system in the feedback path; c. form equivalent feedback system and multiply by cascaded G1(s)

Example 2 :
Figure 11 Block diagram for Example 2

Figure 12 Steps in the block diagram reduction for Example 2

Tutorial 1
Q1: Reduce the block diagram shown in figure below to a single transfer function, T(s)=C(s)/R(s)

Q2 : Find the equivalent transfer function, T(s)=C(s)/R(s), for the system shown in figure below

Q3 : Find the equivalent transfer function, T(s)=C(s)/R(s), for the system shown in figure below

Figure 13 Signal-flow graph components: a. system; b. signal; c. interconnection of systems and signals

Figure 14 Building signal-flow graphs: a. cascaded system nodes (from Figure 4(a)); b. cascaded system signal-flow graph; c. parallel system nodes (from Figure 5(a)); d. parallel system signal-flow graph; e. feedback system nodes (from Figure 5.6(b)); f. feedback system signal-flow graph

Figure 15 Signal-flow graph development: a. signal nodes; b. signal-flow graph; c. simplified signal-flow graph

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