Networkanalysis,architecture anddesignbasics
BACKGROUND
Networkanalysis,architectureanddesignhave traditionallybeenconsideredart
Combiningindividualsrulesonevaluatingandchoosing g networktechnologies; knowledgeabouthowtechnologies,servicesandprotocols canbemeaningfullycombined; experienceinwhatworksandwhatdoesnt; p ; alongwith(oftenarbitrary)selectionsofnetwork architecture.
Example : Rule Thumb: 80/20 rule bridge vs router but Example:RuleThumb:80/20rule,bridgevs router,but innotsomanychoicesofnetworktechnologies. Applyingasystemmethodologytonetworking
Whattostudy What to study
networkcomponents(fromnetworkdevicessuch p ( asswitchesandrouters,torequirementsand performancelevel) input and outputs to understand network inputandoutputstounderstandnetwork behaviorundervarioussituations. Example Example
traditionallyfocusedoncapacityplanning bandwidthsbuffer N t Networkbandwidth k b d idth networkreliability,maintainability,andavailability (RMA),
Example1.1. Example 1.1.
Theuseofvirtualprivatenetworks,intranets,or e use o tua p ate et o s, t a ets, o VPNs. p p y Thepotentialimpactonnetworksecurity, routing,andmanagement. SinceVPNstunnel(encapsulate)andcanencrypt trafficflowingacrossanetwork,theyoften requiremoreefforttosecure,monitor,and manage. manage Thoseissueswillbeconsideredduringthe architectureprocess. architecture process
RelationshipofNetworkAnalysis, Architecture,andDesign h d
Networkanalysis Network analysis
Entails learning what users their applications Entailslearningwhatusers,theirapplications, anddevicesneedfromthenetwork The purpose: Thepurpose:
understandingnetworkbehaviorundervarious situations. situations defines,determines,anddescribesrelationships amongusers,applications,devices,andnetworks. among users applications devices and networks Giveanexample fromyoursurroundings?
Networkanalysis Network analysis
The documents Thedocuments
Example1.2. Example 1.2.
Sincewearedevelopingsetsofproblem S ce e a e de e op g sets o p ob e statements,objectives,andrequirementsas inputtotheanalysisprocess,wecanscalethe architectureanddesigntomeetthescopeofthe h dd h f h project. C id th ConsidertheuseofVPNsfromExample1.1.We f VPN f E l 11 W candevelopproblemstatements,objectives,and requirementsforVPNsinanexistingnetwork, requirements for VPNs in an existing network, anddevelopananalysis,architecture,anddesign solelyaroundaVPNdeployment.
Networkarchitecture Network architecture
usestheinformationfromtheanalysisprocessto developaconceptual,highlevel,endtoendstructure forthenetwork. maketechnologyandtopologychoicesforthe make technology and topology choices for the network. determinetherelationshipsamongthefunctionsof thenetwork(addressing/routing,network the network (addressing/routing network management,performance,andsecurity), optimizethearchitectureacrosstheserelationships. Thereisnosinglerightarchitectureordesignfora network;insteadthereareseveralthatwillwork,some betterthanothers.
Networkarchitecture Network architecture
Networkdesign Network design
provides physical detail to the architecture providesphysicaldetailtothearchitecture. Itisthetargetofourwork,theculminationof analysisandarchitectureprocesses. analysis and architecture processes Physicaldetailincludes
blueprintsanddrawingsofthenetwork; selectionsofvendorsandserviceproviders; andselectionsofequipment(includingequipment typesandconfigurations)
Networkdesign Network design
Example1.3. Example 1.3.
Anetworksarchitectureanddesignareanalogoustothe architectureanddesignofahome. g Boththenetworkandhomearchitecturedescribethe majorfunctionalcomponentsofeach(forthenetwork: networkmanagement,addressingandrouting,securityand network management, addressing and routing, security and privacy,andperformance;forthehome:plumbing, electrical,HVAC[heating,vacuum,airconditioning], framing)andtherelationshipsamongthem(forthe network:interactions,dependencies,tradeoffs,and constraints;forthehome:whereeachcomponentis placedrelativetotheothers). Thenetworkandhomedesignsarealsosimilarinthatthey bothprovidephysicaldetailtothearchitecture.Forthe networkthismeanswheremajornetworkdevicesare located;and,forthehome,whereducts,outlets,faucets, l d d f h h h d l f drains,andsofortharelocated.
