Geoscience Research

Geoscience Research
ISSN: 0976–9846 & E-ISSN: 0976–9854, Vol. 2, Issue 2, 2011, pp-61-69
Available online at [Link]

DISPOSAL OF MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE AND IT’S IMPACT ON THE

AGRICULTURE SOIL PROPERTY IN SHELGI VILLAGE OF SOLAPUR DISTRICT
DHAYAGODE N.I.*1, SHINDE N.G.2 AND PARDESHI R.S.3
1Department of Geography, Walchand College of Arts and Science, Soalpur, MS, nagnathdhayagode@[Link]
2Head, Department of Geography, Dayanand College of Arts and Science, Solapur MS,
3Department of Geography, Solapur University, Solapur MS

*Corresponding author. E-mail: [Link]@[Link]

Received: September 07, 2011; Accepted: September 29, 2011

Abstract- Since the beginning, humankind has been generating waste, be it the bones and other parts of animals they
slaughter for their food or the wood they cut to make their carts. With the progress of civilization, the waste generated
became of a more complex nature. At the end of the 19th century the industrial revolution saw the rise of the world of
consumers. Not only did the air get more and more polluted but the earth itself became more polluted with the generation of
non biodegradable solid waste. The increase in population and urbanization was also largely responsible for the increase in
solid waste. The present study will be mainly based on the both primary and secondary sources of data. The primary data
will be collected from conducting filed survey in Solapur Municipal Corporation Solid waste location. Observation Methods
actually view respondents, personal survey on site. Analyses soil pH measurement, Plastic Content other factor to impact of
agriculture system.
Key words: municipal waste, waste composition, agricultural soil, soil Property, soil property analysis

INTRODUCTION landfills are neither well equipped nor well managed and
During the flourishing of civilizations from 300-1000 D.C. are not lined properly to protect against contamination of
solid waste in capitol and large cities were placed in soil and groundwater.
large pits with layer of soil cover. The municipal refuge In Indian cities solid waste generation rate is increased.
referred as any waste generated by the domestic and The average per capita solid waste generation in India
industrial sectors in municipality. The municipal solid has increase from 0.32kg/day in 1971-73 to 0.48kg/day
waste is heterogeneous in nature and it contains papers, in 1994. Daily per capita generation of municipal solid
plastics, rags, metals, glass pieces, ashes and waste in India ranges from about 100gm in small towns
compatible matters. In addition other substances like to 500gm in large towns. The EPRIT in 1995 showed
scrap materials, waste papers, dead animals, discarded that 23 big Indian cities generate 11 million tones of solid
chemicals, paints, hazardous hospital waste and waste every year. But now urban centers of India
agricultural residue is also categorized in municipal solid produce 1, 20,000 tones of solid waste each day; it is
waste. Till date, the biomedical waste generated from expected that it will reach 300 million tones per annum
clinics, hospitals, nursing homes, pathological by the end of 2047. NEERI in 1996 carried out study
laboratories, blood banks and veterinary centers have over charactisation of Indian municipal solid waste which
also been disposed along with municipal solid waste at contains large organic fraction (30-40 per cent), ash and
dumpsite. fine earth (30-40per cent), paper (3-6per cent) along with
Municipal solid waste consists of household waste, that plastics glass and metal (each less than1per cent).
construction and demolition debris, sanitation residue, Large quantities of untreated industrial municipal and
and waste from streets. This garbage is generated agricultural wastes are dumped into the soil. Heavy
mainly from residential and commercial complexes. With metals like mercury, lead, cadmium, nickel and arsenic
rising urbanization and change in lifestyle and food cause serious land pollution problems. For example
habits, the amount of municipal solid waste has been wastes from mines and factories located in agricultural
increasing rapidly and its composition changing. In 1947 areas have been found to have contaminated the soil
cities and towns in India generated an estimated 6 with heavy metals. In some cases, land disposal of
million tonnes of solid waste; in 1997 it was about 48 degradable hazardous organic wastes is practiced as a
million tonnes. More than 25% of the municipal solid means of disposal and degradation. In soil a pesticide
waste is not collected at all; 70% of the Indian cities lack may be transported into various sectors of the
adequate capacity to transport it and there are no environment by different physical processes, such as
sanitary landfills to dispose of the waste. The existing adsorption by the soil, leaching by rain water or be taken

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 Disposal of municipal solid waste and it’s impact on the agriculture soil property in Shelgi village of Solapur district

up by plants and animals or carried away by wind. But disposal practices is one of the reasons of global
the processes that actually play important roles in warming.
reducing their total amount of residues, are those National highways viz. NH-9 and MSH3. Solid waste
mediated by microorganisms, animals, plants and pollution in Shelgi village Solapur Municipal Corporation
sunlight. Other factors are pH and heat. Catalytic agents disposes solid waste at site near Shelgi village. The
in the soil and soil enzymes also play important roles in Solapur City is headquartered of the district Solapur in
degrading relatively unstable pesticides. The major Maharashtra. It is a railway junction on the broad-gauge
group of soil microorganisms such as acitnomycetes, railway line Mumbai to Channai. In the 19th century the
fungi and bacteria, degrade pesticides through oxidation, British rule was experienced by the city. The Municipal of
ether cleavage, ester and acid hydrolysis, oxidation, Solapur was established in 1852.
oxidation etc. The notable characteristics of degradation
systems in microorganisms are the reductive systems. STUDY AREA
Combustion of sulfur-containing fuels emits SO2 and Shelgi village located at North Solapur district in
finally leaves sulphate in the soil. Atmospheric nitrogen Maharashtra State. The near about national highways
oxides are converted into nitrates in the atmosphere and viz. NH-9 and MSH3. Solid waste pollution in Shelgi
the nitrates eventually are deposited on the soil. village Solapur Municipal Corporation disposes solid
Particulate lead from automobile exhausts also settles on waste at site near Shelgi village. The Solapur City is
soil along with rides of highway with heavy automobile headquartered of the district Solapur in Maharashtra. It is
traffic. High levels of Pb, Zn etc, are absorbed on soils a railway junction on the broad-gauge railway line
near lead and zinc mines, etc. All these result in Mumbai to Channai. In the 19th century the British rule
deterioration of soil quality, due to effects on the micro was experienced by the city. The Municipal of Solapur
fauna, bacteria, fungi, etc. Biological degradation is also was established in 1852.
associated with lowering or depletion of soil organic
matter. SOIL STRUCTURE
The soil of Solapur is of three kinds, kali or black, or
POLLUTION ISSUES CONCERNING WITH coarse grey, and tambdi or reddish. In North Sholapur
MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE DISPOSAL taluka, the soil is generally light and of moderate depth.
The municipal solid creates many problems during solid On an average 300-450MT per day solid waste is
waste collection till disposal. Even after disposal of solid generated from Solapur Municipal area. This
waste, it creates various problems. Solid waste disposal unsegregated solid waste is disposed at landfill site near
creates air, ground water and land pollution problem. Shelgi village. The 55ha of land allocated for solid waste
Presently most of the municipal solid waste in India is disposal, from which 18ha area is already land filled and
being disposed unscientifically. sealed off permanently. The EM culture is applied over
Generally municipal solid waste is collected and solid waste for decomposing of organic matter. But due
deposited in sanitary land fills. Such unscientific disposal to the unsegregated waste, decomposition of all waste is
practices attract birds, rodents and fleas to the waste not successful. While the remaining parts of solid waste
dumping site and it creates unhygienic condition. The are left as it is for land filling. This solid waste disposal
anaerobic decomposition by microorganism brings and management practices cause various environmental
degradation of most of the solid waste and this result problems in Shelgi village. The burning of solid waste
emission of carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4) and creates heavy smoke and dust pollution in local village.
other trace gases. Methane gas constitutes about 60 per This smoke after inhalation results various respiratory
cent generated in a solid waste landfill. Municipal solid illness among habitants. Therefore various issues are
waste burns due to emission of methane gas also create arising out of solid waste disposal practices of Solapur
air pollution. Along with methane gas there are many Municipal authority. This subject attracts attention of
toxic, volatile air pollutant emitted such as chlorinate researchers for carrying scientific inquiry in disturbed
hydrocarbon compounds like vinyl chloride and tetra environmental settings in Shelgi village.
chloro ethylene from solid waste landfill. It is found that
these air pollutants have caused a plethora health Plastic Pollution
problem among residents nearby. During land filling of Every year in the world 10 corer tone plastic get
solid waste due to continuous pressure it results quizzing produced. People use 500 million plastic bags. It takes
of contaminated liquid called as leachate8. Leachate is 250-300 years to dispose a single plastic polythin. From
liquid emanating from a land disposal cell that contains available recorded it is found that India has imported
dissolved, suspended and microbial contaminants from 7,800 tone plastic from America in 1994 in first six
the solid waste. Leachate has high organic contents, months. For India is ranked at 4th position importing
soluble salts and other constituents capable of polluting plastic in the world. In the world 18 kg plastic is used per
ground water. It is proved that this polluted ground water human being. Plastic waste is significant portion of total
is unfit for drinking and causes health complaints like Municipal Solid Waste (MSW). It is estimated that
jaundice, nausea, asthma, miscarriage and infertility. approximately 120 MT per day of plastic waste is
Now a day it realized that unscientific solid waste generated. The plastic waste constitutes two major
categories of plastic