Processofanalysis,architecture,and design
TacticalandStrategicSignificance Tactical and Strategic Significance
Example1.4. Example 1.4.
VoiceoverIP(VoIP)isofinteresttomanyorganizationsandisan exampleofanetworkprojectthatwouldbenefitfromtacticaland l f t k j t th t ld b fit f t ti l d strategicplans. Ifweapplytheone/three/fiveyearplandiscussedearlier,the currenttarget(one yearplan)wouldinclude current target (oneyear plan) would include
thenetworkdesignforVoIP,basedonwhatisachievablewithinone year,andtheproblemstatements,objectives,andrequirementsthat resultfromtherequirementsanalysisprocess.Forexample,the currenttargetmaybeadesignthatonlypreparesforVoIPby current target may be a design that only prepares for VoIP by improvingtheoverallreliabilityofthenetwork. Theneartermtarget(threeyearplan)wouldconceivablybuildonthe currenttargettoaddorexpandVoIPtothoseareasthatcansupport it. Thelongtermtarget(fiveyearplan)wouldaddressanymajorchanges thatoccurredoverthepreviousfouryears,includingadvancementsin gy VoIPtechnologyandanassessmentwhethertocontinuewithVoIPor evolvetonewordifferenttechnologies.
Thecycle The cycle
Thetimeline The timeline
HierarchyandDiversity Hierarchy and Diversity
Hierarchyisthedegreeofconcentrationof e a c y s t e deg ee o co ce t at o o networksortrafficflowsatinterconnection pointswithinthenetwork thenumberoftiersofinterconnectionpoints withinthenetwork. asnetworksgrowinsizeandnumbersofusers, applications,anddevicesincrease,hierarchies provideseparationandstructurewithinthe provide separation and structure within the network. Why hierarchy is important? Whyhierarchyisimportant?
HierarchyandDiversity Hierarchy and Diversity
a k a redundancy or interconnectivity in the a.k.a.redundancyorinterconnectivityinthe networkdesign. diversity balances this structure that hierarchy diversitybalancesthisstructurethathierarchy providesbyinterconnectingthenetworkat differentlevelsinthedesign different levels in the design toprovidegreaterperformancethroughparts ofthenetwork. f h k Whyisthisimportant?
HierarchyandDiversity Hierarchy and Diversity
Addingahierarchy Adding a hierarchy
Addingadiversity Adding a diversity
RoutingEvolution Routing Evolution
GenerationsofNetworking Generations of Networking
ModelforNetworkAnalysis, ArchitectureandDesign h d
Modelsthatneedtobecarriedout:
Definingtheproblemstobeaddressed Establishingandmanagingcustomerexpectations M it i th Monitoringtheexistingnetwork,system,andits i ti t k t d it environment Analyzingdata Developingasetofoptionstosolveproblems Evaluatingandoptimizingoptionsbasedonvarious trade offs tradeoffs Selectingoneormoreoptions Planningtheimplementation
Example1.5. Example 1.5.
Once,inperformingananalysisonacustomersmetropolitanarea network(MAN),Irealizedthattheproblemwasnotwhatthe customersthought.Theythoughtthatthetechnologychosenat thattime,switchedmultimegabitdataservice(SMDS),andthe routingprotocol(OSPF)werenotworkingproperlytogether. However,theproblemactuallywasthatthenetworkpersonnel However, the problem actually was that the network personnel hadforgottentoconnectanyoftheirLANstotheMAN. Hence,nodatawerebeingpassed.Itwasaneasyproblemtofix, butalotofworkwasspentchangingthecustomersviewonthe problemandexpectationsofwhatneededtobedone.The bl d f h d d b d h customeroriginallywantedtochangevendorsfortherouting equipmentandreplacetheSMDSservice. Eventually,theywere convincedthattheequipmentandservicewerefineandthatthe convinced that the equipment and service were fine and that the problemwasinternaltotheorganization. AlthoughSMDSisnotwidelyavailableanymore,itsbehaviorasa nonbroadcastmultipleaccess(NBMA)technology issimilarto othercurrentlyavailabletechnologies. h l il bl h l i Togiveaccurateandrealisticview
SystemDescription System Description
Servicecharacteristics Service characteristics
are individual network performance and areindividualnetworkperformanceand functionalparametersthatareusedto describeservices. Example:
Definingasecurityorprivacylevelforagroupof g y p y g p usersoranorganization Providing1.5Mb/speakcapacitytoaremoteuser Guaranteeingamaximumroundtripdelayof100 mstoserversinaserverfarm
Demarcationpoint Demarcation point
ServiceLevels Service Levels
to make service provisioning easier in that you tomakeserviceprovisioningeasier inthatyou canconfigure,manage,account,andbillfora groupofservice characteristics(servicelevel) group of service characteristics (service level) insteadofanumberofindividual characteristics. characteristics Forexample,aservicelevel(e.g.,premium) maycombinecapacity(e.g.,1.5Mb/s)and may combine capacity (e g 1 5 Mb/s) and reliability(as99.99%uptime)
Expectedaggregatecapacity Expected aggregate capacity
ServiceRequestsandRequirements Service Requests and Requirements
Besteffort service means that there is no Best effortservicemeansthatthereisno controloverhowthenetworkwillsatisfythe servicerequest,example? Guaranteedserviceisapredictableand reliabletosuchadegreeservice,example? Predictable serviceshassomedegreeof predictability(morethanbesteffort)yetdo notrequiretheaccountabilityofaguaranteed service,example?