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Geoscience Research
ISSN: 0976–9846 & E-ISSN: 0976–9854, Vol. 2, Issue 2, 2011
 Dhayagode NI, Shinde NG and Pardeshi RS

i. Thermoplastics B. Soil Parameter Analysis

ii. Thermoset Plastics
Thermoplastic constitutes 80 per cent and thermoset 1. pH Measurement
constitutes 20 per cent of total post-consumer plastic pH of natural water varies around 7, generally over 7pH
waste generated in India. Thermoplastics are recyclable (i.e. alkaline) due to presence of sufficient quantities of
plastics which include Polyethylene Terepthalate (PET), carbohydrates. It increases during the day time mainly
Low Density Polyethylene (LDPE), Polyvinyl chloride due to photosynthetic activity (consumption of carbon-
(PDC),High Density Polyethylene (HDPE), die-oxide) and decreases at night due to respiratory
Polypropylene (PP), Polysterene (PS).Thermoset activity. Factors like exposure to air, temperature and
plastics contains Alkyd, Epoxy, Ester, Melamine disposal of industrial waters etc. Also brings about the
Formaldehyde, Phenolic Formaldehyde, Silicon, Urea change in pH.
Formaldehyde, Polyurethane, Metalised and multilayer
plastics. The environmental hazards are due to Procedure
mismanagement of plastic waste. 1. Use of an inexpensive pH testing kit based on
Solid waste management in Solapur is commonly barium sulphate in powdered form, where in a
undertaken using improper methods that are commonly small sample of soil is mixed with water which
associated with much risk to human health and change colour according to the
environment. Problems that are more common to solid acidity/alkalinity.
waste management in Solapur are inefficient waste 2. Use of litmus paper. A small sample of soil is
collection, transportation and absence of sanitary means mixed with distilled water, into which a strip of
of land disposal. This is particularly evident in medium litmus paper is inserted. If the soil is acidic the
and small cities where availability of investment in solid paper turns red, if alkaline, blue.
waste management is limited. Low-efficiency collection 3. Use of a commercially available electronic pH
of solid waste from its generators led to waste meter, in which a rod is inserted into moistened
accumulation in many parts of the city causing serious soil and measures the concentration of
risk to the city inhabitants improved after initiation and hydrogen ions.
the surrounding environment. 2. Conductivity Measurements
Procedure
OBJECTIVES 1) Clean the COND cell with distilled water, dry it
and connect at COND input.
1. To analyze the impact of municipal solid waste 2) Put function switch at COND. Position.
disposal on agriculture soil on Shelgi Village, 3) Dip the COND Cell in solution under test and
Solapur District determine its value in ms/cm (m Mhos/cm).
2. To find out the aggregation and impact of
plastics by municipal solid waste disposal 3. SAR (Sodium Absorption Ratio)
practices on farm. More than fifty year of research have been conducted to
3. To interpret the impact of solid waste disposal determine the relationship between Salinity (EC) and
on agricultural production. Sodicity (SAR) of irrigation water and its effects on soil
physical property (Krista E. etal,2003). This relationship
is now understood well enough to make accurate
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY predictions of specific soil will behave when irrigated
water containing different levels of salt and sodium. The
A. Data collection regarding agricultural out-put: combination of Salinity and Sodicity of soil is measured
by swelling factor, which is the amount a soil is likely to
i. Primary sources: - Primary data will be collected from swell with different combinations of salinity and Sodicity.
the Communication Methods with Interacting of Some amount of salt is always present in water and soil.
respondents and Asking for their opinions, attitudes, Salt up to certain limit is essential for soil fertility. On the
motivations, and characteristics Observation Methods other hand excess of salts it soil hinder the crop growth.
actually view respondents, personal survey on site. Self It is the primary minerals, but saline soil usually
reported interview case study technique with 5 sample accumulates the excess salts by drainage and seepage
size i.e. farmers are selected as respondents were from the areas.
conducted.
ii. Secondary sources: - The study is based on C. Quadrant Method for Plastics Measurement
secondary data from the respective Solapur District The quadrant method is used to measure the quantity of
Pollution Control Board, Solapur Municipal Corporation, plastics (in grams) scattered in agricultural land on
Agricultural Department of Solapur District From books, Shelgi village. The one square meter quadrate is used to
journals, magazines and report based resources of analyses the amount of plastics. The four quadrant
municipal solid waste disposal and its problem has been samples are taking on to different lands. The plastics are
referred. collected in the quadrants are measured at digital
weighting in lab.

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 Disposal of municipal solid waste and it’s impact on the agriculture soil property in Shelgi village of Solapur district

Plastic causes serious damage to environment both 10 years production of crops become very less’. When
during its production and disposal. The major chemicals team enquiry about the agricultural impact, Shri. Nagnath
that go into making of plastics are highly toxic and cause responded that 15 years back they used to take crops
serious threat to living beings of all species on earth. through out the year but at present only one crop is
Some of the constituents of plastic such as Benzene and possible in a year. He reported that average yield of the
vinyl chloride are known to cause cancer, while many crop is decreasing and more money is spending for
others are gases and liquid hydrocarbons. Plastic impart removing the plastics from Farms.
a several toxic chemicals on soil and through food chain Sadanand Shinde 55 year’s old farmer was harvesting
it can accumulate in human body. the bean when team visited the farm. ‘I take sugarcane
Plastics contain poly-vinyl chloride and other Chemicals. as a main product in my field due to which, I get better
The Decomposition of plastic is uneven and unequal. money but in every year there is decrease in production.
There are many studies reveals that, plastics remain in Since, last 5 to 10 year I take make sugarcane as a main
soil and with photo-voltaic reaction it can deteriorate and product in both seasons but every year soil polluted’. He
disturbed the soil property especially the teaching felt problems with solid waste disposal. From the above
chemicals plastics to the soil kill the several beneficial case studies it is crystal clear that disposal practices of
micro-organisms. Municipal Solid Waste near Shelgi are not only
We tested four quadrants for measuring the amount of responsible for health problem as well as land problem. It
plastics in soil. From the table number, it is found that the creates a serious question about livelihood of farmers
average 85.63 gm of plastics are accumulated per and villagers of Shelgi, Solapur District.
square meter. The 150.5 gm per square meter is highest
plastic found at in sample number 2 where as in sample CONCLUSION
are accumulated. The amount of plastic accumulated in From the previous studies and reports it is already
agricultural land has been posing a serious kind of confirmed that, the air pollution, water pollution and soil
constraint soil health. pollution are serious threats because of solid waste
From the table it is confirmed that the pH of the samples disposal practices by Solapur Municipal Corporation.
are different. Sample number 1 show acidic pH i.e. 6.05 The local corporations have adapted different methods
Sample numbers 2 shows moderately alkaline pH (8.05) for the disposal of waste – open dumps, landfills,
Fourteen of the seventeen essential plant nutrients are sanitary landfills, and incineration plants. One of the
obtained from the soil. Phosphorus is never readily important methods of waste treatment is composting.
soluble in the soil but most available in soil with a pH Composting is a biological process in which micro-
range centered on 8. In moderately alkaline soil causes organisms, mainly fungi and bacteria, convert
problem with the availability of iron and creates degradable organic waste into humus like substance.
physiological problems with plant growth. In alkaline soil This finished product, which looks like soil, is high in
condition the symptoms of nutrient deficiency may result carbon and nitrogen and is an excellent medium for