PerformanceofaFastEthernetConnection Performance of a Fast Ethernet Connection underBestEffortConditions
PerformanceofaFastEthernetConnection underCalladmissioncontrol(CAC) d C ll d i i l (CAC)
ServiceMetrics Service Metrics
Forserviceperformancerequirementsand p q characteristicstobeuseful,theymustbe configurable,measurable,andverifiablewithin thesystem the system Todetectperformanceisinconformance (adheresto)ornonconformance Athresholdisavalueforaperformance characteristicthatisaboundarybetweentwo regionsofconformance regions of conformance Alimitisaboundarybetweenconformingand g g ( p ) nonconformingregions(upanddown)
PerformanceLimitsandThresholds Performance Limits and Thresholds
Capacity
is a measure of the systems ability to transfer isameasureofthesystem sabilitytotransfer information(voice,data,video,or combinationsofthese) combinations of these) bandwidth,throughput,orgoodput
Example1.11. Example 1.11.
ThebandwidthofaSONETOC3clinkis155.52Mb/s, whichisthreetimesthebandwidthofanOC1link(51.84 ( Mb/s). Thisbandwidthdoesnotincludedatalink,network,or transportlayerprotocol (e.g.,SONET,IP,ortransport controlprotocol/userdatagramprotocol[TCP/UDP]) overheador,inthecaseofwide areanetworks,thelossin overhead or, in the case of widearea networks, the loss in performanceduetothebandwidth delayproductinthe network. Whenanetworkorelementisperformingatitstheoretical capacity,itissaidtobeperformingatlinerate. When an OC 3c circuit was tested values of realizable WhenanOC3ccircuitwastested,valuesofrealizable capacity(throughput)rangedfromapproximately80to128 Mb/s
RMA
Reliability isastatisticalindicatorofthefrequencyof failureofthenetworkanditscomponentsand representstheunscheduledoutagesofservice isastatisticalmeasureofthetimeto Maintainability is a statistical measure of the time to restorethesystemtofullyoperationalstatusafterit hasexperiencedafault.Thisisgenerallyexpressedasa mean time to repair(MTTR) meantimetorepair (MTTR) Availability /operationalavailabilityistherelationship betweenthefrequencyofmissioncriticalfailuresand thetimetorestoreservice. the time to restore service A=(MTBCF)/(MTBCF+MTTR)orA=(MTBF)/(MTBF+ MTTR)
Exercises
Whichofthefollowingapplicationsrequirebest g pp q effort(unpredictableandunreliable),guaranteed (predictableandreliable,withaccountability),or predictableservice.Givereasonsforyour predictable service Give reasons for your choices.
Highquality(phonecompanygrade)voicecalls VoiceoverIP(VoIP)calls FiletransfersviaFTP Audiofiledownloads Audio file downloads Acommercialvideoondemandservice Useraccesstoserversinacorporation
Exercises
In Figure 1.9, connections are added between InFigure1.9,connectionsareaddedbetween networksintheInternettoprovideabetter performingpathforselecttrafficflows.An exampleofthisisacontentdeliverynetwork (CDN).WhatisaCDN?ShowhowaCDNuses interconnectivitytoprovidebetter i i i id b performancecharacteristicstoitsusers. Wh i WhatisanRFC?LocatealistofRFCsona RFC? L li f RFC WWWorFTPserver.