including thin plant stems, yellowing (chlorosis) or growing plants.
mottling of leaves and slow growth. Therefore, in context Waste recycling has some significant advantages. It
with pH condition of the soil at Shelgi village is towards leads to less utilization of raw materials, reduces
the alkaline or acidic and lead to reduce the crop environmental impacts arising from waste treatment and
production. disposal, makes the surroundings cleaner and healthier,
From conductivity it is found that amount of electrical saves on landfill space, saves money, reduces the
current pass from solution. This is equivalent to amount of energy required to manufacture new products.
accumulation of salts in solution. Here it is found that From the previous studies and reports it is already
salinity of samples ranges 0.37 mohm/cm2. Especially in confirmed that, the air pollution, water pollution and soil
sample number 2 the conductivity is much higher than pollution are serious threats because of solid waste
sample number one. One of the reasons for increase in disposal practices by Solapur Municipal Corporation.
conductivity is use of well water for irrigation. This well The crop production is badly affected because of plastics
water is already polluted and contaminated with higher and irrigating polluted water. Plastics are accumulated in
salt content. Therefore the salts are accumulated in soil the agriculture and alter the soil’s physic-chemical
and responsible for salinity problem. From the figures of property. The salinity in soil it’s towards high and it has
soil salinity it ascertain the problem of increase in salinity been impacting on the agriculture production. The
in soil and solid waste disposal is responsible for that the farming system is discontinued and only seasonal
same. practices are adopted. Therefore this study leads to the
Discussion with Farmers revealed more information conclusions that, Solapur Municipal Corporation will
about the situation. Shri. Nagnath Shety 49 year old need to stop the further disposal of solid waste at Shelgi
farmer revealed pains of solid waste disposal practices. ‘I further growing any ecological problems.
am doing farming since long time. Due to solid waste,
lots of plastic bags always come in my farm, which I REFERENCES
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after 5to 10 days same situation takes place, due to this, Management in Developing, Countries,
farming is becoming very difficult task for us. The Past

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ISSN: 0976–9846 & E-ISSN: 0976–9854, Vol. 2, Issue 2, 2011
 Dhayagode NI, Shinde NG and Pardeshi RS

Indian National Scientific Documentation Design, Prentice Hall Publication, New Jercy,
Centre, New-Delhi. 380.
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([Link] (1971) Journal of Environmental Management,
[4] EPTRI (1995) Status of solid waste disposal in 50, 1-25.
Metropolis Hyderabad, Environmental [15] Taylan V., Dahiya R.P., Anand S., and
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Garbage Can, CES Down To Earth, 20-21. [16] Allen R.M., Braithwaite A., Hills C. (1997)
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([Link] [17] Ozean H. K., Nmiloglu S., Demir G., Ozbas E.,
[7] NEERI(1996) Report “Strategy Paper on Solid and Borat (2006) Journal of Scientific and
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Disposal of municipal solid waste and it’s impact on the agriculture soil property in Shelgi village of Solapur district

66
Geoscience Research
ISSN: 0976–9846 & E-ISSN: 0976–9854, Vol. 2, Issue 2, 2011
 Dhayagode NI, Shinde NG and Pardeshi RS

Table 1- The type of litter we generate and the approximate time it takes to degenerate
[Link] Type of litter Approximate time it takes to degenerate
the litter
1 Organic waste such as vegetable and fruit peels, a week or two.
leftover foodstuff, etc.
2 Paper 10–30 days
3 Cotton cloth 2–5 months
4 Wood 10–15 years
5 Woolen items 1 year
6 Tin, aluminum, and other metal items such as cans 100–500 years
7 Plastic bags one million years?
8 Glass bottles undetermined

Table 2- Indian some Cities Solid Waste generation rate (kg/capita/day)

Year
City
1971-73 1986-87 1994
Bangalore 0.32 - 0.48
Chennai 0.32 - 0.66
Delhi 0.21 - 0.48
Mumbai 0.32 - 0.66
Nagpur 0.22 - 0.27
Pune 0.24 0.28 0.31
Solapur 0.15 0.20 0.35
Source- TEEDY, 2001-2002
Table 3- Indian some cities solid waste disposal facilities
Mode of disposal (per cent)
City Solid Waste collection (tone/day)
Dumping Compositing Other
Bangalore 2,000 90 10 -
Chennai 3124 100 - -
Delhi 4000 93 7 -
Calcutta 3692 100 - -
Mumbai 5355 91 9 -
Pune 700 93 - 7
Solapur 500 100 -- --
Source- CPCB, New-Delhi 1999.
Table 4- Test Soil parameters
Sr. No Denomination pH range
1 Ultra acid <3.5
2 Extremely acid 3.5-4.4
3 Very strongly acid 4.5-5.0
4 Strongly acid 5.14-5.5
5 Moderately acid 5.6-6.0
6 Slightly acid 6.1-6.5
7 Neutral 6.6-7.3
8 Slightly alkaline 7.4-7.8
9 Moderately alkaline 7.9-8.4
10 Strongly alkaline 8.5-9.0
11 Very strongly alkaline >9.0

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Disposal of municipal solid waste and it’s impact on the agriculture soil property in Shelgi village of Solapur district

Table 3- Amount of plastic observe in farms near solid disposal site at Shelgi Village, District Solapur
Sample 1 2
Weight (gms) 85.63 150.5
Source: complied by researcher

Table 4- Analysis of soil samples

Sample 1 2
pH 6.05 8.05
Conductivity (mS/cm2) 0.37 1.22
Salinity Mg/lit 384 369
SAR 15 14
Source: complied by researcher

Photo 1-polluted agricultural Soil for Municipal Solid Waste and Plastics

Photo 2-Location of Solapur Municipal Waste near agricultural area

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ISSN: 0976–9846 & E-ISSN: 0976–9854, Vol. 2, Issue 2, 2011
 Dhayagode NI, Shinde NG and Pardeshi RS

P ro b le m d u e t o m u n ic ip a l S o li d w a s t e d is p o s a l o f s t u d y a re a

No
30%

Ye s
70%

Fig. 1-Problems due to municipal solid waste disposal.

W e ll, tu b e w e ll w a t e r p o llu t e d b y m u n ic ip a l s o lid w a s t e d is p o s a l

N0
46%

Y es
54%

Fig. 2-Well, tube well water polluted by municipal solid waste disposal.

D e c r e s e in a g r ic u ltu r a l p r o d u c tio n b e c a u s e o f m u n ic ip a l s o lid

w a s te d is p o s a l N 0
12%

Y es
88%

Fig. 3-Decrease in Agriculture production because of municipal solid waste disposal.

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